Jerome Fernandez

BABRC 1-1D

1. Division

a. The whole, X, has properties A, B, C, etc.

b. Therefore the parts of X have properties A, B, C, etc.

The Lopez are a rich family. Therefore, my classmate who has a Lopez surname is a
rich kid.

2. Misleading Vividness

a. Dramatic or vivid event X occurs (and is not in accord with the majority of
the statistical evidence).

b. Therefore events of type X are likely to occur.

John: Im planning on buying a Samsung smartphone.

Paul: Think twice, my Samsung smartphone that was bought last month is already
lagging.

John: Okay then Ill go for an Apple.

3. Guilt by Association

a. It is pointed out that people person A does not like accept claim P.

b. Therefore P is false.

Gina: Lets ride the rollercoaster! I like rollercoaster rides!

Karen: So you have the same likings as your enemy, Vivian? Shes on that ride right
now.
Gina: Just kidding, Id like to ride a ferris wheel instead. Its more peaceful and
safer.
4. Hasty Generalization

a. Sample S, which is too small, is taken from population P.

b. Conclusion C is drawn about Population P based on S.

John gets in a Patok jeepney and experienced a dangerous ride. John gets off and
concludes that all Patok jeepneys are dangerous and unsafe because of how they
drive.

5. Composition

a. Individual F things have characteristics A, B, C, etc.

b. Therefore, the (whole) class of F has characteristics A, B, C, etc.

Cats like to eat fishes. Therefore the whole feline family likes to eat fishes.

6. Gamblers Fallacy

a. X has happened.

b. X departs from what is expected to occur on average or over the long

term

c. Therefore, X will come to an end soon.

John always had lucky cards on poker and had 4 straight wins. Paul decides to go
all in with his chips because the deck has been reshuffled and thinks that Johns
luck has come to an end.

7. False Dilemma

a. Either claim X is true or claim Y is true (when X and Y could both be

false).

b. Claim Y is false.

c. Therefore claim X is true.

Paul: Im stuck between Duterte and Santiago on who to vote. How about you? Will
vote for Duterte?

John: No I wont go for Duterte.

Paul: So youre going for Santiago, right?

8. Poisoning the Well

a. Unfavorable information (be it true or false) about person A is presented.

b. Therefore any claims person A makes will be false.

Gina was rumoured to be a gossiper. Therefore her classmates do not believe on

her stories anymore.

9. Confusing Cause and Effect

a. A and B regularly occur together.

b. Therefore A is the cause of B.

Rush hours cause traffic. Therefore, the traffic is caused by rush hour.

10. Red Herring

a. Topic A is under discussion.

b. Topic B is introduced under the guise of being relevant to topic A (when

topic B is actually not relevant to topic A).

c. Topic A is abandoned.

John: Why is our Math Professor always gives us a hard time?

Paul: Like giving so many assignments?

John: Speaking of which, are you done with our assignments?

Paul: Not yet.