Designing Floor Slabs On Grade Step-by-Step Procedures, Sample Solutions, and Commentary pst)Designing Floor Slabs On Grade Step-by-Step Procedures, Sample Solutions, and Commentary Second Edition Boyd C. Ringo and Robert B. Anderson ‘Technical Editor: Mary K. Hurd = =: iL Aberdeen Group® 5 West St, Aadson Was 6OTOTDesigning Foor Slabs on Grade St Procedures, Solutions, and Commentary Sebed alton ” o published by The Aberdeen Group 426 South Westgate ‘Addison, TL 60101 Book Bator: Desire J: Hanford ‘Asia: Joan, Moras Copyright © 1996 The Aberdeen Grp ‘Printed in th United Stas of Amen Reprotuction of sy pat of his work beyood tat penlaed by she 1976 United Sutes Copyright Act witout Detalton of be coprgh owner slaw, Reqs for pemison father iaforion sos be adreted {2 The Aberdeen Group. brary of Congest Catalog Number 95.1988 ‘987654321 ISBNOSUESHTEO. Item No. 3020 brary of Congress Catalogng-trPubitcation Data Ring, Boyd C ‘Desig for slabs on grade = sepbystep procedures, sample soluons, an comment. 2ad ed nico. ‘Aur: Boyd C Ringo od Rote B. Anderson fect nee, 15BN0.924855.75.0 be) | Coo dabe-Deag and consrocton. 2. Far, Coot Design at coutnetin. Andean, Rabe. TagasseRse 1986 a entea-e0 sts ‘oPABOUT THE AUTHORS Slab design experts and consultants, Boyd Ringo and Bob Anderson have lectured worldwide on the design of slabs on grade. They have served together as active members of the American Concrete institute Committee 360, Design of Slabs ‘on Grade, and Committee 302, Construction of Concrete Floors. Now they join forces to share their expertise in the how-to-do-it format ofthis versatile new design handbook. Boyd C. Ringo, a leading authority on plain and conventionally reinforced concrete slabs on grade, fas been involved a5 a professional engineer with design and construction for more than 40 years. Now in private practice as a consulting engineer in Cincinnati, he is a past chairman of ACI Committee 360, and was for ‘many years a professor of civil engineering at the University of Cincinnati, Ringo has also worked as a structural designer and forensic investigator and has extensive experience with industrial slabs on grade. Robert B. Anderson, a pioneer in establishing the post-tensioned slab on grade, helped in developing some of the early hardware as well as the design procedures that are accepted today. Long active in the Post-Tensioning Institute, he is now president of Robert B. Anderson Consulting Engineers, New Orleans. His practice includes commercial, industrial, and residential 3 well as conventional and post-tensioned foundation design—with particular emphasis in dealing with ‘problems of expansive and compressible soils.‘The Aberdeen Group its employees and agents, andthe authors are ot engaged in the business of providing architectural oc construction services, nor are they liceased to do so, ‘The information in this book is iatended forthe use of builders, floor designers, and contractors competent to evaluate its applicability to ther situation, and who will accept responsibilty forthe application ofthe information. The Aberdeen Group and the authors disclaim any and all responsiblity forthe application ofthe information.CONTENTS INTRODUCTION. CHAPTER 1 Input values needed for design.. 1.1.2—Working witb a soils speciali. 1.1.3 Limit risk with insufficient information. 111.4 king wth ined sf Information, 1.1.5~Summary . 12—Types of stad loadings 1.2:1~Introduetion.. 1.2.2—Vehicle axle loads... 1.2.3~Uniform loads with aisles. 1.2.4~Rack and post load... 1.2.5~Column loads... 1.2.6~Special or unusual loads... 1.3—Conerete for the slab.. 13.1~Conerete strength properties for design 13.1.1—Compression 13..2—Modulus of upeue 13.13—-Shear stength.. 13.14—Surface durability. 1.3.2~Choosing the concrete mix. 132.1—Cements... 13.22—Aggregus.. 1323—Mix proportions 14—Safety factors 14.1 —Importance and meaning... 1.42~Common valves for safety factor. 1.5—Slab reinforcement. E 15.1 Reinforcing stel 15.1.1—Genera. 1.5.1.2~Stinkage eck cont.1.522—Crck contol 2.1.3— Type B, slab with shrinkage control reinforcement. 2.1.4—Type C, slab with shrinkage-compensating concrete. 2.1.5--Type D, slab post-tensioned for crack control. 2.1.6—Type E, lightly reinforced structural slab. 2.1.7—Type F, strcturaly reinforced slab. 2.1.8 — Type G (Authors designation, fiberenhanced concrete slab 2.2—Methods of slab thickness determination... 2.2.1 Portland Cement Institute (PCA) method 2.22—Wire Reinforcement Institute (WRI) method. 2.23—United States Army Corps of Engineers (COE) method. 2.2.4—Post-Tensioning Institute (PTD) method. 22.5—ACI Committee 223 (ACI 223) method. 22.6 —MATS (PCA) finite element analysis... 22.7 -Other methods. 22.8—Correlation of construction type with design method and Toading condition. CHAPTER 3 Design for vehicle axle loads. 3. —Design objectives... ‘3. Uslng PCA charts to design for axe eading: AUTHORS’ CHOICE... 3.2.1 —Single wheels, interior loading. 3.22 —Dual wheels, interior loading . 3.2.3 — Stress increases for loads at edges or joints 33~Design for axle loading using WRI charts 3.4—Design for axle loading using COE charts. 3.4.1 — COE, light lift truck... a 3.42 —COE, heavy lift ruck 3.43 — COE, outdoor paving areas ‘35—Adapting PCA charts for use with swing vehicles 3:6—Using shrinkage-compensating concrete for slabs subject axle loads 3.7 —Using post-tensionting tendons fora slab with axle loads $6b—Desgnngstrectrlreatrcemen for sab with vei ong. 3.9_Welded wire fabric as a structural element CHAPTER 4 Design of slabs for rack storage post loads. 4.1—Design objectives wisn: 42—Information needed to solve the post load problem. 43—Using PCA charts to design for rack storage post loading: AUTHORS’ CHOICE... 44—Using PCA charts when actual k does not ‘equal chart k: AUTHORS’ CHOICE. 4S—Using shrinkage- conesete, pst tensioning tendons, or acive sel enlorement 8CHAPTER 5 Slab design for column or wall loadings . ‘5.1 —Scope of the problem. 5.2—Design objective. $.3—Input values needed for design.. ‘54-Udlng equations to design for column loads: AUTHORS’ CHOICE... ‘5.5— Adapting PCA charts to design for column loads on slabs .. ‘5.6—Design for wall loading on slabs using the ‘ARMY-TM equations: AUTHORS’ CHOICE. S7—ACI3B1 ‘Code Requirement fr Strciaral Fain Concrete wad Commentary CHAPTER 6 Slab design for distributed uniform loading on both sides of an aisle. 6.1—The design objective (62 Valoes needed to solve the problem (63—Using WRI charts to design for datrbuted ‘uniform loading on both sides ofan alsle: AUTHORS’ CHOICE. 64—Using PCA tables to design for uniform loading on both sides of an aise. 65—Usingsrtnkage compensating concrete for ela with distributed ‘mnlforms foading on both sides of an aise. 6.6—Using post-tensloning tendons for slabs with distributed ‘uniform loading on both sides of an alse. or sing structurally reinforced concrete for sab loaded uniformly on ‘both sides of an alse {68—Use of Dhers for concrete enhancement 68.1~Stee! fiber 3.2 Synthetic (polymeric) fibers ‘73~The PTI method for slab design oa plastic clay. 73.1 —Analysis of slab Toads. 73.2-Value nested ove ie probien.. 733—Design objectives. 73.4—Computer solutions. ‘74—DESIGN EXAMPLE: Rectangular post tensioned slab on plastic clay with uniform and perimeter loads. 7.4.1 ~Symbols and notation 7.42—The problem and initial assumptions; materials data 7.43 Soils investigation 743.1-—Detrmin he predominant ly materi se tl 7.43.2—Find the constant suction vale forthe si. 743.3—Determine the average moisture movement velocity 7.434—Find edge moisnrevainon distance 7435—Detzmine expected dilfereatial evel for edge Li ad conti consitions. Cy 7.44—Check preliminary beam sizes and tendon requirements, ‘Step $ of Flow Char 1. 86 Eryn Primi deerninion seg beam doh ‘edge if condition. 71442~Sol pressure unde ibe besa (a sabrotine fo Step 8, Flow Chart 1) 745 —Determine section properties for full slab width, Step 6, Flow Chart I...7.4,6—Calculate minimum aumber of tendons required, Step 7, Flow Chart 1.89 74.1 —Check design moments against allowable moments for edge lift condition, Step 8, Flow Chart I. 748—Deflection calculations, edge lift condition, Step 9, Flow Chart 7.4.9 ~Shear calculations for edge lift condition, Step 10, Flow Chart 1 74.10—Center lift design. ‘75—DESIGN EXAMPLE: Simple rectangle, uaiform thickness | et ensioned ‘slab on plastic clay with uniform and perimeter load. 75.1 =Introduction 7 7'5.2—Modeling the problem 7.5.3—Determination of equivalent thickness. 7.5.4—Determine number of tendons required... 715:5—Recheck design moments against allowable moment capacity... 7.5.6 —Check of shear capaci 7.5.1 ~Summary of results. 746—DESIGN EXAMPLE: Simple rectangle, conventionally reinforced slab on plastic clay with uniform and perimeter load........ 7.6.1 — Introduction 7.6.2—Modeling the problem, ong direction. 76.3 Values needed to solve the problem with conventional reinforcement 107 7.6.4—The reinforced concrete solution for slab on plastic clay. 7.65—Shor direction section with conventional reinforcement... CHAPTER 8 Design of slabs on compressible clays.. 8.1 —Introduction. 8.2— What is compressible clay? 83-PTI method for designing sabs supported on n compressible days. 83.1—Analysis of slab loads... 8.3.2—Vales needed soive te probe. 8.3.3—Design objectives 8.3.4—Computer solutions. 8.4—DESIGN EXAMPLE: Rectangular post-tensioned slab on compresibe ‘lay with aniform and perimeter loads. 8.4.1 Symbols and notation... 84. ~The problem and inal assump materials data. 119 (Step 5, Flow Chart 4. 8.4.32—Constant sol suction ¥ 8.4.3.3—Velocity of moisture flow. 8.4.4—Preliminary beam sizes, tendon requirements. 8.44.1—Eatimate the required depth dof stifening beams 44.2—Sol bearing pressure under beams 846 ~Calculate minimum numberof tendo ered Step 8, Flow Chor ..128 84.7 Check design moments aginst allowable moments for edge it ‘conditions, Step 9, Flow Chart 3. 8.4.8—Deflection calculations, edge lift condition 8.4.9— Shear calculations for edge lift condition. 8.4.10—Center lift desig en S 85—DESIGN EXAMPLE: Simple rectangle, conventionally reinforced slab on compre cay wit ufrm and perinetr ond, Sup 124, Flow Chr 3.199 8.5.1 —Introduction...139 140 8.5.2—Modeting the problem, tong rection. §8.5.3— Values needed to solve the problem with conventional reinforcement. 8.5.4—The reinforced concrete solution for slab on compressible clay. 8.5.5—Short direction section with conventional reinforcement CHAPTER 9 The hybrid post-tensioned slab: combining stiffening ‘elements with regions of uniform thickness 9.3.1 — Analysis of slab loads. 7 9.3.2 Values needed to rolve the problem. 9.33~—Design objectives... 9.3.4~Computer solutions 9.—DESIGN EXAMPLE: Post-tcasloned slab combining stiffening lements with uniform hckes om plate ay with wif 9.42—The problem and initial assumptions; materials data 9.4.3—Soils investigation. 943.1—Detrmine the predominant clay mie! inthe sal. 9.43.2 Find the constant suction value fr the si 9.433—Deterine the average moisture movement velocity 9.4.3.4 Find the edge moisture variation distance. 9.43.5—Determine the expected diferent swell for edge lift and center if condhions 9.44—Check slab thickness based on loading requireme 9.4.5—Check preliminary beam sizes, Step 6 of Flow Chart 943.1—Preliminary determination, soning beam dept d, ‘edge lift condition 94.3.2.—Sol pressure under the beams (a sbroutine for ‘Step 6, Flow Char 5) 9.46—Determine Section properis for ul sab width ‘Step 7, Flow Chart So 9.4.7—Determine adequacy of stiffened section in relation to the 8 distance chosen... 9.4.8—Calculate minimum nomber of tendons required, Step 9, Chart 5. 9.49 —Check desig moments agtinst allowable moments for edge lift condition, Step 10, FlOW Chart Suu 94.10—Deflection calculations, edge lift condition, Step 11, Flow Chart 5. 9.4.11 —Shear calculations for edge lift condition, Step 12, low Chart 5. CHAPTER 10 Supporting design informatior 10.1 —Dowels for Boor stabs on grade. wa 173 10.1.1 —Purpose and function of dowels 10.12—Types of dowels. 10.1.3—Size and spacing of dowels 10.2— Joints in slabs on grade. 10.2.1 —Purpose of joints. 10.2.2 —Types and functions of joints. 10.2.3 —Shear transfer. 10.2.4— Joint spacings.10.2.5—Foints as stress raisers. 10.2.6—Other factors affecting join. 10.26.1—Bond:- breaking interlayers. 10.2.62— Shrinkage compensating concrete 7 10.2.63—Continuous steel nnenesisnann m 10.264—Stel fiber. 178 10.26 5—Post-tensione slabs 10.3~Control of shrinkage 104—Construction tolerances for slabs on grade... 104.1 —Tolerance for base construction... 10.4.2—Tolerance for slab thickness. 10.4.3—Slab surface tolerances.. 10.5—Effect of changes in the variables: What If? 10.5.1—Effect of changing modulus of subgrade reaction, £ 105.4—Effect of additional base thickness, hon tp of subbase 10.5.5—Effect of changes in safety factor, SF. 1056—Conmens on theory conling he ee. 10.6—Freezer Moors... 10:7.2—How fis determined. 10.73—Significance of 10.8—Computer solutions 1038.1 —Practcal applications. 10.8.2— Software for slab on grade design. 10.83 Significance of computer solutions 109—Understanding sll properties and classification 109.1 Soil properties 10.9.2~Soil classification systems. 109.2. —Unified Soil Classification. 1092.2 AASHTO clasification nn 109.2.3—FAA clasifiation 10.9.4—Fine-grained sols. 1039.5—Coarser materials: sands and gravels CHAPTER 11 Troubleshooting and evaluating existing floor slabs. 11.1—Introduction... 11:2- Wallthrongh inl nsec. 11.2.1 Joins, 11.2.2—Comers. 1123—Surface conditions. 11.2.4—Random cracks. 11.2.5 ~Evidence of overload.11.2.6—Evidence of seulement... 112.7—Subgrade problems. 11.4.1 —Describing flor distress. 11.42—Evaluating the severity of 11.43—Some common repair procedures. 11.43.1—Joint openings... 1143.2—Chipping join... 11-43.3~Random cracks, 11.43.4~Lack of floor fates... 11,43.5—Senlement or heaving 11,43.6—Other dstresses 11.5—-Reporting results...» 115.1—Ora pare. 11.5.2—Written report 11.6—Selected information sources. APPENDICES Resources needed for design ‘AA—Introduction ‘A-2—Soil properties, conditions and the Thoravaite Moisture Chart ‘A3—Design charts from Portland Cement Association, Wire Reinforcement Institute, Corps of Engineers, and American Concrete Insitute ‘AA~ Pest-Tensioved Slab flow charts equations lst andINTRODUCTION How thick should the slab be? How strong should the concrete be? Is reinforcement needed? ‘Where should the joints be placed? Can adding fibers enhance the slabs performance? When is post-tensioning appropriate? What can be done to control cracking? This how-to-doit book provides practical answers to these and other major questions that confront owners and designers when an industrial floor is nesded. It is intended to simplify and improve the design of slabs on grade for commercial and residential as well as industrial uses. “Design” includes all ofthe decisions, specifications, and details made and documented before construction can begin. It is based on properties of both the subgrade support andthe concrete material. The process determines thickness, any necessary reinforcement, and jointing details as well a standards for construction ofthe slab. The authors regard design as 1 two-step procedure: thickness selection is done by one ofthe method listed below; then other features such as joint location and treatment and construction tolerances are ‘determined, Even though these steps ae intimately related, they are commonly thought of as ‘0 separate procedures. Drawing on their combined experience of many decades at the forefront of slab design and construction technology, Ringo and Anderson have prepared a text designed to help professionals at many diferent levels of slab design expertise, The book is arranged in three major pens: Getting ready to design presents two chapters explainiag the available slab desiga and construction methods, and outlining the input valves of site and materials data necded before the design begins. The desige examples are the heart of the book, seven chapters of numerical examples worked out on a step-by-step basis for vehicle loads, rack storage post loading, column or wall loadings, and distributed uniform loads. Separate examples show how & use post- tensioning when sensitive areas such as compressible soils and plastic clays are encountered, and how to convert the post-tensioned slab to a coaventionally reinforced equivalent. Problems are solved in several ways —. giving the designer a choice, but always presenting the authors’ recommendations as to the best way to proceed. Chapter 9, new to the second edition, presents the latest Post-Tensioning Institute method for designing hybrid slabs, Fibbed and post-tensioned along a perimeter band, but having a conventional uniform thickness slab atthe center, Resource information in Chapter 10 provides needed data on joins, construction tolerances, computer alternatives, and a short course ia soil mechanics. The final chapter on ‘woubleshooting explains the steps to tke when a slab is in distress and an investigation is called for. The Appendix i a recapitulation of the design aids, presenting in large, readable format all ofthe charts required for solutions given in the design examples. The authors expect that designers will copy these chars many times over as they draw the lines required for slab thickness determination and te selection of other variables.‘Thus the user can assess his own needs and dip into the book for a whole course in slab or he ca simply pick out the details that he needs. Undoubtedly, many readers wil be able to go straight tothe design examples, select a desired loading condition, and fi their ‘own site-specific information into an already-worked example. ‘The authors wisely caution tha there is no single or unique design procedure tht can be applied o all job situations But all ofthe design methods do have the Common objective of crack contal, and the provision of silty, atness, and overal strength appropriate to each particular job. Simplified methods presented ‘Stresses in grade slabs result from applied loads, changes in the concrete volume, and changes in subgrade support. The magnitude ofthese sresses depends on factors such as the degree of continuity, subgrade strength and uniformity, method of construction, quality of constriction, and magnitude and postion of the loadings. In the vast majority of cases, the effects of stresses can only be evaluated by making simplifying assumptions with respect to ‘material properties and soit stvcture interaction, The most commonly known methods, all referred toi the examples ofthis book, come from the folowing sources: * The Portland Cement Association (PCA) * The Wire Reinforcement Insitute (WRI) + The Post-Tensioning Insite (PT), * The United States Army Corps of Engineers (COE) * The United States Army and Air Force (TM/AIAF) + American Concrete Institute Commitee 223 Standard Practice (ACI 223) ‘The book provides the reader with “how-to” information on each of these methods, and also offers extensive references for those designers who want or need t0 know the “why” behind the design methods. Good drawings and specifications emphasized Experience tells authors Ringo and Anderson that the majority of Noor contracioss, foremen, and field workers look only at the drawing. Therefore they suggest that the key requirements should always appear on the drawing that describes the floor. But they feel that ‘ complese set of both drawings and specifications is the best procedure by which to ensure a quality flor. The designer must specify and draw the appropriate instructions. Anything not stated or drawn cannot be followed, and cannot be expected to appear inthe finished work. If the client wants a quality flor for specific objectives, a complete and detailed specification sccompanied by comprehensive drawings, wll help assure it. Although a good planning job ‘takes more time than » poor one, the time spent i extremely cost-effective. MARY K. HURD Techical Edtor Exgncered PalestinaCHAPTER 1 INPUT VALUES NEEDED FOR DESIGN 1.1— Information about the supporting soil 1.1.1 — Introduction ‘A slab on grade cannot be designed without numerical values that come directly from sowing what supports the slab. At the very least, a vale is needed forthe modulus of subgrade reaction, commonly refered to as k; however, the grade support system is more complicated than i indicated by a single vale. In addition to kit is necessary to Imow the properties of the underlying soil andthe available fill material. In other words, to design and construct a quality slab on grade, one needs to know as much as possible about the grade system that support that lb, “The flow char (Figure 1) summarizes an orderly approach to obtaining this informa- tion, and Stetion 10.8 provides more detail on sil characteristics and evaluation procedures z i t = nate sass + ta J stat a cant net | rece Te ae. von | Eas coapSinys Ho} Tatngteet FS, seat bof We PP Lm PPI t + resencoas | | Rn Romooen | | Rees [assem] [Sas sore | See t z t ' ements || ecm Hixemate [| ot Figure 1 Flow chart provides a guide to soils information needed for design of slabs on grade.2 CHAPTER | — INPUT VALUES NEEDED FOR DESIGN Commentary: ‘Do not omit the geotechnical ‘specialist and donot omit he oor designer, f you want ‘g00d floor the floor designer is working in an area of known dificulties, unfamiliar ‘mauerials or unusually heavy loadings, ir might be wise 0 ‘refuse to provide a design without sufficient ‘geotechnical information. eis used in determining the thickness ofthe concrete slab, That thickness isnot sensitive slight changes in the value of ke Obtain a slightly conservative value based on accurate soil data. 1.1.2—Working with a soils specialist ‘The first consideration atthe beginning of any slab on grade design should be that of securing adequate geotechnical information (Reference 1). This should put the person responsible forthe floor design into the process atthe very beginning of any planning, which ‘must include site considerations. When altemative sites are being evaluated fora project, soil conditions are often significant economic fctr. ‘The floor designer should be able to advise the owner as to what soils information wil be needed, He should do this along withthe geotechnical engineerin order to provide an optimum ‘geotechnical report. ‘Too often the team effort of floor designer and geotechnical engineer is missing This can lead either to costly overspending in obtaining sol information orto unexpected construction overruns due ‘0 omisions or erors in initial information. It must be emphasized that the slab on ground designer should be exgaged either before or simultaneously with engaging the ‘geotechnical firm, 1.1.3 —Limit risk with insufficient information ‘The authors have found that in much routine slab on grade design no soils information is available other than the floor designer's experience. This experience is occasionally in the job site area, but frequently is not within that geographical area. This situation often leads to relying. ‘on what previous experience dictated, such as “six inches has always worked” or “the soil is good.” This may have been the situation more times than many of us care to admit, IF forced into this situation inthe future, the designer must protect himself by stating on the construction drawings what assumptions were made in the design process. The designer should also limit his liability by noting in writing the risks and possible consequences of inadequate soil information. Such steps not only protect the floor designer and informa the client, but often result in the cient’ favorable reconsideration in providing geotechnical backup. ‘A note such as the following could be used: “Due to lack of specific geotechnical information, ths sab has been designed using a subgrade modulus of k= ___ pci and design loading of. The designer is not responsible for differential setlement, slab cracking, or other funare defects resulting from unreported conditions mitigating the above assumptions.” ‘This note may be modified as needed if other factors such as concrete strength are in question. ‘Such precautions in both design and disclosure are simply prudent forall parties involved 1.1.4— Working with limited soil information For most moderately loaded and medium sized projects. only a limited degree of geotechnical information commonly is available. This generally consists of sil classifications, for natural soil and for fill materials, with either standard penetration tests for coarse-grained soils, or unconfined compression tests and Atterberg limits on clayey materials. Of prime {importance are any discontinuities in the subgrade layers which could result in slab thickness changes or in potential differential slab movements. Any discontinuities observed by the ‘geotechnical engineer are generally pointed out. This may require further investigation to define any changes in substrata. If this isthe case, a need for the joint services ofthe floor design engineer andthe geotechical engineer becomes obvious. However, assuming a relatively homogeneous site for most slab on grade designs, a value for k the modulus of subgrade reaction, can be established using Table J which i based onthe Unified Soil Classification chart. Most of the examples in this book are based on ws of the k value, which isa spring constant determined by soil properties. It is expressed in units of ‘pounds per square inch per inch (psi/in), commonly abbreviated to pc.3 SECTION 1.1.4 — WORKING WITH LIMITED SOIL INFORMATION 8 |B se 2 e wie cs ]/e Fe ele ‘Table 1 Cnifed Soi Classification, from References | and.4 CHAPTER 1 — INPUT VALUES NEEDED FOR DESIGN a Iyaaut ter er includes determination ofthe eee, eee eae fel ir slab construction are part of os ‘The information in Table J is intended as a guideline and should not be used as a substinute for an appropriate soils report by a soils specialist. The geotechnical firm, where engaged, can and should supply information classifying the soils according to the unified classification system (Reference 2), This system is ‘almost identical to the ASTM soil classification system (Reference 3). Either is acceptable for practical design. With this information, a conservative value fork ean be determined. 1.1.5—Summary tis not advisable 2 provide design services for slabs on grade when no geotechnical information is svalabe, Ifthe floor designer i sufficieny familiar withthe site, the design an proceed; however, design assumptions along with a disclaimer statement should be placed on any drawings or recommendations. ‘When limited information is available from a geotechnical source, a conservative approximation of & value may be selected using the Unified Soil Classification, or its equivalent. The floor designer should inform the geotechnical engineer, whenever one is available, ofthe loads anticipated and ofthe design procedure intended for use. This should help the seotechnical individual to provide the floor designer with the necessary information to Propery execute the design, 1.2 — Types of slab loadings 1.2.1 —Introduction The four loading types described in Sections 1.2.2 through 1.2.5 are those most commonly encountered on industrial floors. They are external loadings acting on the sab's surface, These vertical fores cause moments in the slab. They also cause shear forces inthe case of substantial column or post loads on nominally-sized base pate, The slab must be designed to limit the concrete stress and provide load support with adequate reserve strength as indicated by the safety (or load) factor. The concrete slab on grade mun resist these forces ‘without showing unwanted distress. ‘The tend in plant use is toward heavier lift-truck capacities, higher racks with heavier post loadings, and harder vehicle whee! material. The tend is also toward flat floors with less evidence of cracking. It is absolutely necessary that the floor designer be supplied with accurate information concerning the applied loads in onder wo design and construct a quality floor. 1.2.2—Vehicle axle loads ‘Most vehicle traffic on industrial floors is from lift trucks, These trucks commonly have solid or composition wheel materials. These are hard materials with relatively small contact areas. They produce higher stresses than those produced by pneumatic tires and cause more 0 $ wow : Now: 0 From poge 2, allowable s 502 pi = 60472 eo (modulus of rupture divided 2 by selected safety factor), 3 uw t 3 ‘900 = 5 mw a = 10.9 in. eS Cee ‘Slab Thickness, in. Figure 21 WRI chart for sab thickness selection. + Use Figure 21 by stating onthe left-hand vertical axis withthe applied moment, 6360 foot-pounds et foot, and draw a horizonal line tothe curve representing the allowable stres, which is the modulus ‘of rupture divided by the safety factor. 604/2 = 302 pa. Then, draw a vertical ine down tothe required thickness, which s very close to 10.9 inches. *An Ulinch slab is recommended 3.4 — Design for axle loading using COE charts ‘The chants refered to as the COE charts appear in larger size in the appendix. While ideotified as COE material (due tothe fact that American Concrete Institute documents have referred to them in this way), they are taken from a United States Army and Air Force technical maqual (Reference 17). Only their designs for vehicle loedings are included here. The COE approsch differs from the other design methods cited. It bases the designs on categories of loadings with a design index determined by usage rther than on individual and specific vehicle specifications. Reference 7 divides vehicles into three general classifications as follows: lif trucks, pneumatic or soli-whel vehicles, and tracked vehicles (asuelly military vehicles). The designs are based on loading the interior slabs on the assumption that interior joints are either tied or doweled and therefore possess a certalo —e poe ae ILS Support Straps - \' AN SANSA y Goaoet Beas Figure 35 Sib on grade mst be hickeed to provide negra column fotn for certain aading ond bate plate combinations ‘The equations below are needed to solve this design problem. The thickness of the slab, designated here by 1, is that thickness beneath the column’ and in the immediate vicinity of ‘that column on all sides. The slab may or may not be thickened with respect to the average slab thickness. Note thatthe value of solved for also appears within the log term. It can be solved by assuming the # within the log term, solving for and then repeating the cycle until agreement between the f values is within 1/4 inch. The easier way is to assume af value in both places within the equation and solve for the permissible column load. As for other solutions inthis book, the authors feel that these equations are solved most easly by using a spreadsheet on a personal computer. In this way variables can be altered easily and results are sapidly displayed for the designer's use. to nxanens[ 2] where ‘Pe the factored column lod in pounds A= 0034 VK B= 915,00 xv} Coke {= slab thickness beneath columa, inches baseplate dimension, inches Fr simplicity inthis problem, fis assumed to be 4,000,000 psi, concrete weight is assumed tobe 145, pef and Poissons rao is assumed to be 02. Py ee where LF isthe appropriate load factor. Its essentially coretto assume thatthe load factor [sequal tothe safey factor, SF. ‘As shown in Figures 34 and 35, the distance tothe nearest joint must be #0 less than 1.5, times the radius of relative stiffness / in each direction. Further, ifthe slabis to be thickened st the integral footing this thickened potion should extend no less han 1.0 times that radius in each direction.SECTION 5.4 — USING EQUATIONS TO DESIGN FOR COLUMN LOADS: AUTHORS’ CHOICE 53 ‘As an example, the following values are assumed, including the minimum size of the square column base plate. The column is a steel WF section. Note that the slab designer selects an appropriate load factor or safety factor. + Slab thickness = 8 inches ‘Concrete serength f= 4000 psi + Subgrade modulus k= 200 pei + Load factor or safety factor = 1.7 + Base pate b = 10 inches ‘+ Radi of relative stiffness = 30 inches ‘This example solves for the allowable column load (lve load plus dead load total that the slab can support. (It does not check the column itself.) The example then checks punching shear and locates the joint dimension requirement. Solving the equations on the opposite page gives the following: + Allowabie column load Py, = 19,030 pounds (Urtimate columa loud = 32,350 pounds). + When this example is solved by other procedures. the allowable column load is 18,100 pounds using PCA chars, 16,700 pounds using the AIRPORT program, and 21,000 pounds using the MATS program. Using the relationship Shown in Figure 35, the distance to the nearest joint location is Ry, whichis 1.5/ = 1.5 x 30 = 45 inches. The integral footing is 60 inches square, based on y= LO/ = 1.0 x30 =30 inches. ‘Gieck for punching shear capacity Ve using the procedures of the ACI Building Code (Reference 7) and its ultimate load procedures with its Equation 11-38. Assume the placement of 1?2-inch-diameter steel with at east 1 inch clear fom the bowtom of the footing. ‘This gives a design d value of 6.5 inches forthe S-inch sla. V2 40NE Xb, xd ‘This isthe punching shear equation (11-38) from the ACI Building Code (Reference 7). + la this equation, d= slab thickness minus cover minas ove bar diameter, or 8~ 11/2 = 6.5 inches yo isthe perimeter of what ACT assumes i the critical section, at a. distance 2 from the base plat. by=4 (d+) | 4x65 + 10) = 66 inces ‘Therefore, Vz = 108,500 pounds, moc: greater than Py ‘This indicates that punching shear is not critical tothe slab thickness and thatthe base plate size of 1010 inches is adequate for the column load. This check has been based on. ‘slab action only. 5.5 —Adapting PCA charts to design for column loads on slabs “The solution fora single concentrated load on a slab on grade is no readily available for esigners. Most charts, tables and equations are setup for multiple concentrated loads such as ‘vebiele axles and rack support posts ‘The problem car be solved, however, by making us ofthe axle oad chars published by PCA, WRI, or COE. These charts appear in examples inthis book. When two loads (wheels or columns) are spaced as much as three times the radius of relative stiffness / apart (se Section 10.7), the effec (added stress) of one on the other is nil. The designer then can use the chart that has been selected with a load spacing of atJeas 3x and obtain the solution for single load. Other examples inthis book show this process. — Fine oon pe uncracked, itis highly uae reinforcing steel be placed in the lower portion of the integral footing, The steel cei ena peas the footing with a clear ceeemeies ile a building code. If the ae ae imiek Po provide that additional cpnwons moon Sarat foning as defined eeicernies Where appropriate, ‘punching shear may be Checked sing Section 637.1 of ACH 3181-89 (Revised 1992) wits proper telecon for he value of width (b There are appropriate solutions in several references. Most are bared ‘on Westergaard’s equations ‘and appear in pavement or highway references, as well ‘asin selected publications Of ACI, CRSI, and PCA.54 CHAPTER 5 — SLAB DESIGN FOR COLUMN OR WALL LOADINGS Ta values inthis book ‘were created inthis manner From the equations given. 5.6 — Design for wall loading on slabs using the ARMY-TM equations: AUTHORS’ CHOICE Equations for allowable wall ous on a given floor slab are found in a 1987 technical ‘manual ofthe Departments of the Army and the Air Fore (Reference 17). The equations also ae given inthis section. The procedure doesnot dcectly solve forthe require sab thickness, Instead, the equations give the allowable wall Ioad (pounds per lineal foot) for a given concrete thickness, along wih the other values needed. Two equations are given in Tables 11 and 12, along with calculated solutions for common situations. These equations are presented in thee orginal form so thatthe designer can use them, selecting any desired safety foctor (SF) In the publication by the Depanments of the Army aad the Air Force, the allowable bending stress is st at 1.6 V7 - When the ‘modulus of rapture i taken as 9 Cf he resultant safety factor is terefore preset to 5.625. Table 11 shows allowable losding for interior walls, and Table 12 shows allowable loading for walls atthe edge of a slab, based on a safety factor of 2S, which the authors recommend, Values in parentheses in each table were calculated using a factor of sfesy of 5.625 as in the AmmyfAic Fore Technical Manual (Reference 17). The wall is considered narrow as compared to it length. The actual value ofthe wall with isnot used inthe equations although itis certainly needed to calcula the weight ofthe wal. As long a the wall i at least three times the radius of relative siness¢(as discussed in Section 107) from aint or edge it is reasonable to consider it as an interior ine loading. ‘Wall toad pin pounds per lineal foot = 4 fx SM x sohere {= alloyable bending eress = ON fe +SF 4 | e3 [1061 | ines | 936 | nns [vas [904 [sano | 1295 [ soap | 1223 [ase | nice | 1999 [ass7 | aas7 [1971 [as | 1501 [ase | nia | ase | 617 | 179 [1967] 1744 [1930 | asse | ase 2003 | 1034 | 963 [2150] v707 [2000] mn (631) (76) 3), | ator | aims | aes | nz | aeen [2030 | ase | rae | 5000 | 2046 | 2009 | 3220 oo 2040 10s?) ao | 2777] 3305 | 3085 | 2943 | S09 [07 | 3000 [319 | rz] ams Poms | ass (308) 375) aan) aa) 3408 | a1as | aac | 66 | aa0s [ane | sane | aeir [airs | aoot [ammo | sd i) azn] 205) NOT parm ewig i cr of A a me my Aol Mate af Neal ota Saracen oe Table 11 Allowable insert wall loadings for selected slab conditions, based onthe diplayed equation from Reference 17.SECTION 5.6 — DESIGN FOR WALL LOADING OW SLABS USING THE ARMY-TM EQUATIONS: AUTHORS’ CHOICE $5 Table 11 shows a set of allowable wall loads for cerain values, The values that contol the ‘Allowable loading are: + Concrete compressive aren, fi ps + Safey factor, SF * Sobgrade modules in ei + Sab thickness in inches “The preliminary valu forte sab thickness may be determined from ober factors, o he equations aa solved sever tines unit an accepabl thickness deteined. * Table 11 Fr conereesrengoh cf 4000 pi, of 100 pond sab hcnes of 6 inches, 1624 pounds pe linel ots allowed. Solving tl example by the MATS program gives on allowable load of M2 Pounds per linea fot ‘The drawing in Table 12 shows the wall located at the edge of the floor panel, or at an isolation joint, along with the dimensions needed to solve the problem. Table 12 lso shows the equations to be used. These equations are fora constant thickness slab beneath and near the position of the wall. As previously noted, the equations have been preschted in their original form so thatthe designer can set all reasonable variables, such asthe safety factor. Table 12 also presents a set of allowable wall loads for certain selected values, The values that contol the allowable loading are: ~ + Coocrete compressive strength, fin psi + Safer factor, SF t + Subgrade modulus, kin pet + Slab thickness, in inches ‘The preliminary valve ofthe slab thickness may be determined from other factors, or fom the ‘equations For a constant thickness slab, chi intial value isnot necessary. ‘Wall oa pn pounds perineal fot = 3.1017 xf xSM XL where Commentary: aaa 7 The wall loads, when We 3 aay OT saficienty high can i, - a aii aro sap] Beeath Re ab nt sca AE! therefore have an ers s r?300 | 100, 200-];300'] —infuenceon either joint 4 [os] sis | son | 75 | 63 | 955 [763 [908 [1004 | a90 | ous | 1050 a oat 5 | os [vor [ise | 959 [eo [aes iow [noe [527 | ose [ase | we7 | Sabgrade drag equation [37 [ase [197 [ions | 105 [asus [ar | 1306 [667 [ome fasts | 0 8 0) a) at Table 12 shows a 23 + [| ae [ae | was ono [aa fis | aise ao | war [a286 [307 | percent ower lad spb fait = [een | aon, ee apaciy than Table 1, aa [21s] aa Ysa | za [ante | So [ase [ass [3157 sor Pavea [mo |] deco lack ofconinty in a1) aoe). | ane ‘he flor slab on bow sides 5 of he wall. Te wse of : Be i ee | ae |e [| a |e [| au Tw] a | rr aye 2 ead ae | a | fanned ass] |i] coor] 2} Toa anaer system, will ‘NOT: a ere tng nS 42d AN Pade Mala) ‘estore a substantial MS arty fwd Sas br ‘ortion of his continu, ‘Table 12 Allowable edge wal! loadings for given slab conltions, based on the cisplayed equation from Reference 17.$6 CHAPTER 5 — SLAB DESIGN FOR COLUMN OR WALL LOADINGS 5.7—ACI 318.1 Building Code Requirements for __ Structural Plain Concrete and Commentary ‘This building code (Reference 7) is for plain concrete used for strucnal purposes. Pain concrete is defined as either unreinforced concrete or concrete containing less reinforcement than the minimum specified by ACT 318 for reinforced concrete. As a building code, ACT 318.1 is not likely to apply 10 floor slabs on grade. "In the commentary (Section RI.2.2., pages 4 and 5), itis stated that slabs on grade are not considered within the context of suctural plain concrete unless they transmit vertical loads from other parts ofthe structure tothe sol. However when 318.1 does apply, there are certain sections that are critical to slab on grade design. Of particular importance are sections on allowable exural tensile stress (Section (62.1) and reduction in thickness for design checks (Section 63.5).CHAPTER 6 SLAB DESIGN FOR DISTRIBUTED UNIFORM LOADING ON BOTH SIDES OF AN AISLE 6.1 — The design objective ‘A common design problem encountered in industrial facilities is the floor that most ‘support a loading on its top surface on either side of an aisle. The loading is considered ‘uniform although it may infact be on pallets or on rack shelves, The aisle width is assumed to ‘be known and the aisle and loading are atsumed to be atleast twice as long as the width of the Aisle. Figure 36 shows the generaf layout of the loading, b+ Gara Laer tat op inc) Figure 36 Slab on grade supporting uniform loading on both sides ofan ate, ‘This design checks the ability of the slab to resist che moment in the slab atthe center line of the asl. This moment is caused by the uniform loading which exists om both sides of the aisle atthe same magnitude and tthe same time, The moment creates tension et the top surface ofthe slab, If the slab isto remain uncracked on the top ofthe aisle surface then the design must limit the actual tensile stress to an allowable value determined by dividing the modulus of rupture by the safety factor. The required slab thickness can be determined by using the WRI charts (Reference 15) or the PCA tables (Reference 6). These techniques are illustrated in Sections 63 and 6.4. ‘Uf the concrete need not remain completely uncracked, tha is, if tight barline erscking 4s acceptable, the approach changes. The objective then is to determine the moment inthe58 CHAPTER 6 ~ SLAB DESIGN FOR DISTRIBUTED UNIFORM LOADING ON BOTH SIDES OF AN AISLE Commentary: Thete Wh car are Senate tthe poston of ihe values and [ines within the graph. The are difieat o we when Progressing roman ckned ica al he wy tough he proceso the required hicks. Equtly berven these Do rmbers is reqared fora Corrersoluion The the prophesied the graphs os descr here, working from an sSsumed tks o both ‘nds ofthe proces This makes i realy ery 0 Converge tan allowable inform load White chs example assumes «tral slab thickness, iis ‘generally best 10 calculate the eta thickness Based on ‘other loadings, such as Vehicle axle loads or rack supporting post loads. Most Industrial slabs are from 6 to I inches thick slab and design the slab for it, using conventional reinforced concrete proceucest select, appropriate tel areas. Ths is done using WRI chars and techniques illustrated in Section 67 If construction is with shrnkage-compensating concrete ot post-tensionig, then the design procedure is altered somewhat. The intent with both of these techniques isto tmaitain an uncracked sib, by wweans of chemical or physical prestesing rather than by slab thickness, (See Sections 65 and 6). Regardless of which design approach is selected, atess and levlnes ofthe aisle may be as critial to oor performance a is crack contro. (See Section 10.4.3). 6.2 — Values needed to solve the problem To determine the thickness of the concrete slab and the reinforcement or prestress ‘required, the following information is needed: From the loading specifications: “Magnitude of uniform Wading,» in pst ‘Width of aisle, ain inches Approximate slab thickness, rin inches (needed only when WRI charts are used) rom materials, site and designer: ‘Concete's design compressive strength, fin psi ‘Modulus of rupture ofthe concrete, MOR inp “Modulus of subgrade reaction, kin pi ‘Safety factor (selected by designer) 6.3 —Using WRI charts to design for distributed uniform loading on both sides of an aisle: AUTHORS’ CHOICE The necessary chants are reproduced large size inthe appendix. They come from a report of the Wire Reinforcement Institute (Reference 15) and from the work of Panak and Raubut (Reference 21). ‘A problem will be solved using the following input data: From the loading specifications: “Magnitude of uniform fading: 2500 pet Width of asi: 90 inches (1 fee 6 inches) Approximate slab thickness: 10 inches assumed to start From the materials, site, and designer ‘Concrete design compressive strength, f= 4000 psi Factor of safety: designer's choice is 1.7SECTION 6.3 — USING WRI CHARTS TO DESIGN FOR DISTRIBUTED UNIFORM LOADING ON BOTH SIDES OF AN AISLE $9 The design starts with Figure 37 where the value of D/k is determined. This is the relative stiffness ofthe slab compared to the subgrade + Cae conte mos fdas tom sndard AC epaton Commentary F210 Slcdatdanag Wi = 00 ign 3.408% 10" ior 3408 5 done age 29. Using the assumed slab thickness of 10 inches, enter Figure 37 on the let, proceeding diag coal ws inerecton wi be mods of easly Then move riz ye secon ‘With the curve for k= 300 pei. Proceeding down to the Dyk axis, read Dyk = 11 x 10? int. om Mabe op oa ( Ben 3605 at = (Dik x 105 int Fier 37 WR char for dein of Dk wich ep rate ffs ben ab 77 «Teen ep qui Figure 38 igo ee site on wi esl witht Winch Mow vera ces ote OA sel i wisps Tone ne Jamaal irs ig by aed A) of eth pao Fg 38. ] Was Comer er mies ie ny Radar Gao L_aseer te Gamesece | | iter os Antec [PO Boeri Coat Flow Chart 2 Subroutine for determination of si properties, from the PT Manual (Reference 10)14 CHAPTER 7 — DESIGN OF SLABS SUPPORTED ON PLASTIC CLAYS Commentary: {In contrast 10 other loading ‘analyzes presented in previous examples the ‘design of labs on plastic ‘clay treats the entire slab, {201 ust an looted section. This is because the stresses that oceur affect the whole anit nota located area Primary srestes inthe 3 ‘result from soll shrinkage ‘and swelling tha fet the entire sab as an integral structure, and this is why stiffening ribs are needed. 7.3 —The PT! method for slab design on Plastic clay ‘The Post-Tensioning Institure (PTI) sponsored research at Teras A & M University, resulting ia a book, Design and Construction of Post-Tensioned Slabs-on-Ground (Reference 10). This publication, which the authors refer to as the PTI Manual, sets forth 2 procedure for stiffening a slab with interior grade beams in order to control differential deflection and ‘movement associated with shrink-swell potential. The PTI method is followed in the example ‘sven in this chapter. Due to the enhanced T-beam action that is characteristic of stiffened or ribbed post- ‘tensioned slabs on ground. the most common approach to the problem has been a prestressed post-tensioned design. i can be seen in the design example that the entire slab is analyzed as 4 single monolithic unit. This is valid since the slab is post-tensioned in bot directions. This ‘results in modeling the slab as a large T-beam, which gives a relatively high reuteal axis. PPost-lensioning isnot the only solutioa that can be obtained following the PTI procedure. With sufficient reinforcing ste! inthe slab and stiffening beams, a conventionally reinforced stiffened slab is a viable solution. Fibers have also provided the sole reinforcement in some stiffened slab-on-grade applications. Because of the way the PTI Manual is set up, examples here follow the path of least resistance, first doing a post-tensioned slab design, then converting to an equivalent ‘conventionally reinforced counterpart. : 7.3.1—Analysis of slab loads For design purposes the slab on ground on plastic clay can generally be considered as uniformly loaded overall, with an added perimeter wall load. Concentrated loads or point loads can be treated by separate analysis. Uniform loading is generally determined by summing al! ive nnd dead loads and considering them applied uniformly over the entre slab. This is reasonable since there are siffening beams throughout which permit even distribution. ‘The stiffening beams are generally located on a grid, with spacing nak en exceed 20 feet both ways (Figure 42). igure 42 Siffening beams no farher than 20 feet apart each way dsrbute loads and cause sab to ‘work as an overal unit. The rigid frame or other building strcture places a perimeter load on the slab.SECTION 7.3.2 — VALUES NEEDED TO SOLVE THE PROBLEM = 15 7.3.2—Values needed to solve the problem In dealing witha ribbed and stiffened slab, four primary areas must be considered: + Slab geometry including preliminary beam spacing * Loads on the slab ‘+ Materials tobe used in the slab += Soil eonddions ‘These are shown as Items 1 through 4, Flow Chart I (page 72). If soil values em (edge ‘moisture variation distance) and ym (differential movement) are not known, then several steps in Flow Chart 2 must also be followed. 7.3.3 —Design objectives ‘The design presented in the following example checks the ability of the slab to resist both positive and negative bending moments associated with the shrink-swell potential ofthe soil. ‘The slab can ake either a domed or dished shape (Figure 43), depending on the relative shrinkage o swelling experienced across the edge moisire variation distance ém, (Of equal if not greater importance in design isthe determination of adequate stiffness Field experience indicates that sufficient stiffness in the slab design cannot be over. ‘emphasized EDGE LIFT Figure 43 Soitstrucure interaction models, from the PT! Manual (Reference 10). The domed shape i called “centr lift condition,” andthe dished shape isthe “ede lif condition.” Commentary Since clay is a fairly ease ‘material whose properties vary widely depending on ‘molswure content and clay coment of the soil, significantly more soils is required 10 define the problem. The edge moisture variation ‘detants ts determined from the basic input date It she ‘ditngy mdaered iad ‘rome sab edge over ‘hich he sol moture pear Che io ocr ecg thi dance The Arpinden vlue ceded opener ales needed 10 proceed wit slab design are Cand Ym. When these ‘hues repped bythe loleapectalse grey Siplfes he problem forthe Sb designer1% CHAPTER 7 — DESIGN OF SLABS SUPPORTED ON PLASTIC CLAYS The slab design example presented here follows the flow chart sequence, and references bby number the applicable steps in the charts. For convenience of the user, all PTI formulas and charts required for this design case are presented in the appendix (page 232). Only those needed for the sample problem are given inthe text ofthe example. Charts in the appendix are ‘generally larger and therefore should be used for repeated reference in solving other problems. The smaller chart versions in the example are for quick reference in understanding the step-by-step solution. 7.3.4— Computer solutions ‘A number of vendor, including the Post-Tensioning Institute, have developed computer programs for producing these PTT solutions. The flow chart for this chaptet provides @ good. ‘outline for developing a computer program for the plastic clay solution. The detailed problem that follows provides all formulas needed to develop either simplifying subroutines for hand held calculators or a fll-scale computer program. If this slab design procedure is used on a regular basis, purchase of one ofthe existing programs ofthe preparation of ether a progran ‘or spread sheet is highly recommended. 7.4 — DESIGN EXAMPLE: Rectangular post- tensioned slab on plastic clay with uniform and perimeter loads 7,4.1—Symbols and notation ‘A- area of gross concrete cross section, square inches ‘Ao co-dependent variable used in factoring centr lift moment design, dependent on. the physical properties ofthe slab, loading conditions, and soil properties ‘Ac sctiviy ratio of clay width ofan individual stiffening beam, inches 'B_anondimensional constant sed ia factoring centr lift design, dependent on sil Properties Ca nondimensiona constant used in factoring centr lift design, dependent on loading, ‘condition and soil properties (CBAC cation exchange activity of sil 4 depth ofsifening beam measured from top surface of sab to bottom of beam, inches 4 excentricity of post-tensioning force, inches em edge moisture variation distance, feet Ez. long-term oF creep modulus of elasticity of concrete, psi Ey, modulus of elasticity of soil, psi - Je lowable compressive stress in concrete, fe 2eday compressive strength of concrete, psi ‘ox permissible sess in prestessing tendon, psi “ultimate stress in presressing tendon psi 4 allowable tensile stress in conrete, pi 1 gross rwoment of inertia, in* 4m Thornhwaite index, moisire velociy in inches per year Etta slab length in the diection being considered, feet‘SECTION 7.4.1 — SYMBOLS AND NOTATION LL liquid tiie ‘My design moment in long direction, foot-kips per foot ‘M,, design moment in the shor direction, fot-kip per foot ‘aM; »Me negative and positive bending moments including ‘PM; pMe_tensian or compression inthe extreme fibers, foot-kips per foot ‘n-mumber of beams in a crs section N modular ratio (modulus of elasticity of steel to modulus of elasticity of concrete) Number of tendons ‘PF constant soil suction valve perimeter loading on the slab, pounds per foot P, prestessing force, kips Pe moment due to post-tensioning eccentricity, inch-kips ‘PIA prestress force resulting from tendon load divided by gross concrete area, pti PL plasticity index PL plastic limit ating allowable sol bearing pressure 44 unconfined compressive strength of soil, psf J beam spacing, feet ‘Sp. section modulus with respect tothe bottom fiber, in? Sr tection modulus with respect tothe top fiber, in? 1 slab thickness, inches design shear stress, psi Ye Allowable concrete shear stes, psi V design shear force, kips per foot Vy. expected shear force in shor direction, kip Per foot Vp expected sheer force in ing direction, kips pe foot 1 _ soil bearing pressure, kips per square foot W slap width, feet Wasp slab weight, pounds neutral axis location of stiffened cros section, inches Ym maximum differential soil moverpent, inches Z depth to constant suction, feet B welative stiffness length, feet ‘A. expected differential deflection under service fond, inches ‘atow allowable differential deflection of sab, inches coefficient of friction 7.4.2 ~The problem and initial assumptions; materials data A single-story rigid frame metal building in Lafayette, Louisiana (Figure 44), has pesimeter Wal 1084 OF 459 ans pe near foot ‘The concentrated load from the rigid frame has been included in this perimeter load value. ‘Uniform floor loading on the slab is 125 pounds pe square foot ‘The slab measures 10050 feet, and the assumed spacing of stiffening beams is 20 fet in one direction, 16 feet 8 inches in the other. (NOTE: These are values required by Steps 1 and 2 of Flow Chart 1.) n7 CHAPTER 7 — DESIGN OF SLABS SUPPORTED ON PLASTIC CLAYS Commentary: PLAN VIEW Youcan nanan analysis of . . ; the ransomed section of 20 2 20 2 Pa uae cone I I q I Ione he iframe cn | i \ wer iy diriboted it cine teenah from pote L {I-—-] ] by 10 point. A uniform load is a reenable acton ity i) 1 : Comverse oad cre | De | | questionable, they should be Een ieee ee ee omens > hecked and accommodated | = wih modifed secon. \ ( | | war l Uniform Load Perimeter Load = 900° on a eT ay Surface i Taiapesnerncceserty \ anddoerrotneestiy igre 4d Pon and secon of ie fr sb eign ape f ‘analysis, a srifened design ! my il be sabe Sh uae ering The beam spacing should not exceed 20 fet asa mate of standard practice. This bas ' ‘beams may be placed to ‘governed the spacing selected here where rigid frames are 20 feet apart in the long directian gcconmodae grams. fhe say, Te 6 fot ich dmcnion i cosen a te largest xls of 9 fe tat f ‘ering patios. other Comes within the 20-foo mi. Whete rigid frame bay spacog exceeds 20 fet, a0 ! Gitinotherafee: —iatermedite beam 's recommended in tas instances except for extemely sable sl par. conditions. Then i is sometimes a reasonable jadgment call to permit extended beam spacing. “Toe materiis tobe used (Step 3 of Flow Chart 1) are as follows: Concrete compressive strength f= 3000 psi Concrete creep modulus of elasticity E- = 130,000 psi ‘Presesing tel: 270, U2-incheiameter 7-wire strand 7.4.3 —Solls investigation The design procedure requires determination of the amount of climate-controlled differential movement of the expansive soils, Step 4, Flow Chart 1. We have some of the soils inforwation, a follows: Aceberg ims: Plastic Himit PL = 30 Liguid limit £2 = 70 Plasticity index P= 40 sy content = 65% ‘Unconfined compressive strength 9, = 3000 pstSECTION7.43— SOILS INVESTIGATION 79 Soil modulus of elasticity E, = 1000 psi Depth to constant suction Z= 5 feet Location: Lafayete, Louisiana ‘There is not enough information to complete Step 4, Flow Chart I, so we must go to the soils subroutine in Flow Chart 2 (page 73). Assuming there are no hazardous site conditions, there is enough information to satisfy Steps 2, 3, and 4, Flow Chart 2. Then proceed wi additional steps outlined in Flow Chart 2, 7.4.3.1 —Determine the predominant clay mineral in the soil ‘This is Step 5, Flow Chart 2. Using the known values of plastic limit and percent of clay, determine the cation exchange activity, CEAc. (CEA = PL + percent clay Cede 30" +65 Caen $3485 65082 ‘Tren find the cay activity ratio Ac, using known value of plasticity index, PI Ac = PI + percent clay Continentary: 4e= 403 65-062 Iehas been observed that f ‘hepsi lind (PL ofthe ‘With these two values, we can enter the clay classification char (Figure 45) to determine the {018 above 25%, ite and predominant cay mineral in the soi Enter the char from the botom,draving a verical ine aie wil remoe through Ac = 0.62. Draw a horizontal line through CEAc = 0.82. The two line intersect inthe onnmaronie canbe area labeled “montmorillonite,” indicating that montmorillonite is the principal clay minora. atrumed or design j ‘Activity Ratio, Ac Figure 45 Clay ppe classification related to cation exchange activity and clay activity ratio, from the PTT Manual Reference 10)8 CHAPTER 7 — DESIGN OF SLABS SUPPORTED ON PLASTIC CLAYS 7.4.3.2—Find the constant suction value for the soil This is Sep 6, Flow Chart 2. The constant sution value i needed for Step 9 below. Fick, {Comumentary it's necessary to select a Thormthwaite moisture index from the map of Figure 46. By isalmays more age iterptlation the moisture index. y= +30 Grrcrnbes aC telecine a Baler the char of Figure 47 ax bottom with the Thornthwaite index value of +30. Draw a Tortie mpunre”™ veel ine ote erection wih here, tea move eo rea he luc vale pF i 32. : igure 46 Thornshwalte moisture inde distribution in the United States, from the PTI Manual (Reference 10). Soit Suction, pF & 1 — bth ti ttp Thornthwaite Moisture Index igre 47 Variation of constants scion with Thrmwae moltar inde, rom the PTI Mana (Refereace 10)SECTION 7.4.3.3 — DETERMINE THE AVERAGE MOISTURE MOVEMENT VELOCITY 81 7.4.3.3 —Determine the average moisture movement velocity This is Step 7, Flow Chart 2. The estimated velocity of moisture flow is calculated using the ‘Thomthwaite moisture index lm of +30 obtained inthe previous step. moisture velocity = 05x fq/t2 12055 x 30/12 = 1.2 inches per month However, according to the PTI procedure (Reference 10), the maximum moisture velocity ‘thal be 0.7 inches per month. Therefore use 0.7 inches per month inthis problem. 7.4.3.4 —Find exige moisture variation distance With data given and developed in previdus steps, we cat now go to Step 8, Flow Chart 2. ‘With the Thomthwaite moisture index of +30 determined in Section 7.4.3.2, enter the chart of Figure 48 at the bottom, and draw a vertical line to the middle of the center lift band, thea proceed horizontally tothe left 10 read: ens ge mois variation distance ‘Then continve the vertical line to the middle of the band for edge lift condition and again proceed horizontally tothe left, reading: ms 2ge moisture variation distance = 5.2 fet (edge ft) 5B feet (center lif) s S| thu a ae = \r LTT ft | | Thornthwaite Moisture Index 48 Approzimate relationship berween Thornthwaite index and edge moliture variation distance. Note that exremely ative clay may generate lrger vats of edge moist wariion than ced ty ‘the above curves and related tbl these curves shoul be used only in conjunction witha Sef tes nesta yb fe geotechnical engineers (rom Reference 10), Commentary: The example uses a value ‘midway across the band (Figure 48), but ifthe designer 4s extremely familiar withthe local conditions, the chart ‘bands allow some leeway for Incerpretation suited 10 sie conditions. For example, if particular vicinity is known to ‘ea cause for concer, be ‘mare conservative by moving to values higher in either of the bands. To be less move to values ‘claer to the Boron ofthe bondVennpee. $2 CHAPTER 7 ~ DESIGN OF SLABS SUPPORTED ON PLASTIC CLAYS Commentary: ‘At mansioned previously, it would be important for the sab designer to have em ‘and Ym values supplied by ‘expert sails authority. imneral is monmoriionte tee aconseratve ale of depth Z, to constant suction. {fine clay percentage varies, using the higher perceniage more Eonsenatbe 7.4.3.5 —Determine expected differential swell for edge lft and center ift conditions We now have all the supporting values 09 do Step 9, Flow Chart 2. Center ft: Since the soil is 65% clay, imterpolate berween Table 17 for 60% clay and Table 18 for 70% clay. For 2 5 feet, moisture velocity # 0.7 inches pet month, pF = 3.2, and ey = 3.8, We find: Yu 0.226 inches Edge it: ‘Again interpolate between Table 19 for 60% clay and Table 20 for 70% clay. For 2:5 feet moisture velocity # 0.7 inches pet month: PF = 3.2, and ey = 5,2, We find: Yn 023 inces aay = ‘ a e fs [fw eo. | aa | ane [ose] axe S foe | we o ‘05 aoe au] ze | oa | 0a [ose | ease © Sis | Sis | ae [ot | os . a | om | aa feo] ere 3 ® eau | oa | oom | 50 | aa [an 20a] oi | ove feu] aie a aa | eam [oun [es0 | at pos é fio | oes fae | 2am | as Say | tan | tam | ana | =| er | eom cme] aa | ens [ean | ans ca a3. } oma soo | ais atm fore | aie Hs a | oo ois | ais | ear | oan} a 7 _ | com | ates 30 | eas] aww 2 ea Pans [oom oom [ev] ens ©] 00 | aon fom | ae | as ss | eam | aise 1 | com | on o7_| ae | azte| osu fis | to | et ae [es Yeas [oan Farm Tose | ais | oan [ozs] one 83 | atm | £219] eam | com | osm } aon | 30 | Sa 83 | te | asm | ou | aoe | sas | 2am | tae | a | Sze | san ama | aan | 2s | Se | “=| 7) ae) mf oon Yaz [ean fans [oa [oon 83] Sou | Soe} fas J im | on oases as | Sua | ats] eam | aap | aa | san a7 _| eos | int | ee | a | oe | 23 | oom | ote | ease | eas | axe | ass 83 | ets | eae] ee | eam | om | to a7 _[ aim | aon | Sar | cam | Se | 15 a [or ons | aur) aie) ex boa [aoa © | ais | ass | ose | om | oar | te 63 | ae | ese | ois | tam | tar | amt [aim] ac 2 | 330 | san] “| SO i of osm [om] tart ‘Table 17 Center if condition, differential yell atthe perimeter ofa slab in predominantly -monmmorilonite clay sol (60 percent clay) from Reference 10.SECTION 7.4.3.5 — DETERMINE EXPECTED DIFFERENTIAL SWELL FOR EDGE LIFT AND CENTER LIFT CONDITIONS $3. “able 18 Center if condo, diferent! rel at the periter of abn predominantly nmol St 7 pete ey ram Rae‘6 CHAPTER 7 ~ DESIGN OF SLABS SUPPORTED ON PLASTIC CLAYS agent | Pkt | Const ebel |} — reat — eee Six" | ‘Stn’ | Son | “Siw Heiser Pra | w | on | cm [Tm [ae fan [om [5a [on [7 [oR | [> [a2 | or | 2am [ems | ome | on | one | av | aa] on Ss | da | coe 50 | to | S| tie [Sou [om ton | to |S | aie eto fone tim | ty fos] ee ae [er | aa cap [oa ooo} aow S| ton tan | as [os | are 3 | tas tis | ere Jews) ae o_| an oie | ee [age | ae wean Te to [ae ei 33 | coo tim | eat |os0 | > | tm tam | eat |o9m | cs S (toe te [eas [om | aoe ae fa ons cw eo [aif eae ss | ate ca | ae || sam S [ae 233 [ena | | o jes | am [Gm | a Tp aco ene [ene | cia ane | aan ti | tie |S | St Ghee jer foam) ac oie ia | th | | ee G5] Sts | Som |u| es | oa ems] cae} sn S| eam | at | dim | | ea | ss ono | ae co _[ eis |S | osm [aa [Sas [one [osm | ca Se [ar [an [206 | we Pore Pee Pee [oss ate Sh | oie [Sts | of asa | eu [oa | eae | cas 83 | Ste | ome | Sts [om | com [ent [os | nee |S: | ees | ten [a | om | tm [tae S30 3] arf eam [or] oan Poon [exw [one [oxo | ast Ss [ae [ct | ea | Sim [oom [ie | S| a G3 Gs J rae} tm fs | em | ts {san as TOP [er ae [on [as oad [ean | oa [ae [on 3} Gan | oom | ton Jon exe | om: fone ese eS | see [etm] cs | am | Sse | ean | oa | ame L tc _[ con { ets | oa [oa | ca [eco [oa] woe | 3] er | ean Tone Poa Joao] az Pau] one) aim SS] 058 [ts | Gam | te | 052 | tow | act es [ono | as | osm [ce | as | ons | arm S| ES Le | St (Se | SS La Te] ar [oar Pena] oi [ona | ozs] one [aa | fas tn | io | tan tas | Sam f Sc S| 6 | ce | tn | | i | ts |e oe 1-1--T-(-1-t-1- =. Table 19 Edge lif condition. diferenial swell athe perimeter ofa slab ina predominantly ‘monomorilonte cay soil (60 percent clay) from Reference 10.SECTION 74.3.5 ~ DETERMINE EXPECTED DIFFERENTIAL SWELL FOR EDGE LIFT AND CENTER LIFT CONDITIONS 85 ‘on om S| aot caer oar ~ a0. sae | tem [9 / om tax] coe | 2ae | aoa] ta’ |~ en fas| aos | tr | tae] tae cor ca] ea | ano | eam | aaa: {its | snare eo con, ?cin| aie fea | aa ‘a: ais | cota | or 998 on | cme cm | ie ‘ou ing af Pome fe cm tan oon | oar] eon aa tie | em | co | es 15+] St ts Fees | ts baer Se ‘tin fae eat | eas | ane [aoe] tan at ain} ns | ot [Fame to | tam | ae tan ams | cise] oz | an] en | si | es fim | Sac | tas | tom | tm | 2am | 230 is | te | tas | tae aa | Sa | ar 7] at] er [aoa [ame [om | aa | oon | ome om a” | en [ome Sin |u|. avm [isa | as | cs] ana [tr] Gime [Sou ‘ea | ae [aa 7 [Sam {arm | ease | oom | ane eon | asm : caw | v7] am | exw | ans a} | am | eae | ear tan ast aan | rs | ene Se | aia] ans | tam | cam [eau | aam | oan | ox] on fot | are | avs | tos | | tas fer | t| Qa | ta | tan 2a tue | tae | tom | | net | a el =| isy= ‘able 0 Edge if condton. diferent swell athe perinaer ofa slab na predominantly ‘montmorilnte ly sol (70 percent cay) from Refeeace 10.v 86 CHAPTER7 — DESIGN OF SLABS SUPPORTED ON PLASTIC CLAYS. Commentary: cing 1/1700 for allowable detection is an empirical For beam depth selection the Jaciors which have the most ‘you in the center if design, ints desirable to mainaain ‘lose beam spacing in order ‘limit depth requirements, 7.4.4—Check preliminary beam sizes and tendon requirements, Step 5 of Flow Chart 1 ‘With the soil values ¢,, and ym determined in Section 7.4.3 , we can now proceed to deter ‘mine preliminary beam sizes and tendort requirements. The edge lift condition is checked first. 7.4.4.1 — Prelicninary determination, stiffening beam depth d, edge lift condition deg _ BSH ete ae 12% Baty * PA ‘Long direction: Bear length L= 100 fet Beam spacing $= 1667 feet ‘Perimeter lead P=900 pounds per toot B, te relative stifiness length according tothe PTI procedure is assumed to be 10 fet. The max- imum distance over which differential deflection will occur is L-or 68, whichever is smaller. 6 f= 60 feet governs ration = (12x 60)/1700 = 0.424 inches ‘his value of Ais substiuted in the equation above, slong with the given values, and sil properties determined in Secon 743,10 find x: ‘ee 12x 0.424 x 900 rue, = 5:01 411.89 43.39 033 ‘mee 120424 107 $5.68 Figs Ew 224 ing = 12.24'% mw 19.04 inches ‘Therefore on initially assumed depth of 24 inches is reasonable. ‘Short direction: Perimeter load remains the same, 900 pounds pe fot. ‘Beam length L= 50 feet ‘Beam spacing $= 20 feet ‘Again assuming f = 10 feet, the maximum distance over which the differential deflection ‘cccurs is £ ($0 feet) since this is smaller than 6. A atow = (12 $0)/1700 = 0,353 inches ‘Substituting inthe same equations used above forthe long direction: ne 2 SOM x20 5.20% 0.230% "her = 120.353 x 900" tpg = 3931396 3:39 033 en = 12x 0353 % 1.07 6137 Sten? 1 2 355 en ton * 13.554" #2144 inches ‘The assumption of 24 inches is reasonable forthe short direction as well as the long direction.SECTION 7442 — SOIL PRESSURE UNDER THEBEAMS 87 7.4.4.2 —Soll pressure under the beams [a subroutine for Step 5, Flow Chart 1) ‘The allowable soil pressure gat = 3000 psf is given in Section 7.4.3. The load on the ground consists of the weight of slabs and beams plus applied uniform load and the perimeter ‘oad. Since the slab weight calculation uses a 4-inch thickness over the total area, beam depths are adjusted to 24 ~ 4 or 20 inches (1.67 feet). Applied loadings: ‘Weight of slab = 100 x 50033 x 0.150 = 247.5 kipe ‘Weight, log beams = 4x 100% 1,0 x 1.67 x 0.150 = 1002 kins ‘Weight, shor beams = 6 x46 1.0x 1.67% 0.150 = 69.1 kips ‘Peroeer fond = 900 pif x 300 f= 270.0 kips Uniform live load = 100 x50. 125 psf = 625.0 kips Total lad applied soll 1311.8 kip We assume that all of the load is transmitted through contact of the beam bottoms. "Therefore calculate the contact area of the beams, based on the assumed spacing shown in Figure 44. The beam bottoms are} foot wide. (944) + (50x 6) = 676 fet beam length x1 foot beam width = 676 square fet of beam bottom contact area ‘The soil bearing pressure is then: 1 = 1311.8/676 = 1.94 kips pee square foot 194 3.0; therefore beating pressure fs OK. ttn Finge Wh Bem ae i NTT Ht For Tater Be = 108+ ea Wh igure 494. fective bearing width for interior grade beam, considering T-beam action. Boom With —_ tn Flange th eee UTTTAAATTTTT Int a Foren lt a igure 498 fective bearing wih for exterior grade Beam considering T-beam action. Commentary: With a prestressed post. tensioned slab on ground, the ‘enhanced T-beam action can be very helpf in distributing oad. Observations indicate ‘that using the T-beam section Jor load distribution ts ‘reasonable and effective, A distance of 8 times the slab scot as ben ad successfully for computing the bearing ares, For edge ‘grade beams, 6 times the slab {thickness onthe one side ‘having a flange would comply with the ACI Building Code. Figures 49A and 498 show this condition. Shear should be reviewed atthe interface when this procedre is88 CHAPTER 7 — DESIGN OF SLABS SUPPORTED ON PLASTIC CLAYS 7.4.5 — Determine section properties for full slab width, Step 6, Flow Chart 1 Commentary: Dimensions areedy Lon Shon fieeiecteney se ‘determined (Figure 44) Direction Direction proper, canbe see Beam det d in in Firemans Tenvian cee ‘Number of beams ‘ ‘ Gesiabiy of enncracked ‘Toul btm wid an tia ‘ection can be ealy Seb ico ‘ia, ‘in, ‘recognized It wil aio be ‘Moments on hapa Calculate section properties in the Jong direction: Imamens therfore the Cross seetion Arain? yin Aysin? Mipersectonmeddis, —gaaguiaxd mea eae Bemelaxzes ts? 8 Properties are wei in any BoD 1800 sependonalyreneeed aac mo of so a win F= 1824013960 = 5.49 ni {twill be seen thar srres3e3 ‘can often fall within rapture Moment of inertia (1/12 bh’), beam and stab sections: impinge conventional fo A det design Tiss detowhe Suma xA6KIDxG Tk 200342 BS obra Beam=112x4% 12x24" 55,296 1152 658 49,877 Sp = 133,942/543 = 24,67? Sp =133942/18.57 = 7213 in? Calculate section properties in the short direction: (Cross section Area,in? yin, Ay, Slab = 94124 4224 Beun=12x24x6 1728 12—(20.736, 6240 3160 Distance from rop of tab wo neutral axis, = 29,760 16240 «4.77 inches ‘Moment of inertia (1/12 bi"), beam and stab sections: fo Ad Ao Sub=Virxo4xI2x4! — GOI6 4512-277 34370 40.386, Beam= 1212x620 82.946 1728 724 90577 17352 213907 eee Sp 2213 907/8.77 = 44.846 in? Sp =213,907/19.23 » 11,123 i? ‘Summary of Section Properties Long ‘Short direction direction ‘Cross sectional area, A, 9 in. 3360 aw Centoidof sab strands, inches from top fiber 2.00 2.00 ‘Centsid of beam strands inches from tp fiber 2.00 ~21.00 Depth to neutral axis, inches from top fiber 343 an Section moduli, Sin? 24667 ans Section modulus, Sp, in? 7213 1 ‘Allowable concrete tensile stest, = 693000 = 329 pi 039i 03291 Allowable concrete compressive sues, f= 0.45 (3000) = 1350 1.380ksi 1.350 ksiSECTION 7.4.6 — CALCULATE MINIMUM NUMBER OF TENDONS REQUIRED 89 7.4.6—Calculate minimum number of tendons required, Step 7, Flow Chart 1 ‘Stress permite per tendon fo, 0.7 Joy = 0.7 x 270 = 189 si ‘Suess in tendon after lasses f= 189 —30 = 159 ksi Force P, per tendon: ‘Area per V/2-inch-diameter tendon = 0.153 square inches Pm 0.153 x 159 = 2439 hips per tendon Sufficient tendons must be installed to overcome sab-subgrade fiction as well sto keep the minimum average prestess at 50 psi. Determine the number of tendons necessiry for & ‘minimum average prestress of 50 ps inthe concrete. 50 psix3360sa.n. 699 0 (long) ‘50 pei <6240 sgn. (ton = OB 1282 [Number of tendons to overcome slab-subgrade friction on polyethylene sheeting ‘Weight of beams an sab = 416.8 hips (from Section 7.4.42) Nm 05 G1 Mg) A330 05 (075 x416.892433 1 642 strands in each diection ‘Total number of tendons needed is the sum of those required to maintain minimum prestress «and those needed to overcome subgrade friction. 1M (long) = 6.90 + 642 = 1332 use 14 endons 1 (short) = 1282+ 642 = 19.24 20 wndons acceptable Recheck minimum aumber of tendons in each direction, following the guidelines of the ‘commentary: ‘Nj (long)= 50/5 + numberof beat =10+4= 14 tendons —OK, [N (shore) = 1005 + number of beams =20+6=26 tendons > 20. ‘Therefore use 26 tendons in the shor direction ‘Design prestress forces ‘Sinoe maximum moments occur near the slab perimeter, friction losses will be minimal at points of maximum moments. Therefore, assume total prestressing force effective for structural calculations: Long direction: P,= 14243 = 402 kipt ‘Shor ection: F; #26 X243 = 631.8 ps Commentary: ‘The value of 0.7 fpa ts Sieur ming epproinanon ht aes 30 Ede onestnate The imo enon ort dele pect generally low enough 10 eee ppm aig epproach ‘These lgures are based on stres-relieved 270k strand, Low-relazation strand wil ermita higher value, As the difference in number of tendons required is relatively ‘minor, ii prudent to consider stest-relieved srandcn calculations and ‘permitlow-relazation at a ‘abana rahe tan vie The coaficon of friction sed for pobyetiyene Sheeting 0.75 witha ribbed and sifened section. ‘This has been determined in the flld to be not only reals, bt conservative, Carein subgrade rparton oe dul of poyetylene can retin towering ti ae ‘Athough 20 tendons re dccertteand mec aloe Cries ofthe PTT Manga ihe auhars perience ‘rund pacing precer en Seon cone paint Ao deiale {oho leat one tendon a ceehifering beam in Staion hg os ‘ine pong of feet omcener90 CHAPTER 7—- DESIGN OF SLABS SUPPORTED ON PLASTIC CLAYS Commentary: is 1150 because the perimeter load is 900 plf and the 24-inch-deep exterior eam weighs 250 pif: (24 inches ~ 4 inches)/ 12% 150 = 250 pounds. The quantity Pe accounts forthe moment associated ‘with the eccentric of the ‘post-tensioning tendons. It fas bee standard pocce to drape beam tendons 0 within 3 inches of che Boron of stifening beams in order ‘to maximize postive moment ‘apacity. This is because Iegatve moment copociy is tinest aways more ha ‘ample die 1 the sianificatly higher section modulus. Witikis ~~ Consideration, this eccentricity factor con therefore be ether postive cor negative as in Figure 50, 7.4.7 —Check design moments against allowable moments for edge lift condition, Step 8, Flow Chart 1 Design moment, Jong direction, edge lift condition Sed ag tt Tax Lo Pm My = ASST OA 5.29" 0.290 722 100° x 130° Mes 9132x4815 038 My 742x132 1.64 9.79 Mc = 2S. 22.21 foot-kipe per foot Design moment, short direction, edge lift condition. 19 nat tem a, Mya My 19452 2217 ‘3075 Myx M2300 0404225 My= 2.82 fotkips pt foot Allowable service moment, long direction, tension in bottom fiber, edge Wt condition (12% 50) Ms = Sa (BA +) —P [Note tha she long direction has a 50-foot-wide cross section; hence the design momeat is mubipied by 50 feet. It is also rnuiplied by 12 inches per foot to make unis of the left side ‘of the equation compatible with the right. fttcteee fe tes ote att ole E 4/3 Teka} al ewe ens 7 ars nae Figare $0 Cross section of slab iaken through the short direction, indicating long direction section ‘properties, Location of neutral ais and eccentricies of beam and slab tendons are shown. ae [1 (0p) x343] ~ (Near) x 1557] x 243 mfi0% 343 ~ 4x 1857} «743 1 (343 ~ 62.28) 243 22198243 Pe = 679.91 inctvbips‘SECTION 74.7 — CHECK DESIGN MOMENTS AGAINST ALLOWABLE MOMENTS FOR EDGE LIFT CONDITION 91. [Now substitute this value for Pein the equation above for tension in bottom fiber. (1250) ph, = 7213 [ (340.2/3360) + 0.329] -(-679.91) 600 pM, = 7213 (0101 + 0329} + 67991 600 5, = 7213 (0.430) + 679.91 (pi = (3102 + 680)/600 += 6.50 foot-ips per foot 630>2.21—-OK Allowable service moments, Jong direction, compression in top fiber, edge lift condition (12% 50) yMe = SrUe= (PAA) = Pet 600 5M, = 24.61 (1.350 3402/3360] Pe (600 jM, = 24,667 [1.350 ~0.101] ~(-679.91) (pM = (90.808 + 680]/600 52.48 foot-kips pr foot 5248>221—~OK Allowable service moment, short direction, tension in bottom fiber, edge it condition ‘Again the quantity Pye must be calculated to account forthe prestessing moment associated with the eccentricity of the postteasioning tendons. Figure $1 shows this cross section. Note that the neutral axa is slightly different for the two cross sections. Since the calculation of Pre ‘depends on the location of the neutral axis, there ae two Ses of values (Figures 50 and 51) . Rt FE =a) o}-- -. |. me oa $1 Cross ston fab taken rough elon rection, nding short rection secon rer, Nerl aan cco of ta and bea ndin are sh Fee= 0, (op) x27} WN (beam) 1625] «243 = [20x27 6% 1623) x243, 21354—9738) «243 4198x243, ye =1020 1 inchps | (12300 pA 1,129 691816240 + 0329} (1000.11) ‘pM; = [01123 0.430) + 1000.191200 7M = 3803/1200 1484 footkips per fot 484>282—0K Allowable service moments, short direction, compression in top fiber, edge Ift condition (12% 100) pM, 44,844 [1.350 ~ 631,8/6240] -(-1020.11) pies (44,844 1.249) + 1020.111/1200 ‘= 57,0301 1200 = 47.82 fot hips per foot Since 47-52 is greater than 2.82, section is OK.92% CHAPTER 7 — DESIGN OF SLABS SUPPORTED ON PLASTIC CLAYS 7.4.8 —Deflection calculations, edge lift condition, ‘Step 3, Flow Chart 1 Allowable differential deflection, Jong direction, edge lift 6 = 59.52 fet < 100 feet 3 68 governs Satow = 112% 58 52}/000 = 0.9 inches * Commentary: eed mc ee " abso inert pepected diferent defection, long directo, ee it Fes inpence hen 68 governs the design instead of LA $9 6 yu ‘mal slab engl L. Since BaP the beam depth directly 5.90 a Scheel tobe x loomrisermsaeoase"_ eer 15.90 x 24%" x 11508 nent soingtia9=2atx02 Fen conan 1390x188 La? Sheston conto bees conve becuse sass Wall finishes suck ax stucco Da egy 7 asiowee Srmarony canbe vai onal tls eet The cxpenedieen dein 025 ints < 089 ints Sroterte td dog Mowabe decor O Allowable deflection, short direction, edge lift First determine f. Ay BECO EPIEC a 7000 1 Beh sas BMS fet 69 #6691 fect > 50 feet ‘Therefore $0 feet governs and Baten (12x S0)7800 = 0.25 inesSECTION 7.4.8 — DEFLECTION CALCULATIONS, EDGE LFT.CONDITION 93. Expected differential deflection, short direction, edge lit ja 500* 2008 52% 02 1590% 249% 1150" An 293 X13.96 3.38 «032 1590 14.89% 1.07 Since the expected deflection of 0.23 inches is less than the allowable 0.75 inches, cross section is OK. This completes the check of deflections for edge lift bending and al! are ess than allowable for both Jong and short direction, 7.4.9 —Shear calculations for edge lift condition, Step 10, Flow Chart 3 Isp eg dete rn 7 —— Vy on Vy ee Ye ” oe f spe tesieaaaave a8 Cre ac eases ope cose etn Spe Leese fee Se prin vem LVF = 1.55000 = 82.2 psi (Portion ofthe T-beam for uy eta i ie Sees dn en eh may re . wether tS, the tet hesomc a mireaty sao TSI + PIM. Some ae Se tits Sse nt 140.36 pais esa than 82:2 ps allowable, so shear is OK nog diction © Prestresed slabs. Expected shear force, short direction, edge lift condition soe 244 1150% 52802500" Baxne ne -1 3113.56 1.23 1.30037 3105; Ye. 2.76 088 bps pr foot94 CHAPTER 7 — DESIGN OF SLABS SUPPORTED ON PLASTIC CLAYS ey “Total design shear stress, short divection, edge lift 10.88 x 1000% 100 6x12 x 88,000, 1728 e509 pi. aay. ‘The design shear stress of $093 pa isles than the allowable shear stress of 82.2 ps, so shear is ( in he short direetion as wel asthe Yong direson, This completes the checks necesary forthe edge lift condtion, 7.4.10 —Center iift design A check of bending, deflection, and shear must be made for the center lift condition just as has been done for the edge lift condition completed sbove. Since sail conditions and ‘reliminary design are the same, we can begin at Step 8 of Flow Char 1. Design monsents for long direction, center ft condition (Step 8, Flow Chart 1) i 7 Mr =AgIBReg™+C]- Aj zone gem gta pat yc where Ay = sz [LS dm PM yh} 2 (100 1657 20 no pans 1 1o= ee [1.06 2.36% 8.90 43.09 0.7 A= a5 Ut 3) 11952 _ p49 oak From te soils data, page 81, ¢q, edge moisture vaition distance i 3.8 fet forthe cen lift condition. 7 ‘Acconting i the PTT procedire, for fy $5, B= 1.0 and C=O. Using these values, determine M: My = 0989 [1 «3.84 0] My = 0989x522 My = 5.16 foot-kips pr foot Design moments, short direction, center lift ~ a = | S828 | omy o e538 t, =] BAPE) ssa M [ | 6 ‘My = 531 Toor ips per Toot| SECTION 74.10 — CENTER LIFT DESIGN Allowable moments, long direction, center lift Allowable moments must be calculated and compared with design momeats. First, calculate negative beading moments “tala Aen oA tts ; conto ann ato 3402 3360 4 -4| 22 a cnn -- 1246670430] - 61991 My a0 ++ 1656 fot kis pec foot ‘Since the allowable moment of 16.54 fot-kps per foot is greater than the design moment of 5.16, section is OK for tension inthe top fiber. ‘+ Compression in bottom fiber 1250) Me = S| fe~ | +R a fe | 2] PA 402 600 gM, = 7213 |1.350- fe 13 [150-382 |econm (_ 7213.0.249)- 67991 600 “= 13.88 foot-hipa pe foot Me Since 13.88 is greater than 5.16 design moment, section is OK in long direction for compression in boom fiber. Allowable moments in short direction, center lift design ‘Tension in top fiber | NOTE: From page 91. Pre = 1020.11 inch-kipe costa oe ton ois 1 a 8 +0323] +-s0u0 = 4844 (0.101 + 0.329) — 1020.11 1300 (= 19283 ~ 1020.11 1200 |= (522 foot-kips pe foot mM Ms, ‘Since he allowable 15.22 foot kips pe footie greater than the design moment of 5.31, section checks OK._ 6 (CHAPTER 7 — DESIGN OF SLABS SUPPORTED ON PLASTIC CLAYS + Compression in bottom ber (0 oe 5a [s,-2 Jone __ $1123 (1.380~ 0.101) + (1020.19) 200 = 2ares2 ~ 1200" Mle = 10273 Rips per ‘Since the allowable mimenn, 10:73 foochips pe fot is grete than he design moment of $.2, section is OK. Moment capacities exceed expected service moments for center lift in both long and short, ection. Me Me ‘Crater it deflection calculations, long direction (Step, Flow Chart I + Allowable differential deflection Aw = 1202 06291360 : Use 6, since irises ham (= 100), te eave sites length, is 9:92 fet as calcula : cn page 92. Atm = 12(59:52)/360 1.98 inches + Expected differential deflection ae Dnbt™ 0 Pet axa pw (022A x 1001 16.670 11500 3.81m 3024 2:89 19.68 39.88 x 5.64 “ 380 47.37 8366 Woot a= $0.45 incdes ‘The expected differential deflection, 0.46 ioches is less than the allowable of 1.98 inches so section is OK for deflection inthe long direction, Center lft deflection in the short direction => * Allowable differential deMection Aaee = 1248 0F 68/360 ‘ere L of 30 feet is smaller than 6 sit is sed inthe calculation ofthe allowable: Buoy = 12(50)/360 = LB incheswea ee SECTION 74.10 — CENTER LIFT DESIGN + Expected differential defertion ‘Subsite in the same expression used above for expected deflection, noting that only the values ofS and L are different: px {0204 x S01 20.09 115080 3.8104 sax a LAX 2387 39.88 564 a 380%4737 800s 0:49 inches oe ‘Since 0.49 inches isles than the allowable of 1.66 inches, section is OK for deflection. Deflection in both fong and shor directions are much less than the allowable deflection for center itt loading Shear calculations, shor¢ direction, center lit condition (Step 10, Flow Chart 1) + Design shear force ' ~ = L_ [psm se ge pe yom a! mat] ; Yat [soto 24 115002428] Bs [2.10% 3.85 x 1.89% 44.95 x 0943.65] 2357 V2 2357 2 1.75 bps pe foot z ips per + Allowable shear stress (according tothe PTI Manual) ¥¢8 LSJ = 1505000 = 82.2 pat + Design shear stress ne ndb 1.75% 100% 1000 6x12x 24 175,000, 1728 y= 1013 pai 101.3 > £22 pai allowable shear sess; this does not meet the PTT recommendation. However, as explained earlier in these calculations, a strong case has been made for use of a shear value of 1ST + PIA If this is were applied here, the allowable shear would increase from 82.2 to 183.52 pei, well above the calculated 101.3 psi shear stress. ‘A second consideration és that only the stem of the beam has been taken into ‘consideration, and not the flange. By observation, consideration of the flange would provide & unit shea force of 26.92 psi a value well under the allowable. nCHAPTER 7 — DESIGN OF SLABS SUPPORTED ON PLASTIC CLAYS A third possibiliry—if itis desired to follow the PTL recommendation rigorously — would be to alter the cross secrion to comply with the more rigid shear standards, This can be done by one of the following: 1 Increase beam width 2 Tnrense beam depth 4 Decrease beam spacing 4. Use web reinforcement over a distance of 1.59 at exch end of the beam, ‘5. A.combination of 1,2, and 3. Increasing the short direction beam width to 14 inches would reduce the stress to 83.3 psi when calculated by the most conservative method shown above. This is close enogh to the allowable of 82.2 psi to represent satisfactory compliance with the PTI recommendations, ‘However, the authors’ choice is to keep the short direction beam width at 12 inches for simplicity of construction, relying on their experience that shear is rarely if ever critical for this type of construction, ‘Sher calculation in the long direction, center It condition ‘Design shear force and stress Vow le [zim ser ge pom ya og) iow CMS" Pa yg? wa cl (1000 ert 240 Ls 0233 9") ina : 1 [1.51737 3.92% 2222 079 x 3.46 aaa | J) 2650 a7 ui Vj = 2650 2 1 37 kips per 190 shed 13750 1000_ , 68,500 4x12xm 1152 ‘The sess of 59,46 is less than the allowable 822. Section OK. 59.46 psi ‘This completes the problem for center lift. Edge lift and center lft design results are summarized in Table 21 (Step 12, Flow Chart 1). ogg Dire | 078.6 (ss Shrearcton 049 ‘Shear es, pal ‘Shear seas, pel ‘Long Dineen | 4036 | 22 ‘Lang Direction | $9.46 Sordrecion | 5093 | 22 Shon aiecdon — [10130 | a2 + NOTE: Sey compan regain shear by Seong 749 nt Om Hi itefmreatole “Teena wd beara requiem (ee Figure 32) Long retin ‘at meiner 270 sr Tenn nt 2 aes ele hepsi 30 ice on ‘ached. hn 3 et on cone, Ope eno nh ear nces fom be bt ie Foe be {Schcaeey. ely puede if nhs on center ‘Short rection ‘Tee Unc ater 270k sd tl Two i th, eon 3D incest ech eal hen Set car On enon a each a a ar wich eT ches we nt dep ee pd 3 a ete. ‘Table 21. Design Summary forthe Post Tensoned Slab on Plastic Cay.SECTION 74.10 — CENTER LIFT DESIGN ! J} 3 i i [igure 82 Baum and tendon locations for the post-tensioned slab on plastic cay. 7.5— DESIGN EXAMPLE: Simple rectangle, 4 uniform thickness post-tensioned slab on plastic clay with uniform and perimeter load i 7.5.1— Introduction ‘The state-of-the-art Post-Tensioning Institute solution for slabs on plastic clays is the ribbed slab design presented in Section 7.4. However, revisions in progress to the PTI design ‘manual (Reference 10) address the concept of a foundation of uniform thickness. The uniforra thickness solution can be developed from a ribbed foundation design that satisfies all ‘moment, shear, and differential deflection requirements ofthe established ribbed slab design ‘The new Post-Tensioning Institute procedure permits uniform thickness design for foundations at Jeast 6 inches thick. If there is a perimeter beam that is atleast 12 inches deep, the uniform thickness may be as tall as 4 inches. The uniform thickness design is applicable for slabs on plastic clay as in this example, but it may also be useful for slabs on relatively stable soils that do not manifest large moment, shear, and deflection requirements,100 CHAPTER? — DESIGN OF SLABS SUPPORTED ON PLASTIC CLAYS In many areas, soil stability or construction preferences dictate a desire for uniformly thick foundations. The fallowing example provides an equivalent uniform thickness —~ foundation based on the design example found in Section 7.4. 7.5.2—Modeling the problem The easiest way to design @ uniformly thick post-tensioned slab on plastic clay is wo prepare customary ribbed foundation design, af explained in Section 74, and then derive from it an equivalent uniform thickness slab. Since Section 7.4 works out the ribbed foundation in detail for a $0x100-oot slab, we can start with a summary of results from that catlier example, provided in Table 22, As indicated on page 77. the sab has a uniform loading cof 125 pounds per square foot and a perimeter wall load of 900 pounds per linear foot. Edge lift design | Design | Allowable | Center lift design “| Design’ | Allowable “Moment, ps per "Woment, Sipe perf teams ivan rer | an | oe rae | ie | se Ecepewe | Th | $8 Ecarmare | 36 | Se Sion dren ‘Short direction fom jan | as toe | su | uz Erae | 28 | a3 Sear | 3 | i een ial dete ‘owmeecar” | 02s | om | ™iaaincee™ | o4s | age sors | oz | oe | eeomer | os | te Sears ps Saran pa Eat ox] a2 | EeBin | ue | a2 saves (Sa | a | Seamer [ass | 2 sor ep rd Fag agen ps a Fe Exar ERSTE cae reno te th chen on ag nt Sa aicearerst etka on SEAS are RRS pt 270 snd a he slat, begining 30 ches frm ech end then 5 feet Seine TN a a as et re Table 22. Summary of design data for ribbed slab on plastic clay, as developed in the example of Section 7.4. Since the allowable moment and shear will probably not be critical in the analysis of a uniformly thick slab, this leaves us with an analysis of differential deflection requirements. Use the ratio Of expected differential deflection & 10 the allowable differential deflection Asin in determining the needed thickness. Select the largest ratio in each direction, eee Ae 025) 7 resign; 4. = 925 2 028 Long direction, edge lift design: in cu Long dreson,coner it design 2 = 246. = 923. use Oz Ba” 198 4 0p Shot dieting it eign = 031 " aoe O75 ‘Shor direction, center lift design: 4 = 242 = 030 USEO31 Sate 166SECTION 7.5.3 — DETERMINATION OF EQUIVALENT THICKNESS 101 7.5.3— Determination of equivalent thickness Long direction: The moment of inertia I previously determined forthe combined beam and slab in the long direction is 133,942 in. (see page 88). Apply the deflection ratio calculated in Section 7.5.2 to find the minimum acceptable 1 for an equivalent uniform thickness slab 0.28 x 133, 942 037,503 ins Caleulae the depth d required for a uniform thickness slab 50 fet wide, having this same moment of erin. T= Vi2bd lab eel > Using the 7 value determined for the 50-foot width of the long direction ofthis slab wr 12 50 Ox d=9.08 inches ‘Short direction: The moment of inertia I previously determined forthe short direction is 213,907 in. (page 88), Adjusting by the deflection ratio previously determined, the minimum scceptable fora uniform thickness slab is 031 x 213,907 or 66,311 int For a uniformly thick slab 100 feet wide, the thickness required to provide this moment of a EAE vera ‘The larger of the two Values is 9.08 inches. Therefore itis recommended that the equivalent ‘uniform thickness slab be 9% inches thick. This can readily be formed using nominal 2x10 amsber, which bas an actual depth of 9% inches. 7.5.4— Determine number of tendons required ‘Stress permitted per tendon: fy = 0.7 X fy =0:7 X 270 = 189 ksi Stres in tendon after losses: fy, = 189 — 30= 159 ksi Force P, per H-inch-diameter tendon = area of tendon X net stress in tendon = 0.153 square inches X 159 ksi = 24,33 kis per tendon ‘Sufficient tendons must be installed to overcome friction between slab and subgrade, as well as to keep the minitoum average prestress at $0 psi. Since there are 00 ribs in the slab, there are no supplemental beam tendons. Although a net prestress of 50 psi is permissible, tis the authors’ experience that an average prestess on the order of 75 psi is more effective in Commentary: The value 2/27 pit assumed ara reasonable ‘amount of permited stress per tendon. The 30 kx loss of presirersis estimated. ‘The small number of tendons fortis design procedure encourages a Conservative approach102 (CHAPTER 7 — DESIGN OF SLABS SUPPORTED ON PLASTIC CLAYS $ coneig expert ad nage craks, Teter hs higher poses valve of 75 pa will be applied to determine the number of tendons required, Number of tendons = een, aj Taree prteton tang)» SPX 80 X12 9.25 740 etary SEAXIOO 12 925. gy ar Commentary: Feioetor riers ‘Tendons must also be installed to overcome slab-subgrade friction om polyethelene poten shoeing ‘cs sas Core a : po ppm Weignot a PS £07107 180 spy pe erent Foe aS OX Ww) ‘These figures are based °974,33071000 : peepee indiana bee 5105 x 570) Reg atipete 24.380 "Pena cnftenof once = 59 tendons each reston _ ‘ela nes : sede ‘Total umber of tenons needed sth om of thse eid o mali minimum prestess ‘umber ofcndinsin. and oe gecdl to overcome abate ton flog diction my reltede be rece Wy (lng) = 17.1.7 59-=23 eadons 2 de, nd in the short direction N; (short) = 34.2 + $.9 = 40.1 — use 4} tendons Simao. 7.5.5— Recheck design moments against allowable moment capacity Using neural aus prestressng, iis unnecessary to perform separate checks for ede lift and center lift conditions. Simply take the raximum moments inthe long and short diresvons from Table 22. Since the maximum moments occur near the perimeter, ction losses will be sninimal at goints of maxiceum moment. Therefore, we can assume the ttl pestressng force is effective for sructural calculations. P, total prestressing force = number of tendons x force per tendon P, long direction = 23 % 243 = 558.9 ips Fr, short direction = 41. X 24.3 = 996.3 kips Allowable tznsile moment capacity, tong direction: Unit prestess applied to concrete in the long direction is| total force, 5589. mea ofsection 50x 12 x 925 101 esi‘SECTION 7.5.5 — RECHECK DESIGN MOMENTS AGAINST ALLOWABLE MOMENT CAPACITY 103 ‘The allowable tensile stress in the concrete without prestressing is 6.yfe = 64[3000 = 329 psi ‘Combining this allowable with the prestressing force gives a total tensile capacity in the long direction of 329 + 101 = 430 psi Use this allowable stress and apply the flexure formula to find total tensile moment capacity in the long direction '= 430 171.13 = 73,586 inch-pounds per foot = 6.13 footkips per foot Since the design moment of 5.16 foot-Lips per foot is less than this allowable capacity, the section is OK in the long direction. Allowable tensile moment capacity, short direction: In the short direction, the tendons apply a prestress of, 9963-9963 300 x 12 x 9.25.” 11,100 = 0,090 ksi or 90 psi ‘Adding this to the 329 psi tension capacity of the concrete before prestressing gives a total capacity of 329 + 90 or 419 psi in the short direction. We then have an allowable moment of ‘Mx 5 =419 X 171.13 = 71,703 inch-pounds per foot = 5.97 footkipe per foot ‘Since this allowable is more than the design moment of 5.31 foot-kips per foot in the ‘short direction (Table 22), the section is OK. Allowable compressive moment capacity in the long direction: The allowable compressive stress in the concrete (before prestressing) is 0.45 x f.'=0.45 x 3000 = 1350 psi To get the net allowable compression, this must be reduced by the presuess of 101 psi applied in the long direction, giving 1350 ~ 101 = 1249 psi ‘The allowable moment then is 13,741 inch-pounds per foot 7.81 foot-kips per foot M2 fS=1249 x 171.1 ‘This substantially exceeds the compressive design moment in the long direction, 5.16 footips per foot, so the section is OK for compressive moment in the long direction. Commentary: Use the selected thickness, 91/6 inches, 10 find the section modulus per foot of ‘lab width. Sal be 15X12 x 9.29 = I7LIB in?