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Dynamic compensation of capacitive voltage

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Article in IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery February 1998

DOI: 10.1109/61.660865 Source: IEEE Xplore

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116
Dynamic Compensation of Capacitive Voltage Transformers
J.Izykowski B .Kasztenny
Non-Member Member, IEEE
The Technical University of Wroclaw
Wyb. Wyspianskiego 27
50-370 Wroclaw, Poland
Abstract: This paper presents the digital algorithm for on-line
dynamic compensation of the secondary voltage of a Capacitive
Voltage Transformer (CVT). The adopted CVT model together with
the assumed simplifications is given first. Next, the compensating
algorithm based on digital inversion of the CVT transfer function is
derived Frequency domain analysis and quantitative evaluation of
the compensation follow. The ATP-EMTP simulations are included
that show the improvement of the measurement of protective criteria
quantities as a result of dynamic compensation of a CVT.
Keywords: capacitive voltage transformers,
dynamics,
compensation,
protective relaying.
I. INTRODUCTION
Due to certain construction limitations both the instru-
ment voltage and current (CTs) transformers exhibit unde-
sired dynamic behaviour under short-circuits in the power
system. As a result of that, maloperation or substantial delay
in tripping of protective relays may happen. A lot of effort
has been paid recently for minimizing the negative influence
of the transients caused by the instrument transformers on the
estimation of protective criteria quantities. Application of the
linear regression method for this purpose [I] is just one of the
examples.
Although majority of protective relays are designed to
tolerate to some extend distorted output CVT voltages and
CT output currents, the transient errors may still cause diffi-
culties in some applications. This, in turn, calls for further
improvement of protective relays operating under presence of
transient errors of CVTs and CTs. This improvement may be
brought out by feeding the relays with a reasonably accurate
PE-81 9-PWRD-0-04-1997 A paper recommended and approved by
the IEEE Power System Relaying Committee of the IEEE Power
Engineering Society for publication in the IEEE Transactions on Power
Delivery. Manuscript submitted December 23, 1996; made available for
printing March 26, 1997.
0885-8977/98/$10.00 0 1997 IEEE
IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, Vol. 13, No. 1, January 1998
E.Rosolowski M.M.Saha B .Hillstrom
Non-Member Senior Member, IEEE Non-Member
ABB Network Partner AB
S-72 171 Vasteras
Sweden
replica of the primary currents and voltages [2] what requires
compensating the protective transformers for their transient
errors. Such as approach for current transformers has been
reported in [2], while in [3] the nonrecusive digital filtering
applied to a CVT has been introduced.
This paper addresses the problem of on-line digital com-
pensation of a CVT for the transient errors induced in the
CVT circuit itself.
Very generally, the dynamics of a CVT is determined by
two factors:
* nonlinear oscillations under saturation of magnetic core
of the CVT step-down transformer,
0 discharging of the CVT internal energy during short cir-
cuits on an associated transmission line.
Non-linear oscillations can appear when the operating
point of the magnetizing characteristic of the step-down
transformer is shifted to the saturation region. CVTs are
therefore equipped with the special anti-ferrorezonanse cir-
cuits for avoiding stabilization of the sub-harmonics [4].
These circuits, however, affect the transients of the second
kind.
Discharging of the CVT internal energy (accumulated in
the pre-fault state) - to the level determined by the reduced
post-fault primary voltage - results in considerable distortion
of the secondary wave [3-51. The higher is the reduction of
the primary voltage, the more extensive transients induced by
the CVT itself occur. Especially, faults at zero crossing of the
primary voltage result in substantial transient errors that, in
turn, affect the operation of supplied protective relays.
It is proposed in this paper to reject the CVT induced
transients from the voltage signal with the use of digital
compensation algorithm based on inversion of the CVT
simplified transfer fimction. The developed algorithm due to
its recursive form enables effective rejection of the CVT
transients without introducing any substantial delay in the
measurement, as it would be in case of using nonrecursive
filters proposed in [3].
This paper is organized as follows:
0 The model of a CVT and the basic simplifications leading
to the adopted transfer function of a CVT (Sec.11).
0 The basic compensating algorithm (Sec.111).
0 The frequency domain analysis of the algorithm and the
improved compensating algorithm (SecJV).
 117
The examples of compensation and the analytical evalua- INVERSION OF A CVT TRANSFER
111. DIGITAL FUNCTION
tion of the algorithm with the use of a formal perform-
ance index (Sec.V). A. The continuous time considerations
The simulation studies that show unquestionable im-
provement of the operation of digital relays when the lat- The transfer function of the CVT from Fig. 2, G, , as-
est use the proposed compensating algorithm. sumes:
11. THEMODELOF A CVT A 3 s 3+ A 2 s 2
G,,,(s) = (1)
B4s4+ B 3 s 3 + B , s 2 + B , s + Bo
A. The complete model
where:
With reference to Fig. 1, the model of an EHV (400 / 22 / A3, A2, B4, B3, B2, BI, Bo coefficients expressed duly by
0.1 lkV, 50Hz) CVT used in this paper consists of: the equivalent circuit diagram
the capacitor voltage divider ( C I , Cz), parameters (see Appendix 11).
the tuning reactor (L, R), In order to reproduce the primary voltage, the compensa-
the step-down transformer (LTI, RTI, Lm, RFe, L T ~ , tor at the CVT output must be applied in such a way that:
R T ~with
) an equivalent stray capacitance ( C n ) included
at the primary winding, and GC, (s) * GCOM (s) = 1 (2)
the antiferroresonance circuit and the CVT load: L I , R I , where: GcOM (s) Laplace transfer function of the
R.2, Ro, Lo. compensator.
The particular voltages of the CVT are denoted as fol- Direct inversion of the transfer h c t i o n (1) appears trou-
lows: V I - primary, vi - intermediate, v2 - secondary. blesome due to its double zero at the origin. Therefore, the
following modified transfer function of the compensator has
B. The basic simplifications
been proposed:
The following simplifications have been made in order to
facilitate the design of the compensating algorithm: (B4s4 + B s3 i B s2 i B s + B )
3 2 1 0
GC"*,JS) =
1. The saturation of the step-down transformer is ne- ( A 3 s i A )(A4s3 iAss2 + A s i A )
glected since short-circuits result rather in reducing of the 2 6 7
primary voltage what moves the operating point of the mag- where:
netic core down from the rated position. B4, B3, B2, B I , Bo, A3, A2 coefficients involved in
2. The ideal transformation of the step-down transformer the transfer function (l),
is assumed what reflects neglection of the parameters L T ~ , A4, A 4 A6, A7 coefficients to be selected.
R T ~Lm,
, RFe, L T ~R, T ~ and CT] in the circuit from Fig. 1. Application of the transfer function (3) allows to compen-
3. All the remaining parameters are related to the secon- sate all the poles of the CVT transfer function (l), while only
dary side of the step-down transformer. the single zero (s= - A2/A3) is canceled. So, the double zero
4. The Thevenin theorem is applied to the primary volt- at the origin is left and some extra three poles are added. In
age and the capacitor divider. consequence of that, the transfer function between the pri-
Under these assumptions, the model from Fig. 1 reduces mary voltage and the secondary compensated voltage being
to the simple circuit displayed in Fig. 2. The simulation the result of compensation assumes:
studies have shown that no significant errors are caused by
the adopted simplifications. However, when testing the pro-
posed digital compensating algorithm, the model of a real
CVT (i.e. the complete model) has been used. Selection of the coefficients A4, A5, Ab, A7 may be done

1IC
in a number of ways with the objective to obtain the desired
dynamics of the compensated CVT. In this paper the follow-
T R 4 1 4 1
ing observation has been utilized for this purpose.
The equivalent CVT circuit shown in Fig. 2 becomes the
model of an idealized CVT if the load inductance is ne-
glected (Lo = 0). Such as ideal CVT has acceptable dynamic
&e behaviour and may be a target of dynamic compensation of a
Fig.1. Adopted CVT model. real CVT. Furthermore, the transfer function of an ideal CVT
assumes the form of (4). Thus, the path followed in this paper

7yj-pv
C'=C',+C; R'
Fig.2. Simplified equivalent to find the appropriate values of A4 .. A7 is as follows:
diagram of a CVT with the 1. Assume the parameters of an ideal CVT to be obtained
R, parameters related to the secon- as a result of compensation.
L, dary side of the step-down
transformer.
R, 4
118

2. Compute the transfer function of the ideal CVT in the IV. FREQUENCY DOMAINANALYSISOF THE
form of (4); the coefficients of the denominator are the CVT COMPENSATOR
sought values of A4 ,. A7.
A. The design
B. The discrete time algorithm
The compensator in the form of (7) has been designed
Different numeric procedures can be applied for obtain- taking as a compensation target the ideal CVT operating at
ing the discrete form of the compensator (3). In this paper the almost pure open circuit mode. Thus, the target transfer
following trapezoidal rule is applied for discretization: fubction of the compensation assumes the form of (4) and
(1 - 2-) results from the circuit shown in Fig.2 with the following
s=3w--- parameters:
(1 + z-)
(0 r, c ~ = c ~ , , u : L ~ c=~
I O=R ~
, , ,,UR, L, =
, ~ O O R , ,R, , = o ,
where: W=
tan(05o r, ) Lo =0, RI = R2 = W .
the fundamental radian frequency, where: C, ,bn the rated CVT parameters (Appendix I).
the sampling period, For the above data, the coefficients A4, A 4 4,A7 have
the operator representing a time delay of a been computed. The rest of the coefficients of the compensa-
single sampling period. tor transfer function (3) are pre-computed from the CVT
The advantage of using (5) is that it gives the gain and the parameters (Appendix I). Using (6) one gets the compensat-
phase displacement at the fundamental frequency exactly the ing algorithm in the form of (7). lkHz has been used as a
same as under continuous differentiation. sampling rate in this paper.
Application of (5) to (3) yields: B. The analysis
Fig. 3 presents the frequency responses of the CVT itself
and the CVT equipped with the proposed compensating al-
where: gorithm.
The CVT displays the distinctive maximum of its fre-
N, = B,w4 - B,w3 -+ B, W - B, W +B, (64 quency response in the subharmonic region (at about 20Hz
N, = -4B4w4 +2B,w -2B,w+4B, (6b) for the data used in this paper). In order to reject the CVT
A, =6B,w4 -2B,w2 +6B, (sc> induced transients, the compensator ought to provide possi-
bly flat resultant characteristic (CVT together with its com-
N , =-4B4w4 -2B,w3 +2B,w+4Bo (0 pensator) in this subharmonic region. Application of the
N o = B, w4 + B, w3 + B, w2 + B, w + Bo (64 designed compensator provides this in comparatively wide
the denominator (M4,...,MO) is obtained analogously, i.e. range of frequencies. At the same time, the resonant peak is
with the use of (6a-e) in which Bs are replaced by Ds from shifted to about 2Hz. It is worth to emphasize that transients
the denominator of (3): of such frequencies (2Hz) appearing in the compensated
0 4= A 3 4 (60 voltage are easy to reject by the majority of measurement
D3=A24+A3A5 (64 algorithms.
The designed compensator (7), however, exhibits too
0 2 =A2Ag+A3Ag (a) high gain for the frequencies higher than the 6 harmonic.
Dl =A2Ag+A3A7 (69 This is a simple result of the difference between the continu-
Do =A2A7 ($1 ous time differentiation and the discrete time differentiation.
Transformation of (6) to the time domain leads to the To avoid this, certain extra nonrecursive digital filter of low-
following digital compensator in the form of a recursive pass type is proposed to be applied at the output from the
filter: original compensator (7).
COThe improved compensator
The improved compensator is a cascade of the original
where: n present sampling instant, compensator given by (7) and a short window non-recursive
v2 uncompensated secondary voltage (as digital filter added to its output. The self-explanatory as-
supplied by an A/D converter), sumptions for such a filter are summarized as follows:
v c o M ~compensated
, secondary voltage - the e zero gain at half the sampling frequency,
output from the filter (7). unity gain and zero phase displacement for the
The filter (7) constitutes the simplest compensator for a fundamental frequency,
CVT. This compensator may be even more optimized as e possibly short data window.

shown in the next section.

 119
pose the pure uncompensated secondary voltage may be
used. The initiation of (7) or (9) is done once just after fault
detection with the use of the frozen pre-fault data. However,
as its advantage, the algorithm may be launched with the zero
initial conditions, but necessarily at the maximum of the
voltage wave.
E. The numerical complexity

I
The proposed compensating algorithms are very efficient
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 SO0 from the numerical point of view. The original algorithm
frequency, H a
calls for only 9 multiplications and 8 additions, while the
I ,b) improved algorithm requires 11 multiplications and 10 addi-
't A CVTB COM-I 1 tions. This on-line computational burden may be easily ac-

a 2 . 25 t I
I\ \
commodated by the Digital Signal Processing (DSP) units of
contemporary digital relays.
V. EVALUATION OF THE COMPENSATING ALGORITHM
IN
THE TIMEDOMAIN
I , /-

0.5
. f A. The sample cases
I
0 I .
\,/ I
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 Fig. 4 presents the compensation effect of the improved
frequency, H z
Fig.3. Frequency domain analysis of the compensation effect. (a) the compensator (9) under abrupt reduction of the primary volt-
CVT itself and the CVT with the original compensator, (b) the CVT with age to 5% of the rated value. The voltage drops when its
the original and improved compensators. wave crosses zero. Considerable rejection of the CVT in-
duced transients is observed. The compensated voltage wave
In this paper the three-sample filter is recommended. The (Fig. 4b) is almost pure sinusoidal, except few samples right
output from the improved compensator, vc, is thus computed after the fault incipience (caused by the three-sample tran-
as : sient of the filter (8)). Fig. 4c presents, in turn, the orthogonal
components based estimation of the amplitude of the voltage
for compensated and uncompensated secondary voltages.
where: Half a cycle digital filters having sine and cosine impulse
2 cos(w,T,) -1 responses, but the latter shifted in such a way that the d.c.
b=
1 + 2 cos(w,T,)
,c=
1+ 2 cos(w T, ) ' , offset is completely rejected, were used for that. It is worth to
add that the filters have to have the zero gain at the sampling
1 frequency in order to neutralize the significant gain of the
a=
1+ b cos(w,T,) + ccos(2wIT,) compensating algorithm for this frequency. Considerable
The cascade of the original compensator (7) and the low- improvement of the voltage amplitude estimation is obtained
pass filter (8) gives the resultant compensation algorithm of when the compensated secondary voltage is processed. The
the following recursive form: amplitude of the uncompensated voltage exhibits large oscil-
i=6 i=4
lations, while the amplitude under compensation stabilizes
vzc(n) = P,vz(n-i) - QivZc(n
-i) (9) after around half a cycle and displays very small oscillations.
i=O i=l Fig. 5 presents, in turn, the compensation effect for the
where: Pi,Qi the coefficients (see Appendix 111). case of voltage reduction at the wave maximum. In this case,
The frequency response of the improved compensator is the CVT induced transients are not so extensive, and there-
shown in Fig. 3b. The resonant peak at 500Hz is canceled fore, the compensation effect is not so visible. However, even
and for lower frequencies the amplitude only slightly exceeds in this case the estimated amplitude stabilizes faster when the
unity (by 15% at 200Hz). compensated secondary voltage is processed (Fig. 56).
As an alternative, to avoid the delay introduced by the B. The performance index
filter (8), rejection of the frequencies of half the sampling In order to measure the ability of the compensating algo-
frequency can be left to the measuring algorithm itself. rithms to reconstruct the primary voltage waveform, the
D.The starting procedure following self-explanatory performance index has been in-
troduced:
Both the compensators - the original (7) md the improved
(9) - as recursive digital filters require a kind of a starting
c
M

,=O
JV', ( i ) - V Z C (91
100% (10)
A CA/ = M
procedure. To initiate the filters (7) or (9) one needs four
historical samples of the compensated voltage. For this pur- ,=O
lVll ( i ) - v2 (ill
120
x lod
I

I
0 001 002 003 004 005 006 007

100, , b)

time, 1
time, s
c)

+
"\
8 X
I V
7 . I 7 -
vc
>
6..
I rl
I l l
I ; ! -
/
_ I - L
c
6 -
=

;5
e
3 4 .
.
L I

-1 -
1'
-
L I 1

-LL-
$ 5
g3-
1 4 -
- --___- -- -._ -- - - - ~ _.
-..

P 1. J

: 1 . \vc -L 1 _- V
2 . 2 -

-
1-/
I _

0
0 02 0 03 0 04 0 0'5 0 06 0 07 0 02 0 03 0 04 0 05 0 06 0 07

exceeding 100% means no positive compensation effect, but

v ~(i), v 2 ( i ) , vZc(i)voltage samples of primary related to
the secondary side, secondary and
compensated secondary, respectively,
1 summation index ( j = corresponds to
the fault incipience instant).
The lower is the Derformance index (101, the better is the
only strictly in the sense of the definition (10). In fact, certain
positive compensation effect is always observed as far as
stabilization of the measured criteria quantities is considered,
even for the case of faults at the wave maximum (see Fig. 5c
for the improvement of the voltage amplitude estimation).
~I

rejection of the CVT induced transients. VI. SIMULATION

STUDIES
Numerous simulations have been performed that check Extensive ATP-EMTP studies have been conducted for
the value of the performance index under different operating
testing the developed compensation algorithm (9). No single
conditions of the CVT. case was found where the compensating algorithm worsens
It has been concluded that the performance index does the operating conditions for the protective relays. There is
not depend on the voltage reduction level since both the CVT
always certain improvement: larger if a fault occurs when the
and its compensator are the linear systems. The index de-
voltage crosses zero, smaller if a fault occurs close the wave
pends, in turn, on the fault inception angle. Generally, the
maximum.
more significant compensation effect is observed if a fault
As an example, Fig.7 presents the sample simulation re-
occurs when the voltage is about to cross zero.
sults for a 300km, 400kV transmission line suffering a sin-
As an example, Fig. 6 presents the performance indexes
gle-phase fault located 2km away from the relaying point.
(for M=20 and M=40) for different fault inception angles (0
The fault is applied when the primary voltage of the faulted
means fault at the maximum, z/ 2 stands for fault at the zero
 121

$200 1

0 d12 1d6 d 4 d 3 571112 7~12 0 02 0 04 0.06 0 08 0 1 0.12

mle, s
fault phase
100,

Fig.6. Compensation eficiency in terms of the performance index (10).

phase is in the middle between its zero and maximum. In

order to emphasize the dynamic compensation of the CVT,
the linear transformation of CTs was assumed. Again, half a
cycle sine and cosine digital filters were used for orthogonal
components of both the voltage and the current. Application
of the developed compensation algorithm for the CVT im- -100 I I
0 02 0 04 0 06 0 08 0 .I 0 12
proves the impedance measurement since much faster stabili- t", R

zation of the estimated impedance components (Rc, X,) is

provided (Fig. 7c and d). Small oscillations in these quanti-
ties are present due to the d.c. component in the current
waveform.
VII. CONCLUSIONS
In the paper the novel algorithm for compensating the
CVT secondary voltage is presented in details, investigated
and evaluated. The analysis of the performance of the pro-
posed compensating algorithm allows to draw the following
I.%/
-004
1
,

005
,

006 007
,

008
, ,

009
,

01 011
, ,
012

conclusions: hme, s
4
1. Substantial improvement of protective relays operation 2

can be achieved by providing a reasonably accurate replica of xc "

the primary voltage to the relay input. The proposed compen-
sating algorithm is efficient from the numerical point of view
and may be easily incorporated into a digital protective relay

":I
I
as a certain prefiltration block.
2. The compensating algorithm resulting in a transfer
function of an ideal CVT is sufficient from the technical
!t
point of view. The attempts to design more ideal compensa-
-1
tor providing completely flat frequency response, lead to 004 005 006 007 008
hme. s
009 01 011 012

very complex filters having problems with the numerical
stability and initial conditions.
3. The modifications of the frequency response of the
original compensator (7) in the region close to half of the
sampling rate may be done by the non-recursive filter (S), but
also by combining in a single recursive algorithm the func-
tions of CVT compensation and frequency filtration required
for a particular relaying algorithm.
4. The performed evaluation of the compensating algo-
rithm proved its satisfactory performance. As a result of
applying the dynamic compensation of CVTs, an accurate
estimation of proteotive criteria quantities is provided in
substantially shorter time comparing with the measurements
that use the uncorrected secondary voltage signals.
Fig.7. Sample measurements: (a) the primary voltage, (b) the uncom-
pensated and compensated secondary voltages, (c) the apparent resistance
estimated without (R ) and with compensation (K), (d) the apparent reac-
tance estimated without (X) and with compensation (XJ.
VIII. REFERENCES
Bornard P. and Bastide J.C.: "A prototype of multiprocessor based
distance relay", ZEEE Trans. on Power Apparatus and Systems,
VoLPAS-101, No.2, February 1982, pp.491-498.
Kang Y.C., Kang S.H., Park J.K., Jones A.T. and Aggarwal R.K.:
"Development and hardware implementation of a compensating algo-
rithm for the secondary current of current transformers", IEE Proceed-
ings - Electric Power Applications, Vo1.43, No.1, January 1996, pp.41-
49.
 122

~ 3 1 Siguerdidjane H.B., Gaonach J. and LeRohellec N.: "Application of BIOGRAPHIES

Digital Power Simulators: advantages", Proceedings of First Interna-
tionale Conference on Digital Power System Simulators, College Sta-
tion, TX, USA, April 1995, pp.83-87. Jarl Izykowski was born in Raclawice - Po-
Kezunovic M., et al.: "Digital models of coupling capacitor voltage land, on March 31, 1949. He received his
transformers for protective relay transient studies", IEEE Trans. on M.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees from the Technical
Power Delivery, Vo1.9, No.4, October 1992, pp.1927-1935. University of Wroclaw in 1973 and in 1976
respectively. In 1973 he joined Institute of
Wiszniewski A. and Izykowski J.. "Influence of ferroresonance sup-
Electrical Engineering of the Technical Uni-
pression circuits upon the transient response of capacitive voltage
versity of Wroclaw where he is presently an
transformers", IEE Conference Pub1 No 125, Developments zn Power
assistant professor. His research interest are in
System Protection London 1975
power system protection and transient phe-
nomena of instrument transformers.
I
APPENDIX
THEDATAO F A CVT E~UIVALENTCIRCU~TDIAGRAM Bogdan Kasztenny (M'95) received his M.S.
(89) and Ph.D. (92) degrees (both with honors)
voltages (phase to phase rms): from The Technical University of Wroclaw,
Poland, where he is a faculty member of Elec-
V1=4OOkV, Vi=22kV, Vz=O.l lkV, trical Engineering Department since 1989. In
parameters: 1994 he was with the Southern Illinois Uni-
Cl=2.2nF, Cz=37.8nF,L=253.4H, R=7.95kSZ, versity at Carbondale, USA. His research
CT,=0.5nF,LT,=l.2H, RT1=1.4kQ, interests include: fuzzy sets theory applied to
power system protection, digital signal process-
L,=50kH,RF,=10M C2 ,LTZ=0.125mH,RT,=0.125 Q , ing and real-time computer application in
Ll=0.94H,R,=350 SZ ,Rz-445 Q ,b z 1 4 . 6 SZ , power system control. Dr. Kasztenny is a
Lo=0.0802H. recipient of a prestigious Foundation for Polish
Science award.
I1
APPENDIX Eugeniusz Rosolowski was born in 1947 in
COEFFICIENTS OF THECVTsrMplaFrD TRANSFER
FUNCTION Poland. He received his M.Sc. degree in Elec-
trical Engineering from the Technical Uni-
versity of Wroclaw in 1972 where he is pres-
ently an associate professor. From 1974 to
A, = L,L,R,,C' A, = L,R,,R,C, B, = L'C'L,L,, 1977, he studied in Kiev Politechnical Institute
from which he received his Ph.D. in 1978. In
B3 = R'C'LoLl + L'C'(&Ll + RlZ(L0 + L , ) ) , 1993 he received D.Sc. from the Technical
B, = L,L, + R' c'(R,,L, + R,,(L, + L J ) + R,,(L' cfR, + L,L,) , University of Wroclaw. His research interests
are in power system analysis and microproces-
Bl = ROLl+ R&L0 + Ll + R'C' Ro + ROL,), Bo = R0R12, sor application in power systems.

where: R12 = Rl R2 Murari Mohan Saha was born in 1947 in

Rl + R2 Bangladesh. He received B.Sc.E.E. from
Bangladesh University of Technology
APPENDIX
111 (BUET), Dhaka in 1968 and completed
M.Sc.E.E. in 1970. In 1972 he completed
COEFFICIENTS
OF THE IMPROVED
COMPENSATOR
M.SE.E and in 1975 he was awarded with
Ph.D. from The Technical University of War-
aN, +abNo saw, Poland. He joined ASEA, Sweden in
p," 7 1975 as a Development Engineer and currently
MO is a Senior Research and Development Engi-
neer at ABB Network Partner AB, Vasteras,
Sweden. He is a Senior Member of IEEE and a
Member of IEE. He is a registered European
Engineer (EURING) and a Chartered Engineer
(CEng). His areas of interest are measuring
transformers, power system analysis and
simulation, and digital protective relays.
acM,
P' =
' Birger Hillstrom was born in 1944 in Swe-
den. He received M.Sc.E.E. from the Chalmers
Technical University, Gothenburg, Sweden in
1968. He joined ASEA, Sweden in 1970 as a
Development Engineer and currently is a De-
velopment Project Manager at ABB Network
Partner AB, Vasteras, Sweden. His areas of
P interest are transient network analysis, devel-
opment and testing of line and transformer
relays.

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