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() + () =
It represents a circle in the plane with radius 2 as shown in
figure. Hence the wave is circularly polarized.
()
2
()
-2 -1 1 2
-1
0 2
-2
=
=
=
When the fingers of the left hand follows the clock wise direction
(direction of rotation of the E vector), the thumb is pointing in the
given direction of propagation (+ z direction). The wave is left
circularly polarized.
Option (c)
2. The intrinsic impedance of a lossy dielectric medium is given by
(a) (c) (+)
(b)
(d)
[GATE 1995: 1 Mark]
Soln. Conductivity = /
Permittivity = /
Permeability = /
E / H for a lossy dielectric medium = =
+
Option (c)
3. Copper behaves as a
(a) Conductor always.
(b) Conductor or dielectric depending on the applied electric field strength
(c) Conductor or dielectric depending on the frequency
(d) Conductor or dielectric depending on the electric current density
[GATE 1995: 1 Mark]
Soln. For a conductor
For copper with = . /
= = /
at relatively large frequency
=
.
= =
Copper is good conductor for the frequencies used in practice
Option (a)
4. The intrinsic impedance of copper at high frequency is
(a) Purely resistive
(b) Purely inductive
(c) Complex with a capacitive component
(d) Complex with a inductive component
[GATE 1998: 1 Mark]
Soln. The intrinsic impedance =
+
= +
= =
Option (b)
6. The depth of penetration of a wave in a lossy dielectric increases with
increasing
(a) Conductivity (c) Wavelength
(b) Permeability (d) Permittivity
[GATE 1998: 1 Mark]
Soln. Depth of penetration =
=
=
= +
= ( + )
= [ + ]
= [ + + ]
= =
Option (c)
7. The polarization of a wave with electric field vector
= 0 () ( + )
(a) Linear (c) Left hand circular
(b) Elliptical (d) Right hand circular
[GATE 1998: 1 Mark]
Soln.
= () (
+
)
It is a wave propagating in Z direction with electric field components
in x and y direction
at =
=
=
=
0
= 0, 2
1
= /2, 3/2
0 45
0 0
=
0
Option (c)
2 2
9. If a plane electromagnetic wave satisfies the equation = 2 2,
2
the wave propagates in the
(a) x direction
(b) z direction
(c) y direction
(d) x z plane at an angle of 450 between the x and z directions
[GATE 2001: 1 Mark]
Soln. The wave equations for free space (In a perfect dielectric containing
no charges)
=
=
The wave equation reduces to a simple form where E and H are
considered to be independent of two dimensions (x and y)
=
For uniform plane propagating in the Z direction, E may have
components and
=
Where = is the velocity of propagation
Option (b)
= + = + ( + )
For a lossy dielectric, considered as a good conductor
== =
= =
, =
= =
= = .
Option (b)
= . /
= . /
Represents a wave traveling in the negative x direction
Option (c)
( ) + ( )
=
(, ) = ( )
(, ) = ( )
+ =
It represents a circle in the plane with radius 1
The tip of the E vector is tracing the circle in the clock wise direction
over a cycle from = .
The fingers of the left hand follows the clockwise direction, thumb is
pointing in the direction of propagation (+ z)
= 2 ()
2
-1 1 ()
3 =
= 2
2 -1
=
Option (c)
13. The electric field of a uniform plane electromagnetic wave in free space,
along the positive X direction is given by = 10( + ) 25 . The
frequency and polarization of the wave respectively are
(a) 1.2 GHz and left circular (c) 1.2 GHz and right circular
(b) 4 Hz and left circular (d) 4 Hz and right circular
[GATE 2012: 1 Mark]
) in free space
+
Soln. = (
= ( )
+
The wave is propagating in free space in x direction with components
in y and z direction.
= , = = /
=
= /
.
= = .
Soln. = ( + + )(+) /
=0
[S]
1 2
=
= + ()
= + ()
= = +
From (II)
= +
= , =
= +
=
=
= +
=
, =
+
+
=
+
Option (b)
16. Which one of the following filed patterns represents a TEM wave
traveling in the positive x direction?
(a) = +8, = 4 (c) = +2 , = +2
(b) = 2, = 3 (d) = 3, = +4
[GATE 2014: 1 Mark]
Soln. The possible combinations are
=
=
=
Option (b)