Basic Elements of a communication system(Analog Communication System).

Analog Communication System uses analog signals continuous-time signal waveforms, analog sources
information sources that produce analog signals, analog communication systems

analog signals transmitted directly via carrier modulation over the communication channel and
demodulated accordingly at the receiver e.g. AM, FM

Information source mainly consist of voice (speech source),picture (image source) etc.
Input Transducer convert the output of a source into an electrical signal that is suitable for
transmission a microphone serves as the transducer that converts an acoustic speech signal
into an electrical signal a video camera converts an image into an electrical signal
Transmitter converts the electrical signal into a form that is suitable for transmission through
the physical channel or transmission medium. The transmitter must translate the information
signal to be transmitted into the appropriate frequency range that matches the frequency
allocation assigned to the transmitter.Signals transmitted by multiple radio stations do not
interfere with one another. In general, the transmitter performs the matching of the message
signal to the channel by a process called modulation, e.g AM, FM
Channel physical medium used to send the signal from the transmitter to the receiver. It is of
different types. wire line channel (twisted-pair coaxial cable optical fiber).
wireless channel -normally atmosphere (free space). Always channel introduces noise and
distortion to the transmitted waveform.
Receiver Recover the message signal contained in the received signal. If the message signal is
transmitted by carrier modulation, the receiver performs carrier demodulation to extract the
message front the sinusoidal carrier.
Output Transducer convert the electrical signals that are received into a form that is suitable
for the use; e.g., acoustic signals, images, etc.
Basic Elements of a Digital communication system.

Digital signals are transmitted via digital modulation and demodulated as a digital signal at the receiver.

Source Encoder converts the output of either an analog or a digital source into a sequence of
binary digits. It represent the source output (message) by as few binary digits as possible.
Channel Encoder introduces in a controlled manner some redundancy in the binary
information sequence from the source encoder. It increases the reliability of the received data
and improves the fidelity of the received signal.
Digital Modulator serves as the interface to the communications channel maps the binary
information sequence into signal waveforms e.g. '0' waveform s 0(t); '1' waveform s1(t).
Channel physical medium used to send the signal from the transmitter to the receiver. It is of
different types. wire line channel (twisted-pair coaxial cable optical fiber).
wireless channel -normally atmosphere (free space). Always channel introduces noise and
distortion to the transmitted waveform.
Digital Demodulator processes the channel-corrupted transmitted waveform and reduces
each waveform to a single number that represents an estimate of the transmitted data symbol.
Channel Decoder attempts to reconstruct the original information sequence from knowledge
of the code used by the channel encoder and the redundancy contained in the received data.
Source Decoder accepts the output sequence from the channel decoder and attempts to
reconstruct the original signal from the source difference between the original signal and the
reconstructed signal is a measure of the distortion introduced by the digital communications
system
Need for Modulation

1. Practical Antenna length

When free space is the communication channel, antennas radiate and receiver the signal. Theory shows
that the antennas operate effective only when their dimensions are of the order of the magnitude of
wavelength of the signal being transmitted.

The audio frequencies range from 20 Hz to 20 kHz. Suppose a frequency of 20 kHz is to be radiated
directly into space. For this,

This is too long antenna to be constructed practically. So, it is impracticable to radiate audio signal
directly into space.

Let us now calculate the length of the antenna if a carrier wave of say, 1000kHz is used to carry the
signal.

An antenna of 300m length can be easily constructed.

2. Mixing up of different voice signals : All the voice signals (Audible sound wave) is concentrated with
in range of 20 Hz to 20KHZ, so that all signals from the different sources would be hopelessly and
inseparateably mixed up if they are transmitted without modulation. The modulation helps to separate
then in radio frequency spectrum.

3. Unpredictable variation in volume and pitch of voice signal : The unmodulated carrier wave doesnt
transmit any message or intelligence because they have constant amplitude frequency and phase. The
voice signal has unpredictable variation in volume and pitch (amplitude and phase) which is impossible
to represent these two variables by a set of three constant parameters (amplitude frequency and
phase). Thus the message contains in voice is transmitted by varying any one parameter (amplitude
frequency and phase) of carrier. According to the variation in the message signal.
Modulation

Modulation is defined as the process by which some characteristic of a carrier wave is varied in
accordance with the modulating wave(message signal).

Continuous Wave Modulation : When the carrier wave is continuous in nature, the modulation process
is known as continuous wave (CW) modulation or analog modulation. Examples of continuous wave
modulation are Amplitude Modulation and Angle Modulation. When the amplitude of the carrier is
varied in accordance with the message signal, it is known as amplitude modulation (AM). Also, when the
carrier is varied according to the instantaneous value of the modulating signal, it is called angle
modulation. Angle modulation may be further subdivided into Frequency Modulation (FM) and Phase
Modulation (PM), in which the instantaneous frequency and phase of the carrier, respectively, are
varied in accordance with the message signal.

ii. Pulse Modulation : When the carrier wave is a pulse-type waveform, the modulation process is
known as pulse modulation. In pulse modulation, the carrier consists of a periodic sequence of
rectangular pulses. Pulse modulation can be of an analog or digital type. In analog pulse modulation, the
amplitude, duration or position of a pulse is varied in accordance with sample values of the message
signal. The analog pulse modulation may be of following three types: a. Pulse-
amplitudemodulation(PAM). b.Pulse-durationmodulation (PDM).
c. Pulse-position modulation (PPM).

On the other hand, the digital form of pulse modulation is known as Pulse-code modulation (PCM).

Amplitude Modulation :- In the amplitude modulation, amplitude of carrier signal wave is varied in
accordance with the modulating or message signal by keeping the phase and frequency of the signals
constant. The carrier signal frequency would be greater than the modulating signal frequency.
In the angle modulation, again there are two different types of modulations.

1. Frequency modulation
2. Phase modulation.

1. Frequency Modulation:

The process of carrier signal frequency is varied according to the message signal or modulation signal
frequency by keeping the amplitude constant is called frequency modulation.