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PROCEDUREINDIFFERENCETYPESOFCRIMINALTRIALS
.

TheCodeofCriminalProcedure1973(inshort Cr.P.C.)

isaprocedurallawprovidingthemechanisminwhichmannerthe

criminal trial is to be conducted on the basis of substantive

criminallawi.e.I.P.C. andothercriminalstatute. Theprimary

objectofthecriminaljusticesystemistoensurethatthetrialmust

be fair. The Presiding Officer is supposed to treat the accused

innocenttillchargeisprovedagainsthimbutatthesametimethe

guiltypersonshouldnotbeescapedfromthepunishment.

The word trial is not defined anywhere in the

Criminal Procedure Code, however, it means an commonly

understoodthestageoftrialbegan afterframing thecharge and

end with the conviction or acquittal. The criminal procedure for

judicialadjudicationsisdividedin37chapterandclassifiedintwo

schedules(i)theoffencesclassifiedunderI.P.C.and(ii)theoffences

classifiedotherthanI.P.C. Thenatureoftrialaredividedonthe

basisofseriousnessofoffences,itsgravityandjurisdictionandon

thebasisofthegravity,seriousnessoftheoffencesthesubstantive

law i.e. I.P.C. is divided into 37 parts by granting separate

nomenclature particularly the nature of offences like the offence

against State, human body, property, public tranquility,

documents,marriageetc.

1} ProcedureinSessionsTrial

a)Policecase225to237Cr.P.C.

Chapter XVIII of Cr.P.C. starting with Sec.225 and

endingwithsection237dealswithprovisionsgoverningthetrial
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beforeaCourtofSession.Sec.225Cr.P.C.enjoinsthatineverytrial

beforeaCourtofSessiontheprosecutionshallbeconductedbya

PublicProsecutor.

Whentheaccusedappearsorisbroughtbeforecourt

pursuant to the commitment of the case, the Public Prosecutor

shouldopenthecasebydescribingthechargebroughtagainstthe

accusedandstatingbywhatevidenceheproposestoprovetheguilt

oftheaccused.

After considering the record of the case and the

documentssubmittedalongwithsuchrecordandafterhearingthe

submissions of the accused and the prosecution, if the judge

sufficient grounds for proceeding

considers that there are no

againsttheaccused,heshalldischargetheaccusedgivingreasons

fordoingso.

If, however, the judge is of the opinion that there is

groundforpresumingthattheaccusedhascommittedtheoffence

hemay frame thechargeagainst the accused in writing. At this

stagetheSessionsJudgeisentitledtoconsideronlythedocuments

produced by the prosecution along with the charge sheet. The

accused is not entitled to produce or cause production of any

documentatthisstagefortheconsiderationoftheSessionsJudge.

Afterframingthechargesameshallbereadoverandexplainedto

accusedinvernacularmanner. Andthanheshallbeaskedasto

whether he pleads guilty of the offence charged or whether he

claimstobetriedforthecharge.

If the judge is of opinion that the offence that is

actually made out is not one exclusively triable by a court of

Sessions then he shall frame a charge against the accused and

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transferthecasefortrialtotheChiefJudicialMagistratewhoshall

try the case as if it were a warrant case instituted on a police

report.

Section 229 of Cr.P.C. provides that if the accused

pleads guilty the Judge shall record the plea and may, in his

discretion,convicthimthereon.EventhoughSec.229Cr.P.C.gives

discretiontothejudgetoconvicttheaccused,incasehepleads

guilty,thechargeinasessionscasebeingforgraveoffences,itis

desirable that the accused is not straightaway convicted. The

propercoursewouldbetocallupontheprosecutiontoproveits

casebyadducingevidence.

Wheretheaccuseddoesnotpleadguiltythecourtshall

callupontheprosecutiontoadduceevidenceinsupportofitscase.

Aftertheconclusionoftheprosecutionevidence,theaccusedisto

be examined under Sec.313 (1) (b) Cr.P.C. with regard to the

incriminatingcircumstancesappearingagainsthimintheevidence

fortheprosecution.Aftertheexaminationoftheaccusedthecourt

has to post the case for hearing under Sec.232 Cr.P.C. if after

hearingtheprosecutionandthedefencethejudgeconsidersthat

thereisno evidence
toindicatethattheaccusedcommittedthe

offence withwhichheischargedthejudgecanrecordan orderof

acquittalunderSec.232Cr.P.C.

After hearing under Sec.232 if the accused is not

acquittedthereunder,theaccusedshallbecalledupontoenteron

hisdefenceandtoadduceanyevidencewhichhemighthavein

supportthereof.Aftertheconclusionofthedefenceevidence,ifany,

thecasehastobetakenupforarguments.
 -4-

Afterhearingthearguments,thecourthastopassthe

judgmentinaccordancewithSecs.235Cr.P.C.Ifthejudgmentis

one of conviction and the judge does not proceed to invoke the

beneficialprovisionoftheProbationofOffendersAct,1958,heshall

hear the accused on the question of sentence and then pass a

sentenceinaccordancewithlaw.

b) Complaintcase:S.190to210ofCr.P.C.

Ch. XIV of Cr.P.C lays down provisions containing

conditions required for initiation of proceedings and specially

regardingcognizanceofcomplaint case. Sec.190to204 deals

with'cognizance'ofcasesandSec.190(1)laysthat,Magistratecan

takecognizanceofoffence

a)uponcomplaint;
b)uponpolicereport;or
c)uponhisownknowledge,oruponinformationreceivedfrom
anyotherperson,otherthanapoliceofficer.
Sec.193 Cr.P.C. provides that except as otherwise

expressly provided by the Cr.P.C. or any other law, no Court of

Sessionshalltakecognizanceofanyoffenceasacourtoforiginal

jurisdiction unless the case has been committed to it by a

MagistrateundertheCr.P.C.exceptinspecialenactments.

SCOPEOFSEC.200AND202:

Ch. XV of Cr.P.C. lays down the procedure which a

Magistratehastofollowwhenacomplaintismadetohim.Thevery

objectoflawistogiveapersonanaccesstojusticeotherthanupon

policereport.Afterabovereferredexamination,questionof

issuance ofsummons comes in. Magistrate can either

issuethesummonsororderinquiryunderSec.202.

Ifevidencecollectedaboveisfoundinsufficient
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to takedecision,Magistratemayeitherinquirehimselfordirect

investigationbypolice officer underSec.202(1)of Code. Such

investigationisonlyforhelpingtheMagistratetodecidewhetheror

notthereissufficientgroundtoproceedfurther.

After receiving the report of investigation under

Sec.202,theCourtwillconsiderwhetherthereissufficientground

toproceed. Ifthereisnosufficientgroundtoproceed,theCourt

shalldismissthecomplaintunderSec.203. Ifthereissufficient

ground to proceed, then the Magistrate will issue summons or

warrant,asthecasemaybe.

OPTIONSAVAILABLE:

Options which are available to the Magistrate after

receipt of complaint could be summarized thus. Following five

optionsareavailabletotheJudicialMagistratewhoiscompetentto

takecognizanceofthecase.

a. Rejectionofthecomplaint, b. OrderofinvestigationunderSec.

156(3),c.Takingcognizanceoftheoffence,d.Issuanceofprocess,

e.Dismissalofthecomplaint.

Committalofcase:

The provisions regarding committal of case are

prescribedinSec.209ofCr.P.C.andPara9to12of

Chapter 3 ofCriminalManual.InallcasesinstitutedonPolice

Reportsorotherwise,whenevertheaccusedappearsorisbrought

before the Magistrate, and it appears to the Magistrate that the

offence is triable exclusively by the Court of Sessions, he shall

committhecasetotheCourtofSessions,sendtothatCourtthe

recordofthecaseandthedocumentsandarticles,ifany,whichare

tobeproducedinevidenceandnotifytothePublicProsecutorofthe
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commitmentofthecasetotheCourtofSessionsunderSection209

oftheCodeofCriminalProcedure,1973.

Sec.210ofCr.P.C.providetheproceduretobefollowed

whenthereiscomplaintcaseandpoliceinvestigationin

respectofthesameoffenceandifMagistrateissatisfiedthat

sameareinrespectofsameoffenceheshallclubbedtogetherboth

proceeding.

3} ProcedureinWarrantTrial

There are two types of cases provided in Cr.P.C. i.e.

Summonscases and Warrantcase. Warrantcase case means a

caserelatingtoanoffencepunishablewithdeath,orimprisonment

for life, or imprisonment for a term exceeding two years while

summonscasesmeansancaserelatingtoanoffence,andnotbeing

awarrantcase.Thus,thetrialsarenormallydividedintowarrant

trialandasummonstrial.FortrialofwarrantscasesbyMagistrate

two procedures are prescribed. One is adopted by Magistrate in

casesinstitutedonpolicereports(Sections238to 243Cr.P.C.and

248to250 ofCr.P.C.)andotheris forcasesinstitutedotherwise

thanpolicereports.(Sections244to247ofCr.P.C.and248to250,

275Cr.P.C.)

(a)Policecase

Under Section 238 Cr.P.C. when in a warrant case,

instituted on a police report, the accused appear or is brought

beforetheMagistrate,theMagistratehastosatisfyhimselfthathe

has been supplied the all necessary documents submitted with

chargesheet.

Section239CrPC providesthatiftheMagistrateafter
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considering the chargesheet filed u/s. 173 CrPC and hearing,

considers the charge to be groundless, he would discharge the

accusedandrecordhisreasonforsodoing. If,onexaminationof

aforementioneddocuments,hecomestotheprimafacieconclusion

thatthereisagroundforproceedingwiththetrail,heproceedsto

framethecharge.

After framing a charge under Section 240 CrPC, the

MagistratehastoproceedunderSection242CrPCandundersub

section(3)ofthatSectiontheMagistrateisboundtoproceedtotake

allsuchevidenceasmaybeproducedinsupportoftheprosecution.

Thisprovisionandtheprovisionsinsubsection(1)and(2)ofthe

Section243,CrPCaremandatory.

The provisions of s. 243 apply equally to cases

instituted on police report or on private complaint. After the

examinationandcrossexaminationofallprosecutionwitnesses,i.e.

afterthecompletionoftheprosecutioncasetheaccusedshallbe

calledupontoenteruponhisdefenceandanywrittenstatement

putinshallbefiledwiththerecord.

(b)Privatecase:Section244to250ofCodeofCriminalProcedure

arepertainingtocasesinstitutedotherwisethenonpolicereport.

Undersection244ofCr.P.Cwheninanywarrantcaseinstituted

otherwisethanonapolicereport,theaccusedappearsorisbrought

before the Magistrate, the Magistrate shall proceed to hear the

prosecutionandshalltakeallsuchevidenceasmaybeproducedin

supportoftheprosecution.

Aftertakingallevidenceundersection244(1)ofCr.P.C

the Magistrate reached at the conclusion that no case against

accusedhasbeenmadeout,theMagistrateshalldischargeaccused
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forthereasonsrecorded.Ifthereisastrongsuspicionaboutthe

commissionoftheoffenceandtheinvolvementofaccusedthecourt

shallproceedtoframechargeinsteadofdischargingtheaccused.

Iftheaccusedisnotdischargedundersection245of

Cr.P.CtheMagistrateshallproceedtoframechargeundersection

246ofCr.P.C.againsttheaccused.Chargeshallthenbereadand

explainedtotheaccusedandthenhehastobeaskedwhetherhe

pleadsguiltyorhasanydefencetomake.Iftheaccusedrefusesto

pleadordoesnotpleadorclaimstobetriedheshallberequiredto

state whether he wanted to cross examine any witnesses for the

prosecutionwhoseevidencehasbeentaken.Iftheaccusedisready

to cross examine the witnesses, they shall be recalled for cross

examination and re examination if any. The witnesses shall be

discharged after crossexamination or reexamination. Under

section247ofCr.P.C.theaccusedshallbecalledupontoenter

uponhisdefenceandtoproducehisdefenceifany.

Conclusion of Warrant trial ( Common to Police case and

otherwisePoliceCase):

Section248:AcquittalorConviction.

The section means that in a warrant case both

institutedonpolicereportandprivatecomplainttheonlyorderthat

canbepassedafterchargesiseithera)acquittalorb)conviction.

Compensationforaccusationwithoutreasonablecause

Aspersection250ofCr.P.C.ifinanycasethe

accused is discharged or acquitted and the person upon whose

complaintorinformationtheaccusationwasmadeis present,the

Magistratemaycalluponhimtoshowcausewhyheshouldnotpay
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compensationtosuchaccusedortoeachoranyofsuchaccused

whentherearemorethanone.Ifthecomplainantisabsentthenthe

summonsmaybeissuedtohimtoappear. Undersection250[1]

the accusation must be proved to have been made without

reasonablecause.Theprovisionsofsection250ofCr.P.C.applyto

summonscasesaswellaswarrantcases.

Record in Warrant cases :As per section 275 of

Cr.P.C.inallwarrantcasestriedbeforeaMagistrate,theevidenceof

eachwitnessshallbetakendowninwritingbyeitherbyMagistrate

himselforbydictationinopencourt.Suchevidenceshallordinarily

betakendownintheformofanarratingbytheMagistrate.The

Magistratemayinhisdiscretiontakendownorcausetobetaken

anypartofsuchevidenceintheformofquestionandanswer.

5} SummonTrial:

Asummonscasemeansacaserelatingtoanoffence

not being a warrant case, implying all cases relating to offences

punishablewithimprisonmentnotexceedingtwoyears.Inrespect

ofsummonscases,thereisnoneedtoframeacharge.Thecourt

givessubstanceoftheaccusation,whichiscallednotice,tothe

accusedwhenthepersonappearsinpursuancetothesummons.

In view of Section 251 of Cr.P.C. the Magistrate is

required to explain the particulars of the offence of which the

accused is prosecuted. As per section 252 if the accused pleads

guilty,theMagistrateshallrecordhispleaasnearlyaspossiblein

thewordsusedbytheaccusedandmayinhisdiscretion,convict

himthereon.Section253ofCr.P.C.isanexceptiontogeneralrule

which provides a simple procedure for disposing of petty cases

withoutthe presenceof accusedincourtby postand messenger

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also. By this provision discretion is given to the Magistrate to

convicttheaccused.Italsoenablesthepleaderauthorisedbythe

accused to plead guilty on behalf of his client when offence is

punishableonlywithfine.However,asperSection254ofCr.P.C.if

theaccusedisnotconvictedunderSection252or253thecourt

shallhearprosecutionandtakeevidenceleadbytheprosecution

and also hear the accused and take all such evidence as he

produces in his defence. Section 255 of Cr.P.C. deals with the

acquittal or conviction. Section 256 of Cr.P.C. deals with the

circumstances of non appearance or death of the complainant.

Section 257 of Cr.P.C. deals with the withdrawal of complaint

subjecttothesatisfactionoftheMagistrate.Apparentlythissection

appliestosummonscases. Section258 ofCr.P.C.dealswiththe

powerstostopproceedingincertaincases.Section259ofCr.P.C.

empowerstheMagistratetoconvertasummonscaseintowarrant

case (1) if the offence is punishable with imprisonment for more

thansixmonths,&(2)ifheisoftheopinionthatitwouldbeinthe

interestofjusticetrysuchcaseinaccordancewiththeprocedurefor

thetrialofwarrantcases.

Section 274 of Cr.P.C. deals with the record in summons

cases and inquires. The Magistrate shall, as the examination of

eachwitnessproceeds,makeamemorandumofthesubstanceof

hisevidenceinthelanguageoftheCourt.However,ifthemagistrate

is unable to make such memorandum himself, he shall, after

recordingthereasonofhisinability,causesuchmemorandumtobe

madeinwritingorfromhisdictationinopenCourt.
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6} SummaryTrial(Section260to265and326(3)

of Cri.P.C.) :The object of summary trial is to disposal of cases

speedily.Procedureprescribedfortrialofsummonscasesshould

befollowed(S.262).Thereisnoappealinsuchatrialifasentence

of fine only not exceeding two hundred rupees has been

awarded.TherecanbeanapplicationforrevisiontotheHighCourt.

ProcedureforSummaryTrials:

The provisions of section 262 are imperative and a

breachthereofamountstoanillegalityandnotanirregularity.

JudgmentincasesTriedSummarily:

Section 264 lays down that in every case tried

summarily the Magistrate must record the substance of the

evidence and the judgment that is delivered must also contain a

briefstatementofthereasonforcominginaparticularfinding.

LanguageofRecordandJudgment:

Section265emphasizesthateverysuchrecordi.e.the

particularsmentionedins.263andthesubstanceofevidenceand

judgmentmustberecordedinthelanguageoftheCourt.

Section 326(3): The provision of Section 326 (3),

Cr.PC, bars the use of prerecorded evidence by successor Judge

onlywhenthetrialhastobeconductedaccordingtotheprovisions

ofSections262and265,Cr.P.C.(i.e.summarytrial). Whenina

summary trial, the evidence has been recorded partly be one

Magistratewhohastakennotesofevidenceandmadethempartof

therecordofthecaseandthatMagistrateissucceededbyanother

Magistrate,thesuccessorcandecidethecaseontheevidencepartly

recordedbyhispredecessorandpartlyrecordedbyhimself.Itisnot
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required that in every case where the case is sent to another

Magistrate, the evidence must bereheard. It dependsuponthe

particular case and the manner in which the evidence has been

recorded.

In Shivaji Sampat Jagtap v. Rajan Hiralal Arora

2007 CriLJ 122, the Hon'ble Bombay High Court observed that,

The succeeding Magistrate, however, in a case, where the

procedurecontemplatedundersection263and264oftheCodein

particularhasnotbeenfollowed,heneednotholdatrialdenovo.

andtheviewisupheldinJ.V.Baharuni..Vs..StateofGujrat2015

ALLMR(Cri)357(SC).

7} Common toall S. 272,273,277,278to290,302to

319 :Chapter XXIIIA of Cr.P.C. provides mode of taking and

recordingevidence.

i] Section272:Aspernotificationdated21stJuly1998

of Govt. of Maharashtra, Marathi shall be the language of all

CriminalCourtsintheStatesubordinatetoHighCourt.

ii] Section273 makesitobligatorythatevidenceforthe

prosecutionanddefenceshouldbe takeninthepresenceofthe

accused. However, where personal attendance of accused is

dispensewith,evidence shallbetakeninpresenceofhispleader

(exceptionareS.205,206,299&317).

Therecordingofevidencebyvideoconferencingisalso

permissible.(TheStateofMaharashtraVs
Dr.PrafulB.Desai &

Anr.,AIR2003SC2053).

iii] Section 281 deals with the mode of recording

examination of the accused. The Metropolitan Magistrate is

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required to make a memorandum of the substance of the

examination of the accused and any other Magistrate or the

PresidingJudgeoftheSessionsCourtisrequiredtorecordinfull

thewholeofsuchexaminationincludingeveryquestionputtohim

andtheanswergivenbyhim. Section 282 casts duty upon the

interpretertointerprettruthfully.

ChapterXXIIIBofCr.P.C.dealswithcommissionforexaminationof

the witnesses : Sections 284 to 290 deals with examination of

witnesses on commissions. In cases where the attendance of a

witnesscannotbeprocuredwithoutanamountofdelay,expenseor

inconvenience, the Court could consider issuing a commission to

recordtheevidenceorbywayofvideoconferencing.

Section291allows theexaminationofaCivilSurgeon

or any other Medical Witness taken and duly attested by a

Magistrate,to begiveninevidence inanyinquiry,trialorother

proceedingbeforeaCourt.

Section291Aisbeinginsertedwithaviewtomaking

memorandum of identification prepared by the Magistrate

admissibleinevidencewithoutformalproofoffactsstatedtherein.

Section 292 deals with admissibility and use of any

document purporting to be a report of the officers of the Mint

withouttheexaminationinCourtoftheofficeconcerned.

Section293dealswithadmissibilityofreportmadeby

certainGovernmentScientificExpertsasevidence.TheCourtmayif

itthinksfit,mayalsosummonandexamineanysuchexpertabout

thisreport.

Section 294 provides the mode or manner in which the

documents relied upon by the prosecution and defence can be

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provedwithoutanyformalproofthereof.Theproviso,however,gives

discretiontotheCourttocallfortheproofofthesignatureonthe

documents.

Section296providesoffilingofanaffidavitofawitness

whoseevidenceisofaformalcharacter.Theobjectofthissectionis

toachievespeedydisposalofthecase.

Section 298 provides a special mode in which a

previousacquittalorapreviousconvictionmaybeproved.

Section299dealswithrecordingofevidenceinabsence

ofaccused(1)whereaccusedisabsentandthereisnoimmediate

prospectofhisarrest,and(2)wheretheoffenderisunknown.Inthe

first case, the Court can record depositions of prosecution

witnesses.Thesecanbeofferedatthetrialinthreecases;(1)ifthe

witnessisdead;(2)ifheisincapableofgivingevidence;or(3)ifhis

attendance would cause unreasonable delay, expense or

inconvenience.Secondly,wheretheoffenderis unknownandthe

offencecommittedispunishablewithdeathor imprisonmentfor

life,theHighCourtortheSessionsJudgemaydirectafirstclass

Magistratetorecordprosecutionevidence.Depositionssorecorded

maybeusedatthetrial(1)ifthewitnessisdead,or(2)isincapable

ofgivingevidence,or(3)isbeyondthelimitsofIndia.NirmalSingh

Vs.StateofHaryana,AIR2000SC1416,

Chapter XXIV of Cr.P.C. deals with the general

provisionsastoinquiriesandtrials
:

i] Section 303 provides that any person accused of an

offencebeforeaCriminalCourt,oragainstwhomproceedingsare

institutedunderthisCode,mayofrightbedefendedbyapleaderof
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hischoice.

Section304(Freelegalaid)enablestheSessionsCourt

toassignapleaderforthedefenceoftheaccusedattheexpenseof

theStateprovidedheisunrepresentedandtheCourtissatisfied

thathehasnosufficientmeanstoengageapleader.Provisionsis

madeinSubsec.3ofsec.304toextendthesamefacilitiestoany

classoftrialsbeforeotherCourtsbytheStateGovernment.

Section 305 lays down the procedure to be followed

whenacorporationoraregisteredSocietyisanaccused.

Section306(TenderofPardon)dealswiththesubject

oftenderofpardontoanaccomplice withaviewtoobtainingthe

evidenceofhim . Itisapplicable onlywhentheoffenceisone

which is (i) punishable with imprisonment of seven years or

upwards;or (ii)triableexclusivelybytheCourtofSession;or(iii)

triablebyaSpecialJudgeundertheCriminalLawAmendmentAct,

1952.ThepardonmaybegrantedbytheChiefJudicialMagistrate

or the Metropolitan Magistrate; it can also be granted by any

Magistrate of the first class inquiring into or trying the offence.

Once a case has been committed, the power to grant pardon

thereafter lies only with the Court to which the case has been

committed. Thepersonacceptingthetenderofpardonisrequired

tobeexaminedaswitnessintheCourtandistobedetainedinthe

custodyuntiltheconclusionofthetrialunlesshehasbeenalready

releasedonbail.

Section307:Theprecedingsectiondealswithtenderof

pardonbyMagistrates.Thissectionappliestotenderofpardonby

the Court of Sessions, the Special Judge or the Chief Judicial

Magistrate. Pardon under this Section can be tendered not only

 -16-

duringatrial,butalsobeforetrial.Wherepardonisgrantedbythe

Courttowhomthecasehasbeencommittedfortrial,compliance

withtheprovisionsofaS.306(4)isnotnecessary.

Section 308 : Under this section a certificate of the

PublicProsecutorisaconditionprecedenttotheprosecutionofan

approvetowhomatenderofpardonhasbeenmadebutwhohas

failed to comply with the conditions of the tender. The approver

breaks the condition of pardon if he willfully conceals anything

essentialorgivesfalseevidence.Aspersubsection(2) wherean

approver has been tendered a pardon and he has accepted the

tender, his statement recorded by a Magistrate u/s.164 or by a

Courtu/subs.(4)ofs.306willbeadmissibleinevidenceagainst

him at a subsequent trial, after forfeiture of the pardon, for an

offenceinrespectofwhichapardonwassotendered.

Subsections(4)and(5)laydown thatwhenaperson

to whom a pardon is tendered is being tried, he shall at the

commencementoftheproceedingsbeaskedastowhetherheraises

a plea that he has complied with the conditions on which the

pardonwasgranted,and,ifhedoessoplead,theCourtshallrecord

itsfindingonthepointandifitfindsthattheconditionshavebeen

compliedwith,shallacquittheaccused.

Section 309 authorizes a Magistrate, after taking

cognizanceoftheoffenceorcommencementoftrial,forreasonable

cause, to remand an accused person to jail. It relates to

adjournment of proceedings in inquiries and trials. Thana Singh

.Vs.CentralBureauofNarcotics,(2013)2SCC590.

Section 313 empowers the Court to examine the

accusedaftertheevidencefortheprosecutionhasbeentaken.The
 -17-

objectofempoweringtheCourttoexaminetheaccusedistogive

him an opportunity of explaining any circumstances which may

tends toincriminatehimand thustoenabletheCourt,in case

wheretheaccusedisundefended,toexaminethewitnessesinhis

interest.

Inasummonscase,discretionlieswiththeMagistrate,

whethertodispencewiththeexaminationoftheaccusedu/s313

(BasavrajR.PatilVsState ofKarnataka,(2000)8SCC740).

Nooathcanbeadministeredtoanaccusedperson.

Anaccusedpersoncannotbeprosecutedforperjuryby

reasonofanyfalseanswersthathemaygive.

Section 314 enables the parties to a proceeding to

addressoralargumentsandwrittennotesofargument.

Section 315 lays down that an accused person is a

competentwitnessforthedefenceandlikeanyotherwitnessheis

entitledtogiveevidenceonoathindisproofofthecaselaidagainst

himbyprosecution.

Section317providesforenquiriesandtrialsbeingheld

intheabsenceoftheaccusedpersonincertaincases.Itisonlyif

theJudgeorMagistrateissatisfiedthat(1)thepersonalattendance

oftheaccusedbeforehimisnotnecessaryintheinterestsofjustice

or(2)theaccusedpersistentlydisturbstheproceedings,thenwhere

he is represented by a pleader, his personal attendance may be

dispensedwith.

Section318providesthatiftheaccused(thoughnot

ofunsoundmind)cannotbemadetounderstandtheproceedings,

theCourtmayproceedwiththeinquiryortrial;andinthecaseofa

Court other than a High Court if such proceedings result in a

 -18-

conviction, the proceedingsshall beforwarded to theHighCourt

withareportofthecircumstancesofthecase,andtheHighCourt

shallpassthereonsuchorderasitthinksfit.

Section 319 empowers the Court to proceed against any

person not shown or mentioned as accused if it appears from

evidencethatsuchpersonhascommittedanoffenceforwhichhe

could be tried together with the main accused against whom an

enquiryortrialisbeingheld.

8} ProcedureinSpecialtypeofcases(POCSO,138of

NIActJuvenile)

PROCEDUREFORTRIALOFTHEOFFENCESUNDER

PREVENTIONOFCHILDFROMSEXUALOFFENCESACT.

(Chapter8Section33laiddowntheprocedureandpowerof

SpecialCourt)

1] It deals the procedure followed for session trial. A special

courtmaytakecognizanceofanyoffencewithouttheaccusedbeing

committedtoitforthetrialuponreceivingofthecomplaintofthe

factswhichconstitutessuchoffenceoruponthepolicereport.

2] Special public prosecutor is appointed and defence counsel

while recording the evidence, examinationinchief, cross

examination and reexamination is to be followed but the public

prosecution cannot directly ask the question to the child witness

but he has to form the question and communicate the same to

presiding Officer i.e. special Court which shall in turn put up

questionstothechild.

3] Similarprocedureisfollowedinrespectofthedefencecounsel

withfurtherdirectionnottoaskthequestioninaggravatedform
 -19-

whichdisturbthechild.

4] Specialcourtmaypermitfrequentbreaktothechildwitness

duringthecourseoftrial.

5] The special court shall create child friendly atmosphere by

allowingparents,guardianonwhomchildhastrustatthetimeof

recordingofhisevidence.

6] The special court shall ensure that child shall not called

repeatedlytotestifyandhisevidenceshallbecompletedwithin30

daysandcaseshouldbedisposedofwithinoneyear.

7] The aggravated question which affect the character of the

childandhisdignityshouldnotbeallowed.

8] Theidentityofthechildisnotdisclosedduringthecaseof

investigationortrialsubjecttothesatisfactionofthecourt.

9] In appropriate cases, special court may direct the

compensationtothechildwhichsufferingphysicalmentaltrauma

becauseofsexualassaultandimmediaterehabilitationofthechild.

Thespecialcourttakeprecautionthatchildisnotexposedinany

waytotheaccusedatthetimeofrecordingofevidencebutatthe

sametime,accusedmustbeentitledtohearthestatementofchild

andalsotocommunicatehisadvocate.Thespecialcourtmayalso

record the statement of child through video conferencing or by

utilizingthesinglevisibilityresultorcurtainoranyotherdevices.

10] The trial of child shall be conducted in camera and in the

presence of parents or any other person in the child trust or

confidence and if the child is not comfortable in court then his

evidenceshallberecordedanyotherplaceincludingchamberofthe

presidingofficer.

11] Ifchildisnotinapositiontounderstandthelanguagethen
 -20-

he can simply help or assistance with interpreter for recording

evidenceandalsoseekthehelpofexpert.

12] Uniquefeatureisthatprovisionofsec.3to13ofthePOSCO

Actnotapplicableincaseofmedicalexaminationortreatmentwhen

childexaminationortreatmentisundertakenwithconsentofhis

guardianorparentsortrustworthyperson.Theprovisionsofthis

Actthathavingoverridingeffects.

Juvenile: TheJJBisbestowedwiththepowersoftheMagistrate

under Cr.P.C. Sec.4 (2) .The metropolitan Magistrate or JMFC is

designatedasaPrincipalMagistrateofJJB.Allcriminalcasesofa

Juvenileinconflictwithlawwhohasnotcompleted18yearsofage

aretobedealtwithbyJJBandnottheregularcourts.

Apprehension&InformationtoParentsguardianorprobation

officer.

As soon as the juvenile is arrested, the officer in

chargeofpolicestationorthe SpecialJuvenilePoliceUnit hasto

informed about the arrest tohis parent or guardianand to the

Probation officer of such arrest to enable him to obtained

informationregardingtheantecedentandthefamilybackground

ofthejuvenileetc.Achildmaybeproducedbeforeanindividual

memberoftheboard,whentheboardisnotsitting(Sec.5ofJ.J.

Act2000).ThejuvenileistobeproducedbeforeJJBwithin24hrs

ofhisarrest.Thejuvenileshouldnotbelodgedinpolicelockupor

jail.

Production,BailandInquiryprocedureBeforeJJB. :When

JICL producebeforeJJB,theboardeitherreleasehimonbailin

bailable or nonbailable offence (sec12) or may send him to

 -21-

observationhome pendinginquiry(sec33).Theinquirybeforethe

boardshallbecompletedwithinaperiodoffourmonthsfromthe

dateofitscommencement.Theperiodcanbeextendedforspecial

reason.IfthejuvenileisnotreleasedonbailtheJJBshouldgive

shortdatesandinnocaseshouldthenextdateextendbeyond15

daysofthepreviousdate.

Illtreatment to Juvenile: On the first production of the

juvenile,iftheboardfoundilltreatmenttothechild,JJBcansent

thechildformedicalinvestigationandprovidetreatment. Ifthe

JGB board found illtreatment, physical or sexual abused, than

save the communicated to the District & Sessions Judge for

furtherproceedingandthechildbesentfortraumacounseling.

Submission of chargesheet: On thecharge sheet being filed,

the JGB has to seek the report of probation officer or a social

investigationreport. TheJJBisrequiredtoconsiderthisreport

priortopassinganyorderwithregardtorehabilitationofjuvenile

aspersection15(2)ofJ.J.Act.

Recording of Plea. : While recording theplea of Juvenile, the

juvenileisaskedwhetherhehascommittedornottheoffence,the

sumandsubstancesofaccusationmustbereadovertohim. If

thejuvenileadmitstohavingcommittedtheoffence,theJJBhas

to pass appropriate order as prescribed u/s.15 of J.J.Act 2000.

Evenifthejuvenilepleadsguilty,theJJBwillcontinuetheinquiry

after passing a reason order as to why chose not to accept the

juvenileplea.

Recordingofevidence: Whenthejuvenilepleadsnotguiltyor

hispleaofguiltisnotacceptedbytheJJB,theJJBhastorecord
 -22-

the evidence by examining witnesses. While conducting an

inquiry, JJB should follow the procedure laid down in Cr.P.C.

pertainingtrialofsummonscases.

Onthebasisofevidenceandargumentsadvanced,

theJJBhastopassorderu/s.15ofJ.J.Act,2000.Theatmosphere

during the inquiry should be child friendly and that too in

presence of parents if any or any other person who is in near

relationswiththejuvenile.

Procedure to be followed by the Magistrate not empowered

under the Act. : When any Magistrate not empowered to

exercisedpowersofboard,isoftheopinionthatapersonbrought

beforehimisjuvenileorchildheshallwithoutanydelayrecord

such opinion and shall forward him along with the record of

proceedingtothecompetentauthorityhavingjurisdictionoverthe

proceeding.

Aspersection7&7AofJ.J.Act,2000,whenever,a

claimofjuvenileisraisedbeforeanycourt,isoftheopinionthat

anaccusedpersonwasajuvenileonthedateofcommissionofan

offence,thecourtshallmakeaninquiry,takesuchevidenceas

maybebenecessarytodeterminetheageofsuchpersonandshall

recordfindingstothateffect. Ifthecourtfindsapersontobe

juvenileonthedateofcommissionoftheoffence,itshallforward

thejuveniletotheboardforpassingappropriateorder.

The J.J.Board required to pass order u/s.15 of the

saidActinsteadofsentencinghim.InnocaseJ.J.Boardcanpass

sentence. There is no disqualification attached to conviction

passedundersection15ofsaidAct(sec19).

Thereisabarof Jointproceedingof a juvenileand

 -23-

personwhoisnotajuvenilebyvirtueofsec18ofJ.J.Act,2000.

Appeal : Any order passed by JGB under J.J.Act 2000 is

challengablebefore SessionsCourtwithin30days ofpassingof

saidorder.

Procedure for trial under section 138 of Negotiable

InstrumentsAct..:Jurisdiction:

A reading of section 138 in conjunction with s177

Cr.P.Cleavesnodoubtthatthereturnofthechequebythedrawee

bankaloneconstitutesthecommissionoftheoffenceandindicate

theplacewheretheoffenceiscommitted.thereforetheplace,sits

orvenueofjudicialinquiryandtrialoftheoffencemustlogically

berestrictedtowherethedraweebank,islocated.

InDashrathRathodvsstateofMaharashtra,AIR2014SC

3519itheldthatplaceofissuanceordeliveryofstatuarynotice

or where complainant presents cheque for encashment was

relevantforthepurposeofterritorialjurisdiction.

ByvirtueofSection143ofN.I.Actwhichwasinserted

videamendmentAct,2002whichempoweredJ.M.F.C.orM.M.to

trycasessummarilyinaccordancewiththeprovisionsofsections

262,265ofCr.P.C.Butifthenatureofoffenceofthecaseappears

that asentence of imprisonment for a term exceeding one year

may have to be passed or that it is for any other reasons

undesirable to try the case summarily, the Magistrate after

hearingapartiesandrecordanordertothateffectshallproceed

toexamine,rehearthecaseinthemannerprovidedbythesaid

CodebyinvokingprovisionsofSection262to265ofCr.P.C.

The trial of caserequired to be concluded withinSix

 -24-

monthsfromthedateoffilingofcomplaint.Onfilingofcomplaint

themattermustbekeptforhearingandissuanceofprocess.After

issueprocessiftheaccusedappearedbailshouldbegrantedtohim

and thereafter plea of accused should be recorded, when the

accused plead not guilty, evidence on affidavit shall be taken by

invoking of Section 145of N.I.Act. After completion of evidence

statement of accused u/s.313 came to be recorded, thereafter

defencewitnessifanybeexaminedonoath.Thereafterarguments

andjudgment.

In Indian Bank Association Vs. Union of India

reportedin 2014Cri.L.J.3119,Hon'bleSupremeCourtissued

following directions for speedy and expeditious disposal of cases

under138ofN.IAct.

(1) M.M/J.M.onthedaywhenthecomplaintispresented,shall
scrutinizethecomplaintandifthecomplaintisaccompaniedbythe
affidavit and the documents and are found to be in order take
cognizanceanddirectissuanceofsummons.
(2) M.M./J.M.shouldadoptapragmaticandrealisticapproach
whileissuing summons. Summonsmust beproperly addressed
and sent by post as well as by email address got from the
complainant. Court, in appropriate cases, may take the
assistanceofthepoliceorthenearbyCourttoservenoticetothe
accused. Fornoticeofappearance,a shortdatebefixed. Ifthe
summonsisreceivedbackunserved,immediatefollowingaction
betaken.
(3) Court may indicate in the summon that if the accused
makes an application for compounding of offences at the first
hearingofthecaseand,ifsuchanapplicationismade. Court
maypassappropriateordersattheearliest.
(4) Court should direct the accused, when he appears to
furnishabailbond,toensurehisappearanceduringtrialandask
himtotakenoticeunderSection251ofCr.P.C.toenablehimto
enter his plea of defence and fix the case for defence evidence,
unlessanapplicationismadebytheaccusedunderSection145(2)
 -25-

forrecallingawitnessforcrossexamination.
(5) TheCourtconcernedmustensurethatexaminationinchief,
crossexaminationandreexaminationofthecomplainantmustbe
conductedwithinthreemonthsofassigningthecase.TheCourt
has option of accepting affidavits of the witnesses, instead of
examiningtheminCourt.Thecomplainantandaccusedmustbe
availableforcrossexaminationasandwhenthereisdirectionto
thiseffectbytheCourt.
9} Proceduresinoffencesaffectingadministrationof

Justice.(340to346,348,349and350)

Chapter 26 of Cr. P. C deals with the procedures

relatingtotheoffencesaffectingtheadministrationofjustice.These

provisionsspecificallydealwithoffencesofgivingfalseevidencein

thejudicialproceedingsaswellastheproceedingsbeforethecourt.

The term court under section 195(4) of Cr. P.C. may be civil,

criminal,revenueorTribunalhavingempoweredtorecordevidence.

Sec 340 provides the procedure for offence enumerated in Sec.

195(1)(b).

The court can act on application made to it or suo

motu. It may be moved by a person who is not party to the

proceedinginrelationtowhichtheoffenceiscommitted.

TheappealagainsttheorderofMagistrateorcourtof

sessionisprovidedundersec.341.

Sec.344providethesummaryproceduretodealwith

theoffencesforgivingorfabricatingfalseevidence.Summarytrialis

providedinrespectofcommissionofoffencesundersection193to

196,199,200,205to211andsec228ofIndianPenalCode.

10}FramingofChargeS.211to224

(A)FramingofChargesandparticulars:
 -26-

The very object of framing of charge is to accused person

mustknowinpreciouslyandconcisely aspossibleofthematter

withwhichheischarged.Thechargecontainparticularsastothe

time,place,oftheallegedoffences,thepersonagainstwhomorthe

thing in respect of which and in which manner offence was

committed.

Effectoferror:

Section215ofCr.P.C.,saysthatnoerrorinstatingeitherthe

offenceortheparticularsshallberegardedatanystageofthecase

asmaterial,unless,theaccusedwasinfactmisledbysucherroror

omissionandithasoccasionedafailureofjustice.

Alterationofcharge:

Aspersection216ofCr.P.C.anycourtmayalteroraddtoany

charge at any time before judgment is pronounced. However, if

court is of the opinion that because of addition or alteration of

chargeaccusedwillbeprejudice,Courtmaydirectthenewtrialor

adjourn the trial for such period as may be necessary. If after

additionoralterationofcharge,chargeisonefortheprosecutionof

which previous sanction is necessary, the case shall not be

proceededwithuntilsuchsanctionisobtained. (JasvinderSaini

andothers..Vrs..StatereportedinAIR2014SC841)

(B)JoinderofCharges:

Section 218 to 224 deals with joinder of charges.

Section218(1)ofCr.P.C.saysthatforeverydistinctoffenceofwhich

anypersonisaccusedthereshallbeaseparatecharge,andevery

suchchargeshellbetriedseparately.However,ontheapplicationof

theaccusedandifcourtisoftheopinionthatsuchpersonisnot
 -27-

likely to be prejudiced, magistrate may try together all or any

numberofchargesframedagainstsuchperson.

Threeoffencesofsamekind219(1)withinaspaceof12months.

Tiralofmorethanoneoffence:section220if,inoneseriesof

actssoconnectedtogetherastoformthesametransaction.

Whereitisdoubfulwhatoffencehasbeencommitted:

Section219and221aretheexceptiontosection218.Cardinal

principleofsection218isthatforeverydistinctoffencetheremust

beseparatechargeandsuchchargemustbetriedseparately.

Whenoffenceprovedincludedintheoffencecharged:

Whenoffenceprovedincludedinoffencechargedhemaybe

convictedoftheminoroffence,thoughhewasnotchargedwithit

Jointtrialofthepersonsmorethanone:

Section223isdealswiththejointtrialofthepersonsmore

thanone.

11}Applicationsfordischarge:

Section227,239and245Cri.P.Caredealtwithdischargeof

accused. TheCodecontemplatesdischarge of theaccusedbythe

court of Session under section227in a case triable by it; cases

instituteduponapolicereportarecoveredbysection239andcases

institutedotherwisethanonpolicereportaredealtwithinsection

245.

Fromareadingoftheaforesaidsectionsitisevidentthatthey

containsomewhatdifferentprovisionswithregardtodischargeofan

accused.Undersection227oftheCode,thetrialcourtisrequired

todischargetheaccusedifitconsidersthatthereisnotsufficient

ground for proceeding against the accused. However, discharge

 -28-

undersection239canbeorderedwhenthemagistrateconsiders

the charge against the accused to be groundless. The power to

dischargeisexercisableundersection245(1)when,themagistrate

considers, for reasons to be recorded that no case against the

accused has been made out which, if not repudiated, would

warrantshisconviction.Section227and239providefordischarge

beforetherecordingofevidenceonthebasisofthepolicereport,the

documentssentalongwithitandexaminationoftheaccusedafter

givinganopportunitytothepartiestobeheard.However,thestage

ofdischargeundersection245,ontheotherhand,isreachedonly

after the evidence referred in section 244 has been taken. Thus,

there is difference in the language employed in these differences,

andwhicheverprovisionmaybeapplicable,thecourtisrequiredat

this stage to see that there is a prima facie case for proceeding

againsttheaccused.

Theworddischargedisdistinguishablefromacquittal.

Theaccusedmaybedischargedifsufficientevidenceisnotthereto

proceedagainsthim.Magistratehastoapplyhisjudicialmindto

thefactsofthecaseinordertodeterminewhetheracasefortrial

hasbeenmadeoutbytheprosecution.Thecourtisrequiredtostate

reasonfordischargingtheaccused.

Itis asettledpropositionoflawthatevenwhenthere

arematerialsraisingstrongsuspicionagainstanaccused,thecourt

willbejustifiedinrejectingaprayerfordischargeandingrantingan

opportunity to the prosecution to bring on record the entire

evidenceinaccordancewithlawsothatcaseofboththesidesmay

beconsideredappropriatelyonconclusionoftrial.(SonuGuptaVs.

DeepakGuptaMANU/SC/0127/2015)
 -29-

12} Misc. provision regarding trial, adjournment,

dismissals,recallofwitness,Courtwitness,stopproceedings.

Adjournment: Section309of theCr.P.C. reflects the

constitutional guarantee of speedy trial. Section309ofCriminal

ProcedureCode1973conferspowerontheTrialCourtforgranting

adjournment incriminalproceeding. There is a proviso to Sub

section (2) of Section309ofCriminalProcedure Code which says

that when the witnesses are in attendance, noadjournmentor

postponementshallbegrantedwithoutexaminingthem,exceptfor

specialreasonstoberecordedinwriting.InthecaseofStateofU.P.

v.Shambhu Nath Singh

and Ors., 2001CriLJ1740
theSupreme

Court has specially dealt with in elaborate manner the power of

theTrialCourtforgrantingadjournmentsincriminalproceeding.

Proviso of S.309(1)& (2) mandate that the inquiry or

trialrelatestoanoffenceundersections376to376DoftheIndian

PenalCode(45of1860),asfaraspossible, becompletedwithina

period of two months from the date of commencement of the

examinationofwitnesses,noadjournmentshallbegrantedatthe

requestofaparty,exceptwherethe circumstancesarebeyondthe

controlofthatparty,thefactthatthepleaderofapartyisengaged

in another Court, shall not be a ground for adjournment, if

party/counsel are absent or is not ready to examine or cross

examine the witness, the Court may, if thinks fit, record the

statement of the witness and pass such orders as it thinks fit

dispensing with the examinationinchief or crossexamination of

thewitness,asthecasemaybe.

Recentlyinacirculatedjudgmentinthecaseof Vinod
 -30-

KumarVs.StateofPunjab1Hon'bleApexCourtobservedthat,The

trial courts are expected in law to follow the command of the

procedurerelatingtotrialandnotyieldtotherequestofthecounsel

tograntadjournmentfornonacceptablereasons.

2} Dismissals(Sec.203,249&256(1))

Section 203: Under Section203Magistrate may

dismiss the complaint; if, after taking the statement of the

complainantandhiswitnessesandtheresultoftheinvestigation,if

any, under Section202there is in his judgment "no sufficient

groundforproceeding.

Section 249 of Cr.P.C : UnderSection249of the

Code of Criminal Procedure, the Magistrate is empowered to

dischargetheaccusedintheabsenceofthecomplainant,buthe

can do so only in case where the offence may be lawfully

compounded or isnotacognizableoffence.Innoothercase,the

Magistrateempoweredtodischargetheaccused.

Section 256(1) of Cr.P.C: In a summons case,

institutedonacomplaint,ifthecomplainantisabsentonthedate

ofhearing,theMagistratehastofolloweitherofthethreecourses,

namely;Acquittheaccused;toadjournthecaseandtodispensewith

theattendanceofthecomplainantandtoproceedwiththecase.

complaint: Asecondcomplaintispermissible
Restorationofa

in law if it could be brought within the limitations. However,

theCriminalP.C. does not contain any provision enabling

thecriminalCourttoreviveitsorderandrestorethecomplaint.1

1 Criminal Appeal No.554 of 2012

1 Maj Genl. A. S. Gauraya v.S. N. Thakur, 1986CriLJ1074
 -31-

3} Recallofwitness:Section311ofCr.P.C.: Discovery of

thetruthistheessentialpurposeofanytrialorenquiry. Section

311 ismanifestlyintwoparts.Whereasthewordusedinthefirst

partis"may",thesecondpartuses"shall".Inconsequence,thefirst

part gives purely discretionary authority to a criminal court and

enablesitatanystageofanenquiry,trialorproceedingunderthe

Code (a) to summon anyone as awitness, or (b) to examine any

person present in the court, or (c) torecalland reexamine any

person whose evidence has already been recorded. On the other

hand, the second part is mandatory and compels the court to take
any of the aforementioned steps if the new evidence appears to it

essential to the just decision of the case.uponthecourttoarrive

atthetruthbyalllawfulmeans.[ Mohan Lal Shamlal Soni vs

Union Of India And Another,AIR1991SC1346.]

4] CourtWitness(awitnesscalledbyCourt):

The object of the Section311is to bring on record

evidence not only from the point of viewof the accused and the

prosecutionbutalsofromthepointofviewoftheorderlysociety.

TherighttocrossexamineawitnesswhoiscalledbyaCourtarises

notundertheprovisionofSection311,butundertheEvidenceAct

whichgivesapartytherighttocrossexamineawitnesswhoisnot

hisownwitness.

5} Stopproceeding:Summonscasesaregenerallyoftwo

categories; instituted upon complaints and otherwise than upon

complaints.Thelattercategorywouldincludecasesbasedonpolice

reports. Section258oftheCodeisintendedtocoverthosecases

belonging to one category alone i.e. "summons cases instituted

otherwisethanuponcomplaints".Thesectionpermitsthecourtto
 -32-

acquit the accused prematurely only in those summons cases

instituted otherwise than on complaints wherein the evidence of

material witnesses was recorded. But the power of court to

dischargeanaccusedatmidwaystageisrestrictedtothosecases

instituted otherwise than on complaints wherein no material

witnesswasexaminedatall.

Deathofthecomplainant:

It is now wellsettled that on the death of the

complainant, underSection 256(2)Cr.P.C. cannot ipso facto bring

abouttheterminationofthecriminalproceedingandinthatcase

the Magistrate is authorised to exercise his power

underSection302Cr.P.C. by allowing any person or prosecution

agencyforconductingofthecriminalcasemerelyonthedeathof

the complainant,the complaintfiledby himcannotbedismissed

nor the accused acquitted or discharged underSection256or

258Cr.P.C.[ JimmyJahangirMadanv.BollyCariyappaHindley

(Dead)byLrs.,MANU/SC/0946/200
4
2004(12)SCC509
]

Submittedwithduerespect.

(O.P.Jaiswal) (V.D.Shukla) (S.S.Oza)

DistrictJudge1 DistrictJudge3 Jt.C.J.S.D.,Amti.
Amti. Amti.

(L.S.Padhen) (Ms.P.B.Yerlekar)
Jt.C.J.J.D.,Jt.C.J.J.D.,
Amti. Amti.
-33-