GEOTECHNICS 2 CC502

OBJECTIVE

The main purpose of this project is to obtain a representative sample of the

soil to aim identify and classification. Among the soil samples were disturbed and
undisturbed.

The objective of a site investigation is to to gather the information needed

carry out the risk assessment, in order to be in a position to assess the presence and
significance of land.

The information gathered enables the risk assessment to be carried out to

conclusion in which an acceptable degree of confidence can be place.

At many stage of an investigation, the overall objectives will be to characterize

the contaminants present and to identify pathways and receptor for the purpose of
the risk assessment.

The information required to carry out the risk assessment to a robust

conclusion should be identified before designing or planning an investigation. The
objective of a site investigation. The objective of a site investigation will vary,
depending upon the stage in the process that has been reached the and the
underlying for the land involved.

Objectives may be to define or clarify what is already thought to be occurring

on site, support a risk assessment, provide data for the design of remedial works and
benchmark the contaminated status of a site.

INTRODUCTION
 GEOTECHNICS 2 CC502

Before any civil engineering work done, an adequate site investigation should
be made in advance. Sufficient information necessary to yield a safe and economic
design and will not lead to problems during construction.

Experience identify whether the site is suitable for the proposed work.

To be able to design a safe and economical.

To predict and take appropriate measure to want any complication that my arise
during construction due to soil conditions and other condition.

To investigate the incident or the cause of changes in either natural or caused by

other things.

When a decision is taken to proceed, it will be necessary to carry out a site

investigation targeted towards understanding the occurrence of gas and leach ate at
the development site, the output from to investigate should bring the level of
knowledge of these parameter up to a level sufficient to allow for the proper
assessment of the risk and design of appropriate protection measures. When
carrying out the investigation it must be borne in mind that flammable gas can occur
in mind that flammable gas can occur in the soil as a result of other factors besides
landfills.

Other sources flammable gas include : Marine sediments,Sewer

gas,Geological methane and Main gas.

THEORY
 GEOTECHNICS 2 CC502

In A Clients Guide to Site Investigation the AGS (Association of Geotechnical

andGeoenvironmental Specialists) states that adequate site investigation is of
importance to the civil engineer for the successful completion of any building
project,The design of a structure which is economical and safe to construct, is
durableand has low maintenance costs, depends upon an adequate understanding
ofthe nature of the ground. This understanding comes from an appreciation of
thedistribution of the materials in the ground, and their properties and
behaviourunder various influences and constraints during the construction and
lifetime ofthe structure. An adequate and properly structured site investigation is
therefore an essential part of any civil engineering or building project.

A site investigation simply is the process of the collection of information, the

appraisal of data, assessment, and reporting without which the hazards in the
ground beneath the site cannot be known.

DESK STUDY AND SITE RECONNAISSANCE

Phase 1 starts with searching readily available archives and databases to

produce adesk study report that firstly introduces the site setting:

Site location;
Site description;
Site walkover;
Geological setting;
Hydrogeological setting;
Hydrological setting.

Furthermore, the report outlines the results of environmental searches such

as:

Waste treatment and disposal sites;

Air pollution controls;
Radioactive substances;
Pollution incidents;
Discharge consents;
Green Belt areas;
Designated sites;
Nitrate vulnerable zones;
Geological constraints;
Coal mining report;
Radon report.
 GEOTECHNICS 2 CC502

Earlier uses and state of the site such as underground mining, opencast
mining, quarryoperations, waste tips and landfills, industrial sites as well as ancient
monuments andecology should be discerned from:Firstly, the gathered information is
used to clarify geological constraints and hazardssuch as:

Slopes (landslides);
Swelling and shrinking clays (heave or subsidence);
Soluble rock (subsidence);
Compressible or collapsible ground (excessive or uneven settlement);
Running sand (problems with excavations, tunnelling; problems with irrigation,
surface water disposal);
Radon (naturally occurring radioactive gas that causes lung cancer);
Methane and carbon dioxide (asphyxiants and explosive);
Groundwater (flooding);
Underground mining (stability)

SAMPLING GROUND AND GROUNDWATER

The BS 5930:1999 identifies four main types of sampling:

a) Taking disturbed samples from excavating equipment and the drill tool in the

course of excavation or boring;

b) Drive sampling, in which a tube or split tube sampler having a sharp cutting edge

at its lower end is forced into the ground, either by a static thrust or by dynamic

impact;

c) Rotary sampling, in which a tube with a cutter at its lower end is rotated into the

ground, thereby producing a core sample;

d) Taking block samples specially cut by hand from a trial pit, shaft or heading.

WORK PRODUCE FOR SITE INNVESTIGATION

 GEOTECHNICS 2 CC502
Step of work involved in the site investigation desk study to collect all the
relevant data and information reconnaissance of site investigation.

Planning program after revewing the above groung or soil exploration

including boring, sampling and testing.

Laboratory testing (also field if nessesery) preparation and document of SI

report engineering design stages.

Review during construction and monitoring.

SAFETY & HEALTH

Safety and health while performing a work is very important to protect these
individuals. Safety and health should be established to provide protection to anyone,
 GEOTECHNICS 2 CC502
including student, researchers, technicians and teachers during the use of various
materials and equipment in the geotechnics laboratory. There are three situation in
safety and health during conduct practical work :

BEFORE CONDUCT PRACTICAL WORK

We must know that the location of first aid and eye station.
Wear appropriate clothing for easy to work.
Follow all instructions lecturer.
Knows the nature and characteristics found in the construction site.
Aware of any risk that may be in curred in the conduct of testing laboratory.

DURING CONDUCT PRACTICAL WORK

Do not running, eating, drinking or smoking while conduct practical work.

Do not joke when using the equipment.
Use tool with the best Hand Auger with sharp eyes may result in injury.
Ensure the equipment used in good condition.
Take a reading of the sample correctly.
Wear gloves when entering the sample in oven car for themselves and friend.
Do practical work under the surveillance of lecture.
Comply with regulations while in the laboratory.
use the hydrometer to be careful when putting it into the measuring cylinder.

AFTER CONDUCT PRACTICAL WORK

Store the equipment after using it with carefully.

Make sure the hole is dug filled up again to avoid any injury occurring
in the future.
Follow further instructions from the lecturer after testing is completed.
We must follow established procedures to follow ethical standards in
safety and health.
 GEOTECHNICS 2 CC502
Wash hands after investigation complete.
Wash all the tools they used to be clean

SUITABLE UNIFORM FOR LABORATORY WORK

MATERIALS & APPARATUS:

Tare
 GEOTECHNICS 2 CC502

Anger hand

Chisel

Shovel
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Tray

Oven

Digital Balance
 GEOTECHNICS 2 CC502

PROCEDURE

Identify the location selection. Make sure that location are safe from dangerous
obstacles like electrical cable or water pipe.

Clean the location to make sure that we easy to dig a hole.

Dig a hole with a hand auger to the required depth.

 GEOTECHNICS 2 CC502

Take the sampel at the depth as a ditrubed soil and put it into the tray.

Take the weight of empty tare. Books the data.

Then, put the soil into a two differens tare and take the weight. Books the data.
 GEOTECHNICS 2 CC502

Put both of that tare into the oven for 24 hours. The aim is to get the weight of dry
soil.

After 24 hours, take the both of tare and take the weight of that tare. Books the data.
 GEOTECHNICS 2 CC502

RESULT & CALCULATION

PROJECT: SITE INVESTIGATION

LOCATION : AREA POLIMAS

LAND: DISTURB SAMPLE

POINT NUMBER: 1

DEPTH: 1 METER

FORMULA :

>Moisture content,m(%)

mwater
m@W =
m soil
x 100

>Average,m(%)

m1 +m 2
M=
2
x 100%

TABLE 1 TO DETERMINE THE SOIL MOISTURE

 GEOTECHNICS 2 CC502
BIL EXPLAINATION NO. TARE (g)
5/4 II/IV

1 Mass of tare 17.808 17.893

Mass of tare
2 + 55.005 57.434
Wet soil
Mass of tare
3 + 52.095 54.417
dry soil
Bil 2-bil3 Bil 2 bil 3
Mass of water
=55.005-52.095 =57.434-54.417
4
=2.91 =3.017
5 Bil 2-Bil1 Bil 2 Bil 1
=57.434-17.893 =55.005-17.808
Mass of wet soil
=39.541 =37.197
6 Bil 3- Bil 1 Bil 3-Bil 1
=54.417-17.893 =52.095-17.808
Mass of dry soil
=36.524 =34.287
Moisture content,(m m@W = m@W =
7 %)
3.017 2.91
mwater 36.524
x 34.287
m@W =
msoil
x
100
100
x 100
=8.260%
=8.487%

Average(M%)
=8.260+8.487
8 m1 +m2 2
M= 2
x
=8.374%
100%

DISCUSSION

Site Investigation Work.

 GEOTECHNICS 2 CC502
Site investigation is part of the land inspection is very important in engineering
geoteknik.Site investigation work includes reconnaissance, observation, testing in-
situ, taking samples and determining the profile of this work soil.This is necessary for
the basic design and construction work because the soil has features which are not
homogeneous, isotropic elastic and type of soil or change also significantly in levels
of 50m to 30m depth from the surface of the BS 5930 listing soil.In site investigation
purposes.

1. To determine whether sites are suitable for the proposed work.

2. To allow a safe design and economic
3. To predict take appropriate measures to address any complications that may
ariseduring construction due to soil conditions and other local reasons.
4. To investigate the causes of events or circumstances change, either natural
or other ferns.

There are several methods of site investigation.

1. A bore-hole
2. Hole test
3. The standard penetration test-
4. Cone penetration test
5. Plate-bearing test

Disturbed sample.

Disturbed land is land taken regardless of the actual condition of the land
binaan.biasanya progressed, used for the purpose of land classification and density
tanah.ianya stored in an airtight container to avoid condensation and color changes.

Undisturbed sample

Sample of undisturbed soil sample was taken with the minimum disruption condition
to maintain the real situation .Soil site should be stored in an airtight container and
care more carefull.Usually this soil sample used for the shear test, permeability test
and consolidation test.

From the analysis,data had been recorded in the table. Data needed are
mass of empty tare, mass of empty tare with wet soil,mass of empty tare with dry
soil,moisture content and average. Mass of empty tare carried out by using balance.
For tare II/IV, the weight of empty tare is 17.893 g. For tare 4/5,mass of empty tare is
17.808 g.

Mass of empty tare with wet soil also carried out by using balance. Wet soil is
carried out at the location. Mass of empty tare with wet soil for II/IV is 57.434g. Mass
of empty tare with wet soil 4/5 is 55.005 g.
 GEOTECHNICS 2 CC502
Mass of empty tare with dry soil is taken after the soil in the tare take into the
oven. Mass of empty tare with dry soil for tare II/IV is 54.417 g and mass of empty
tare with wet soil for tare 4/5 is 52.095 g.

Mass of wet soil is carried out by mass of empty tare with wet soil minus mass
of empty tare. Mass of wet soil for tare II/IV is 39.541 g and mass of wet soil for tare
4/5 is 37.197g.

Mass of water for soil in both tare are carried out by mass of empty tare with
wet soil minus mass of empty tare with dry soil. Mass of water far tare II / V is 3.017g
and tare 4/5 is 2.91g.

Mass of dry soil are carried out by mass of empty tare with soil minus mass of
empty tare. Mass of dry soil for tare II/IV is 36.524g and for tare 4/5b is 34.287g.

Moisture content for soil in tare II/IV is 8.260% and for soil in tare 4/5 is
8.487%. The average for both soil in the both tare is 8.374%.

CONCLUSION
 GEOTECHNICS 2 CC502
In the investigation also that we know that we learn how to used the
apparatus such as hand auger and trimming knife.We also will learn how to record
the data that we made in the table and do the calculation was given.The calculation
in this site based on the data that we get from the experiment in the lab was made.

However, we also learn how to differentiate disturb sample and undisturbed

sample in geotechnical to use it on the site.Disturb sample is soil taken regardless of
the actual state of soil at construction sites and used to the classification and the
density of the soil.Undisturbed sample is soil sample taken with the minimum
disruption to maintain the true state of the soil and stored in an airtight container.

Beside that, we also will know that teamwork is important to do the work in
group because the work can be done in fast and easy, the work also is more
coefficient and good quality.

REFERENCES
 GEOTECHNICS 2 CC502
FROM LECTURER EN. JOHARI BIN MAT & EN. MOHD KAMARUZZAMAN
BIN ABDUL WAHAB
FROM MODULE CC502 (GEOTECHNICS 2)
FROM INTERNET (GOOGLE- SITE INVESTIGATION)
http://qjegh.geoscienceworld.org/content/39/2/189.abstract
http://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20070807120007AAdNAtm