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2011 Civil Engineering April PDF
2011 Civil Engineering April PDF
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F O R E X C E L L E N C E I N M A G A Z I N E
P U B L I S H I N G A N D E D I T O R I A L
ON THE COVER
Esorfranki is one of South Africas bench-
mark civil engineering and construction
groups providing specialist geotechnical
services. The group has embarked on a
ON THE COVER
corporate restructuring process that will
see several legal entities within its midst
amalgamate into a single, centralised
ON THE COVER
An aerial view showing Esorfrankis scope of work on the 115 West Street site
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Young engineers are we ready to 2010 SAICE Geotechnical Division AGM 57
civilinfo@saice.org.za
become future leaders? 8
CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICER The History of the Young Geotechnical
Manglin Pillay
manglin@saice.org.za
Tel 011 805 5947/8
PROFILE Engineers Conference 58
EDITOR
Verelene de Koker
verelene@saice.org.za
Embracing life in a bear-hug 12
Tel 011 805 5947/8, Cell 083 378 3996
IN BRIEF 59
EDITORIAL PANEL
Marco van Dijk (chairman), Irvin Luker (vice-chairman),
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GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING Cutting-edge form of trenchless technology used
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Comparison of working stress design and African water sustainability at WaterTec Africa 2011
limit state design for pile foundations 18
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FROM THE CEOS DESK
JAPAN EARTHQUAKE
Less of a Surprise
earthquake early warning in Japan
IN THE DAYS FOLLOWING the magni- going back as far as 416 AD (Utsu 1990). Seconds after the start of the
tude 9,0 Tohoku earthquake which struck Nowhere in the record is there mention mega-temblor at 14:46:23 local time
o the northeastern coast of Honshu, of an event of this magnitude; based on on 11 March, Japan's earthquake early
Japan, on 11 March this year (Figure1; the descriptions therein, seismologists warning system issued an alarm,
U.S.G.S.2011), the world watched in estimate the largest events to have been distributed to the public via broad-
awe as the extent of the destruction around magnitude 8,4. casting media, cell phones and public
wrought by the strong ground motion and As the country developed during announcement systems, giving people
subsequent tsunami was revealed. It is the last century, it suered a number of time to take cover, if only under the
estimated that more than 11 000 people tragic earthquakes, the most destructive nearest table. The information was
lost their lives (Reuters 2011), with entire of which included the 1923 Tokyo earth- also transmitted into the country's
towns attened and swept from the map. quake (magnitude 7,9) and the 1995Kobe infrastructure and industries. Trains
The region's infrastructure and industries earthquake (magnitude 6,8). In response automatically slowed down or stopped
sustained signicant damage, the most to the tragedy of 1995 the country in- to decrease the risk of derailment, ele-
publicised example being the nuclear vested heavily in funding fundamental vators stopped and the doors opened,
energy sector. Yet, when the sheer mag- science in the elds of geophysics and gas outlets were secured to prevent fires
nitude of the quake is taken into account seismology. This investment included the and explosions, doctors performing
it is the fth largest quake yet recorded expansion of one of the world's leading surgery were alerted, and a variety of
by modern instruments, and by far the seismic networks, which now consists of pre-emptive procedures were taken in
largest in Japanese history (U.S.G.S.2011; more than 80 broad-band seismometers industry to minimise loss of life and
Rhea et al 2010; Utsu 1990) it is sur- and more than 1 000 strong-motion damage to costly machinery with its as-
prising that the loss of life and damage to seismographs (Figure 1; N.I.E.D. 2011). A sociated loss in production and revenue.
infrastructure was not signicantly larger. signicant piece of infrastructure made Earthquake early warning is made
As a centuries old society repeatedly possible by this investment in research possible by the fact that ground shaking
battered by temblors and tidal waves, and instrumentation is the Japanese during an earthquake does not start
Japan has the worlds longest and most earthquake early warning system, simultaneously over the entire area
extensive historical record of seismicity, which was launched on 1October2007 eventually affected by the temblor
with texts detailing seismic activity (J.M.A.2011). (Figure 2). Almost all earthquakes start
1976 2011/03/11:
44 8,0 8,1
7,0 7,9
6,5 6,9
Seismographs
40
Main
shock
36
Estimated
region of rupture
32
400 km
28
128 132 144 148
136 140
at a single subsurface point, known as Knowledge of the size and location 1 Japan is covered with a seismographic
the focus. The effect of the earthquake of the event is critical to determine how network of more than 1 000 stations, operated
is first felt at the epicentre, the point much time a given region has before jointly by the Japanese Meteorological
on the surface directly overlying the the arrival of the wave trains associ- Agency and the National Research Institute
focus. Vibrations generated during an ated with strong ground motion, and for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention.
earthquake take on two distinct modes. whether the risk is sufficient to war- Seismic hazard in the region is of the highest
The fastest are longitudinal waves (also rant an alert. The best way to obtain estimated in the world (U.S.G.S. 2011), and has
known as p-waves) which travel at a this information is through a dense seen more than 30 earthquakes of magnitude
speed of around 5,8 km/s ahead of the network of seismographs covering the 6,5 and higher since 1976, when the global
destructive transverse s-waves, which entire area of potential seismic risk, CMT database starts (Ekstrm & Nettles 2011).
propagate at a speed of around 3,2 km/s. connected in a network to a central Also shown is the preliminary estimate of the
Detection of the p-wave can therefore processing facility. When any station in region which ruptured during the magnitude
alert one to the fact that an earthquake the network detects the first signs that 9,0 temblor, as determined by Hayes (2011)
is occurring, and that the more de- an earthquake is under way, the control
structive wave-trains are about to hit facility is alerted and data from all af- It is critical that the system arrives at
(Kanamori 2005). If made at a single sta- fected stations in the network are pro- a robust risk assessment in a very short
tion, this observation gives little more cessed to arrive at an initial estimate of time, to allow as much time as possible
than this information, and does not the size and location. If predetermined for the public to respond if a warning is
allow one to determine the epicentre, criteria of statistical significance and issued. The process of measurement, data
nor does it provide enough information magnitude for an alert are satisfied, a transfer, processing, and issue of alert,
to determine the size. warning is issued. is literally a race of information against
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Chairman SAICE Durban Branch
Chairman SAICE Young Members Panel
andrew.mckune@af.aurecongroup.com
OPINION
Young engineers
are we ready to become future leaders?
RECENTLY I HAD THE pleasure my generation (young graduates) is Leadership requires extra eort, time
of dealing with a group of Young the mind-set that the problem will be and dedication to the cause.
Professionals (YPs) from the solved for me as long as I have the pa- Be willing take the time to do things
World Federation of Engineering tience to wait, which means that there the right way even if it takes a little
Organisations (WFEO). The committee are many YPs who are reactive instead longer. Be willing to ask for advice from
is called Young Engineers / Future of proactive. This relates to career those more experienced than you, and
Leaders (YE / FL) and it is responsible development, as well as to roles within accept constructive criticism.
for championing the cause of YPs and their respective companies. Dont be afraid to start small become a
students within the engineering profes- Are leaders proactive or reactive? leader amongst friends, family and
sion. The name of the committee says it Perhaps I should rephrase the ques- colleagues. The ability to practise good
all, and it got me thinking. Are YPs in tion and ask are good leaders proac- leadership should be instilled in you
South Africa aware of the role we need tive or reactive? The answer is simple, from as early as possible.
to play in the future of our society, and and one we all know! But how do we Communication the greatest problem
do we know how to become the leaders become good leaders? There are many with communication is assuming that
of tomorrow? theories which have been presented to it has taken place. Make sure that you
The vision of the YE / FL committee is de ne leadership, and a simple search communicate well in a team environ-
To involve young engineers in the worlds on Wikipedia will give you a long list of ment, and on the back of this, that you
leading activities to gain and share know- dierent theories. The intention is not to are able to listen well we have two
ledge and experience, which prepares them be overly theoretical, but to rather de ne ears and one mouth so we should listen
to take on future leadership roles. for oneself what makes up a good leader. twice as much as we speak.
This implies that the preparation What I personally believe makes a good Caring and compassion take an interest in
for a leadership role can be linked to leader could be dierent to what you be- those around you and show compassion
the networking and knowledge sharing lieve, but the important thing is that we to those in suering.
gained through the involvement with all strive to become good leaders. Age doesnt need to be a factor dont let
experienced engineering professionals in I came across a very interesting article your inexperience in terms of age stand
the workplace, as well as through learned written by Adriaan Groenewald (writer, in the way of practising good leader-
institutions such as SAICE. consultant and managing director of ship. Taking over the world will come
Many companies have either adopted Leadership Platform) in which he states with time, but the principles of good
or created training programmes for YPs .. great leaders are great communicators. leadership are often small practicalities
to grow them within their organisations, Also, when someone communicates and that are picked up along the journey.
as well as to assist them on the path to another learns, it means the communicator Pass on what you know great leaders
professional registration. This often tends is a teacher. One could say that communi- are great teachers (refer to an article
to be a slightly rigid structure, which is cating is synonymous with teaching. at http://www.leader.co.za/article.
applied to all YPs irrespective of intended What do I feel is required for a young aspx?s=6&f=1&a=2554).
career path, experience or individual engineer to become a future leader? The Encourage competition a competitive
ability. Companies oering training for following would be a good start: environment leads to innovate thinking
YPs are commended for their eorts, but Take on responsibility whether it is and improved eciency.
what else should YPs be doing themselves for compiling a tender document or As this is based on my personal
in order to ensure they are ready to be- passing on a message, we need to en- opinion I would welcome any com-
come future leaders? sure we are always dependable. ments or recommendations in this
I believe that a fundamental flaw Hard work if becoming a leader was regard, and look forward to other
that trips up many colleagues from easy everyone would be doing it. members views on the topic.
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PROFILE
Embracing life
By and large, when geotechnical
engineers get talking about their
field of work, expressions such as
challenging, exciting, fantastic,
stimulating, passionate, and
in a bear-hug
1
great fun regularly crop up. With
Alan Leslie Parrock, the level of
enthusiasm reaches unrivalled
heights. Lorraine Fourie spoke
to Alan, the A of ARQ Consulting
Engineers and the winner of
SAICEs Geotechnical Gold
Medal for 2010, about some
of the outstanding moments
in his career and discovers his
exceptional zest for life. For this
engineer work is fun, and the
theatre of life is his playing field
YOUNG ENTREPRENEUR
Alan announced his arrival to the world
some 60 years ago in Johannesburg,
and by age five moved with his parents
and twin brothers to Chingola, in what
was then Northern Rhodesia, where he
started primary school.
My father was a carpenter and he
ran a small construction company in
Chingola. Im sure thats where my love
of engineering started because as kids
we often used to go with him onto con-
struction sites where we played in the
sand. I also remember helping my father
build a cabin cruiser and subsequently
catching my first tiger fish when the
Kariba Dam was filling up.
The family eventually returned to materials basically shaped the rest of my 1 Alan Parrock, winner of the 2010
South Africa, to Kloof in Natal, where life, though I didnt realise it at the time. Geotechnical Gold Medal
Alan attended high school and, inspired Having a wonderful time living 2 Alan considers reading a book
by a fantastic teacher, developed an in a tent and a caravan before sharing a such as Dam Foundation Grouting to be
enduring love of mathematics. He con- house with three buddies on the South much more fun than any spy story
siders it a privilege to have grown up not Coast he spent his last year at the 3 Alan (middle) with his twin
having much money to throw around, roads department working as assistant brothers and a friend in the fifties
because it developed a sense of entre- resident engineer on freeway contracts. 4 Against the backdrop of the granite
preneurship in him and his brothers. I think we partied a bit too much, but formations at the Tropic of Capricorn are
The three of us used to leave home at the realisation finally dawned on me Alan and his mother at the little Morris
4oclock on a Saturday morning and that I had to do something at a some- Oxford that carried the Parrock family of
hitchhike to Pietermaritzburg to get free what higher level. He applied to join five, plus all their worldly possessions, to
entry to the Roy Hesketh racecourse the National Institute of Transport and Chingola, Northern Rhodesia (now Zambia)
where we used to take photographs of Road Research at the CSIR and moved
the action. Returning at night, we would to Pretoria in 1976. I worked with some every little graspolletjie, plant them
develop and print the pictures and very competent people during my two in a nursery, and when the slopes had
hitchhike back the next morning to sell years there, but I realised that I wasnt been reinstated to their required lines
these. Of course, on Monday morning cut out to be a researcher; Im too much and levels, we replanted the clumps of
we would be completely messed up of a pragmatist. grass. At R17,5m it was a big contract
for school, he says with an infectious at the time.
laugh. It was also the start of a lifelong DANGEROUS BUT EXHILARATING Then it was back to Namibia to
interest in the sport of motor racing. He left the CSIR to join BKS as profes- build a road between Oshakati and
Alan enrolled for BSc (Eng) Civil at sional adviser to the South African Ruacana. This proved an excellent ex-
the University of Natal in 1968. I found Defence Force on the road being built ercise in developing good road building
it very difficult; there was such a gap through the Caprivi. It was dangerous practice, but we had to be on the alert
between school and university. Even work, but we managed to complete the for landmines all the time. When I saw
though I had done additional maths at road, as well as an aireld at the Defence the destruction caused to the magnifi-
school, I remember the guys from the Forces Omega base, and a pipeline be- cent countryside it drove home to me
two Rhodesias were much better quali- tween the Okavango and Quando rivers. the pointlessness of war; it is such a
fied academically when they started Briefly returning to Pretoria, he waste of time, energy and manpower.
university, having done A levels. was assigned as resident engineer to But it wasnt to say we didnt have some
After graduation Alan joined a road-building project through the interesting moments. On one of our
the Natal Roads Department in TFMartens Poort, near Pretoria North. excursions down the Kunene River, an
Pietermaritzburg, spending a year in Significant of this job was that a fault army vehicle was assigned to protect us.
the geometrics department and then line running through the rock forma- At first he drove ahead, but he kicked up
moving to materials. That was a side tion was utilised as an environmental so much dust that we told him to follow
I enjoyed immensely. Even though I feature. It was probably one of the first us. When the guy protested, we said,
had been exposed to soil mechanics by environmentally assisted designs of its Its all right, well take the landmine
Ken Knight at university, the year in time. I remember we had to remove instead of the dust.
GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING
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Richard Puchner
Associate
Jones & Wagener Consulting Civil Engineers
puchner@jaws.co.za
TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS
Coordinates and measurements
The coordinate system of Google Earth
is in latitude/longitude on the World
Geodetic System of 1984 (WGS84)
datum. The displayed coordinate format
can be changed to decimal degrees,
degrees minutes seconds, decimal min-
4
utes, or UTM. The accuracy of the coor-
dinates is generally within the range of
a hand-held GPS unit (i.e. 2 m to 10m).
As such, the coordinates, elevations
and measurements provided by Google
Earth are not suitable for high-accuracy
GIS or survey. Certain applications
of Google Earth should be used with
caution, for example site placement or
boundary and services location.
Image resolution
The base imagery of Google Earth is
Landsat imagery which has a resolution
of 30 m to 15 m per pixel. Th is is con-
tinuously being replaced with 2,5 m per
pixel SPOT imagery. A number of major
5 cities and other areas of popular interest
may have resolution datasets of up to
15cm per pixel from aerial photography.
COPYRIGHT
All Google Earth content is owned
either by Google or its suppliers and
is copyrighted. The use of content is
allowed and deemed to be acceptable
under the principles of 'fair use'. This
is where permission is granted for a
copyrighted work without obtaining a
license from the copyright holder only
if it is used in certain ways. Factors de-
termining fair use include the purpose
0860 CRANES
Head Office Tel: +27 (011) 455 9222
Head Office Fax: +27 (011) 455 9230
Email: contact@jch.co.za
www.jch.co.za
Prof Dereck Sparks
Emeritus Associate Professor of
Foundations and Soil Mechanics
University of Cape Town
sparksd@mweb.co.za
Terry Pidgeon
Director of Research Centre for
Excellence in Foundation Engineering
waffraft@intekom.co.za
1
Void ratio
2 % Swell
Wetting
B
0
Log pv ps
1 kPa 15 30 kPa Log p v
Chens method
wet expansion followed by consolidation
Softening due to wetting
In Chens method, the clay is permitted to
swell during wetting in a consolidometer
while the clay is carrying a small vertical
loading. Thereafter the clay is loaded in
increments to obtain a consolidation 4
curve of void ratio versus vertical loading.
1. Water content % versus (free swell % while carrying pv = 1 kPa):
The vertical loading is noted at the point
To be used for an in situ clay if the Liquid Limit is less than 80%
where the void ratio is equal to the origi-
nal in situ void ratio (see Figure 1). This
vertical loading is assumed to be the same
as the original swelling pressure prior to
the wetting of the clay.
(% free swell 1 kPa) =
{ (10 + 0,47 PI% - wo%)
(1/Gs) + (wo% / 100) } (1)
40
%
(% free swell 1kPa) =
{ (10 + 0,47 PI% - wo%)
(1/Gs) + (wo% / 100) } The Decagon method
using dew point measurements
The Decagon is an expensive device
This chart is intended for
Free swell = Percent swell while carrying 1 kPa
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THE SPARKS METHOD INSPIRED BY At present it seems that Equation(1)
EXPERIMENTS BY PIDGEON applies to clays which have a liquid limit
The formulae used in this method less than 80%.
are listed in Figure4. The graphical Equation(1) and the method for
equivalent of Equation(1) is shown in deciding on the swelling pressure ps are
Figure5. This figure shows the prob- the new features in this article. It will be
able percentage of swell which different noticed that the swelling pressure ps is
clays will achieve when they start at the regarded as being dependent on the local
6 Expansion example if PI% and water content wo% and are wetted while climate of the site (e.g. annual evapora-
wo are uniform with depth carrying a vertical loading of only 1kPa. tion / annual rain precipitation). The
depth below the soil surface of the zone
6 of inuence in which expansion can take
% Swell / 100 place is also aected by this ratio (see
0 0,075 0,1125 Figure6 and the discussion below under
the heading Pidgeons experiments and
the depth of inuence).
The authors have reservations about
pv = 15 kPa the method used in this article to decide
0,75 on the swell pressure. In this article the
swell pressure is taken to be equal to the
vertical overburden pressure at the point
1,5 30 kPa on the soil pro le which corresponds to
the lowest depth of expansive inuence
(e.g. usually at a depth of 5,5 metres on
Using Pidgeons the Highveld, and 1,4 metres in Cape
observations for Port Town). Th is step in the method is pre-
Depth in metres
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Leon Dison
Founder
Reinforced Earth (Pty) Ltd
disonl@recosa.co.za
LESOTHO BRIDGES
This project comprised construction of approach fills to the
Mohlapiso, Senqu and Senqunyana river bridges on a road
contract in remote mountain sites in Lesotho, with some of
the fills reaching heights of 27metres. In such terrain the
Pile driving
actuator
Model
Aerodynamic shield
compressed air (and in some cases also to understand that the consequences of 1 The geotechnical centrifuge at
water) to the model through the cen- something becoming dislodged from the the University of Western Australia
trifuge axis. Events taking place in the model during testing can be catastrophic.
model can be observed by a vast array of For this reason a geotechnical centrifuge Technology (ETH) in Zurich, University
instrumentation, e.g. displacement and is either constructed in a bunker just of Dundee (Scotland) and many more.
pressure transducers, or even video or below ground level, or surrounded by a These institutions all have large geotech-
still cameras, enabling complex image heavily reinforced concrete enclosure nical research groups at post-graduate
processing techniques to be applied in designed to absorb a large impact. and post-doctoral level, producing many
the analysis of results. high-quality publications, and also doing
A centrifuge is supplied with a data GEOTECHNICAL CENTRIFUGES a considerable amount of commercial
acquisition system, typically comprising IN RESEARCH AND PRACTICE modelling for industry.
an on-board computer with analogue-to- As mentioned above, there are cur- The geotechnical centrifuge opens up
digital conversion technology which can rently approximately 110 geotechnical many research opportunities because it
easily be controlled via a wireless or bre- centrifuge facilities around the world enables practical engineering problems,
optic network link. and only one on the African continent. which are dicult to investigate by other
The capacity of a geotechnical Many of these facilities are owned by means (e.g. via numerical modelling or
centrifuge is expressed in terms of the large Japanese construction companies eld experiments), to be studied. Due to
maximum payload (in kg or tons) and the and are used to investigate complex the practical nature of problems which
acceleration that it has been designed to problems, but often also everyday geo- can be modelled by means of physical
achieve. For example, Pretoria University technical problems from a new angle. modelling, the problems are usually
will acquire a 150 G-ton centrifuge, Many universities with strong geotech- relevant and topical to industry. Th is
meaning that the centrifuge is capable of nical research groups have geotechnical opens up possibilities to obtain signicant
accelerating a model weighing up to one centrifuge facilities, e.g. University funding from industry to study problems
ton to an acceleration of 150 times earths of Cambridge, University of Western which are relevant to them, and also to
gravity! Given the centrifuge radius of Australia, City University (London), support research students. Applications
3m, this means that the one-ton model Massachusetts Institute of Technology, include geotechnical engineering,
will be moving in a circle at 240 km/h! Hong Kong University of Science and earthquake engineering, structural
It does not require much imagination Technology, Swiss Federal Institute of engineering, especially in soil-structure
(QKDQFHGWHFKQLFDOVNLOOVH[SHUWLVHDQGVHUYLFHGHOLYHU\FDSDELOLWLHV
geohydrological services and provides its clients with unsurpassed Expert Opinion and Forensic
Investigations
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Geohydrological Services:
Contaminated Site
7KHVHVHUYLFHVHQFRPSDVVoHOGLQYHVWLJDWLRQVIHDVLELOLW\VWXGLHV Assessment and Remediation
GHVLJQVSHFLoFDWLRQVZRUNSUHSDUDWLRQRIFRQWUDFWGRFXPHQWDWLRQ Geohydrological
Investigations
project management and construction supervision for projects of any Groundwater Resource
PDJQLWXGH Development
Groundwater Modelling and
Tracing
For more information contact us at tel: +27 12 427 2000 or
email: aurecon@af.aurecongroup.com
Edoardo Zannoni
Geosynthetics Manager
Maccaferri SA (Pty) Ltd
edoardo.zannoni@maccaferri.co.za
Joseph Meadows
MSEW Business Development Manager
Maccaferri SA (Pty) Ltd
joseph.meadows@maccaferri.co.za
Adriano Gilli
Managing Director
Maccaferri SA (Pty) Ltd
adriano.gilli@maccaferri.co.za
RRESHEN TO KALIMASH
MOTORWAY ALBANIA (2007)
In 2007 Maccaferri accepted its most chal-
lenging RSS design of recent years. The
highway to link the cities RReshen and
Kalimash in Albania required a retaining
wall totalling 35 000 m, with the highest
section being 38 m. The availability of
rocks close by supported the decision
to use a Paramesh solution, based on a 4
combination of the Terramesh System
for the facing and Paralink 300 for the
primary reinforcement. The design was
based on the Bishop method, characterised
by circular slip failure and the BS8006 for
the assessment of the reinforcement. This
reinforced soil structure is currently the
highest of its kind in Europe.
DISADVANTAGES
Mac.St.A.R.S. is freeware software and
is downloadable from any Maccaferri
website. It does not aim to compete
with the latest FEM analysis software
and does not give any interpretation
about deformations, but applies a gen-
eral design method, on which main
design guideline codes are based. The
library is dedicated only to Maccaferris
tried and tested products, and is
consistently updated with the latest
research results.
CONCLUSIONS
Mac.St.A.R.S. represents the results of
more than one hundred years of experi-
ence, research and development. Its use
engineer to design and refer to a range continuous checks on the design guide- in more than 65 Maccaferri subsidiaries
of products with default characteristic line for the correct partial factor. In spread around the world has been vali-
values. When required to use a limit every subsidiary a specialist engineer is dated by civil, mining and geotechnical
state analysis with the various design available to assist a designer to eectively engineers designing high-end, chal-
codes (already preloaded), a user-friendly use Mac.St.A.R.S. and ensure that the lenging structures in the most diverse
interface is created, rather than making correct solution is obtained. conditions.
Vela VKE Board: Mustapha Francis, Viwe Qegu, Dave Gertzen, Dr. Tom Marshall, Arthur Taute,
Dr. Mathews Phosa (Chairman), Mothupi Malaka, Dr. Job Mokgoro.
Abel Tunono
Manager Geotechnical Engineering
Debswana Head Office
ATunono@debswana.bw
1 PROJECT DESCRIPTION
SRK carried out a detailed probabilistic stability analysis of the
east slope to optimise the design of Cut8 and to ensure that the
performance of the slope will be adequate in terms of the inte-
grity of the plant installations in its vicinity. The results of the
analysis also provided the data required for a quantitative risk
evaluation of the slope, where the impacts of slope failure are to
be incorporated. A fundamental part of the probabilistic analysis
was the characterisation of the rock mass in terms of key issues,
such as the scale of the slopes and the variability of the geome-
chanical parameters.
2
GEOLOGICAL SETTING
The Jwaneng open pit cuts through a package of paleoproterozoic-
Code Description
aged sedimentary rocks with strata dipping between 10 and 40
CAL Calcrete towards the NW. The main rock types found along the Cut8
LS Laminated Shale
CS Carbonaceous Shale slope are laminated shales, carbonaceous shales and quartzitic
QS Quartzitic Shale
DM Dolomite
shales, which occur in a complex assemblage of tilted and dis-
KIM Kimberlite placed blocks that constitute the majority of the slope. Dolomites
are found at the base of the slope. The blocks are bounded by
major faults and constitute the main structural and geotechnical
PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED
AND INNOVATIONS
Failure mechanisms
The relatively unfavourable attitude of the metamorphic fabric of
the rock mass in the east wall is the overriding geological factor
The oldest and more frequent approach used in open governing the stability of the slopes. However, the scale of analysis
pit slope design is that based on the calculation of the has a fundamental eect in the likely mechanism of failure of the
slope. At the scale of one to three benches there is a strong control
factor of safety (FoS), which in a simple manner can from the joints associated to the foliation which are persistent and
be defined as the ratio between the available strength aected by the low connement and high disturbance conditions
existing at shallow depths (see picture to the left in Figure 3).
and the driving stresses along a potential failure surface At larger scales, like those of inter-ramp and overall slopes,
the joints associated with the foliation are less persistent and
within the slope. The FoS approach is a deterministic
appear closed and welded resulting in an interlocked rock
technique requiring only the average values of the mass, less prone to moving along a single plane (see picture to
the right in Figure 3). As a result of these considerations, the sta-
inputs for the analysis. The uncertainty of the various
bility analyses of the inter-ramp and overall slopes were based on
stability factors is accounted for through the selection the assumption of potential slip surfaces controlled by the shear
strength along the estimated foliation directions.
of an FoS larger than one as the design criterion
Geotechnical characterisation
3 Planar failure conditions at bench scale (left) and The geotechnical characterisation of the lithological units in the
rock mass conditions at inter-ramp scale (right) pit area was based on borehole logs and laboratory testing data
4 Key failure events for analysis of economic impact collected over the years through various investigation campaigns.
5 Event tree for economic impact analysis of inter-ramp failure The borehole database covered a total length of 70km of core from
Force Majeure
Yes Force Majeure
Is cost P = 1,3%
prohibitive?
(production affected)
p = 20%
Yes No
Can contracts be Loss of Profit
met? P = 7,2%
Loss of Profit
p = 70%
Yes Yes
No
Slope Failure Production Production
replaced by Normal
Event E3 affected? Operating
spot?
PoF = 10% p = 70% p = 90% Conditions
P = 1,5%
No No
Force Majeure
Yes
Is cost
prohibitive?
(prod. not affected)
p = 10%
Yes No
Loss of Profit
Additional
cost?
Legend p = 50%
Negative impact No
No impact Normal Op.
Conditions
*36)2+-2))67
(IXEMPIH)UYEXMSRW &=)2+-2))67
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2I[GSHIWSJTVEGXMGIEHHIH
)RLERGIHPMROXSVH4EVX]WSJX[EVI
9THEXIH%YXS4EHHW GSRXEGXYW
phone: +27 12 346 2231
7YTTSVXVIQSXIEWWMWXERGI email: za@prokon.com
web: www.prokon.com
+IXXVEMRIHSR463/32RS[
PROKON celebrates its 21st year in the Engineering industry in 2010.The company prides As an Autodesk Gold Partner, PROKON is not only able to provide all digital design
itself on being a preferred technology solution provider. Our current software offering solutions in the Build industry but also specialise in complete implementation and rollout
focuses on all aspects of design from Structural Analysis to detailed documentation. Along plans for small, medium and large enterprises. The PROKON Build division has received
with PROKONS Structural Analysis and Design suite, the company is also a reseller for the Autodesk Best Sales award for FY10 in the AEC space (Architecture, Engineering and
Dell and Canon Products. PROKON links bi-directionally into leading digital design software Construction) as well as the Autodesk Best Technical award for FY10. Solution providers for
from Autodesk as well as with Tekla Structures. We also provide SAICE, SAIA and SACAP Architects, Structural, Civil and Mechanical Engineers.
accredited training for PROKON and Autodesk software.
Eulane Heukelman
ARQ Consulting Engineers
eulane@arq.co.za
1 2 3
to expand to its original size and shape, thus filling the old pipe with a Evan Smith
new structural interior lining. The compact pipe is made of high-density Lead Project Manager
polyethylene (HDPE) and has an estimated 50 year lifespan. 031 714 2554 / 083 635 8236
Local contractors, design consultants, emerging contractors and
representatives of other municipalities have been invited to demonstra-
tions of the process, which has not been used before on water pipe
replacement in Africa.
We hope that as many people as possible will benefit from seeing
this progressive technology at work, says eThekwinis Asbestos Cement SAAWU TO TACKLE SOUTH
Pipe Replacement Project Executive, Alan Kee.
According to Kee, a socio-economic and cost/ benefit analysis AFRICAN WATER SUSTAINABILITY
exercise is being conducted by BSc and MSc students of the University
of KwaZulu-Natal. The feasibility study will take 24 months and is part of AT WATERTEC AFRICA 2011
eThekwinis ongoing drive towards providing the best possible service at
the lowest possible cost, says Kee. THE SOUTH AFRICAN Association of Water Utilities (SAAWU), which repre-
According to Aurecons lead project manager, Evan Smith, both sents sixteen water boards, municipal services providers and other public
the feasibility study and the on-site training are vital parts of the pilot institutions involved in the water sector, will hold several technical work-
project. The study will provide a cost/benefit analysis of trenchless shops at the upcoming WaterTec Africa exhibition and conference. SAAWU
technology compared to more traditional methods, whilst the on-site is an endorsing organisation for Africas largest water industry exhibition.
training will enable established and emerging contractors to have first- Designed to keep technical staff up to date with the latest develop-
hand access to this innovation, says Smith. ments in the field, SAAWU aims to attract both suppliers and manufac-
turers in the water sector, as well as technical managers from water boards,
1 A demonstration of a new trenchless method of pipe laying was held in the Department of Water Affairs and municipalities.
Westville near Durban recently. Here local contractors and design consultants Addressing the theme of Sustainable Water Supply throughout the
watch as the compact pipe moves into the mouth of the old asbestos cement Value Chain, the workshops will focus on specific topics such as: metering,
pipe. Three consultants from Holland were on hand to inform delegates about inspection and repair of large diameter pipes, asset management, and
the benefits of this form of trenchless technology water demand management. This is according to SAAWU representative
Richard Holden, who also emphasises the need for the industry to agree
1 on solutions to these issues.
As an organisation representing utilities across the entire value chain
we believe that WaterTec Africa can provide a major focal point in bringing
our technical staff together to share experience with suppliers, to ensure
that innovation follows our members needs, Holden says. Too often
innovation is aimed at the urban market where support and skilled
technical personnel are readily available. Often this is unsuitable for small
rural municipalities where robust, simple systems are the requirement. The
Green Drop and Blue Drop reports show this all too clearly.
WaterTec Africa 2011 takes place from 7 to 9 June 2011 at
Gallagher Convention Centre in Midrand. It is the largest water in-
dustry exhibition on the African continent, and is endorsed by key
industry organisations, including the South African Irrigation Institute,
mounting international evidence that the integrity of drinking water and Serean Thomson
waste water treatment infrastructure will be at risk without a concerted 011 783 7250
effort to improve the management of key assets (pipelines, treatment marketing@exhibitionsafrica.com
plants and other facilities). A significant investment in maintaining, rehabili-
tating, and replacing these assets is needed. Jay Bhagwan from the Water
Research Commission recently spearheaded the compilation of an asset
management best practices publication. This demonstrates the giant
strides the sector is taking in ensuring that the good principles of strategic
asset management are implemented, applied and built on, he says. ALL-WHEEL STEER LOADER A
Strategic asset management is growing and will shape how we
provide water services into the future, continues Bhagwan. For now, we NEW STAR FOR LAMBSONS HIRE
must learn, absorb knowledge and put good practice into use, because
things will not get better if we do nothing. THE RECESSION HAS HAD a severely curtailing effect on capital in-
According to Holden, the biggest challenge in the industry is getting vestment budgets, particularly in the engineering and construction
industrial, commercial and non-indigent domestic consumers to pay the sectors where growth has slowed dramatically. This has demanded a
full economic cost of water and thus ensure the long-term sustainability of search for solutions that offer cost effectiveness and versatility, and
the water infrastructure. Consumers who would demand R2/km to drive that can boost productivity and profitability.
their car, and thus would only drive 5 km for R10, balk at the idea of paying Lambsons Hire rose to the challenges late last year with the
R10/m3 for water that has been brought 300 km to their house and puri- introduction of all-wheel steer loaders into its hire fleet. Billed as the
fied along the way. If this attitude can be reversed then there is enormous perfect alternative to the traditional skid steer loader, these units
potential in the refurbishment and rehabilitation of our infrastructure. have been so successful that Lambsons Hire has already extended
A conference will take place alongside the WaterTec Africa exhibition, its fleet of Wacker Neuson 350 all-wheel steer loader to meet in-
focusing on the maintenance of water quality and infrastructure in Africa. creasing demand.
Additional machines are also on order, Lambsons Hires CEO,
Rohan Lambson, says. The construction sector has been quick to
Pile Driving Analyzer recognise the benefits, since the machines hire rate is 25% less than
skid steers, it offers remarkable fuel economy and unbeatable flex-
ibility due to the different attachments available.
Contractors make extensive use of the four different attachments
Your choice which Lambsons Hire currently has: a digging bucket with ,35 m3
capacity, a materials handling bucket with ,50 m3 capacity, a road
for capacity sweeper (broom) and pallet forks. Most customers use the unit in a
dual application, for example with a road broom and a materials han-
testing of dling bucket, Lambson points out. We have just ordered an auger
driven and attachment with 250 mm and 300 mm bits.
The attachments are quickly, safely and easily changed using the
bored piles hydraulic quick hitch operated from the cab itself.
The all-wheel steering provides excellent steering and manoeu-
vrability, so the machine is perfect for confined spaces, due to its
with CAPWAP Software tight turning circle, therefore eliminating the need for repositioning,
Lambson continues.
The Wacker Neuson loader dispenses with steering by hand
Performs
lever or foot pedals, he explains further. It uses automotive-style
Dynamic Load steering with a steering wheel, accelerator and brake pedals.
Testing on site The driver also enjoys new comfort levels since the cab is separated
or remotely from the engine, so he doesnt suffer the usual heat and noise
and has excellent all-round vision from the fully-glazed cab. The
via SiteLink
multi-functional joystick makes lifting and tipping movements easy
and precise.
With a maximum speed of 20 km an hour and minimal con-
ventional rolling wheels, the all-wheel steer loader not only boosts
productivity, but causes less damage to underfoot surfaces. This
makes it ideal for applications in landscaping and on golf courses.
Roads and civil contractors, as well as general industrial customers,
Cleveland, OH USA
+1 216-831-6131
60 Civil Engineering | April 2011
www.pile.com sales@pile.com
have warmly welcomed this recession-buster and we are increasing 1
our fleet size to meet the demand.
INFO
Rohan Lambson
Lambsons Hire
011 627 7700
www.lambsonshire.co.za
1 The GMBA 2010 HSE graduates after receiving their diplomas in Midrand recently
employment in the building industry. The graduates have already gained Doug Michell
invaluable hands-on experience while posted out to site for long spells 011 805 6611
of practical work during their training. dougm@gmba.co.za
www.tosas.co.za
1 spearheaded several important GMBA initiatives during his spell in
office. For example:
He set up and directed the MBA Resource Centre (MBARC) which pro-
vides education and training in management to emerging building
contractors.
He established new GMBA training for owners and staff of SMME and
QSE enterprises, which started this year.
He set up and directed Building Industries Learner Training (BILT), a
GMBA scheme to promote and facilitate training of learners in the
absence of CETA assistance.
He led GMBA participation in the Construction Week initiative and
its Youth in Construction programme which now annually attracts
school leavers to the building industry.
He established GMBA training of Health, Safety and Environment
site personnel. The second intake of students this year qualified
with the SAQA-registered National Certificate: Construction Health
and Safety Level 3.
Last year, he represented a number of GMBA members to successfully
1 CAMI, a comprehensive curriculum-compliant software system for learners, negotiate a three-year agreement with trade unions, through the
implemented by Concor to help Crown Mines Primary School children gain voluntary Bargaining Forum, to avoid the possibility of industrial ac-
confidence in mathematics tion during this period.
On behalf of the GMBA and Master Builders South Africa (MBSA), De Kock
CAMI MATHS AT CONCOR serves on a wide spectrum of building industry bodies, including the
NHBRC Industry Advisory Committee, the University of Pretoria Building
CONFIDENCE IS A KEY FOR children to succeed in maths, and confidence Department Liaison Committee, the Building Construction Medical Aid
comes through mastery. Learners must master each level in order to Fund Board of Trustees (chairman), the Gauteng Building Industry Funds
progress proficiently to the next. Concor recently identified a need Board of Trustees (chairman), and the MBSA Board and various MBSA
amongst Crown Mines Primary School children for assistance with maths
and invested in Computer Aided Mathematics Instruction (CAMI) educa- 1
tional software to narrow the learning gap for students.
CAMI Education has been the front runner in Computer Aided Maths
Instruction since 1984, and its successful maths programme led to the
development of CAMI Maths, which is a comprehensive curriculum-
compliant software system for learners.
Concors head office training centre was upgraded to accommodate
extra lessons for the Crown Mines Primary School children and their
teachers, and on Wednesdays, Thursdays and Fridays the children attend
training with one of their teachers at the training centre. Teachers were
given training by a CAMI representative prior to the start of this initiative.
While assisting in the training centre, Concors IT personnel identi-
fied a further need for the children that are not computer literate, and
as part of their CSI contribution to the group, are now also providing
computer literacy training for the children on Saturday mornings.
INFO
Sue Upton
Concor Group
011 495 2288
www.concor.co.za
INFO INFO
Note
Should you wish to nominate a deserving his-
toric project/structure in your area as an historic
civil engineering landmark, please contact Marie
Ashpole at the SAICE National Office.
Marie Ashpole
marie@saice.org.za
at the age of fourteen young John was may well have been elephants in the construction did not present any special
packed off to London to attend the surrounding bush and leopards in the problems, but no doubt it was a time for
University College School to prepare foothills; certainly there were baboons, sorting out supply lines, accommoda-
for a career in engineering. Two years snakes, scorpions and spiders (there still tion and provisioning. The construction
later he was articled to Edward Filliter, are today!). But there was little time to of the pipeline was going to be a dif-
the Borough Water Engineer of Leeds, waste, as the detailed survey for the pipe- ferent story. The contractors Mackay
where he spent the next ten years as line was urgently needed. and North hailed from Swansea and
pupil and assistant, and he had gained The order for the 12 inch diameter were represented on site by J C Mackay,
much useful experience and an AMICE cast-iron pipes, carefully specied for a qualified engineer who was the son of
by the time he successfully applied for length and weight, was duly sent for one of the principals. The tender had
the Port Elizabeth job. manufacture in Middlesborough-on- been prepared in England without the
He set sail for the Cape in the Tees. Some months later they arrived at site having been inspected, but Mackay
Edinburgh Castle, and, presumably Algoa Bay in less than perfect condition. and his team proved up to the job.
having been briefed by Gamble in The pipes had been badly stowed on The relationship between Welsh
Cape Town, arrived in Algoa Bay on board ship and many pieces were found artisans and local labourers could
29December 1877. The rst sight of Port to be cracked on landing. O-loading not have been easy. The Welshmen
Elizabeth was not impressive. It was he gave rise to further concern: the pipes themselves had very little English; the
said, rather like a quarry in appear- were simply rolled overboard, connected indigenous workers had even less, and
ance; ugly houses and warehouses, broad to a hawser by a diver, and hauled ashore. few of them had previous experience
hot streets creeping up the side of the hill, By careful inspection the damaged pipes of a pick and shovel, let alone blasting
and not a spot of green anywhere. On the were identied and an attempt was made and pipe jointing. Provisioning was un-
morning of his arrival he immediately to salvage usable sections, but the cast- reliable, and food often rotted or went
introduced himself to the Town Clerk, iron proved too hard for the available mouldy. The European workmen were
Mr Wormald, a nice old gentlemen with cutting apparatus and the attempt was not charmed with the tough working
a white beard and then without delay set abandoned. The remaining material was conditions, while the site was a day and
o on horseback for the works site some then thoroughly tested before sending it a half away from civilisation and the
40 kilometres away. out to the site by ox-wagon. There would dubious joys of Port Elizabeth. It was
He arrived there two days later and be no scope for sorting out defective rough going, with numerous snakes
celebrated his introduction to his home items during construction! and scorpions to add to the thrills; a
for the next three years by taking a dip Meanwhile the weir was built, typical comment was that the work was
in the pond below the waterfall. The site damming the river to a depth of seven not fit to turn a dog to. But somehow
must have been intimidating for a young feet, with the intake structure for the relationships were forged, skills were
man straight out from England. There pipeline immediately upstream. The transferred and the job progressed.
3 4
to design the dam, intake, and filtra- long-distance telephone line connected 5 The Van Stadens Dam nestling in
tion plant, and to arrange to build the the caretaker to the Town Hall in Port picturesque surroundings near Port Elizabeth
works. It was one of the first jobs for Elizabeth. The house is now in the care
his fledgling practice, and his original of an outdoor group who keep the sur- PROTECTION DURING
drawings, displaying meticulous detail rounds in good order. The remains of THE SOUTH AFRICAN WAR
and admirable Victorian draughtsman- the original ox-wagon used for bringing During the Anglo-Boer War Port
ship, have been preserved. stores and supplies to the site can still Elizabeth was a vital link in the logistics
Cement had to be imported from be seen in an adjoining outhouse. of the British forces as it was the nearest
England. It arrived in wooden casks, but The complex was completed in port to the troops in the Free State. The
Stewart was not satised with the quality 1893. The dam is 15 metres high and town relied heavily on the Van Stadens
as it contained free lime. However, it was originally held 30 million gallons (about waterworks for its main supply, so when
impractical to reject the consignment 136 000 kilolitres). The entire scheme war broke out in 1899 it became im-
outright, so Stewart exposed the product was one of the first major properly en- perative to protect the installations from
to the air, mixed it thoroughly and sub- gineered water supply projects in South marauding Boer forces, who could have
jected it to extensive tests. Eventually he Africa and the dam is one of the first crippled the war eort by cutting o the
pronounced it acceptable for use. There structures of this type and scale in the water. Four forts were built in the moun-
were also problems with the dam founda- country. tains surrounding the dam, weirs and
tion, which were successfully overcome. In 1898 the supply was further aug- pump station, and a detachment of about
Four large lter beds were constructed mented by building another weir across 100 volunteers, later replaced by troops of
down-stream of the dam, from which the the main river some distance below the the North Lancashire regiment, guarded
outow was led into Wicksteed's pipeline. dam where some tributaries added to the the structures for the duration of hostili-
As part of the works a caretaker's ow. A steam-powered pump station was ties. Fortunately there were no incidents.
cottage was built on the bank above the installed to pump the water back up to In the years after the war the demand
dam and is still in existence today. Due the intake at the original weir. again rose and the supply was augmented
to difficulties in obtaining a competent At various times the dam has been from a series of dams on the Sand, Bulk
bricklayer the walls of the building emptied and silt removed, but the capacity and Palmiet Rivers, built to the design of a
were constructed of concrete. An early has nevertheless been seriously reduced. very distinguished water engineer, William
Entry Form
This section must be completed by the person submitting
the photo/s
NAME_________________________________________
ADDRESS______________________________________
______________________________________________
TEL_______________________ FAX________________
E-MAIL________________________________________
Rules 2010 winner: Reflections Photographer: Nicky Coetzee PHOTO TITLE __________________________________
DESCRIPTION__________________________________
1. The competition is open to the general public to submit photographs.
2. The entries must portray people and/or projects in civil engineering.
______________________________________________
3. Entries must be electronic photos in jpeg format, at a resolution of at least 640 by 480
pixels.
4. Entries will be judged on portrayal of civil engineering, artistry of civil engineering, PROJECT INFO ________________________________
technical excellence (quality of photo), visual impact, creativity & originality, balance
& composition. ______________________________________________
5. Please complete an entry form for each electronic entry and supply an appropriate
title, short description of each project, details of the client, consultant and PHOTOGRAPHER_______________________________
contractor involved in the project and the photographic equipment used to take the (Name and surname of the photographer to be inserted)
photograph/s. It is essential that the photographers name is included.
6. The entrant is responsible for obtaining permission for the use of the photographic This section must be completed by the photographer
material as well as subject material from the authority or project manager concerned. or the company that owns the photo. If you are not the
7. Entries submitted by organisations must be accompanied by written consent of the photographer or if you are submitting the photograph on
photographer. behalf of a company owning the photograph, please sign
8. Permission for the reproduction of photos for any exhibition or publicity is assumed on behalf of.
unless the entrant specifies otherwise. Due recognition will be given to the I hereby grant permission for reproduction and agree to
photographer where required.
abide by the rules of the competition.
9. No responsibility will be accepted for any loss or damage to the e-mailed entries.
10. All entries must be e-mailed to zina@saice.org.za
11. Closing date: 16 May 2011 Signature:__________________________________
Please complete the entry form/s and e-mail to zina@saice.org.za together with your electronic entry today!
SAICE Young Members Panel on
SINCE ITS FIRST ROAD show for Civil based on ASCEs Ethicana, and produced The YMP team will be doing several
Engineering Professionals of the Future, by the SAICE Young Members Panel. roadshows throughout the country
that took place at the Engineering Planet We thank Esorfranki sincerely again during this year to promote student
Future Indaba in March 2010, the SAICE for supporting this initiative financially, involvement and equip graduates to
Young Members Panel (YMP) has been and also for contributing to the day deal with the challenges of industry. For
actively involved in integrating young with a motivational presentation de- more information on the YMP and the
professionals into the structures of livered by Group Marketing Manager, planned road shows, please contact the
SAICE, as well as educating civil engi- Tammy Davies. following people:
neering professionals of the future.
With generous nancial support from 1
Esorfranki, the YMP embarked on the
rst of a series of 2011 roadshows early in
February this year when they visited the
Central University of Technology (CUT)
in Bloemfontein. The enthusiasm of the
students who attended the event greatly
contributed to the successful and enjoy-
able day at CUT. Bokang Sebouledi from
the SAICE Bloemfontein Branch showed
himself to be a very capable and enthusi-
astic organiser and it is great to have him
on the SAICE team.
The SAICE YMP team delivered an
informative programme with presenta-
tions and interactive sessions on subjects
such as career expectations as a civil
engineer, valuable life skills, benets of
becoming a SAICE member, and infor-
mation on the road to registration and
SAICEs Candidate Academy.
The highlight of the day was, as 2
always, the anti-corruption interactive
session that included the play, Real life
reality check on ethics and corruption,
20 June Johannesburg
!
Bridge Maintenance rman
Dawn Hermanus
15 August Bloemfontein Ed Elton
IS
SAICErail09/00495/12 dhermanus@sa
dhermanus@saice.org.za
H
12 September Pietermaritzburg
T
21 November Johannesburg
ISE
31 May - 1 June Cape Town
AR
21-22 June ohannesburg
Johannesburg
I
Basics of Track Engineering Dawn Herm
Hermanus
D
ugust
16-17 August loemfontein
Bloemfontein Ed Elton
AICErail09/00496/12
SAICErail09/00496/12 dhermanus@saice.org.za
ptember
13-14 September Pietermaritzburg
vemb
22-23 November Johannesburg
03 August Gauteng
Structural Steel Design Code to SANS 10162:1-2005 Cheryl-lee Williams
Greg Parrott
21 September East London SAICEstr09/00513/12 cheryl-lee@saice.org.za
14-15 July East London Network Analysis & Introduction to Surge Analysis Cheryl-lee Williams
Prof Fanie van Vuuren
26-27 September Bloemfontein SAICEwat10/00804/13 cheryl-lee@saice.org.za
Tel: 27 11 726 6180 Fax: 27 11 726 5908 e-Mail: andrews@recosa.co.za Website: http://www.recosa.co.za
einforced Earth (Pty) Ltd has acquired It belongs to the Soletanche Freyssinet group of
extensive experience in the design and companies and is able to draw on its expertise.
supply of materials for mechanically With this background it is well positioned
stabilized embankments in African to provide innovative solutions to meet the
conditions. It has established its credentials ever-changing environmental, technical and
with Consulting Engineers, Contractors and economic civil engineering demands of the
Employers in Southern Africa. 21st Century.
The trademark REINFORCED EARTH is used under license by Reinforced Earth (Pty) Ltd South Africa (RESA)
74 Civil Engineering | April 2011