Field Guide

Field Guide to the Birds
of the
Biological Dynamics of Forest
Fragments Project
FOREWORD
This field guide is intended for the use of identifying the
birds of the Biological Dynamics of Forest Fragments Project
(BDFFP) in the field and in hand. The BDFFP is located in the
state of Amazonas, Brazil, about 80 km north of Manaus (230 S,
60 W). The landscape remains largely forested, but 11 forest
fragments were experimentally isolated between 1979 and 1990 as
part of a large-scale, long-term research effort. The project
continues today to be one of the leading research centers in the
New World tropics and 450+ scientific publications have been
come from the work that has taken place here.
The bird species included in this guide largely derive from
the list by Cohn-Haft (1997). Several additional species are
included, which were added during the making of an audio guide
of the bird songs of the project (Naka et al. in preparation).
Finally, several new species have been very recently added to the
list. As deforestation in the Amazon continues to spread, ranges of
birds associated with these disturbed habitats will also likely
spread. Therefore, more birds will likely be added to the BDFFP
list in the future.
Current South American Checklist Committee (SACC)
scientific and common names are used, but occasionally older
names are included in parantheses. I have included the frequency,
residency, and expected habitat of birds as based on Cohn-Haft et
al. (1997). In addition, morphometric data from the 25+ year
BDFFP mist-netting database are summarized (W = wing, T = tail,
M = mass, N = number of captures). Updates of this guide will
hopefully be forthcoming as new information becomes available.
Please note that the images were taken without the
authorization of the original authors and publishers. Most were
taken from the Birds of Venezuela (Hilty 2003) and A Guide to the
Birds of Columbia (Hilty and Brown 1986), while a few others
were taken from The Handbook to the Birds of the World series,
The Sibley Guide to North American Birds (2000), and A Guide to
the Birds of Costa Rica (Stiles and Skutch 1989). Therefore, this
field guide is not to be published for commercial purposes and is
only intended for personal use. If you find errors or have
comments, please direct them to Erik I. Johnson at
ejohn33@lsu.edu.
Erik I. Johnson, Ph.D. candidate
Louisiana State University
Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
Literature Cited
Cohn-Haft, M., A. Whittaker, and P. C. Stouffer. 1997. A new look at the
'species-poor' central Amazon: The avifauna north of Manaus,
Brazil. Ornithological Monographs 48:205-235.
Hilty, S. L. 2003. Birds of Venezuela, 2nd edition. Princeton University
Press, Princeton, New Jersey.
Hilty, S. L., and W. L. Brown. 1986. A Guide to the Birds of Columbia.
Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey.
Naka, L. N., P. C. Stouffer, M. Cohn-Haft, C. Marantz, and R. O.
Bierregaard. in press. Voices of the Brazilian Amazon: Vol. 1
Birds of the Guianan Region.
Sibley, D. A. 2000. The Sibley Guide to Birds. Alfred A. Knopf, New
York, New York.
Stiles, F. G., and A. F. Skutch. 1989. A Guide to the Birds of Costa Rica.
Comstock Publishing Associates, Ithaca, New York.
TINAMIDAE, ODONTOPHORIDAE, CRACIDAE, & PSOPHIIDAE
1. Tinamus major Great Tinamou

Status: common, resident Habitat: primary forest
Similar species: Larger than other Tinamidae. Note: Mass 1.1kg (Hilty).
W: 132-170 (152.5) T: 36-80 (54.0) M: 145-310 (228.3) N: 5
2. Crypturellus soui Little Tinamou
Status: uncommon, resident Habitat: secondary and primary forest
Similar species: See C. variegates. Note: Mass 220g (Hilty).
3. Crypturellus brevirostris Rusty Tinamou
Status: uncommon, resident Habitat: primary forest
Similar species: Like C. variegates, but crown rufous chestnut, abdomen whitish (not
pale buff), and bill shorter.
4. Crypturellus variegates Variegated Tinamou
Similar species: From others by mostly black head, rufous neck, and bold barring on
upperparts and flanks. Note: Mass 250g (Hilty).
W: 82-162 (142.4) T: 35-53 (43.3) M: 66-440 (294.8) N: 13 Band: L
5. Odontophorus gujanensis Marbled Wood-Quail
Status: uncommon, resident Habitat: primary and secondary forest
W: 70-144 (108.9) T: 24-68 (50.5) M: 49-255 (139.3) N: 5
6. Ortalis motmot Variable Chachalaca
Status: common, resident Habitat: secondary forest Similar species: Penelope
sp. has prominent red dewlap and whitish streaking on foreparts.
7. Penelope marail Marail Guan
Similar species: Similar in plumage to larger, leggier P. jacquacu.
8. Penelope jacquacu Spixs Guan
Similar species: See P. marail.
9. Pipile cumanensis (pipile) Blue-throated Piping-Guan
Status: casual, resident Habitat: primary forest
10. Crax alector Black Currasow
11. Psophia crepitans Gray-winged Trumpeter
W: (266) T: 118 N: 2
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11
WATER BIRDS
1. Tachybaptus (Podiceps) dominicus Least Grebe
Status: common, resident Habitat: open water
2. Nomonyx (Oxyura) dominicus Masked Duck
Status: rare, resident Habitat: open water
3. Anhinga anhinga Anhinga
Status: casual, resident Habitat: pasture
4. Laterallus exilis Gray-breasted Crake
5. Laterallus melanophaius Rufous-sided Crake
Status: casual, resident Habitat: open water
6. Anurolimnas (Laterallus) viridis Russet-crowned Crake
Status: uncommon, resident Habitat: pasture
7. Aramides cajanea Gray-necked Wood-Rail
Status: rare, resident Habitat: primary and secondary forest
8. Heliornis fulica Sungrebe
Status: casual, resident Habitat: open water
9. Eurypyga helias Sunbittern
10. Jacana jacana Wattled Jacana
Status: common, resident Habitat: open water
1 2
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5
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10
WADING BIRDS
1. Tigrisoma lineatum Rufescent Tiger-Heron
Status: rare, resident Habitat: primary forest and open water
2. Ardea cocoi Cocoi Heron
3. Ardea alba Great Egret
4. Bubulcus ibis Cattle Egret
Status: casual, resident Habitat: pasture, open water, and primary forest
5. Butorides striata Striated Heron
6. Pilherodius pileatus Capped Heron
Status: casual, resident Habitat: open water Similar species: From other egrets
by black crown.
7. Nycticorax nycticorax Black-crowned Night-Heron
8. Cochlearius cochlearius Boat-billed Heron
9. Mycteria americana Wood Stork
10. Mesembrinibis cayennensis Green Ibis
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CHARADRIIDAE & SCOLOPACIDAE
1. Pluvialis dominica American Golden-Plover
Status: rare, boreal migrant Habitat: open water Dates: Sept-Dec and very rare
Feb and Apr (Columbia). Sept-Dec, peaks Oct-Nov (Venezuela).
2. Charadrius collaris Collared Plover
Status: casual, resident Habitat: open water and pasture
3. Tringa melanoleuca Greater Yellowlegs
Status: uncommon, boreal migrant Habitat: open water Dates: Early Aug-early
May (Columbia); mid Aug-Apr (Venenzuela). Similar species: From T. flavipes by
larger size and bill is 1.5x longer than length of head and often slightly upturned.
4. Tringa flavipes Lesser Yellowlegs
Status: rare, boreal migrant Habitat: open water Dates: Early Aug-mid Apr
(Columbia); early Aug-late Apr (Venezuela). Similar species: From T. melanoleuca
by smaller size and bill is as long as length of head and usually straight.
5. Tringa solitaria Solitary Sandpiper
Apr (Columbia); Aug-early May (Venezuela).
6. Actitis macularius Spotted Sandpiper
May (Columbia); late July-late Apr (Venezuela).
7. Bartramia longicauda Upland Sandpiper
Status: casual, boreal migrant Habitat: pasture Dates: Only expected during
spring and fall migrations.
8. Calidris minutilla Least Sandpiper
Status: casual, boreal migrant Habitat: open water Dates: Late July-early Apr
(Columbia); mid Aug-mid May (Venezuela).
9. Calidris fuscicollis White-rumped Sandpiper
Status: uncommon, boreal migrant Habitat: open water Dates: Rare in fall, Sept-
Oct (Columbia); late Aug-early Oct and late Apr-early June (Surinam); early Sept-mid
Nov and mid Mar-late May (Venezuela).
10. Calidris melanotos Pectoral Sandpiper
Status: rare, boreal migrant Habitat: open water Dates: Early Aug-mid Nov and
rare spring Mar-May (Columbia); mid Aug-late Oct and rare spring early Feb-mid Mar
(Venezuela).
11. Calidris himantopus Stilt Sandpiper
Status: casual, boreal migrant Habitat: open water Dates: Mid Sept-late Mar
(Columbia); late Aug-late Apr (Venezuela).
12. Gallinago paraguaiae (gallinago) South American Snipe
Status: casual, resident Habitat: open water and primary forest
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3
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CATHARTIDAE, PANDIONIDAE, & CARACARAS
1. Coragyps atratus Black Vulture
2. Cathartes aura Turkey Vulture
Status: uncommon, resident Habitat: pasture and secondary forest Similar
species: From other Cathartes by red head (not yellow); others have prominent pale
area at base of primaries from above, due to white (not brownish) primary quills. C.
melambrotus is more robust, blacker, and innermost primaries are distinctly blacker
than other flight feathers from below.
3. Cathartes melambrotus Greater Yellow-headed Vulture
Status: common, resident Habitat: primary forest and pasture Similar species:
See C. aura.
4. Sarcoramphus papa King Vulture
Status: uncommon, resident Habitat: primary forest and pasture
5. Daptrius ater Black Caracara
Status: rare, resident Habitat: primary forest Similar species: See I. americanus.
6. Ibycter (Daptrius) americanus Red-throated Caracara
Status: common, resident Habitat: primary forest Similar species: D. ater has
bare orange face and white base of tail.
7. Caracara (Polyborus) plancus Southern Caracara
Status: rare, resident Habitat: pasture
8. Milvago chimachima Yellow-headed Caracara
Status: uncommon, resident Habitat: pasture Similar species: Immature can be
confused with several immature hawks, especially Buteo nitidus.
9. Pandion haliaetus Osprey
Status: casual, boreal migrant Habitat: open water
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2
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ACCIPITRIDAE (part 1)
1. Elanoides forficatus Swallow-tailed Kite
Status: uncommon, unspecified movements? Habitat: primary and secondary forest
2. Ictinia plumbea Plumbeous Kite
Status: uncommon, unspecified movements? Habitat: primary and secondary
forest Similar species: No other hawk has such long curving wings in flight, or
wings that project beyond the tail at rest.
3. Gampsonyx swainsonii Pearl Kite
Status: rare, resident Habitat: pasture
4. Leptodon cayanensis Gray-headed Kite
Status: casual, resident Habitat: primary forest Similar species: Pale phase
immature very similar to adult Spizastur melanole ucus, but smaller, browner above,
lores and cere yellow (not black lores and orange cere), legs much shorter and weaker,
and band ing broader on primaries. Also see Morphnus guianensis, immature
Spizaetus ornatus, and imm. Chondrohierax uncinatus, all with different flight profile,
last two with some barrin g below. Dark immature difficult to ID (learn flight profile),
but most look black-headed. Also compare smaller immature Harpagus bidentatus,
also immature Buteo nitidus and Buteo magnirostris, and larger Spizaetus.
5. Chondrohierax uncinatus Hook-billed Kite
Status: casual, resident Habitat: primary forest Similar species: Normal adults
(barred) can be confused with several buteos (esp. Buteo nitidus), but are rangier in
profile, and have heavier bills, and bolder, coarser pattern on underparts and flight
feathers.
6. Harpagus bidentatus Double-toothed Kite
Status: uncommon, resident Habitat: primary forest Similar species: Resembles
Accipiter or short-winged Buteo in air, but can be told by beveled wings and
conspicuous puffy white undertail coverts and diagnostic throat stripe. See Buteo
magnirostris and B. platypterus. Note: Often follows monkey troups.
1
6
1. Leucopternis melanops Black-faced Hawk
Status: rare, resident Habitat: primary forest Similar species: Smaller than L.
albicollis, with much more crown streaking, orange (not gray) cere, and tail black with
a single median white band (not white tip at base).
W: (195) T: (136) M: (295) N: 2
2. Leucopternis albicollis White Hawk
Status: common, resident Habitat: primary and secondary forest
Similar species: See L. melanops.
W: 278-350 (321.0) T: 90-195 (154.0) N: 4
3. Buteogallus urubitinga Great Black-Hawk
4. Buteogallus (Heterospizias) meridionalis Savanna Hawk
2
4
1. Buteo nitidus Gray Hawk
Status: common, resident Habitat: secondary forest and pasture
Similar species: Adult only likely confused with B. magnirostris, which is usually
tinged brownish, and has unbarred throat and chest and rufous wings. Immature
resembles several other streaked immatures, but is the buffiest, especially on the head,
more spotted (less streaked) below; in flight has light wing patches. Also compare
immature Milvago chimachima.
2. Buteo magnirostris Roadside Hawk
Status: uncommon, resident Habitat: pasture and secondary forest
Similar species: Rather nondescript. If in doubt, flush to see rufous in wings. See B.
nitidus and B. platypterus.
3. Buteo platypterus Broad-winged Hawk
Status: uncommon, boreal migrant Habitat: secondary and primary forest
Dates: Oct-Apr (Columbia); late Aug-early May with peak Oct-early Apr (Venezuela).
Similar species: Grayer B. nitidus shows rufous wing patches in flight. Immature
could be confused with several smaller immature Buteo, especially B. nitidus, which is
creamier below and more sparsely and obviously spotted (less streaked), and B.
magnirostris, which is browner below with barred (not streaked) lower underparts. See
also Harpagus bidentatus.
4. Buteo brachyurus Short-tailed Hawk
Status: uncommon, resident Habitat: secondary forest and pasture
Similar species: Compare light phase with B. albicaudatus. Dark phase resembles
several others, but shape, size, and strongly 2-toned upperwings are helpful.
Buteogallus urubitinga has one or more tail bands. Underwing pattern of Ictinia
plumbea is reverse.
5. Buteo albicaudatus White-tailed Hawk
Status: rare, resident Habitat: pasture Similar species: B. brachyurus is smaller,
lacks strongly contrasting underwings, and has several narrow black tail bands.
Leucopternis albicollis is very different from above and forest-based. See dark phase
B. brachyurus.
1
2
4
1. Morphnus guianensis Crested Eagle
Status: rare, resident Habitat: primary forest Similar species: Like Harpia
harpyja, but smaller with proportionally longer tail, weaker bill, longer and weaker
tarsi, undivided crest, immaculate wing linings (light phase), and no black chest band.
Also compare Leptodon cayanensis, immature Spizaetus ornatus, Spizastur
melanoleucus, the last two with feathered legs.
2. Harpia harpyja Harpy Eagle
Status: rare, resident Habitat: primary forest Similar species: See Morphnus
guianensis.
3. Spizastur melanoleucus Black-and-white Hawk-Eagle
Status: casual, resident Habitat: primary forest and pasture Similar species: S.
ornatus is brownish (not black) above, lacks black lores, and is barred black on flanks,
thighs, and usually somewhat on underwings. Pale phase immature Leptodon
cayanensis is slighter with proportionally shorter wings, longer tail, more crisply barred
outer primaries, browner back, lacks black mask and crest, and has shore bare legs.
Also see Leucopternis albicollis.
4. Spizaetus tyrannus Black Hawk-Eagle
Status: casual, resident Habitat: primary and secondary forest
Similar species: Darker in all plumages than S. melanoleucus. No other dark raptor
has such boldly banded or checkered flight feathers and such obviously rounded wings
swept forward and narrowing at rear base.
5. Spizaetus ornatus Ornate Hawk-Eagle
Status: uncommon, resident Habitat: primary forest Similar species: Accipiter
poliogaster smaller, no crest, bare legs, and short rounder wings. Immature from
immature S. tyrannus by black flank and thigh barring, spotted wing linings, yellow
(not red-orange) cere, no prominent black mask, longer crest, and browner upperparts.
Also see Morphnus guianensis, S. tyrannus, and pale immature Leptodon cayanensis.
W: 338 T: 242 N: 1
2
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4
ACCIPITRIDAE (part 5) & FALCONIDAE
1. Accipiter superciliosus Tiny Hawk
Status: rare, resident Habitat: primary forest Similar species: Compare with
Micrastur ruficollis and Micrastur gilvicollis.
2. Accipiter bicolor Bicolored Hawk
Status: rare, resident Habitat: primary forest Similar species: A. poliogaster is
usually paler (whitish or pale gray) below, cheeks darker, and thighs never rufous.
Buffy and pale phase adult Micrastur semitorquatus have longer graduated tails and a
black mark protruding onto cheek. M. mirandollei is always whitish below (never
rufous on thighs) and lacks collar.
3. Accipiter poliogaster Gray-bellied Hawk
Status: casual, resident Habitat: primary forest Similar species: Adult like
Micrastur mirandollei, but tail shorter and squarish (not graduated), more distinct dark-
capped appearance, sides of head usually much darker, the blackish reaching to sides of
throat, no extensive bare yellow facial area, and legs shorter. In flight, wing linings and
flight feathers more or less unbarred (not conspicuously barred). Immature is like half-
sized Spizaetus ornatus, but lacks crest and has bare (not feathered) legs.
4. Falco rufigularis Bat Falcon
Status: common, resident Habitat: primary forest and pasture
1 2
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3
FALCONIDAE
1. Micrastur ruficollis Barred Forest-Falcon
Similar species: Likely only confused with M. gilvicollis, which has bright orange
cere, lores, and facial skin, white eyes, usually only two narrow white tail bands, and
weaker barring on lower underparts. Typical immatures with barring easily separated
from immature M. semitorquatus and M. mirandollei and much smaller Accipiter
superciliosus. Buffy immature from immature Accipiter bicolor by orange yellow
facial skin, narrow white tail bars, and smaller size. Buff adults of M. semitorquatus
are much larger with black cheek mark and greenish cere and lores. Note: 219g (F)
& 168g (M) (Hilty).
W: 165-185 (175.3) T: 141-182 (161.8) M: 150-250 (203.8) N: 16
2. Micrastur gilvicollis Lined Forest-Falcon
Status: common, resident Habitat: primary forest Similar species: See M.
ruficollis. M. mirandollei is unbarred below. Note: 230g (F) & 185g (M) (Hilty).
W: 138-226 (183.9) T: 130-170 (147.0) M: 165-262 (210.6) N: 96
3. Micrastur mirandollei Slaty-backed Forest-Falcon
Similar species: Adult Accipiter poliogaster has shorter legs, usually black-gray (not
pale gray) cheeks, the gray extending well down to sides of throat, and only cere and
lores yellow (not larger facial area). Immature M. ruficollis that lack bars below
resemble buffier adults (most adults white below), but are smaller, paler on sides of
head and with less graduated tails. Accipiter bicolor like buffiest adults, but shorter-
legged and usually has buffy nuchal collar. Immature is only in genus with scaling,
mottling, or streaking below (not barring). Note: 650g (F) & 420g (M) (Hilty).
4. Micrastur semitorquatus Collared Forest-Falcon
Similar species: Pale collar and dark crescent on cheek is diagnostic in light and tawny
phase adults. Accipiter bicolor is smaller, has pale nuchal collar (usually), dark cheeks
(no crescent), shorter legs, shorter ungraduated tail, and yellow lores. Dark phase
adults best told by shape, ventral barring, and green lores. Ligher immatures are much
larger than immature M. ruficollis, more coarsely barred below, and usually with tawny
or buff collar (vs white or lacking), and dull green lores. Also compare immature
Milvago chimachima. Note: 700g (F) & 535g (M) (Hilty).
2
3
COLUMBIDAE
1. Patagioenas (Columba) plumbea Plumbeous Pigeon (not illustrated)
Status: common, resident Habitat: primary forest Voice: Lower than P.
subvinaceae. Also slower, more resonant, with emphasis on 1st and last (not 3rd)
syllable. Similar species: P. subvinaceae purpureotincta (P. s. ogilviegranti?):
virtually indistinguishable in field, but P. plumbea has yellowish-white to yellow eyes
(but reddish in juvenile?), P. subvinaceae has red eyes. Only safely identified by voice.
2. Patagioenas (Columba) subvinacea Ruddy Pigeon
Status: common, resident Habitat: primary and secondary forest Voice: Higher
and faster than P. plumbea. Also 3rd syllable emphasized and longer.
Similar species: See P. plumbea.
3. Patagioenas (Columba) speciosa Scaled Pigeon
4. Columbina passerina Common Ground-Dove
W: 76-79 (77.5) T: 56-57 (56.5) M: 32.5-42 (37.3) N: 2 Band: H
5. Columbina talpacoti Ruddy Ground-Dove
6. Leptotila verreauxi White-tipped Dove
W: 120-122 (121) T: 92-106 (99) N: 2 Band: L-M
7. Geotrygon montana Ruddy Quail-Dove
Status: uncommon, unspecified movements Habitat: primary forest
W: 114-145 (130.3) T: 53-90 (72.1) M: 70-165 (112.2) N: 452 Band: M-N
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PSITTACIDAE
1. Ara ararauna Blue-and-yellow Macaw
2. Ara macao Scarlet Macaw
Status: rare, resident Habitat: primary forest
Similar species: A. chloroptera larger with shorter tail, darker red, and has green wing
coverts and promiscuous facial lines. A. macao wiggles tail in flight and is all-red.
3. Ara chloroptera Red-and-green Macaw
Status: common, resident Habitat: primary forest and pasture
4. Orthopsitta (Ara) manilata Red-bellied Macaw
Status: uncommon, resident Habitat: pasture and primary forest
5. Aratinga leucophthalma White-eyed Parakeet
6. Brotogeris chrysopterus Golden-winged Parakeet
7. Touit purpuratus Sapphire-rumped Parrotlet
8. Touit huetii Scarlet-shouldered Parrotlet
9. Pionites melanocephalus Black-headed Parrot
10. Gypopsitta (Pionopsitta) caica Caica Parrot
11. Pionus menstruus Blue-headed Parrot
Status: common, unspecified movements Habitat: primary forest
Similar species: From other parrots by deep wing-clapping wing strokes.
12. Pionus fuscus Dusky Parrot
Status: uncommon, unspecified movements Habitat: primary forest
13. Amazona autumnalis Red-lored Parrot
14. Amazona farinosa Mealy Parrot
15. Deroptyus accipitrinus Red-fan Parrot
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CUCULIDAE
1. Coccyzus euleri Pearly-breasted Cuckoo
Status: rare, austral migrant Habitat: primary forest
2. Coccyzus melacoryphus Dark-billed Cuckoo
Status: casual, austral migrant Habitat: secondary forest
3. Piaya cayana Squirrel Cuckoo
Status: uncommon, resident Habitat: secondary forest Similar species: P.
melanogaster has gray cap, red bill, yellow loral spot, blackish lower underparts.
W: 135 T: 215 M: 90 N: 1 Band: L
4. Piaya melanogaster Black-bellied Cuckoo
Status: common, resident Habitat: primary forest Similar species: See P. cayana
5. Crotophaga major Greater Ani
Status: casual, resident Habitat: primary forest Similar species: C. ani smaller
with dark eyes and duller plumage.
6. Crotophaga ani Smooth-billed Ani
Status: common, resident Habitat: pasture and secondary forest
Similar species: See C. major.
7. Dromococcyx pavoninus Pavonine Cuckoo
Status: casual, resident Habitat: primary forest Note: brood parasite,
especially on smaller species, i.e. antbirds and flycatchers; eggs white.
2
1
7
TYTONIDAE & STRIGIDAE
1. Tyto alba Barn Owl
Status: rare, resident Habitat: secondary forest and pasture
2. Megascops (Otus) watsonii Tawny-bellied Screech-Owl
W: 165-180 (171.7) T: 81-100 (90.4) M: 121-167 (136.5) N: 9
3. Megascops (Otus) choliba Tropical Screech-Owl
4. Glaucidium hardyi Amazonian Pygmy-Owl
W: 85-98 (91.4) T: 44-51.5 (46.7) M: 44.5-63 (55.9) N: 15
5. Glaucidium brasilianum Ferruginous Pygmy-Owl
6. Lophostrix cristata Crested Owl
7. Pulsatrix perspicillata Spectacled Owl
8. Ciccaba virgata Mottled Owl
Status: rare, resident Habitat: secondary and primary forest
Similar species: Other Ciccaba barred below.
9. Ciccaba huhula Black-banded Owl
10. Athene (Speotyto) cunicularia Burrowing Owl
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3
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8 10
9
CAPRIMULGIDAE & NYCTIBIIDAE
1. Lurocalis semitorquatus Short-tailed Nighthawk
Status: uncommon, resident Habitat: primary forest Similar species: Chordeiles
are longer-tailed with white wing bands, and often hunt over clearings or open country.
2. Chordeiles acutipennis Lesser Nighthawk
Status: casual, resident Habitat: pasture Similar species: From C. minor by wing
band closer to tip. Female has buff throat and wing bands. Often flies lower, lacks
dive and peent call, voice unique.
3. Chordeiles minor Common Nighthawk
Status: rare, boreal migrant Habitat: primary forest Similar species: See C.
acutipennis.
4. Nyctidromus albicollis Common Pauraque
Status: common, resident Habitat: secondary and primary forest
Similar species: Female from other Caprimulgids by rufous cheeks, rich scapular
pattern, size, and wing bands.
W: 104-145 (129.7) T: 127-132 (128.7) M: 47-55.2 (51.7) N: 3 Band: H-J
5. Caprimulgus nigrescens Blackish Nightjar
Similar species: none this blackish.
6. Nyctibius grandis Great Potoo
Status: rare, resident Habitat: secondary and primary forest
Similar species: Very pale individuals are distinctive. Brownish ones best told by
barring and vermiculation below (no striping) and black-bordered tail bands.
Note: 450-640g (Hilty).
7. Nyctibius aethereus Long-tailed Potoo
Similar species: Like N. griseus, but larger with longer, strongly graduated tail and
fewer and broader tail bands (5-6 vs 7-9 visible). N. grandis is paler and seldom shows
such a prominent malar, and usually have narrower and distinctly black-rimmed bands
across tail. Note: Birds at BDFFP perhaps separate from those in se Brazil and
would be called N. longicaudatus. 440g (Hilty)
W: 310-320 (315.0) T: 265-270 (267.5) M: 272-280 (276.0) N: 2
8. Nyctibius griseus Common Potoo
Similar species: N. grandis larger and often paler, but beware of dark birds.
Note: 185g (Hilty)
9. Nyctibius leucopterus White-winged Potoo
Status: uncommon, resident Habitat: primary forest Similar species: From
other Nyctibiids by promiscuous whitish band on wings.
10. Nyctibius bracteatus Rufous Potoo
Status: uncommon, resident Habitat: primary forest Similar species: From other
Nyctibiids by cinnamon color and white shoulder spot.
W: 161 T: 123 M: 50 N: 1
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APODIDAE
1. Streptoprocne zonaris White-collared Swift
Status: rare, unspecified movements Habitat: primary forest and pasture
2. Chaetura spinicaudus Band-rumped Swift
Status: common, resident Habitat: primary forest, open water, and pasture
Similar species: More slender proportions and relatively longer tailed than other
Chaetura.
3. Chaetura chapmani Chapmans Swift
Status: common, resident Habitat: primary forest and open water
Similar species: Not easily identified. Darker, glossier, and more uniform above and
below with little contrast in rump and throat. Beware of Cypseloides which are
completely uniform above, but larger and shaped differently.
4. Chaetura brachyura Short-tailed Swift
Status: uncommon, resident Habitat: secondary forest, open water, and pasture
Similar species: From other Chaetura by uniformly dark plumage and pale rear end,
but even more helpful are proportions and flight characteristics, especially the
essentially tailless appearance, rather broad wings (due especially to secondaries), and
floppy bat-like flight.
5. Panyptila cayennensis Lesser Swallow-tailed Swift
Status: rare, resident Habitat: primary forest Similar species: Tachornis
squamata much browner and dingier.
6. Tachornis squamata Fork-tailed Palm-Swift
Status: rare, resident Habitat: pasture Similar species: see Panyptila
cayennensis.
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5
TROCHILIDAE
1. Phaethornis superciliosus Long-tailed Hermit
Status: common, resident Habitat: primary and secondary forest Note: Exposed
culmen 43mm (M) & 36mm (F) (Hilty).
W: 50-65 (57.7) T: 55-74 (64.8) M: 3.5-7 (5.5) N: 717
2. Phaethornis bourcieri Straight-billed Hermit
W: 49-62 (55.5) T: 52-67 (59.1) M: 2-7 (4.2) N: 472
3. Phaethornis ruber Reddish Hermit
Status: rare, resident Habitat: secondary forest Note: Female lacks chest band.
4. Campylopterus largipennis Gray-breasted Sabrewing
W: 65-77.5 (72.0) T: 43-56 (50.8) M: 6-12 (8.5) N: 116
5. Topaza pella Crimson Topaz
W: 68-81.5 (72.5) T: 38-92 (47.8) M: 9-13 (10.8) N: 12
6. Florisuga mellivora White-necked Jacobin
Status: uncommon, resident Habitat: primary and secondary forest. Note: Throat
of female is variable from fairly pale to many dusky and blue feathers (Hilty).
W: 62-71 (66.4) T: 31-40 (35.7) M: 5-8 (6.3) N: 28
7. Anthracothorax nigricollis Black-throated Mango
8. Avocettula recurvirostris Fiery-tailed Awlbill
9. Chrysolampis mosquitus Ruby-topaz Hummingbird
10. Discosura longicaudus Racket-tailed Coquette
11. Thalurania furcata Fork-tailed Woodnymph
W: 43-57 (50.7) T: 20-45 (31.4) M: 2.5-5.5 (4.0) N: 379
12. Hylocharis sapphirina Rufous-throated Sapphire
W: 43-53 (49.6) T: 26-29 (27.6) M: 3.5-4.5 (4.1) N: 7
13. Polytmus theresiae Green-tailed Goldenthroat
14. Amazilia fimbriata Glittering-throated Emerald
15. Amazilia versicolor Versicolored Emerald
Status: rare, resident Habitat: secondary forest
W: 48-50 (49) T: 28-30 (29) N: 2
16. Heliothryx auritus Black-eared Fairy
W: 60-67 (63.6) T: 32-65 (53.7) M: 3-6 (4.8) N: 24
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TROGONIDAE & MOMOTIDAE
1. Trogon melanurus Black-tailed Trogon
Status: common, resident Habitat: primary forest Similar species: Only trogon
east of Andes with all black tail below.
2. Trogon viridis White-tailed Trogon
Similar species: From other yellow-bellied trogons by white undertail. From T.
violaceus by unbroken light blue (not yellow) eyering and female never shows whitish
chest band. Note: 82g (Hilty)
W: 105-139 (116.6) T: 134-160 (142.2) M: 45-56.5 (49.3) N: 6
3. Trogon rufus Black-throated Trogon
Status: uncommon, resident Habitat: primary forest Similar species: Male is
only yellow-bellied trogon with greenish head and breast (not violet). Female is only
yellow-bellied trogon with gray or slaty above and on chest (not brown).
W: (110.4) T: (138.5) M: (50.1) N: 44
4. Trogon violaceus Violaceous Trogon
Status: common, resident Habitat: primary forest Similar species: see T. rufus
and T. viridis. Note: 42g (Hilty)
5. Pharomachrus pavoninus Pavonine Quetzal
6. Momotus momota Blue-crowned Motmot
W: 131-152 (142) T: 147-305 (241) M: 95-180 (134.0) N: 191 Band: M-N
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ALCEDINIDAE & GALBULIDAE
1. Megaceryle (Ceryle) torquata Ringed Kingfisher
2. Chloroceryle amazona Amazon Kingfisher
Status: casual, resident Habitat: open water Similar species: C. americana:
wings conspicuously spotted and barred white. C. inda has no white below and a buffy
rufous collar on sides of neck.
3. Chloroceryle americana Green Kingfisher
Status: casual, resident Habitat: primary forest Similar species: see C. amazona.
4. Chloroceryle inda Green-and-rufous Kingfisher
Status: rare, resident Habitat: primary forest Similar species: From other
Chloroceryle by no white below. Note: Male lacks chest band.
W: 87-105.5 (94.4) T: 53-67 (61.7) M: 43-67 (52.5) N: 36
5. Chloroceryle aenea American Pygmy Kingfisher
Status: rare, resident Habitat: primary forest Similar species: see other
Chloroceryle.
W: 52-59 (55.2) T: 28-35 (32.5) M: 11-16.8 (13.8) N: 23 Band: D
6. Galbula albirostris Yellow-billed Jacamar
Similar species: Only jacamar with yellow on bill and mostly rufous underparts.
W: 62-75 (69.1) T: 54-73 (64.9) M: 14-22 (18.0) N: 303 Band: G-H
7. Galbula leucogastra Bronzy Jacamar
Status: rare, resident Habitat: campinarana, secondary and primary forest
8. Galbula dea Paradise Jacamar
Similar species: White throat and shape are diagnostic.
W: 81.5-85 (83.3) T: 138-151.5 (144.8) M: 26.6-29.5 (28.0) N: 2
9. Jacamerops aureus Great Jacamar
Status: uncommon, resident Habitat: primary forest Similar species: Note heavy
bill and mostly rufous underparts without dark chest band.
W: 106-112 (109.7) T: 127-134 (128.2) M: 51.5-74.5 (64.1) N: 8
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BUCCONIDAE, CAPITONIDAE, & RAMPHASTIDAE
1. Notharchus macrorhynchos Guianan Puffbird
Status: common, resident Habitat: primary forest Note: Females underparts
tinged with buff.
2. Notharchus tectus Pied Puffbird
W: 66-71 (69.1) T: 45-54 (49.4) M: 22-31 (26.4) N: 5
3. Bucco tamatia Spotted Puffbird
W: 68-80 (75.1) T: 55-69 (60.1) M: 29-45 (35.3) N: 17
4. Bucco capensis Collared Puffbird
W: 77-85 (81.4) T: 59.5-70 (64.3) M: 44-62 (52.6) N: 31 Band: J
5. Malacoptila fusca White-chested Puffbird
W: 81-95 (87.8) T: 59-75 (66.0) M: 35.5-54 (44.3) N: 170 Band: L
6. Nonnula rubecula Rusty-breasted Nunlet
W: 64-65 (64.7) T: 55-59 (57.0) M: 17.5-21 (19.3) N: 3
7. Monasa atra Black Nunbird
W: 118-139 (128.3) T: 111-140 (121.3) M: 70-110 (89.4) N: 27
8. Chelidoptera tenebrosa Swallow-winged Puffbird
Status: rare, resident Habitat: pasture and secondary forest
Similar species: Silhouette recalls a martin or Iodopleura isabellae when perched, but
cinnamon belly and white back stripe. In flight, note broad-winged, bat-like shape.
9. Capito niger Black-spotted Barbet
W: 80 T: 50 M: 53 N: 1
10. Pteroglossus viridis Green Aracari
W: 103-117 (109.5) T: 93-111 (100.6) M: 100-140 (117.7) N: 7
11. Selenidera culik Guianan Toucanet
W: 110-118 (115.7) T: 89-102 (96.8) M: 133-165 (142) N: 6
12. Ramphastos vitellinus Channel-billed Toucan
Status: common, resident Habitat: primary forest Similar species: R. tucanus is
larger with larger bill, white throat, and call is a yelp (not a croak).
13. Ramphastos tucanus White-throated Toucan
Status: common, resident Habitat: primary forest Similar species: see R.
vitellinus.
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PICIDAE
1. Picumnus exilis Golden-spangled Piculet
Status: rare, resident Habitat: primary and secondary forest Note: Female lacks
red crown.
W: 47-48 (47.5) M: 8-8.5 (8.3) N: 2 Band: G
2. Melanerpes cruentatus Yellow-tufted Woodpecker
Status: common, resident Habitat: secondary and primary forest Note: Female
lacks red crown.
3. Veniliornis cassini Golden-collared Woodpecker
Status: common, resident Habitat: primary forest Note: Female lacks red crown.
W: 90-94 (8.0) T: 53-62 (55.5) M: 29-36 (32.9) N: 8
4. Piculus flavigula Yellow-throated Woodpecker
5. Piculus chrysochloros Golden-green Woodpecker
6. Celeus undatus Waved Woodpecker
Status: rare, resident Habitat: secondary and primary forest Similar species: Pale
head and coarse barring on rump (like back), flight feathers, and tail are the marks.
Note: May be conspecific with C. grammicus.
W: 120-125 (122.5) T: 68-75 (71.5) N: 2
7. Celeus flavus Cream-colored Woodpecker
Status: casual, resident Habitat: primary forest Note: All female Celeus lack red
cheek.
8. Celeus grammicus Scale-breasted Woodpecker
Status: common, resident Habitat: primary forest Similar species: From C.
elegans by smaller size and barred black below (or above and below). C. torquatus has
contrasting pale rufous head and black nuchal collar/breast and lacks the unbarred
yellow rump.
9. Celeus elegans Chestnut Woodpecker
Status: uncommon, resident Habitat: primary forest Similar species: C.
grammicus is smaller and barred black below and/or above. C. torquatus has black
chest and breast, belly bright yellowish buff, and tail more barred. Note: Our C.
elegans have cream-colored crown.
W: 148-171 (158.4) T: 86-114 (95.3) M: 121-153 (136.2) N: 13
10. Celeus torquatus Ringed Woodpecker
Status: uncommon, resident Habitat: primary forest Similar species: Paler head
contrasts with body, black nuchal collar and breast, and lacks yellow rump, which
separates it from C. elegans and C. grammicus.
11. Dryocopus lineatus Lineated Woodpecker
Status: common, resident Habitat: secondary forest, primary forest, and pasture
12. Campephilus rubricollis Red-necked Woodpecker
W: 171-179 (175.0) T: 104-112 (108.0) M: 195-220 (209) N: 3
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DENDROCOLAPTINAE (FURNARIIDAE)
1. Dendrocincla fuliginosa Plain-brown Woodcreeper
Status: common, resident Habitat: primary and secondary forest Similar species:
D. merula has uniform brown head and strongly contrasting white patch on throat.
W: 95-116 (106.0) T: 77-106 (93.1) M: 31-52 (40.4) N: 227 Band: H
2. Dendrocincla merula White-chinned Woodcreeper
Status: common, resident Habitat: primary forest Similar species: D. fuliginosa.
W: 94-117 (105.2) T: 61-91 (76.6) M: 39.5-64 (53.2) N: 425 Band: H
3. Deconychura longicauda Long-tailed Woodcreeper
Status: common, resident Habitat: primary forest Similar species: Little
streaking at distance, but bill shorter than D. fuliginosa. Does not have rufous rump, as
does D. stictolaema. Note: Female > male. Exposed culmen 20-23mm (Hilty).
W: 86-116 (103.6) T: 86-116 (102.7) M: 20-36 (29.3) N: 117 Band: D-E
4. Deconychura stictolaema Spot-throated Woodcreeper
Status: common, resident Habitat: primary forest Similar species: See D.
longicauda. Note: Exposed culmen 15-18mm (Hilty).
W: 66-89 (79.0) T: 62-97 (80.6) M: 12-23 (17.0) N: 378 Band: E
5. Sittasomus griseicapillus Olivaceous Woodcreeper
W: 68-87 (78.1) T: 66-83 (73.1) M: 11.5-17 (14.3) N: 48 Band: D-E
6. Glyphorynchus spirurus Wedge-billed Woodcreeper
W: 59-76 (67.4) T: 50-79 (64.5) M: 10.5-17 (13.7) N: 1350 Band: D-E
7. Dendrexetastes rufigula Cinnamon-throated Woodcreeper
Similar species: D. certhia uniform at distance, but bill dark and different behavior.
8. Hylexetastes perrotii Red-billed Woodcreeper
Status: uncommon, resident Habitat: primary forest Similar species: From
Dendrocolaptes certhia by strong facial pattern.
W: 106-140 (126.7) T: 92-130 (111.4) M: 95-135 (114.2) N: 98 Band: L
9. Dendrocolaptes certhia Amazonian Barred-Woodcreeper
Status: common, resident Habitat: primary forest Similar species: Barring
difficult to see; look for red bill. Other large Dendrocolaptids look uniform far away.
W: 113-135 (125.1) T: 105-130 (118.7) M: 54.5-80.5 (66.6) N: 102
10. Dendrocolaptes picumnus Black-banded Woodcreeper
W: 123-141 (135.0) T: 110-125 (117.3) M: 67-90 (78.8) N: 18 Band: G-H
11. Xiphorhynchus pardalotus Chestnut-rumped Woodcreeper
W: 89-115 (100.9) T: 73-104 (87.3) M: 29-47 (37.9) N: 684 Band: H
12. Lepidocolaptes albolineatus Lineated Woodcreeper
W: 82-85.5 (83.8) M: 19-20 (19.5) N: 2
13. Campylorhamphus procurvoides Curve-billed Scythebill
W: 86-102 (94.8) T: 74-99 (85.2) M: 30-41.5 (34.5) N: 69
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FURNARIINAE & SCLERURINAE (FURNARIIDAE)
1. Synallaxis rutilans Ruddy Spinetail
W: 49-60 (55.0) T: 48-75 (62.4) M: 14-20 (16.8) N: 116
2. Philydor erythrocercum Rufous-rumped Foliage-Gleaner
Status: common, resident Habitat: primary forest Similar species: Paler below,
stronger eyeline, and more contrasting than Automolus.
W: 69-93 (84.0) T: 55-74 (64.4) M: 20-29 (23.7) N: 152 Band: G
3. Philydor pyrrhodes Cinnamon-rumped Foliage-Gleaner
Status: uncommon, resident Habitat: primary forest Similar species: Brighter
and more patterned than any other foliage-gleaner.
W: 73-98 (84.4) T: 52-70 (62.0) M: 24-38 (30.3) N: 48 Band: G
4. Automolus infuscatus Olive-backed Foliage-Gleaner
Status: common, resident Habitat: primary forest Similar species: From A.
ochrolaemus by nearly absent eye ring, whiter throat, and slightly browner upperparts.
W: 76-95 (85.3) T: 60-80 (70.5) M: 25.5-39 (31.7) N: 418 Band: E-H
5. Automolus rubiginosus Ruddy Foliage-Gleaner
W: 70-91 (80.8) T: 61-78 (69.8) M: 29-44 (36.8) N: 151 Band: H
6. Automolus ochrolaemus Buff-throated Foliage-Gleaner
W: 77-95 (86.2) T: 60-87 (74.7) M: 29-40 (34.3) N: 88
7. Sclerurus mexicanus Tawny-throated Leaftosser
W: 72-83 (79.0) T: 53-66 (58.8) M: 20-30 (24.7) N: 65 Band: E
8. Sclerurus rufigularis Short-billed Leaftosser
Status: common, resident Habitat: primary forest Similar species: S. caudacutus
has longer bill, whitish throat faintly scaled dusky; in the hand, slightly less contrasting
reddish rump. From S. mexicanus by shorter, straighter bill; paler, buffier throat;
sometimes a vague eyebrow.
W: 70-83 (76.0) T: 52-64 (58.1) M: 17.5-25 (21.2) N: 238 Band: G
9. Sclerurus caudacutus Black-tailed Leaftosser
Status: rare, resident Habitat: primary forest Similar species: From other
leaftossers by whitish throat. Longer billed than S. rufigularis. S. mexicanus has
slightly downcurved bill.
W: 80-100 (91.8) T: 57-76 (66.4) M: 30-47.5 (39.2) N: 125 Band: D-H
10. Xenops milleri Rufous-tailed Xenops
Status: common, resident Habitat: primary forest Similar species: From X.
minutus by lacking white maler streak and does not have black in tail.
W: 62-66 (64.0) T: 36-37 (36.5) M: 11-11.5 (11.3) N: 2
11. Xenops minutus Plain Xenops
Status: common, resident Habitat: primary forest Similar species: From all other
Xenops by unstreaked upper and underparts. Compare also Glyphorynchus spirurus.
W: 57-73 (64.8) T: 42-58 (50.5) M: 10-15.5 (12.3) N: 258 Band: D
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THAMNOPHILIDAE (part 1)
1. Cymbilaimus lineatus Fasciated Antshrike
Similar species: Female Frederickena viridis is not striped on the back.
W: 70-78 (72.8) T: 66-79 (70.0) M: 29-40 (35.1) N: 18
2. Frederickena viridis Black-throated Antshrike
W: 86-98 (91.8) T: 66-86 (75.5) M: 55-77.5 (67.3) N: 96
3. Thamnophilus murinus Mouse-colored Antshrike
Similar species: Males marks are brownish wings, weakly dotted wing coverts and
overall pale gray. Compare female with T. punctatus.
W: 54-65 (60.0) T: 47-61 (52.7) M: 15-22 (17.8) N: 180 Band: D
4. Thamnophilus punctatus Northern Slaty-Antshrike
Status: uncommon, resident Habitat: secondary forest and campinarana
Similar species: Female has bolder wing markings than other antbirds.
5. Thamnomanes ardesiacus Dusky-throated Antshrike
Status: common, resident Habitat: primary forest Similar species: T. caesius is
longer tailed, male lacks black throat, and female is brighter cinnamon below.
W: 66-78 (72.2) T: 45-58 (51.7) M: 13-23.5 (18.3) N: 760 Band: D-G
6. Thamnomanes caesius Cinereous Antshrike
W: 66-76 (71.1) T: 54-71 (63.4) M: 14-21.5 (17.6) N: 811 Band: D-E
7. Cercomacra cinerascens Gray Antbird
Status: common, resident Habitat: primary forest Similar species: C. tyrannina
has white tail tips and different habits. See also Thamnophilus murinus.
8. Cercomacra tyrannina Dusky Antbird
Status: rare, resident Habitat: secondary forest Similar species: Schistocichla
leucostigma has spotted coverts.
W: 57-66 (60.3) T: 53-68 (58.8) M: 15-20 (16.9) N: 25
9. Cercomacra laeta Willis Antbird
10. Sclateria naevia Silvered Antbird
Status: casual, resident Habitat: primary forest Similar species: Compare female
with female Myrmeciza atrothorax.
11. Percnostola rufifrons Black-headed Antbird
W: 63-78 (71.0) T: 48-69 (60.0) M: 10-37 (29.1) N: 605 Band: H
12. Schistocichla (Percnostola) leucostigma Spot-winged Antbird
W: 61-70 (65.4) T: 50-68 (58.7) M: 21-30 (24.5) N: 133
13. Myrmeciza ferruginea Ferruginous-backed Antbird
W: 55-67 (62.3) T: 45-63 (53.4) M: 18.5-30.5 (24.7) N: 230 Band: G-H
14. Myrmeciza atrothorax Black-throated Antbird
Status: uncommon, resident Habitat: secondary and primary forest Similar
species: Female like Schistocichla leucostigma, but has white throat.
W: 52-57 (54.6) T: 50-56.5 (54.3) M: 14-18.5 (15.8) N: 12
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THAMNOPHILIDAE (part 2)
1. Hypocnemis cantator Warbling Antbird
Status: common, resident Habitat: primary and secondary forest Note: Female
has brown in crown.
W: 47-57 (51.9) T: 33-47 (40.6) M: 9-14.5 (11.9) N: 516 Band: D-E
2. Myrmotherula brachyura Pygmy Antwren
Status: common, resident Habitat: primary forest and second. forest
3. Myrmotherula guttata Rufous-bellied Antwren
W: 46-54 (50.0) T: 19-30 (24.6) M: 7.5-13 (10.3) N: 263 Band: E
4. Epinocrophylla (Myrmotherula) gutturalis Brown-bellied Antwren
Status: common, resident Habitat: primary forest Similar species: Female by
color and dotted wing bars. Hangs from dead leaves. Note: Female lacks throat patch.
W: 46-55 (49.7) T: 32-47 (40.3) M: 7-11 (8.7) N: 514 Band: E
5. Myrmotherula axillaris White-flanked Antwren
Similar species: Has protruding white flank plumes.
W: 46-56 (50.6) T: 30-45 (37.8) M: 6-9.5 (7.7) N: 374 Band: E
6. Myrmotherula longipennis Long-winged Antwren
Status: common, resident Habitat: primary forest Similar species: Female from
others by buff eyering, brighter yellowish buff throat, and breast contrasting with belly.
W: 51-63 (56.9) T: 29-41 (56.9) M: 6.5-11 (8.4) N: 586 Band: C-D
7. Myrmotherula menetriesii Gray Antwren
Status: common, resident Habitat: primary forest Similar species: Female like
others lacking wing bars, but paler gray above and brighter ochraceous below.
W: 46-57 (51.5) T: 21-33 (27.1) M: 6-10.5 (8.2) N: 359 Band: E
8. Herpsilochmus dorsimaculatus Spot-backed Antwren
9. Terenura spodioptila Ash-winged Antwren
Status: common, resident Habitat: primary forest Note: Female duller.
10. Pithys albifrons White-plumed Antbird
W: 61-77 (69.6) T: 33-47 (40.0) M: 16-24.5 (20.3) N: 1585 Band: G
11. Gymnopithys rufigula Rufous-throated Antbird
Status: common, resident Habitat: primary forest Note: w/ brown back patch.
W: 68-82 (74.6) T: 42-58 (50.1) M: 23-36 (29.3) N: 903 Band: H
12. Hylophylax naevius Spot-backed Antbird
W: 52-61 (56.8) T: 31-42 (36.6) M: 10-15 (12.5) N: 104 Band: C
13. Hylophylax poecilinotus Scale-backed Antbird
W: 57-70 (63.4) T: 36-48 (42.1) M: 13-21 (16.9) N: 1319 Band: D-G
14. Myrmornis torquata Wing-banded Antbird
Status: uncommon, resident Habitat: primary forest Note: Female w/ rufous throat.
W: 84-99 (92.0) T: 33-45 (38.2) M: 38-51 (44.4) N: 185 Band: H
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FORMICARIIDAE, GRALLARIIDAE, CONOPOPHAGIDAE, & CORYTHOPIS
1. Formicarius colma Rufous-capped Antthrush
Status: common, resident Habitat: primary forest Similar species: F. analis
lacks chestnut cap and extensive black on breast. Note: Female has variable amount
of white to no white on throat (young males also?).
W: 75-92 (82.9) T: 41-57 (49.5) M: 38.5-57 (46.4) N: 390 Band: G-H
2. Formicarius analis Black-faced Antthrush
Status: common, resident Habitat: primary forest Similar species: see F. colma.
W: 85-97 (90.3) T: 44-56 (51.1) M: 52-74.5 (63.0) N: 53 Band: H
3. Grallaria varia Variegated Antpitta
W: 100-123 (114.0) T: 38-47 (42.4) M: 103-145 (120.1) N: 34
4. Hylopezus macularius Spotted Antpitta
Similar species: Myrmothera campanisona lacks malars and eyering and has breast
streaking diffused (not sharp and confined mostly to chest).
W: 66.5-89 (82.1) T: 28-39 (34.0) M: 35-50 (42.5) N: 49
5. Myrmothera campanisona Thrush-like Antpitta
Similar species: see Hylopezus macularius.
W: 78-82 (79.8) T: 31-37 (35.3) M: 46-50 (47.6) N: 5
6. Conopophaga aurita Chestnut-belted Gnateater
W: 59-70 (65.0) T: 24-35 (29.6) M: 19-28 (23.7) N: 138 Band: G
7. Corythopis torquatus Ringed Antpipit
Status: uncommon, resident Habitat: primary forest Similar species: Hylopezus
macularius superficially similar, but lacks tail. Compare also to Hylophylax naevia.
W: 55-72 (63.7) T: 40-63 (50.1) M: 11-19.5 (14.7) N: 323
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TYRANNIDAE (part 1)
1. Phyllomyias griseiceps Sooty-headed Tyrannulet
Status: casual, resident Habitat: secondary forest Similar species: Shape of
Zimmerius and Tyrannulus, but has dark cap, short eyebrow, and no wing bars. Also
Camptostoma obsoletum.
2. Zimmerius gracilipes Slender-footed Tyrannulet
Similar species: See Tyrannulus elatus. Tolmomyias larger with wing bars and wide
flat bills. Myiopagis gaimardii larger, has spotted wing bars, and longer tail not
cocked. Ornithion inerme has more prominent white eyebrow and bold, white-spotted
wing bars.
3. Ornithion inerme White-lored Tyrannulet
Status: uncommon, resident Habitat: primary forest Similar species: From other
small flycatchers by spotted coverts (do not form a bar).
4. Camptostoma obsoletum Southern Beardless-Tyrannulet
Status: casual, resident Habitat: secondary forest Similar species: Small-eyed,
peaked-headed appearance is distinctive. Usually cocks tail, horizontal posture, and
vireo-like movements.
5. Phaeomyias murina Mouse-colored Tyrannulet
Status: rare, resident Habitat: secondary forest Similar species: Camptostoma
obsoletum is perkier, more crested, and has whitish wing bars and pale yellow belly.
6. Tyrannulus elatus Yellow-crowned Tyrannulet
Similar species: Told by grayish face, stubby bill, and bold wing bars. Note very short
bill. Miniature of Myiopagis gaimardii, but plumper and shorter-billed. Zimmerius
gracilipes has yellow edgings, no distinct wing bars, and slimmer.
W: 55 T: 50 M: 12 N: 2
7. Myiopagis gaimardii Forest Elaenia
Status: common, resident Habitat: primary forest Similar species: Tolmomyias
have broader, flatter bills. Tyrannulus elatus unstreaked below. See Zimmerius
gracilipes, Phaeomyias murina, and Camptostoma obsoletum.
8. Myiopagis caniceps Gray Elaenia
Status: common, resident Habitat: primary forest Similar species: Male much
grayer than all other small flycatchers. Similar to male Pachyramphus rufus, but
slimmer and smaller-headed. Female like M. gaimardii, but wings blacker and throat
and chest grayer in stronger contrast to belly. Note: Female more olive with yellow
crown patch.
9. Elaenia parvirostris Small-billed Elaenia
Status: rare, austral migrant Habitat: secondary forest Dates: Early Apr-late Oct,
most records late May-Aug (Columbia); early Apr-late Sept (Venezuela).
Similar species: Eyering and whitish belly separate it from E. chiriquensis.
W: 68 T: 61 M: 13 N: 1 Band: D
10. Elaenia chiriquensis Lesser Elaenia
Status: casual, unspecified movements Habitat: secondary forest and pasture
Similar species: See E. parvirostris. Voice very useful.
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TYRANNIDAE (part 2)
1. Mionectes macconnelli McConnells Flycatcher
Similar species: M. oleaginous has pale tips on tertiaries and a pale mouth lining.
W: 55-71 (62.3) T: 39-55 (47.0) M: 9-16 (12.4) N: 1109 Band: D-E
2. Mionectes oleaginous Ochre-bellied Flycatcher
W: 53-67 (57.5) T: 39-51 (44.1) M: 10-13 (11.0) N: 20 Band: D
3. Phylloscartes virescens Olive-green Tyrannulet
Status: common, resident Habitat: primary forest Note: perches high in trees and
does single wing-lifts
4. Myiornis ecaudatus Short-tailed Pygmy-Tyrant
5. Lophotriccus vitiosus Double-banded Pygmy-Tyrant
Similar species: See L. galeatus and Hemitriccus zosterops.
6. Lophotriccus galeatus Helmeted Pygmy-Tyrant
Status: rare, resident Habitat: secondary forest Similar species: See L. vitiosus.
H. zosterops is larger with yellow wing bars, olive crown, and yellowish underparts.
W: 42-50 (45.0) T: 33-39 (36.3) M: 6-8 (6.8) N: 7
7. Hemitriccus zosterops White-eyed Tody-Tyrant
W: 43-56 (49.0) T: 34-48 (41.4) M: 5.5-10.5 (8.5) N: 29 Band: C
8. Hemitriccus josephinae Boat-billed Tody-Tyrant
9. Todirostrum pictum Painted Tody-Flycatcher
10. Todirostrum maculatum Spotted Tody-Flycatcher
11. Tolmomyias assimilis Yellow-margined Flycatcher
Status: common, resident Habitat: primary forest Similar species: See T.
poliocephalus. Note: p10>p4; 14.5g; flattened wing chord: 62-66mm (Hilty).
W: 51-64 (57.5) T: 43-56 (49.6) M: 11-15 (13.0) N: 17
12. Tolmomyias poliocephalus Gray-crowned Flycatcher
Similar species: From T. assimilis by size, distinct wing bars, contrasting gray crown,
orangish mandible (but sometimes gray?). In hand by lack of (or faint) wing speculum.
Note: 11g; flattened wing chord: 55-60mm (Hilty).
W: 50.5-59 (54.4) T: 42-48 (44.9) M: 9-13.5 (10.9) N: 11
13. Platyrinchus saturatus Cinnamon-crested Spadebill
Status: uncommon, resident Habitat: primary forest Note: Crown patch M > F.
W: 50-63 (56.8) T: 21-38 (29.7) M: 7-13 (10.3) N: 305 Band: D
14. Platyrinchus coronatus Golden-crowned Spadebill
Status: common, resident Habitat: primary forest Note: Crown patch M > F.
W: 48-58 (53.2) T: 19-30 (23.6) M: 6.5-10 (8.6) N: 347 Band: E
15. Platyrinchus platyrhynchos White-crested Spadebill
Status: uncommon, resident Habitat: primary forest Note: Crown patch M > F.
W: 59-65 (62.6) T: 27-37 (32.9) M: 10.5-14 (12.1) N: 34 Band: D
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TYRANNIDAE (part 3)
1. Rhynchocyclus olivaceus Olivaceous Flatbill
W: 64-76 (69.7) T: 49-65 (56.4) M: 14.5-25 (20.0) N: 109 Band: E
2. Ramphotrigon ruficauda Rufous-tailed Flatbill
W: 68-79 (73.4) T: 59-69 (64.0) M: 16.5-21 (18.8) N: 22
3. Onychorhynchus coronatus Royal Flycatcher
W: 69-84 (74.7) T: 55-69 (60.5) M: 10.5-17.5 (14.4) N: 83 Band: G
4. Terenotriccus erythrurus Ruddy-tailed Flycatcher
Similar species: Plumage like Neopipo cinnamomea, but posture and shape very
different. N. cinnamomea also lacks eyering, has a round head, perches more
horizontally, and has narrow and rounded bill. In hand, has rictal bristles and orange
legs. Note: 7g (M), 6g (F) (Hilty).
W: 44-53 (49.0) T: 33-44 (38.4) M: 5.5-8 (6.7) N: 154 Band: C
5. Myiobius barbatus Sulphur-rumped Flycatcher
Status: common, resident Habitat: primary forest Note: Female has smaller or
lacks yellow crown patch.
W: 53-68 (61.6) T: 44-61 (52.9) M: 7.5-13 (10.5) N: 518 Band: D
6. Contopus cooperi (borealis) Olive-sided Flycatcher
Status: rare, boreal migrant Habitat: secondary and primary forest Dates: Late
Aug-late May (Columbia); mid Oct-mid Apr (Venezuela).
7. Contopus virens Eastern Wood-Pewee
Status: rare, boreal migrant Habitat: secondary and primary forest Dates: Sept-
late Apr (Columbia); mid Sept-mid Apr (Venezuela).
W: 77 T: 59 N: 1 Band: G
8. Pyrocephalus rubinus Vermillion Flycatcher
Status: casual, austral migrant Habitat: secondary forest Dates: Mid June-mid
Sept (Columbia). Similar species: Female has erect posture, slight crest, heavily
streaked dusky below. Austral migrants may lack strawberry wash.
9. Attila spadiceus Bright-rumped Attila
Status: common, resident Habitat: primary forest Note: Plumage quite variable
from grayish to brownish individuals with variation in eye color from pale to dark.
W: 77-88 (81.2) T: 57-71 (62.0) M: 30-38.5 (34.1) N: 33 Band: G
10. Attila cinnamomeus Cinnamon Attila
11. Tyrannus savana Fork-tailed Flycatcher
Status: uncommon, austral migrant? Habitat: secondary forest and pasture
Dates: Early Nov-Mar(-mid Jul), ne Meta; flocks Mar and Sept, Leticia; moving north,
mid-Sept, ne Guainia; flocks, Apr, Meta (Columbia); early Mar-mid Oct (Venezuela).
12. Tyrannus tyrannus Eastern Kingbird
Status: casual, boreal migrant Habitat: pasture Dates: Early Sept-late Oct and
early Mar-early May (Columbia); Jan, Mar, Apr, Aug (Venezuela).
13. Tyrannus melancholicus Tropical Kingbird
W: 100.5-111 (105.8) T: 88-92 (90.0) M: 39-41.5 (40.3) N: 2 Band: E
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TYRANNIDAE (part 4)
1. Myiarchus tuberculifer Dusky-capped Flycatcher
Similar species: From T. ferox by small size, dark cap, and absence of rufous in tail.
T. tyrannulus has some rufous in the tail. Call is the best way to identify this group.
W: 73-87.5 (80.3) T: 70-86.5 (78.3) M: 14-24.5 (20.8) N: 2
2. Myiarchus ferox Short-crested Flycatcher
Status: uncommon, resident Habitat: secondary forest
W: 75-95.5 (84.0) T: 56-86 (79.0) M: 23-31 (26.7) N: 11 Band: D
3. Myiarchus tyrannulus Brown-crested Flycatcher
4. Megarynchus pitangua Boat-billed Flycatcher
5. Myiozetetes cayanensis Rusty-margined Flycatcher
Similar species: See Conopias parva.
6. Conopias parvus Yellow-throated Flycatcher
Status: casual, resident Habitat: secondary forest Similar species: White-
throated race like Myiozetetes cayanensis, but bill longer, wings lack rufous edges, and
eyestripe encircles head. Pitangus has larger bill and rufous edgings on wings.
7. Pitangus sulphuratus Great Kiskadee
Status: rare, resident Habitat: secondary forest and pasture Similar species: Bill
larger and back more rufous than Myiozetetes cayanensis and Conopias parvus.
8. Myiozetetes luteiventris Dusky-chested Flycatcher
Status: casual, resident Habitat: secondary forest Similar species: Compare
smaller, less streaked Empidonomus varius. Note: Female lacks crown patch.
9. Tyrannopsis sulphurea Sulphury Flycatcher
Similar species: From Tyrannus melancholicus by darker face and upperparts,
chunkier shape, square tail, short bill, and grayish streaking at sides of chest.
10. Legatus leucophaius Piratic Flycatcher
Similar species: See Empidonomus varius. Myiodynastes maculates larger.
11. Empidonomus varius Variegated Flycatcher
Status: uncommon, unspecified movements? Habitat: secondary forest
Similar species: From Legatus leucophaius, by larger size, rufous edging on rump and
tail, paler back with suggestion of streaking, and proportionally longer bill pale at lower
base. Myiodynastes maculates is larger, heavier-billed, and sharply streaked below.
W: 88-94 (91.0) T: 67-74 (70.5) M: 23.5-25 (24.3) N: 3 Band: E-G
12. Myiodynastes maculatus Streaked Flycatcher
Status: rare, austral migrant? Habitat: secondary forest and pasture
Dates: Early Mar-early Sept (Venezuela); May-July and Dec (Columbia).
Similar species: Legatus leucophaius and Empidonomus varius are both smaller.
13. Empidonomus aurantioatrocristatus Crowned Slaty-Flycatcher
Status: rare, austral migrant Habitat: primary forest Dates: Mar-Sept
(Columbia); Feb & Aug (Venezuela). Similar species: Shape recalls Myiarchus.
Note black crown, brown upperparts, and gray underparts. See also Sirystes sibilator.
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BECARDS & TYRANNID-LIKE BIRDS
1. Pachyramphus rufus Cinerous Becard
Status: casual, resident Habitat: secondary forest Similar species: P. marginatus
blacker above, show more white in wings, and have white tail tips. Female whiter
below than other rufous becards.
2. Pachyramphus marginatus Black-capped Becard
Status: common, resident Habitat: primary forest Similar species: Male is only
black-and-white becard with back mixed or streaked black and gray (not solid black
or solid gray). Note gray (not white) supraloral.
W: 68-72 (70.0) T: 47-52.5 (49.8) M: 16-18.5 (17.3) N: 2
3. Pachyramphus surinamus Glossy-backed Becard
4. Pachyramphus minor Pink-throated Becard
W: 88-90 (89.0) T: 61-63 (62.0) M: 43.5-46 (44.8) N: 2
5. Tityra cayana Black-tailed Tityra
6. Rhytipterna simplex Grayish Mourner
Similar species: Best told from Lipaugus vociferans by voice. Latter is larger, more
robust, has rounder head, stouter all dark bill, grayer eye color, and lacks greenish
yellow cast on abdomen. See also Laniocera hypopyrra.
W: 91-101 (95.4) T: 77-94.5 (87.1) M: 30-39 (33.9) N: 26 Band: E
7. Laniocera hypopyrra Cinereous Mourner
Status: common, resident Habitat: primary forest Similar species: No other
mainly gray mourner or piha has boldly spotted orange rufous wing bars.
Note: Female pectoral tufts pale lemon.
W: 96-108 (105.2) T: 79-93 (83.5) M: 40-55.5 (47.3) N: 13 Band: G
8. Lipaugus vociferans Screaming Piha
Status: common, resident Habitat: primary forest Similar species: Much like
Rhytipterna simplex, which is somewhat smaller, thinner-billed, and more uniform
below (throat not paler than breast); voice best way to distinguish.
W: 107-123 (117.5) T: 100-119 (105.9) M: 67.5-85 (74.2) N: 26 Band: H
9. Sirystes sibilator Sirystes
Status: common, resident Habitat: primary forest Similar species: From any
similar flycatcher or becard by contrasting white rump.
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PIPRIDAE
1. Schiffornis turdina Thrush-like Schiffornis
Similar species: Resembles a short-tailed dull brown thrush, but has stocky proportion,
relatively long tail for a manakin, large eye, and lack of distinct markings.
W: 83-98 (90.4) T: 54-75 (64.9) M: 26.5-41 (33.7) N: 405 Band: D-E
2. Piprites chloris Wing-barred Piprites
Status: common, resident Habitat: primary forest Similar species: From other
small manakin-like birds by yellow face & eyering.
W: 64.5-65 (64.8) M: 15.5-17 (16.3) N: 2
3. Neopipo cinnamomea Cinnamon Manakin-Tyrant
Similar species: Much like Terenotriccus erythrurus, with different shape and posture
and bill much narrower and crown with median yellow stripe (not always visible). In
hand, lacks rictal bristles and has dark legs.
4. Tyranneutes virescens Tiny Tyrant-Manakin
Status: common, resident Habitat: primary forest Similar species: Most small
flycatchers (e.g. Lophotriccus galeatus and Hemitriccus zosterops) have wing
markings. Smaller than Neopelma chrysocephalum. Note: Female has smaller
crown patch and longer tail than male.
W: 42-51 (47.0) T: 12-25 (20.9) M: 6-9 (7.5) N: 9 Band: E
5. Neopelma chrysocephalum Saffron-crested Tyrant-Manakin
Status: uncommon, resident Habitat: campinarana Similar species: From
flycatchers by shape, posture, and absence of wing bars. Note prominent pale
yellowish to orangish.
6. Manacus manacus White-bearded Manakin
Status: casual, resident Habitat: secondary forest Similar species: Female from
other manakins by orange legs.
W: 50-55 (52.0) T: 25-33 (30.9) M: 15-17 (16.1) N: 8 Band: C-D
7. Corapipo gutturalis White-throated Manakin
Status: common, resident Habitat: primary forest Similar species: Female much
paler white below than others; note dull legs. Tail also appears relatively long and
narrow. Note: Immature males may be paler-throated than females.
W: 51-58 (53.9) T: 22-31 (26.5) M: 6-11 (8.2) N: 141 Band: E
8. Pipra pipra White-crowned Manakin
Status: common, resident Habitat: primary forest Similar species: Female is
only one with contrasting gray cap and bright red eye. Note: Immatures female
plumaged, but often with paler orangish eye. Older females apparently acquire some
male-like feathers.
W: 57-67.5 (62.0) T: 20-34 (27.4) M: 8-18 (11.9) N: 1512 Band: D-E
9. Lepidothrix (Pipra) serena White-fronted Manakin
W: 47-59 (53.2) T: 19-33 (26.6) M: 7.8-13.5 (10.7) N: 379 Band: E
10. Pipra erythrocephala Golden-headed Manakin
Status: common, resident Habitat: primary secondary forest
Similar species: Female P. pipra has gray head and orange to red eye.
W: 52-59 (55.3) T: 16-24 (20.5) M: 9-15 (11.8) N: 142 Band: E
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CONTINGIDAE
1. Phoenicircus carnifex Guianan Red-Cotinga
Similar species: Ramphocelus carbo only other red-and-black bird of similar size.
W: 104-108 (105.7) T: 80-89 (85.0) M: 85-120 (96.9) N: 9
2. Iodopleura fusca Dusky Purpletuft
Status: casual, unspecified movements? Habitat: primary forest
3. Cotinga cotinga Purple-breasted Cotinga
Status: casual, resident Habitat: primary forest Similar species: Male not likely
confused. Female like C. cayanna, but darker and more heavily spotted and scaled.
4. Cotinga cayana Spangled Cotinga
Status: uncommon, resident Habitat: primary forest Similar species: Female
much paler and more uniform (less spotted or scaled) than C. cotinga. Female
Xipholena punicea is uniform brownish gray.
5. Xipholena punicea Pompadour Cotinga
Status: common, resident Habitat: primary forest Similar species: Good marks
for female are plump silhouette, white eyes, and white wing edgings.
6. Haematoderus militaris Crimson Fruitcrow
Similar species: Easily confused with Phoenicircus carnifex, which has similar
pattern, but is smaller and lacks massive head and bulk.
7. Perissocephalus tricolor Capuchinbird
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HIRUNDINIDAE
1. Progne tapera Brown-chested Martin
Status: casual, austral migrant Habitat: pasture Similar species: Larger with
steadier martin-like flight than Riparia riparia. Note conspicuous white edges on basal
protion of tail that are formed by silky under tail coverts, and indistinct (not sharp)
edges of chest band. No other immature swallow has an unbroken chest band and
white throat. Compare immature P. chalybea.
2. Progne subis Purple Martin
Status: rare, boreal migrant Habitat: primary forest and pasture Dates: late Aug-
mid Apr. Similar species: Female plumaged birds from either sex of P. chalybea by
gray forecrown (but occasionally dark), paler area on sides of neck and nape, and
darker and more heavily streaked underparts.
3. Progne chalybea Gray-breasted Martin
Similar species: See P. subis. From immature P. tapera by lack of distinct chest band
and whitish throat.
4. Neochelidon tibialis White-thighed Swallow
Similar species: Differs from Stelgidopteryx ruficollis by having dark plumage,
smaller, more twisting flight and low heights, and tendency to fly in small forest
openings, even among trees.
W: (89.2) T: (49.2) M: (10.5) N: 5
5. Stelgidopteryx ruficollis Southern Rough-winged Swallow
Similar species: Only brownish swallow with a pale rump. Boreal and austral
migrants have dark rumps and resemble Riparia riparia, but never show a white throat.
Progne tapera shows white on either side of base of tail and concolor rump. See also
Neochelidon tibialis.
6. Riparia riparia Bank Swallow
Status: casual, boreal migrant Habitat: pasture Dates: Early Sept-md Oct and
Feb (Columbia); early Sept-late Oct and early Mar-early May (Panama); Sept-Oct and
Apr-early May (Venezuela). Similar species: From Progne tapera by smaller size,
more sharply defined breast band, quicker wing beats, and more erratic flight. P.
tapera also has protruding white under tail coverts, visible even from above.
7. Hirundo rustica Barn Swallow
Status: uncommon, boreal migrant Habitat: pasture Dates: Mid Aug-early May
(Columbia); early Sept-late Apr (Venezuela).
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TROGLODYTIDATE, POLIOPTILIDAE, & TURDIDAE
1. Thryothorus coraya Coraya Wren
Similar species: T. leucotis lacks extensive black on lower cheeks and has most of
underparts bright buff.
W: 52-61 (56.1) T: 47-59 (52.9) M: 13.5-20 (17.0) N: 60
2. Thryothorus leucotis Buff-breasted Wren
Status: causal, resident Habitat: secondary forest Similar species: Like
overgrown Troglodytes aedon, but brighter below and cheek stripes prominent. See T.
coraya.
3. Troglodytes aedon House Wren
W: 46-53 (49.7) T: 31-40 (36.7) M: 10.5-13.5 (12.0) N: 31 Band: C-D
4. Microcerculus bambla Wing-banded Wren
W: 49-60 (54.9) T: 17-29 (21.8) M: 14-19.5 (16.6) N: 198 Band: G
5. Microbates collaris Collared Gnatwren
W: 45-55 (49.9) T: 24-36 (30.3) M: 8-14 (10.7) N: 468 Band: E
6. Ramphocaenus melanurus Long-billed Gnatwren
W: 43-46.5 (44.8) T: 43-48 (44.5) M: 8-11 (9.2) N: 11
7. Cyphorhinus arada Musician Wren
Status: uncommon, resident Habitat: primary forest Similar species: Note
peculiar bill shape, bare blue ocular area, and barring on wings and tail. Microcerculus
bambla lacks blue ocular ring and chestnut underparts.
W: 55-65 (59.2) T: 28-40 (33.2) M: 16-25 (20.2) N: 306 Band: G-H
8. Polioptila guianensis Guianan Gnatcatcher
9. Catharus minimus Gray-cheeked Thrush
Status: rare, boreal migrant Habitat: primary forest Dates: Early Oct-early May
(Columbia); mid Oct-early May (Venezuela). Similar species: See C. fuscescens.
W: 95-116 (101.6) T: 65-80 (71.6) M: 26-36 (29.2) N: 18 Band: F
10. Catharus fuscescens Veery
Status: rare, boreal migrant Habitat: primary and secondary forest Dates: Early
Sept-late Oct and one early Mar record (Columbia); mid Oct-mid Apr (Venezuela).
Similar species: More rufous on the back and less heavily spotted on the chest than C.
minimus.
W: 90-105 (97.8) T: 62-78 (69.0) M: 24.5-33 (28.7) N: 19 Band: F
11. Turdus albicollis White-necked Thrush
W: 92-116 (102.3) T: 70-91 (81.3) M: 38.5-63 (49.7) N: 635 Band: G-H
12. Turdus ignobilis Black-billed Thrush
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VIREONIDAE & PARULIDAE
1. Cyclarhis gujanensis Rufous-browed Peppershrike
W: 65-72.5 (68.9) T: 51-58.5 (54.2) M: 24-34 (27.8) N: 14 Band: E-G
2. Vireolanius leucotis Slaty-capped Shrike-Vireo
3. Vireo olivaceus Red-eyed Vireo
Status: uncommon, resident and boreal migrant Habitat: primary and secondary
forest Dates: Mid Sept-mid May (Columbia); early Sept-mid Apr (Venezuela).
Note: R. o. chivi (not at BDFFP?) separate species? and possible austral migrant.
M: 14-18.5 (16.3) N: 2 Band: C-D
4. Vireo altiloquus Black-whiskered Vireo
Status: rare, boreal migrant Habitat: primary forest Dates: Mid Aug-late Sept
and mid Mar-mid Apr and possible winter (Columbia); mid Sept-late Oct and early
Mar-mid Apr (Venezuela). Similar species: From V. olivaceus by black malar line,
longer and heavier bill, and subtle differences in plumage.
5. Hylophilus thoracicus Lemon-chested Greenlet
Status: rare, resident Habitat: primary forest Similar species: See H.
muscicapinus and H. semicinereus. Note: Juvenile may have brownish eyes.
6. Hylophilus semicinereus Gray-chested Greenlet
Status: casual, resident Habitat: secondary forest Similar species: H. thoracicus
has broad yellow breast band.
7. Hylophilus muscicapinus Buff-cheeked Greenlet
Status: common, resident Habitat: primary forest Similar species: H. thoracicus
has yellow breast bands.
W: 58-63 (60.1) T: 42-47 (44.0) M: 10-15 (11.8) N: 7
8. Hylophilus ochraceiceps Tawny-crowned Greenlet
Status: common, resident Habitat: primary forest Similar species: Several
female Myrmotherula are similar, but have heavier bills. In hand, note dark supraloral.
W: 50-61 (55.8) T: 33-46 (39.6) M: 8-13 (10.1) N: 347 Band: E
9. Dendroica petechia Yellow Warbler
Status: casual, boreal migrant Habitat: primary forest Dates: Late Aug-early
May (Columbia); mid Sept-mid Apr (Venezuela). Similar species: From other
yellow warblers by yellow tail edging. Larger bill than Vermivora warblers.
10. Dendroica fusca Blackburnian Warbler
Status: casual, boreal migrant Habitat: secondary forest Dates: Early Sept-early
May (Columbia); mid Aug-late Apr (Venezuela). Similar species: Head pattern
distinctive. Note: Molts 1-2 months prior to departure in the spring.
11. Dendroica striata Blackpoll Warbler
Status: rare, boreal migrant Habitat: secondary forest Dates: Early Sept-late
Apr (Columbia); late Sept-mid May (Venezuela).
12. Phaeothlypis rivularis Riverbank Warbler
W: 56-66 (61.2) T: 42-60 (53.6) M: 11-15 (12.9) N: 41 Band: D
13. Conirostrum speciosum Chestnut-vented Conebill
Status: casual, resident Habitat: secondary and primary forest
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EMBERIZIDAE & CARDINALIDAE
1. Ammodramus aurifrons Yellow-browed Sparrow
W: 52-60 (55.9) T: 36-49 (42.8) M: 14.5-20 (16.7) N: 63
2. Volatinia jacarina Blue-black Grassquit
Similar species: Oryzoborus angolensis has heavier bill and white under wing.
W: (50.0) T: (42.2) M: (10.6) N: 5 Band: C-D
3. Sporophila bouvronides Lessons Seedeater
Status: casual, unspecified movements Habitat: pasture Similar species: Other
black-and-white male seedeaters (except S. lineola) lack broad white malar. Female
identical to S. lineola, but from others by yellow bill and unstreaked back.
4. Sporophila lineola Lined Seedeater
Status: casual, unspecified movements Habitat: pasture Similar species: Male S.
bouvronides has solid black crown, flanks, and sides and sometimes chest more or less
mottled black. Female cannot be separated from S. bouvronides in the field, but from
other Sporophila by yellow bill.
5. Sporophila castaneiventris Chestnut-bellied Seedeater
Status: common, resident Habitat: pasture Similar species: Female is smaller,
darker-billed, and more buffy ochraceous below than other Sporophila.
W: 55.5-56 (55.8) T: 45-50 (47.5) M: 10.5-14 (12.3) N: 2
6. Oryzoborus angolensis Chestnut-bellied Seed-Finch
Similar species: Female from Sporophila by larger size, larger bill, darker coloration,
and white wing linings. Males best mark is chestnut on breast and belly.
W: 49-56 (54.8) T: 46-57 (50.3) M: 11.5-16 (13.0) N: 26 Band: D
7. Arremon taciturnus Pectoral Sparrow
W: 62-77 (69.7) T: 50-63 (57.0) M: 21-29.5 (24.7) N: 20 Band: E
8. Caryothraustes canadensis Yellow-green Grosbeak
W: 85-86 (85.5) T: 43-66 (64.5) M: 33-33.5 (33.3) N: 2
9. Saltator grossus Slate-colored Grosbeak
W: 89-98 (94.7) T: 77-94 (82.9) M: 40-50 (44.8) N: 21 Band: G
10. Saltator maximus Buff-throated Saltator
Status: casual, resident Habitat: secondary forest
W: (93.8) T: (88.3) M: (41.0) N: 2 Band: G
11. Cyanocompsa cyanoides Blue-black Grosbeak
W: 71-87 (77.0) T: 59-71 (64.2) M: 22-31 (26.3) N: 78
4
2
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5
11
10
THRAUPIDAE (part 1)
1. Lamprospiza melanoleuca Red-billed Pied Tanager
2. Hemithraupis flavicollis Yellow-backed Tanager
W: 66-74 (69.2) T: 48-50 (49.0) M: 8-14 (11.8) N: 6 Band: D
3. Lanio fulvus Fulvous Shrike-Tanager
Status: uncommon, resident Habitat: primary forest Similar species: Female
from Tachyphonus cristatus by heavy hooked bill, light rump richer rufous, and throat
browner (not ochraceous). Female Thamnomanes ardesiacus is smaller and duller with
whitish throat and more ochraceous lower underparts.
W: 76-94 (88.3) T: 70-81 (76.0) M: 18-30 (25.8) N: 30
4. Tachyphonus cristatus Flame-crested Tanager
Status: common, resident Habitat: primary forest Similar species: Male T.
surinamus lacks yellowish throat spot, shows more white under the wings (pectoral
tufts often prominent), and has fulvous (not scarlet) crest. Female best identified by
shape, posture, and uniform upper and underparts. Female nearest Lanio fulvus.
Female T. surinamus has spectacles and olive upperparts. See also Thamnomanes.
W: 68-84 (75.4) T: 61.5-74 (68.4) M: 15.5-27 (19.5) N: 25 Band: E
5. Tachyphonus surinamus Fulvous-crested Tanager
Similar species: See T. cristatus, T. phoenicius, and female Lanio fulvus.
W: 69-89 (79.3) T: 61-81 (71.0) M: 17-25 (20.6) N: 307 Band: G
6. Tachyphonus phoenicius Red-shouldered Tanager
Status: casual, resident Habitat: primary forest Similar species: Best marks for
female are contrasting whitish throat and dusky loral area.
7. Piranga rubra Summer Tanager
Status: casual, boreal migrant Habitat: secondary forest Dates: Early Oct-late
Apr (Columbia); mid Sept-mid May (Venezuela).
8. Ramphocelus carbo Silver-beaked Tanager
Status: casual, resident Habitat: secondary forest and pasture
Similar species: Female from other dark tanagers by pale mandible and reddish wash.
W: 65-80 (73.3) T: 63-79 (70.8) M: 21.5-30 (24.7) N: 173 Band: G
9. Thraupis episcopus Blue-gray Tanager
W: 84-93 (87.8) T: 57-63.5 (60.3) M: 34-36 (35.1) N: 5 Band: G
10. Thraupis palmarum Palm Tanager
11. Cyanicterus cyanicterus Blue-backed Tanager
12. Tersina viridis Swallow Tanager
Status: casual, unspecified movements Habitat: primary forest
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3
8
7
10
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11
THRAUPIDAE (part 2)
1. Euphonia plumbea Plumbeous Euphonia
Similar species: Female somewhat like E. chrysopasta, but lacks white loral patch and
has gray chest and throat. See also E. minuta.
2. Euphonia chrysopasta White-lored (Golden-bellied) Euphonia
Similar species: Best mark is the large whitish loral patch. See female E. cayennensis.
3. Euphonia chlorotica Purple-throated Euphonia
Status: casual, resident Habitat: secondary forest
4. Euphonia minuta White-vented Euphonia
Status: uncommon resident Habitat: primary and secondary forest
5. Euphonia cayennensis Golden-sided Euphonia
Status: common, resident Habitat: primary forest Similar species: Female is
only euphonia with all of central underparts gray.
6. Tangara mexicana Turquoise Tanager
Status: rare, resident Habitat: secondary and primary forest Similar species: T.
velia lacks the yellow lower underparts.
7. Tangara chilensis Paradise Tanager
M: 14-16.5 (15.3) N: 4
8. Tangara velia Opal-rumped Tanager
Status: common, resident Habitat: primary forest Similar species: T. mexicana
has yellow lower underparts.
9. Tangara punctata Spotted Tanager
and secondary forest
W: 54-60 (57.4) T: 37-41 (39.8) M: 12.5-16.5 (14.1) N: 8
10. Tangara varia Dotted Tanager
Status: rare, resident Habitat: primary forest Similar species: Easily confused
with several other small Tangara, especially immature and adult T. gyrola and T.
punctata. Immatures of these may lack spotting. Best marks are small size, blue on
wings (male only), and lack of yellow below; also dots on chest (male only), but hard
to see in field. Female uniform green; compare with Dacnis cayana, which has bluish
head and pink legs.
11. Tangara gyrola Bay-headed Tanager
Status: rare, resident Habitat: primary forest Similar species: Dull juvenile
confused with female Chlo rophanes spiza, but note tanagers thicker, blunter bill.
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10
THRAUPIDAE (part 3)
1. Dacnis lineata Black-faced Dacnis
Status: common, resident Habitat: primary forest Similar species: Confusing
female usually with obvious male. Compare male with male D. cayana, but note
golden eyes, blue throat, and white belly.
2. Dacnis cayana Blue Dacnis
Status: common, resident Habitat: primary forest Similar species: Male D.
lineata has mask across face and bold yellow eyes. Females blue head and green body
distinctive.
3. Chlorophanes spiza Green Honeycreeper
Similar species: Females from Tangara by bill shape. See also Dacnis cayana.
W: 54-70 (62.7) T: 40-49 (44.0) M: 15-18 (16.4) N: 11
4. Cyanerpes nitidus Short-billed Honeycreeper
Status: uncommon, resident Habitat: primary forest Similar species: Male from
male C. caeryleus by pink legs, lighter blue plumage, shorter bill, and black on throat
spreading onto upper breast. Female C. caeryleus has longer bill, cinnamon forehead
and loral area, sides of head mostly rufous, and legs greenish gray. Male from male C.
cyaneus by black throat, short bill, and pinkish legs. Female from female C. cyaneus
by short bill, blue malar stripe, and buffy white (not yellow) under wing coverts.
5. Cyanerpes caeruleus Purple Honeycreeper
Status: common, resident Habitat: primary forest Similar species: See C.
nitidus. Female C. cyaneus lacks buff forehead, face, and throat; underparts obscurely
streaked greenish and white; underwing coverts yellow.
W: 52-53 (52.5) T: 25-26 (25.5) N: 2
6. Cyanerpes cyaneus Red-legged Honeycreeper
Similar species: See C. nitidus and C. caeruleus.
7. Coereba flaveola Bananaquit
Status: common, resident Habitat: primary and secondary forest Note: Females
male have a paler head than males.
W: 49-57 (52.9) T: 26-35 (29.9) M: 8-11 (9.4) N: 19 Band: C-D
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7
ICTERIDAE
1. Psarocolius viridis Green Oropendola
2. Cacicus haemorrhous Red-rumped Cacique
Similar species: Only Cacique with red rump.
3. Cacicus cela Yellow-rumped Cacique
4. Icterus cayanensis Epaulet Oriole
Status: rare, resident Habitat: primary and secondary forest Similar species: I.
chrysocephalus very similar and perhaps conspecific (treated as subspecies in SACC).
5. Icterus chrysocephalus Moriche Oriole
6. Sturnella militaris Red-breasted Blackbird
Status: common, resident Habitat: pasture
7. Molothrus bonariensis Shiny Cowbird
8. Molothrus (Scaphidura) oryzivora Giant Cowbird
Status: uncommon, resident Habitat: pasture, secondary and primary forest
Note: Brood parasite of oropendola and cacique nests. Blue eggs laid in cacique nests
and white eggs laid in oropendola nests (Columbia and Venezuela).
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Field Guide to the Birds

1. Tinamus major Great Tinamou

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