An Aquifer Model for Fissured Reservoirs

P. J. CLOSMANN* SHELL DEVELOPMENT CO.

MEMBER SP E-AIME HOUSTON, TEX,

ABSTRACT the pressure buildup by three exponential. These

exponential corresponded to a skin near the well,
A mode) has been drweloped for d~scribing uquifer transient behavior in the fracture system, and
influx in o fissured rc.servoir, This model includes transient flow of fluid from matrix to fissures. A
[)ctrophysicrrl properti~s of good and poor rock, as
characteristic feature of fissured reservoir systems
I[rell 0s fissure firzrameters, For the (tpplicatiorrs
is the relatively fast fluid pressure response of the
considere(i thus far, it has been found t}!at /!oru in fissure system compared with response in the
thv fisswcs don.iwtes the aqui/er performance and porous matrix. A model that treats this aspect
th(it rock properties and spacing between fissures
appropriately WaS Proposed bY Warren and ROOt )8
ore o/ lesser importance, For n given aqtlifer, the
who assumed that flow of fluid from matrix to
ji.vsv[re permeability and fissure volume [raction
fissures could be treated as quasi-steady srate.
app errr to he important parameters, as arc rock The problem of transient pressure distribution
prrrneabi?ity and porosity in cases of a high
within an actual block of the reservoir was thereby
percentage of poor rock. circumvented. This model was further studied by
Odeh.9 Kazemi 1 replaced the network of fractures
INTRODUCTION with an equivalent set of horizontal fractures and
The use of material balance has been well solved numerically for pressure distribution in
fissures and matrix. Because the dimensionless
established in analysis of reservoir performance. 1-4
For water drive reservoirs, it is usually desirable time scale based on fracture properties and well
ro have a functional description of aquifer behaviors radius was long, Warren and Root8 and Odehg were
Such a description is provided by the functions able to use the long-time solution for the constant
obtained by van Everdingen and Hurst6 for homoge- terminal rate case of pressure behavior in an oil
neous and isotropic reservoirs, This method uses reservoir. In the present instance, the inner aquifer
one set of values of permeability, porosity, and radius may be quite large, so that we must consider
compressibility, and usually requires some history smaller dimensionless times, and will require a
matching or curve fitting for determining the best general solution. The actual times of interesr,
values. however, will not be so small as to invalidate the
Functions analogous to those of van Everdingen model.
and Hurst also would be useful in Ieservoir This model is being considered for use in
performance studies of fissured reservoirs. fissured carbonate reservoirs where two basic rock
Any
attempt to formulate a realistic model for such types, defined in terms of porosity, are sometimes
systems, however, will usually confront the problem specified. In such cases, the rock permeabilities
cf insufficient knowledge of aquifer properties. usua]]y are very much smaller than the fissure
There usually will be a comparatively large number permeability. The matrix can be considered as
of degrees of freedom corresponding to parameters being made up of good and poor rock. Wide variations
introduced into the theory. Nevertheless, such a in rock ty e are often encountered in carbonate
model should provide insight into the relative reservoirs.112 The designations of [good and
importance of certain variables. It may also serve poor are largely arbitrary. A typical example
as a framework in which more accurate information, would be: good porosity greater than 12 percent,
if eventually obtained, could be used. and poorporosity 2 to 12 percent, with the remainder
Pressure behavior was used to study fissured of the rock nonproductive. In some cases, however,
reservoir properties by Pollard,7 who characterized it may be sufficient to specify only ore rock type.
In stu,iying the constant terminal pressure case
Original manuscript (SPE 4434) received May 7, 1973. Revised it is desirable to reformulate the fissured reservoit
manuscript received Aug. 14, 1975, @ Copyright 197S American
Institute of Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers, Inc. model to incl~de the additional features of changed
*Work performed while <,n temporary assignment wiih Shell boundary conditions and two basic rock types. We
international Petro!eum MIJ, N. V., The Hague, The Netherlands.
plan to determine the pressure distribution and,
preferences given at end of PaPer.
This paper will be included in the 1975 ~ransac~lons voIume. from it, a dimensionless cumulative influx function

oCTOBER, 1975 38$

similar to that developed by van Everdingen and apm2 @k
Hurst for a uniform reservoir. = - m2
(Pm2 - Pf) , . (2b)
at
THEORY 0m2Wcm2

BASIC ASSUMPTIONS OF THE MODEL where a is the shape factor for the reservoir blocks.
With the exception of the introduction of the two This shape factor has the dimensions of reciprocal
rock types, the assumptions used in this work are area and is computed from reservoir block dimen-
similar to those of Warren and Root8 and 0deh.9 sions fl, f2, and f~ according to a procedure
The assumptions are as follows. suggested by Warren and Root.8 Eqs. 1 through 2b
1. The primary or matrix porosity may be divided completely describe the fluid flow system. They are
into two basic typesgood and poor. The matrix is subject to the following conditions.
composed of an array of identical rectangular
parallelepipeds identical in size and shape. Some Pf = Pml = PM2 = pi*
of these provide the good porosity of the system
and the others provide the poor porosity.
2. The secondary porosity is contained within a
r ~<r<re,t=O . (3a)
system of orthogonal fissures oriented so that each
fracture is parallel to one of the principal axes of
permeability. The fractures are of constant and
uniform width and may contain in filling material. t> O,. .(3b)
Pf = Pa7 r = rap
3. F1OW can only occur from matrix to fissures
and through the fi.>sures to the inner aquifer
boundary.
apf o
FIASIC EQUATIONS = r = re, to, . . .

Applying the above assumptions and conservation ar

of mass, we can derive the following equations The solution for the fissure pressure, p,, is given
(using a notation and approach similar to those of in Appendix A. It is shown to reduce to the pressure
Odehg). distribution of a uniform reservoir for the limiting
l-?(~(ti(ll Cdse case of/3=1.
The cumulative water influx is given by the
I apf relation
azpf .__ =_- L@fc f 3P f
2+
& r &
f at

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , (4)

where water flowing into the reservoir from the

aquifer is defined as positive. We can formulat~ the
cumulative influx as a dimensionless function QTt
0m2c m2
132(1 - ~) apm2
+ , .. (1)
of time in the manner of van Everdingen and Hurst,6
as follows.
B at
f
where ,8 = bulk volume fraction of fissures Q = 2@fcf@r~h(p
i - pa)~f o . . . (5a)
~1 = volume fraction of good rock in the matrix
/32 = volume fraction of p- rock in the matrix

+, = porosity of the fissures

$%. 1 = porosity of matrix of R9ck Type I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (55)
%2 = porosity Of matrix Of Rock TyPe 2 The function QTI is derived in Appendix A. A pair
Using the original approach of Warren and Root* of approximate expressions is also given.
for quasisteady-state conditions in the matrix, we
LINEAR CASE
have the following relationships between pressures
in matrix and fissures. The derivation follows along lines similar to
those for the radial case. We obtain the differential
equations,

3s6 SOCIETY OF PETROLEUM ENGINEERS JOURNAL

...
 a2pf I@fc f ae f
= EVALUATION OF EQUATIONS
FOR FISSURED RESERVOIR
dX2 kf at
The procedure developed for calculating QTf was
tested by setting ~ = 0.999, For this case, the
results agreed very closely with the van Everdingen
and Hurst6 solution. The effects on the function
Q7-f of various reservoir parameters are illustrated
below.

Effect of outer Radius r@D

Some results obtriined by evaluating the dimen-
~omzcmz ~2( 1 - ~) aPm2 sionless cumulative infiux function QT\ are shown
. . . . ,(6)
+ in Fig. 1, where QTf is plotted vs dimensionless
B at time for various values of the outer radius, reD, for
f
typical values of /3, ~1, and ~2, and for typical
c?k values f #m 1 and r&2. These curves are
aem~
= -. 1 (pml - pf) . . . .0) qualitatively similar to those of van Everdingen and
Hurst.
at
mlwcml
Effect of Fissrirc Volume Fraction @
The variation of QT/ with time for various values
apm2 ~km2
of fissure volume fraction ~ is shown in Fig. 2 for
= - (Pm2 - Pf) . . . .(8)
long times and Fig. 3 for short times. The
at dimensionless influx function is seen to depend
m2Mcm2
significantly on ~, especially at early times.
subject to the conditions However, the value for cumulative influx in actual
units is computed from Eq. 5b, which contains (3 as
=pml=pm2= pi, Xc<x<xe,
a factor. The final value for Q is not as strongly
Pf

=
t Of

Pf = Pa3 x xc, t>() . . ..(9b)

apf o
-= x=x to >!)....
e
ax
The solution for the fissure pressure is given in
Appendix B.
The cumulative water influx per unit reservoir
width is given by the relation

kfeh t apf
QL=. _ FIG. 1 CUMULATIVE INFLUX AS A FUNCTION OF
dt . . . (10)
TIME FOR VARIOUS OUTER RADII, reo.
!J o ax x=x
J( )

This can be reformulated as

c
m--- : ~1
QL = Bofcfh(xe pa)~f - Xc)(pi -
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(lla)

QL = 9.404 X 10-4!% $fc#Xe - @

(pi - pa)~f M.MRB/ft of reservoir width .

. . . . ., ..., .$. . . . . .(llb)

The function QT, is derived in Appendix B.

FIG. 2 CUMULATIVE INFLUX AS A FUNCTION OF
TIME FOR VARIOUS VALUES OF ~. (LONG TIMES. )

OCTOBER, 1975 3R7

 1
dependent on @ as the curves of Figs. 2 and 3
k tif Cf r:
would sug~est. ml
DB = ~% (12)
Effect of Matrix Pemeabilities &ml andkm2
f iTtl ml
The quantitative effect of permeability on
influx is best demonstrated at lJW where f is the equivalent block dimension 8 and tDB
cumulative
values of the permeability ratios &ml /kf and kn2/kj. is a characteristic time for block depletion. For the
Two sets of these ratios are illustrated in Fig. 4. lower curve in Fig. 4, at tD = 10, P = 500 ft, r= =
15,840 ft, and /DB = 2,0 x 10-3, and this curve
It can be seen that at the earliest time plotted (tD
= 5.6) the higher permeability ratios give a should exhibit early time behavior. In fact, the poor
cumulative influx about 3.8 times greater than that blocks will lag in production behind the good
of the lower set. At longer times the two curves blocks. For rhe upper curve, tDB = 29. At tD =
tend to approach each other. The earlier times 1,000, t~B is about 0.20 for the lower curve, and
about 2,000 for the upper curve. For the upper

t;
correspond to shorter characteristic times for block
fluid behavior, since, for good blocks, curve, therefore, the long-time behavior is most
likely to be encountered. At very early times (/DB
<< 1), however, the model may not be realistic in
describing block fluid behavior.
500 I I
Ill]! . 4 ii- ~
Ef/ect of Frwctions 0/ Good and Poor Rock.,

K%
i.-
,, ! :--- ~1 and ~2, and of Porosity
+-t - , /-
The effect of :31 and 132 and of the matrix
AOo
,- ---

.. ... ....... . ... . ---;~-

--+.-4. . . . .. . ..
r v
.. porosities @ml and &2 is illustrated
this figure it can be seen that the cumulative
in Fig. 5. In
influx
.... . . is not affected significantly by choice of /31 and /32
~: ... . . ----+-. for /3 T 0.0015, with rjml = 0.18 and q5m2 = 0.12.
However, when the good and poor porosities are
significantly different, the cumulative influx can be
very sensitive to /31 and /?2, as illustrated for the
case of @ml = 0.18 and q5m2 = 0.02. This figure
demonstrates that knowledge of the fractions of
good and poor rock could be important for some
reservoirs and unimportant for others. It is also
worth noting that for p.rrosity ranges as great as
that illustrated (2 tc 18 percent), it is usually
necessary to adjust the compressibilities accord-
ingly. This has been done for the illustration
shown. The implication here is that the product
terms q5m1 cm 1 and ~m2 Cm2 are important, rather
than ~ml and S5m2 alone or Cml and ctn2 alone.
These product terms enter into the asymptotic value
for Q~l, as can be seen from the constant term in
the expression for QT/, Eq. A-36. When the
FIG. 3 CUMULATIVE INFLUX AS A, FUNCTION OF porosities and permeabilities of the good and poor
TIME FOR VARIOUS VALUES OF F. (SHORT TIMES. )
rock are close in value, it may be simpler to set (31
or /32 equal to zero in the computations and to
consider the reservoir as made Up of only a single
rock type.

COMPARISON WITH UNIFORM RESERVOIR

We can compare results from Eq. 5b with those

obtained by applying the van Everdingen and Hurst
method for a uniform reservoir. As an example, we
chose the following parameters.
k =2md k m 2 = 0.3 md
~~~ = 18 percent q5m2 = 12 percent
p~ = 0,5 & = 0.5
p = 0.0015
To calculate the water influx with these values for
the homogeneous reservoir we chose a value for
permeability of 1.15 md, equal to the average of
FIG, 4 CUMULATIVE INFLUX AS A FUNCTION OF k ~ ~ and km2, knowing that this should give results
TIME FOR TWO PAIRS OF PERMEABILITY RATIOS,

388 SOCIETY OF PETROLEUM ENGINEERS JOURNAL

lower than the actual for a fissured resefvoir. The
effect of fissures can be illustrated by choosing
values for kf of 1 darcy and 10 darcies. These
results are all shown in Fig. 6. While the
permeability in the uniform case can be adjusted
slightly to give good agreement with the 1-darcy
fissured reservoir, a much higher permeability is
required for agreement with the IO-darcy fissured
case. It then becomes essential to know a reasonable
value for fissure permeability in applying this model
to an actual reservoir.

HISTORY MATCHING

This model has been applied to a particular field

for which the aquifer influx and boundary pressures
are available from material-balance calculations.
The cumulative water influx compured by means of
the equations developed was compared with that l,IAC. TIADS

computed from the material balance. To obtain a FIG. 6 COMPARISON OF CUMULATIVE INFLUX BY
match, the reservoir parameters in the model were TWO METHODS.
varied within reasonable limits. Preliminary values
for the field parameters are given in Table 1. In the outer boundary reD is of considerable importance in
calculations, the effect of the varying inner aquifer determining the strength of the aquifer. This is
boundary pressure pa is included by means of especially signifi~ant for pressure changes taking
superposition. The parameters considered and the place at long times (see Fig, 1). At very long times
effects of their variation on computed water influx the quantity of water influx is practically propor-
are listed below. tional to r:- I.Once a suitable outer boundary has
been chosen on the basis of field data and geologic
Aqui/er Size studies, it probably would be best to retain this
The over-all aquifer size as measured by the value and do history matching by varying some of

lo$E-
1

104
/31:1 0,B2=0 (ALL GOOD ROCK
:
o I

x- ~,,0,t37lo (ALL pOOR ROCK, $.m2:012

3
.
u. Cml, 4.1 Xlobpsl-b
z
= 10 cm?. 47xlo-6ps1l
w reo
~ CI:30X10-5 PSI-
G
.
~ 103 L?=O, B :1. OIALL POOR ROCK, #m2:0021

3 Cm1:41XIO-6p SI-1

2 Cm2=53Xl O0PSI-
:
C(:30X10-%W
o
~
z
2
z
102

b 1-

10- I I I 1 1 1 11 f 1 1 1 [ 1[1 i 1 I I I t II 1 I I 1 [)1 I I I I I 1L

,.2 ,.3
10 104
0.829 XIO- k~t 0
DIMENSIONLESS TIME, to = ~(p,-f,

FIG. 5 CUMULATIVE INFLUX AS A FUNCTION OF TIME FOR DIFFERENT FRACTIONS OF

GOOD AND POOR ROCK.

OCTOBER, 197S 389

 TABLE 1 - PRELIMINARY PETROPHYSICAL AND governed by their permeabilities, is nor important.
RESERVOIR DATA USED FOR A TYPICAL FIELD Instead, only the total volume of the pore space in
Average porosl ty good rock $& ~ 0.18 the blocks and, hence, the availability of fluid per
Average porosity poor rock &2 0.12 unit pressure drop, is significant. The pressure
Average porosity nonproductive rock 0.04
changes in the fissure system then result in
Fraction of good rock 0.14
practically all the fluid production possible from
Fraction of poor rock 0,28
the blocks for each pressure change.
Average panneablllty good rock kml, md 2
Average permeability poor rock km2, md 0.3
Matrix Pore Sp ace
Total fracture poroslty~ 0.0013
Block height tl, ft 458 In view of the foregoing it might be expected that
Block length f2, ft 500 the matrix porosities, or the fractions of good and
Block width t3, ft 1,000 poor rock, might be significant. Their effect is
Inner aquifer radiusra, miles 2.72 illustrated by comparing the circles in Fig. 7 with
Outer aquifer radius re, mi Ies 27.20 the triangles in Fig. 8. The latter curve has a total
(Re = 10)
porosity (/31 ~ ~2 = O, 50) higher than the former
Reservolrheighttr, ft 913
curve (~1 + 82 = 0.42). The Fig. 8 curve has, in
Good rock compressibility Cml, fISi-l 4.1 X1 O-6
addition, a higher fraction of poor rock of slightly
Poor rock compressibility cm2, psi- 4.7 x 10-6
3.0 x 10-6
higher compressibility and, hence, shows a higher
Fissure compressibi Iity Cf, psi-1
Water viscosity (122F)p, cp. 0.55 cumulative production. In the preliminary study of
this field, it was convenient to hold the porosities
~,n ~ and CLm2 constant and to vary the fractions of
the other variables to be considered. good and poor rock, @l and [32, respectively.
Fissure Permeability k, Approximate Best Fit
Curves presented in Fig. 7 illustrate the effect
The best fit obtained thus far in matching
of fissure permeability on influx to this field.
calculated water influx with that predicted by
Results of calculation of water influx by material
material balance on the field is shown in Fig. 9, It
balance are also plotted. It can be seen that higher
was obtained by trial and error and is quite
va]ues of k, emphasize the early time contributions
satisfactory. In fact, a perfect fit is not to be
to the curve. In fact, for &f = 1,000 darcies, a
expected in view of the simplifying assumptions
reversal of the water flow is obtained after about
underlying the model. For instance, it has been
24 years. This reversal is eliminated by lowering
the value of kl to 100 darcies.
,,.0
Fissure Volume Fraction
,,,.~
Curves illustrating the effect of ,6 on water influx !100
[ .,
*
to this field are shown in Fig. 8. In this case, ,
,
,,
,9, .
lowering the value of ~ lowers the predicted , ..
, ,.
cumulative water influx. A lower value for (3 *
~o.
.0

. .Wllti mow,
provides less of the comparatively fast response . .
.
0 t, . w #.?,
#.,
* o B ,ocw
of the fissure system. .
.
. ,, .01,
*O / 0,.028

, ,,

:[ .17
Block Size B
0w
. 0DO13
4-<!..

8,,014
A few runs were made for a fissure permeability
8-028
of 1 darcy and for typical petrophysical parameters
1A
,!
,
1 ) 1 I I I I
and block sizes. ranging from 20 to 100,000 ft. It 00 5 w ,s ~@
,,NI. VMS
15 IQ s~ 0 45
was found that up to 10,000 ft the effect of block
FIG. 7 EFFECT OF FISSURE PERMEABILITY ON
size was negligible for the high fissure permeabili -
WATER INFLUX.
ties used. For 100,000-ft blocks the effect was a
reduction in cumulative production, albeit not a ,,,.
very large reduction. The comparative insensitivity ,?
!100 [ .*
to block size is caused by the fact that, for blocks ,**
of no more than about 10,000 ft, the blocks tend to ,
: 1000 -

z
exhibit a slowly changing long-time behavior. This, ,**
,**

: ,00
in effect, means that the b!ocks are very close to ~ , AOvlr m WC+ t

: , 0 ,, . mo 4, !..
equilibrium with the fissures. This consideration 3 *OO -
, , . 0000*
, #,. o*O
aIso leads to the following for matrix permeabilities. : , ,,.0,0
~ ,
, ,( .,00 4.?0.0
: 0 o-

Matrix Permeabilities km 1, km2 ~

0, ,0,0
#,. o.dO
It was found that changing kml from 2 to 10 md and 20 0-

km2 from 0.3 to 0.1 md had almost no effect on the

0 45
.,m15 m~$lo]~ 40
calculated cumulative water influx for this field. I,M, VCUS
Since the blocks are so close to equilibrium with
FIG. 8 EFFECT OF FISSURE VOLUME FRACTION
the fissures, their rate of depletion, normally ON WATER INFLUX.

3s0 SOCIETY OF PETROLEUM ENGINEERS JOURNAL

assumed that the inner aquifer boundary is circular TABLE 2- BEST FIT VS PETROPHYSICAL OATA
and stationary, whereas actually it is more nearly Values correspond ng WIth
elliptical and moves. With the four variables that Parameter Best fit Petrophyslca
appear to be important in history matching, it (bulk volume fractions)
should be possible to develop a least-squares Fissure volume (p 0.00115 0.0013
program for choosing the best fit. A typical curve, Good rock In matrix @l) 0.16 0.14
such as that shown in Fig. 9, including superposition 0.28
Poor rock in matrix (&) 0.26
of pressure changes at yearly intervals, requires
only about 6 seconds of computing time on the
TABLE 3- RELATIVE EFFECTS OF PARAMETERS
UNIVAC 1108.
Variable Eff@
It is of interest to note that the parameter values
corresponding with the best fit are wel~ in line with Fissure petrneabl Ilty, kf strong
those estimated from petrophysics (log data). (See Fissure porosity, ~ moderate
Table 2.) Since the petrophysical estimates refer Fraction of good rock, ~1 emal I
mostly to the oil column, they may not be fully Fraction of poor rock, & snail
representative of aquifer conditions. -.....-_

k, = fissure permeability, darcies

SUMMARY
.km = matrix permeability, md
In summary, Table 3 lists the reservoir parameters f= equivalent block dimension, ft
found to be importanr for the field chosen in using 3 PI e2t3
the QTf function to match the water influx as p=
determined by material balance. Although the effect
P1P2+ t2e3 t P#~
of [31 and $2 appears small in this case, ~1 and /32 el ~ block dimension, length, ft
could be more significant for fields in which the e2 = block dimension, width, ft
good and poor porosities were much further apart
es = block dimension, height, ft
(as demonstrated in Fig. 5).
n. index for Fourier sine transform, also
This method is similar to that frequently followed
in matching water influx from material balance with subscript index for Hankel trans-
the QT function of van Everdingen and Hurst for form variable
uniform reservoirs. The use of the QT, function pa = inner aquifer boundary pressure, psi
provides a means of including more of the pf . fluid pressure in the fissures, psi
petrophysical data available for fissured reservoirs.
p/D = dimensionless fissure pressure drop
It should be useful in cases of either strong or weak pi = initial aquifer pressure, psi
water drive. By applying the method to other
p. = reference pressure, psi
reservoirs where a cmsiderable history is available,
pl = iniriaf aquifer pressure, good rock
experience may be gained in choosing the reservoir
parameters most appropriate for history matching. matrix, psi
p2 = initial aquifer pressure, poor rock
NOkfENCLATURE matrix, psi
plD = dimensionless pressure drop in Matrix
a. 81+824 s2+y181+y282
Type 1 (good)
t). 818J1 + y, + yz) + S%l + 82)
P2D = dimensionless pressure drop in Matrix
c. (3182s2 Type 2 (poor)
c1 . compressibility in the fissures, psi-l Q= cumulative water influx, million res
C??l pore compressibility, psi-l bbl
h= reservoir height, ft QL = cumulative water influx in linear
reservoir, million res bbl/ft
,,,. Q=, = dimensionless cumulative water in-
flux
1200 [

r= radial distance, miles

a = inn~r aquifer radius, miles

TD = dimensionless radial distance, r/ra
0
o
,0!,,, Moo,,
r~= outer aquifer radius, miles
o ,
*
. }00 ,..!.,
. 000,(5 reD = dimensionless outer aquifer radius,
10ATE9Mt 1A,4NC1
9,.016
B,. .2* re/ra
s= Hankel transform variable
.t= time, years
0.829 X :0-4k\t
tD = dimensionless time, --J
FIG, 9 CUMULATIVE WATER INFLUX AS A FUNC-
TION OF TIME BEST FIT.

OCTOBER, 1975
 tDB = characteristic dimensionless time for ACKNOWLEDGMENT
2.3098 km ~:
a block,
The author wishes to thank Dick van Maren for
4mlcm#2 programming assistance and Morton Myhill for
x = disrance along linear aquifer, meas- providing the results of material-balance calcula-
ured from well or reference point, tions.
miles
xc . distance from well or reference point REFERENCES
to oil/water contact, miles
1, Muskat, M.: [lbysi~*l P~inciplcs of Oil Production,
xD = dimensionless distance along aqui-
McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., New York (1949),
fer, (x -xc) /(xe - xc)
2. van Everdingen, A. F., Timmerman, E. H., and McMahon,
Xe = distance from well or reference point J. J.: Application of the Material Balance Equation
to outer aquifer boundary, miIes to a Partial Water-Drive Reservoir, j, l>[,/. Tc,rk,
(Feb. 1953) 51-60; Trans., AIME, Vol. 198,
a = shape factor, ft-2
3, McEwen, C. R.: Material Balance Calculations With
a - 60/f2 Water InfIux in the Presence of Uncertainty in
/3 = bulk volume fraction of fissures Pressures, Sot. Pr,f. E}/g. J. (June 1962) 120-128;
Trams., AIME, Vol. 225.
fll = bulk volume fraction of good rock in
the matrix 4. Wall, C. G.: JIMatetial BaIance Analysis of Partia]
Water Drive Reservoirs, J. I})st, P(,/, (Dec. 1967)
~32 - bulk volume fraction of poor rock in Vol. 53, 408-412.
rhe matrix 5. Hurst, W,: Water Influx Into a Reservoir and Its
/3F1 - Fourier-Bessel coefficient evaluated Application to the Equation of Volumetric Balance,,
at first root of Ea. A-12 ~,(?t2S., AIME (1943) Vol. 151, 57-72.
6. van Everdingen, A. F., and Hurst, W.: The Applica-
tion of the Laplace Transformation to Flow Patterns
in Reservoirs,>! TratIs,, AIME (1949) Vol. 186, 305-324.
7, Pollard, P.: /l Evaluation of Acid Treatments From
Pressure Build-Up Analysis, J. PCI. 1ech, (March
1959) 38-43; 7r77ns., AIME, Vol. 216.
8. Warren, J. E,, and Root, P. J.: The Behavior ,>f
Naturally Fractured Reservoirs, SoI-, l>{,l. f?tlg. J.
(Sept. 1963) 245-255; f_rans,, AIME, Vol. 228.
9, Odeh, A. S.: JlfJnsteady. State Behavior cf Naturdl Y
Fractured Reservoirs, Ser. Pef. 15rrg. ]. (March
1965) 60-66; Trriws., AIME, Vol. 234.
10, Kazemi, H.: Pressure Transient Analysis of
Naturally Fractured Reservoirs With Uniform Fracture
case Distribution, .$oc. Pe/. f+g. J. (Dec. 1969) 451 -462;

27*878(S%W(YXC)2)
Trans. , AIME, Vol. 246.
11. Langnes, G. L., Robertson, J. O., Jr. , and Chilingar,
G. V.: S~condriry Rrcourry [{rid L-rwbo>?rr!c f.?ewrtvir~,
linear case American Elsevier Publishing Co., Inc., New York
(1972) 122-123, 169.

22788(~w-Hradia
12, Robinson, R. B.: Classification of Reservoir
Rocks by Surface Texture, Carbotzate Rocks 11:
Porosity anr/ Classification of Resrrt,oir Rocks,
case
AAPG Reprint Series No. 5 (1972) 95-107,
X=)2
( )(
4// C&+x, -
,
13, Tranter, C. J.: It?lrgrri] Transforms in ,liaf hcwaf icai
= 27,878 - Physics, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York (19S1)
+ra2cm2 kj ) 88-91.
linear case 14. Closrnann, P. J., and Ratliff, N. w.: Calculation Of
p - fluid viscosity, cp Transient Oil Production in a Radial Composite
Reservoir, SVc. Pet. Eng. ]. (Dec. 1967) 355-358;
&,-~2>-f3 = roots of cubic quation Trans. , AIME, Vol. 240.
u Laplace transform variable 15, Handbook of Chemistry rzrrd Physics, 45th cd., The
~~ = fissure porosity Chemical Rubber Co., Cleveland, Ohio (1964) A-155.

q5m = matrix porosity 16. Uspe~sky, J, V.: Theory o/ Equutiorzs, McGraw-Hill

Book Co., Inc., New York (1948) 61.

SUBSCRIPTS 17. Tranter, C. J.: lnleEra[ Trcorsforms itt Mathem7ztical

Pby..ics, John Wiley & Sons, inc., New York (19S1)
/ = fissure 78-81.
m = matrix
1 =- good rock
2 poor rock

392 SOCIETY OF PETROLEUM ENGINEERS JOURNAL

 APPENDIX A (1 - B) m2cm2
y2 = 132
, . ..O (A-8b)
SOLUTION OF THE BASIC EQUATIONS FOR B @fcf
PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION RADIAL CASE
and
Define the following dimensionless variables.
2
Pi - Pf ~kmlra~fcf
. . . . . ,0. (A-9a)
pf~ . fissure pressure drop = 7 6, =
1
Pi - Pa f@mlcml
. . . . . . . . . . t.-.. . . (A-1)
2
cyk
and, similarly, for ~lD, /J2D AIso, let
m2ra$fcf . . . . . ,.. (A-jb)
62 =
fm2cm2
= r/ra, reD = relra . s . , . .(A-2)
D
Define the finite Hankel transform13 as follows.

k-t eD
t .(A-3) pfD = t )B (srD)r DdrD ,
D= 2 f f D(rD D O
Ofwcfra 1
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (A-1O)
Then Eels. I, 2a, and 2b become
where
a2PfD
+: apfD
=
?p
+
fD
yl
aplD
Bo(srD) = Jo(srD)yo(s) - Yo(srD)Jo(s)
2 atD
hr &D atD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (A-n)
D D
and values of s are positive roots of the equation
aP2D
+-y .-.. .(A-4)
Jl(sreD)Yo(s) - Yl(sreD)Jo(s) = O .
atD
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (A-12)

ap~J_j Then, operating on Eq. A-4, we obtain

.(A-5)
= bl(PfD-PID)
atD 2 d;fD
sB~(srD)
spfD=~
3P2D D
= 62(pfD - P2D) , . . . . . .(A-6) D=l
atD
d;lD d;2 ~
subject to the conditions +y +y2 1 . . (A-13)
1 < rD < reD, 1 dtD d tD
ID = P2D = pfD = 0,

and, from Eqs. A-5 and A-6,

0..... (A-7a)
D =
~~D
.
>0 . . . (A-7b) 61 (i_fD - PID ) (A-14)
pfD = 1, D= 1, D
dtD

3p fDor=, t
= r ~ o (A-c)
arD e eD D P2D
= 62(~fD - P2D) . . . . . . (A-15)
dtD
where
Define now the Laplace transform as follows.

Yl
(1
=PI
- !3) mlcml (A-8a) m
- crt

f
7<
B @fc f D dtD. . . . (A-16)
pfD = Pf~ e

393
OCTOBER, 1975
operating on Eqs. A-13 ttrrough A-15, we obtain -2(0 + 61)(CJ + 62) - ~A 25)
-*
pfD = ,.. -
sB~(srD)
2A -* mr(CT3 + aU2 + bu + C)

- s fD = fD where
G
D=l a = 61 + 62 + S2 + y161 + y262

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , ,( A-26a)

b = 6162(1 + yl + y2) + S2(j + 62)

A
(A-18)
lD = 61(~;D -;;D). . . . . . . . . . . . . ;., . . . . . . . , (A.2~b)

P2D
= 62(;;D ~;D)O A-19) c =6162 so...,,..,.% . (A-26c)

The above is a system of thr~~ li~~ar, simulmeous Consider now the function
equations for the unknowns P DI PID> and P2D.
We eliminate the last two / unctions and solve for
(0+- 61)(0+ 62)
the transform ~/*D:
cs3-f-aa2+bo+c
_.,,: -2
This function has three simple poles at the zeros
of the denominator, The denominator may be written
in terms of its factors as

L CT+6, G+69J
L L

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. (A-20) where -<1> -62, and -& are the negative real
zeros. They may be found analytically by means of
where standard formulas for cube roots. However, <I is
2 usually best estimated from the denominator by a
= -. . . . . . (A-21) method of successive approximations.
B~(srD)
ITS The function then may be inverted wirh respect
D=l to time tD, with the result
For the limiting case of /3 = 1 (uniform reservoir),
Eq. A-20 reduces to .
n =
2 (e +e
_Jn. rfD
,, . . . . . (A-22)
.pfD = -
lw(o + S2)
Inverting with respect to time,

2
2 2 -s t b3
~fD=-7+~e D . . . (A-23) %S2S3j
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (A-27)
TTS
Finally, where

M. . (A-28ri)
-s2t
co
e n D Bo(snrD)J~(snreD)
l+m 9
z
J:(an) - J~(snreD)
n= 1
N. . (A-28b)
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . , (A-24)

where the inverse Hankel transform of -2/rrs2 is 1.

Eq. A-24 is the pressure drop distribution for the
case of the uniform bounded reservoir, as can be
CJ= , . (A-28c)
shown from that for the composite bounded reser-
voir,14 Eq, A-20 may be rewritten

394
SOCIETY OF PETROLEUM ENGINEERS JOURNAL
 Then,

~fD = . 2/lls2,

and

pfD=l.
Finally, the function ~iD may be inverted by
means of the following formula obtained as a result
of a Fourier-Bessel expansion. We can write the cumulative influx as
Pm(rD$ t)=
~
2
h(p - pa)QTf, . (A-32)
Q = 211(bfc f~ra i

112m ~##D)s~ 2B o (snrD)J~(snreD) ,

where

2 z
J:(sn) - J~(snreD) % aP~D
r.= 1
Q dt; , (A-33)
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (A-29) Tf=-
ZwD
()0
=1
where the s- are zeros of Eq, A-12. D
The func~icrn pfD(rD, tD) must approach unity at
long times. Ws can rewrite the expression for Then, using Eq. A-31, we obtain the following for
pressure drop in the following manner. Since (I f2f3 Q.,.f,
-.c L3182S2 (Ref. 16), the constant term in Eq. co . .
A-27 becomes -2/(77s2~, and s~J~(s r )

~fD =-=+
2 Q2Tf =
I n=l
J~(sn) -
n eD

J~(snreD)

2M -~ltD N -52tD + s -53tD

-[ e +e e
~L 51 52 53
)
,, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (A-30)

Applying Eq. A-29, we obtain

N %,ntD s $,rttD (A-34)
p~(rD,tD) =
}
~ne ~n
w
s~J~(snreD)Bo(snrD)
The expression for QTf then contains a constant
l+n
x term and a term involving time i~. AS tD ~ W, the
~=1 J~(sn) - J~(snreD)
constant term must approach the limiting value
obtained from a material balance; that is,

M
x e
5l,n 32,n
{

s $3,ti?D
+ (A-31)
+ u(r~ - r~)h(l - D) (32r#Im2Cm2AP ,
$,ne } - . (A-35a)
. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
~]~~ ~,n;
~2,n, and I$s,n are evaluated for each
~ where
.. m the summation. This result is
consistent with results obtainable from Eq. .4-20.
For long times, or small rJ, Ap=p p . (A-35b)
i a
_<. 2
+-- . The dimensionless cumulative influx then must
Pf 2 approach the value
rlCfs
OCTOBER, 1975 39s
 ~2-1 For short times,
1 -B
eD mlcml
( l+ $1
,. ~

For long times, Eq. A-36 can be evaluated with

J.1. good accuracy by using the first term of the series,
as follows:
This co.lstant term may also be obtained by a
procedure based on the Laplace transform of the
functi~~ PfD in a manner similar to that used in
Ref. 6, The final expression for the dimensionless Q ~(l+y1+Y2) :D-l
Tf
influx function is then
{ 2
2
-1 1 -P
eD mlcrnl

1
Q l+ D1
Tf=2 - 2~Fle-gl[O)tD , . . . . . . . ,A-38)
{ B Ofcf

1 -B
m2cm2 where -~~) is the approximate first ,:oot of the
+ i32
expression (3 + a~ -I h[ + c O. It can be obtained
$ of c f } from the relation

-2
CQ
s~J~(s r
n eD
)
/)=
-11
.,
: .. ... .. (A-39)
z 1+ Y1+Y2
*=1 J:(sn) - J~(snreD)
In Eq. A-12, .sl is the first root and ,~[:1 is the
corresponding Fourier-Bessel coefficient. Iable 4
M ;,ntD+ N %,ntD
x e gives values for S1 , s:, and /3F1 for a range ~jf
values of reD. Eq, A-38 gives results to better than
[ 5;, ~
K.e about 8 percent for to > 1,000, and better thap
about 2.5 percent for tD > 2,000 for the range in

1.......
value of the parameters studied in this work with
s %,nLD
(,4-36) cD L 10,
,,
and In many cases the approximation is
-Z--e much better.
s3, n

TABLE 4 FIRST ROOT AND CORRESPONDING FOURIER-BESSEL

COEFFICIENT FOR THE EQUATION

J1(sr,nJ Ye(s) Y1(sreD) Jo(s) = O

J:(sl reD )

eD

s, 6F1
= #[.Jg(sl)- L/f(sIreD
)1

1.5 2.8898860 8.3514410 0.2644113

2.0 1.3607772 1.s517147 0.65266306
2.5 0.86606609 0.7.5005662 1.1648650
3.0 0.62559772 0.39137251 1.8010116
3,5 0.4850073 0.2352321 2,6610814
4.0 0.3934562 0.1548078 3.4450626
4,5 0.3294432 0.108S328 4.4529470
5.0 0.2823563 0.0797262 5.5647337
6.0 0.2180720 0.0475554 8.2200267
7.0 0,1765096 0,0311556 11.3510010
8.0 0.1475980 0.0217852 14.9777160
9.0 0.1264117 0.0159799 19.1002580
10.0 0.1102694 0.012! 593 23.7187300
15.0 0.08612407 0.004372392 54.25255
20.0 0.04650859 0.002163049 97.19486
30,0 0,02865046 0,0008208467 220.3302
40.0 0,02044827 0.0004181317 393>1627
50.0 0,01578902 0.0002492931 615.7160
75.0 0.009925431 0.00009651417 1,389.739
100,0 0.007166904 0.00005136451 2,474.812
200.0 0.0033037471 0,000010914746 9,927,5115
500.0 0.0012069536 0.000001456737 62,186.629
1,000.0 0.00056879785 0,000000323531 249,013.93

3% soclETy OP M?TR(+EUhl ENGINEERS JOuRN~L

 APPENDIX B and
2
SOLUTION OF THE BASIC EQUATIONS FOR
~kml@fcf(xe - xc) , . . (B-9a)
PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION LINEAR CASE 6. =
L

Defining dimensionless variables as follows,

kf mlcml
Pi - Pf 2
=. . . . . . . . . . .(B-l)
Cfkmzofcf(xe - xc)
p fD 69 = . . . (B-9b)
Pi - ~ L

f@m2cm2
By use of a finite Fourier sine transform17 with

D
.x-, X-X
x
eD
=1 . . . ..(B-2) respect
respect
to distance
to time,
and a Laplace
we can
transform
obtain the following
with

e c solution for the pressure drop distribution.

a
kft M ?~ #D

D =
@fwf(xe - XC)*
. . . . . .(B-3) pfo= l-n
I
n= O
(2n + 1)

5 ,n
t
e

we obtain, from Eqs. 6 through 8 and the conditions

of Eqs. 9a through 9c,
N $2#D s !3, ntD
-1- . e + e,,,.
52 ; F-3, <,-.
$ }

(2n -f- l)nxD

X sin ?..,,, . (B-1O)
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(B-4) 2

ap~D where -Cl,n, -[2,;, and - ~~,~ are the negative

= 61(pfD - PID) . . . . . . .(B-5) real roots of the expressions &3 + f2 + L<+ c = O. In

atD this case a, b, and c are defined as in Eqs. A-26a,

A-26b, and A-26c, respectively, with S2 replaced
by (2n t 1)2 r72/4, and the relation n = 21? i 1.
The quantities .&f, N, and S are defined as in Eqs.
ap2D . (B-6) A-28a, A-28b, and A-28c, respectively.
_ = 6~(pfD - p2D) -
Writing cumulative influx as
at D

= @@fcfh(Xe _ Xc)(Pi - Pa)~f ~

subject to the conditions J.
spfD=o ,()<XD <l, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (B-12)
= p2D
lD

(B-7a) QL = 9.404 X lo-4@ cf~be - xc)

O$.....
D =
million res bbl/
pfD = 1, XD= 0, D >O. . (B-7b) (pi - Pa)~~f ft of reservoir width , (B-12a)

ap fD o ~ ~, ~D> O . . ..(B-7c) where

=,
D t

H)
a XD D 6pfD
QT~=- d< ,
where
0 % X*=O
(1 - !3) ml=ml (B-8a)
=B1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .( B-12b)
1
P @fc f
We cbtain finally, for 07/,

(1 - $)
m2c m2
, . . . (B-8b~
Y2 =P2
6 Ofcf

397
OCTOBER, 1975
 ..

7 co
M 5@t~
-
2
I
n=O
(2n+ 1)2

{

E:, ne

s +3,11!)
1
N -52, ntD

Te +~e (B-13)

2, n8 3,n
***

398 SOCIETY OF PETROLEUM ENGINEERS JOURNAL