Underground Surveying

INTRODUCTION
Running an underground traverse differs
essentially from running a surface traverse in
Both the method of setting up the transit and
information to be obtained.
Restricted illumination require greater care to
be exercised in reading the instrument and
the tape.
Walls and back must be carefully inspected for
loose rock.
Types of Underground Mines
 Establishing the Station
Numbering stations-
Assigning numbers is a source of irritation to
most engineers.
Normally the practice followed is to make
stations at every 100 feet.
 TRANSFERRING THE MERIDIAN
(Vertical Openings-Shaft Plumbing)
Most underground mines are entered through
a vertical shaft and underground workings are
connected by vertical shaft
Transferring the azimuth through such an
opening is one of the most important duties
of the engineer.
 Methods of shaft-plumbing
1. One-shaft Method
2. Coplaning
3. Triangulation
A. Two-Wire Method (Weisbach Method)
B. Four and Three wire Method
4. Two-Shaft Method
One-Shaft Method
 COPLANING
Method involves placing the transit exactly in the
plane formed by the two wires.
Coplaning is accomplished by moving the transit
back and forth across the wire plane until the
vertical cross hair is exactly on line.
 PROCEDURE
1. To start plumbing operations the survey system
is carried to the shaft collar by traverse or
triangulation.
2. One end of a plank is carried to the shaft collar
set and the wires are hung in place.
3. The condition of the shaft for the maximum wire
interval and the convenience of the setup at the
underground must be investigated.
 PROCEDURE
The free end of the plank is lightly tacked in place.
A string is stretched along the two wires.
A stake is driven on line and a point marked on it.
The total station is setup and centered over the
point.
The far wire has been sighted, the plank is moved
bringing the near wire into the plane.
When coplaning has been accomplished the angle
from the last traverse station to the wire plane is
turned.
Continued
Coplaning
 Triangulation (Two-Wire Method)
The two wire method of finding the azimuth
of the wire plane is also called Weisbach
Method
If the angle measured by the instrument is
small (from a few seconds to less than a
degree), this term is correct; when the angle
becomes very large (usually 60 degrees) the
method is not used.
Triangulation (Two-Wire Method)
Triangulation (Four-Wire Method)
Setting Up the transit

Height of Instrument
 Angle Measurement
Angle Right Method- Figure shows after the
foresight the operator sets the plates on zero
and takes a new backsight.