Forum " " | / 11 12 2009

. , . , . .
(....),
, , , ,

25-50oC. , ....,
( )
27,4-50oC 36-37oC . ,
(.. . 28,8oC)
(31oC) (32oC) ,
(25-26oC), (30-35oC) ..

.
.

().

1.
(, , , )
.... 1995 ( ..,
2000, .., 2000) .
, , ,
,
, ( )
.
( ) , 25-50oC ( ..,
2007) , 36-37oC ( .., 2009). ,
, .
28,8oC, -
31oC 32oC ,
25-26oC 30-35oC ( 1 3).

(),

, , ,
, ...

1
 1: .
: (), : :
T=28,8oC, 1 2: : (T=31oC), 1 2: (T=30-35oC), 1
2: (T=24-26oC).

2
 (,
)
( ).
(. )
. ,
. 50oC
.

, ,
( )
,
, .
( )
().
, ,
. ,
.

2.
(, )
-
- (. 2). (
) ,
- ( .., 2009), .
(, , )
, (), ( ),
- ( 700-1000 m), ,
Ammonitico Rosso (
), ( 5-50 m),
(10-50 m), ( 500 m),
( , 50-250 m), ( 100-150 m),
- , (IGRS-IFP,
1966, , 1979). .
-
,
- ( )
( .., 2009).
.
-.
,
. ,

. -
, .
, .
,
,
,
- ( -) ,
-
( .., 2000).

3
 -,
- .
- ( ..,
2000).

2: ,
.

3

.
-,

(), .

4
 3: (IGRS-IFP, 1966)
.... .

5

,

- () -. - -
,
-, ,
, -
( ., 1990,).
-
.

(), .

.

3.
3.1
1
, ,

. ,
.
Na-Cl Na-Cl-HCO3.

3.2 (H2S)
( , ,
, , )
(H2S). ,
H2S : 10,1-48,7 mg/l , 3,5-29,9 mg/l
, 8,1-19,2 mg/l 0,84 mg/l
.
H2S (SO42-),
, . SO42-

(, 2007).
H2S (Thermochemical Sulfate
Reduction, TSR). H2S
( )
>120oC (Worden et al., 1995, Etiope et al., 2006),
80oC (Hunt, 1996, Noth, 1997). TSR (Worden
and Smalley, 1996, Etiope et al., 2006):
+ + H2S + H2O S CO2
H2S
, H2S,
.
H2S (, 2007). Sarles et al. (1956)

Desulfovibrio. ,
Desulfovibrio desulfuricans,
.

6
 1.
( mg/l)
-

-
- ( C) pH Na+ K+ Ca2+ Mg2+ Fe Li+ Sr2+ NH4+


(S/cm)
-1 42,5 51900 7,2 12392 258 1026 398,8 17,5 --- --- ---
-2 42,0 68700 7,4 13564 375 1250 423 3,16 --- 16,2 ---
-1 36,2 58464 7,1 13922 413 1244 1342 0,65 0,49 32,0 <0,26
22,3 31665 7,2 5748 169 685 513 0,17 0,09 --- ---
- 17,1 12600 7,9 2570 83,2 329 192,6 0,0 0,06 2,44 18,1
28,0 56620 6,8 12134 313 541 450 --- --- --- ---
28,8 56250 6,86 12261 313 561 486 --- --- --- ---
22,9 2962 7,7 511 9,6 83,4 33,1 0,27 0,04 --- ---
25,0 3340 7,4 597,7 14,9 85 38,4 0,27 0,05 1,3 ---
24,2 3100 7,8 777,4 17,6 69,7 35,5 --- --- --- 0,15
26,3 3700 7,44 825 12,8 61,8 34,4 0,01 0,03 1,32 6,01
26,2 4320 7,41 839 12,6 80,2 75,4 0,3 0,04 1,6 ---
30,4 16500 6,91 3930 89 590 246 0,0 0,13 15,5 9,16
30,7 19740 6,74 5109 109 641 340 <0,1 --- --- ---
33,0 23940 6,89 5159,8 134,5 873 306 0,11 0,22 28,7 ---
27,1 5880 7,31 779,1 14,5 168 62,2 0,10 0,03 5,6 ---
31,6 2000 7,4 218,5 17,2 118,6 25,3 0,05 --- 4,0 ---
--- --- 55437 7,5 12643 391 577 1327 0,21 0,07 3,45 ---
--- --- 59785 8,0 14049 430 970 1211 --- --- --- <0,26
--- --- 41200 8,2 12040 416 382 1303 0,0 0,17 7,74 ---

- (C) CI- HCO3- CO32- SO42- F- NO3- SiO2 B Al3+

-1 42,5 20671 347,8 0,0 1979 1,8 0,0 22,7 --- ---
-2 42,0 26060 198 0,0 4250 --- 6,2 44 --- ---
-1 36,2 26060 458 0,0 2405 --- 0,0 11,6 1,23 0,15
22,3 10814 214 0,0 1375 --- 31 --- --- 0,027
- 17,1 4170 279,4 0,0 695 --- 48 8,9 --- ---
28,0 19146 184 0,0 2505 --- 6,2 --- --- ---
28,8 19501 188 0,0 3025 --- 3,1 --- --- ---
22,9 638,2 398 0,0 258 --- 12,4 --- --- 0,138
25,0 751,7 480,8 0,0 222,4 0,6 6,2 16 1 ---
24,2 948,6 568,5 0,0 204,6 --- --- --- --- ---
26,3 972 510 0,0 243 --- 4 16 --- ---
26,2 1092 526 0,0 286 --- 0 --- 0,8 1,6
30,4 6720 222 0,0 2125 --- 42 18,5 --- ---
30,7 8119 156 0,0 2215 --- 18,6 --- --- ---
33,0 10104,1 146,4 0,0 2833 --- 0 35,2 1,5 0,005
27,1 1489 212,3 0,0 175,8 --- 0 10,8 0,33 0,005
31,6 386,5 242,8 0,0 45,9 1,3 0 23,4 0,5 ---
--- --- 22066,7 163,5 0,0 3305 --- 0 2,3 --- 0,027
--- --- 23046 183 0,0 5620 --- 0 --- --- ---
--- --- 21860 137,9 0,0 3115 --- --- 0,5 --- ---

7
 , (<3-5%) H2S
(thermal decomposition) (Etiope et al., 2006).
H2S Schoeller (1962)
.
H2S, H2S
(SO42-),
(
).
TSR - (
>120oC, 80oC)
(Hunt, 1996, Noth, 1997, Etiope et al., 2006).
H2S ( 10%
2500 m Kamberis et al., 2000b)
TSR . , ,
70oC 2500 m,
. TSR
, H2S
( 120C) - , 4000-5000 m.
, TSR 34S H2S
(Worden et al., 1995, Hunt, 1996)
(Etiope et al, 2006).
H2S
. , , .

4.

4.1
.
, ,
, .

,
(, 1979).
4
( ).
.
.
,
, (,
) .
.
(
), . , ,

(, 1986).

4.2
( )
.
, .
,

8
 4:
(, 1988).

9
 . ,
(, 1988).

,
(. 5).
.
300oC
.
.
. 1500 m,
,
( .., 2000).
,
. (,
1988).

5: (Arbenz, 1968).

( ),
km (B.P. Co LTD,
1971).

( )
(,
1986). , ( )

.
. 6
.
.
. 7
.
.
( .., 1991). 8

10
 , 500 m
. , (
) - , .
( .., 1991).
(Kamberis et al., 1992, Kokinou et al., 2005),

. (Koukouvelas et al.,
1996, Etiope et al., 2006). 9
,
(Roussos and Marnelis, 1995).

6: ()
( Kamberis et al., 2000a). (b)
. (c) ( Koukouvelas et al., 1996,
Lekkas et al., 2000, Kamberis et al., 2000b, Hasiotis et al., 2002) ( Etiope et al., 2006).

11
 7: ( ..,
1991).

8: 500 m . ( .., 1991).

12
 9: ,
(Roussos and Marnelis, 1995).

(. 10),
( ) ,
( .., 2000).
,
. , (halokinesis)
, (Roussos and Marnelis, 1995).

() . ,
(Etiope et al., 2006).

10: - (Roussos and Marnelis, 1995).

. (NaCl,
KCl) ,
(, 1986).
, .

13
5. K
2,2 g/cm3,
(1,6-1,9 g/cm3)
(2,6-2,8 g/cm3)
. ,

(Thomsen and Lerche, 1991). 11
.
( , ).

11: (A) (http://www.ens.dk/en-

us/oilandgas/otheruseofthesubsoil/saltproduction/sider/forside.aspx) (
) (http://www.enerkon.com/storage.htm http://petroleumgeophysics.com/images/Chapter-1)

2-3
,
.
,
(OBrien and Lerche,
1987). 1,5-2,5 Wm-1oC-1, o
( ) 6 Wm-1oC-1
4,5 Wm-1oC-1 50-100oC (OBrien and Lerche, 1987, 1988, Thomsen
and Lerche, 1991). , -
.
,
(Thomsen and Lerche, 1991).
12
. 600 m, 3000 m
1500 m. ( 20C)
.
: ()
()
(OBrien and Lerche, 1987, 1988, Thomsen and Lerche, 1991).

14
 12: ( )
600 m 3000 m, 1500 m ( OBrien and Lerche, 1987)

(Petersen and Lerche, 1995):
()
.
1-1,5
.
()
.

. ,
.
()
. ,
, .
,
,
.

, . Lulu-1,
1980, 3690 m - .
3669 m - .

15
 1500 m ( ) 3000300 m.
. (.
) Lulu-1
Q-1,
.
Lulu-1 - .
- 30oC ( 3600 m)
1700 m (Thomsen and Lerche, 1991).
:

,
(Chimney effect),

.

6.



.

.
( ),
, ,
.
, ,
.
50oC
,
( , ).

, - - ,
, (..
20-30oC) .

( - ),
Na+, Cl- SO42-. (H2S)
(SO42-), (,
)
(4-5 km) .
.


.

Arbenz, J. K. (1968). Apparent Diapirism, http://homepage.ufp.pt/biblioteca/GlossarySaltTectonics/Pages/PageA.html

B.P. Co LTD (1971). The geological results of petroleum exploration in western Greece (
). , . 10,
...., , 73 .
, . (1979). . ...., .

16
, ., , ., , . & , . (2007).
. .... - ,
, : , ,
, , 119 .
Etiope, G., Papatheodorou, G., Christodoulou, D. P., Ferentinos, G., Sokos, E., Favali, P. (2006). Methane and hydrogen
sulfide seepage in the northwest Peloponnesus petroliferous basin (Greece): Origin and geohazard. AAPG Bulletin, v.
90, No. 5 (May 2006), pp. 701-713.
, ., , ., , ., , . & , . (2009).
, .... - ,
, : , ,
, , 125 .
Hasiotis, T., Papatheodorou, G. & Ferentinos, G. (2002). A string of large and deep gas-induced depressions (pockmarks)
offshore of Killini Peninsula, western Greece. Geo-Marine Letters, v. 22, pp. 142149.
Hunt, J. M. (1996). Petroleum geochemistry and geology. W.H. Freeman and Co., New York, 743 pp.
I.G.R.S. & I.F.P. (1966). Etude gologique de l Epire (Grce nord-occidentale). Editions Technip, 2 Vols, Paris, xiii +
306 pp.
Kamberis, E., Ioakim, C., Tsaila-Monopolis, S. & Tsapralis, V. (1992). Geodynamic and palaeogeographic evolution of
Western Peloponnesus (Greece) during the Neogene. Paleont. Evoluci, Vol. 24-25, pp. 363-376.
Kamberis, E., Ioakim, C., Tsaila-Monopolis, S., Marnelis, F. & Sotiropoulos, S. (2000a). Geodynamic and
palaeogeographic evolution of the Ionian area (W. Greece) during upper Cenozoic. Geological Society of Greece
Special Publication, 9, pp. 109120.
Kamberis, E., Rigakis, N., Tsaila-Monopolis, S., Ioakim, C. & Sotiropoulos, S. (2000b). Shallow biogenic gas-
accumulations in late Cenozoic sands of Katakolon Peninsula, western Greece. Geological Society of Greece Special
Publication, 9, pp. 121138.
Kokinou, E., Kamberis, E., Vafidis, A., Monopolis, D., Ananiadis, G. & Zelilidis, A. (2005). Deep seismic reflection data
from offshore Western Greece: A new crustal model for the Ionian Sea. Journal of Petroleum Geology, Vol. 28(2),
pp. 185-202.
Koukouvelas, I., Mpresiakas, ., Sokos, . & T. Doutsos, . (1996). The tectonic setting and earthquake ground hazards
of the 1993 Pyrgos earthquake, Peloponnese, Greece. Journal of Geological Society, v. 154, London, pp. 3949.
Lekkas, E., Fountoulis, I. & D. Papanikolaou, D. (2000). Intensity distribution and neotectonic macrostructure Pyrgos
earthquake data (26 March 1993, Greece). Natural Hazards, v. 21, pp. 1933.
, ., , ., , ., , ., , . & , . (1991).
( ). , . XXV/3,
5 , , , 1990, . 163-176.
OBrien J.J. and Lerche I. (1987) Heat flow and thermal maturation near salt diapirs. In: Dynamical Geology of Salt and
Related Structures (ed. by I. Lerche and J.J. OBrien), Academic Press, London, UK, pp. 711-750.
OBrien J.J. and Lerche I. (1988) Impact of heat flux from anomalies around salt diapirs and salt sheets in the Gulf Coast
on hydrocarbon maturity: models and observations. Trans. Gulf Cst. Ass. Geol. Soc., Vol. 38, pp. 231-243.
, . (1986).
, .
, , , , 228 .
, . (1988). .
, . XX, 3 ,
1986, . 83-99.
Noth, S. (1997). High H2S contents and other effects of thermochemical sulfate reduction in deeply buried carbonate
reservoirs: A review. Geologische Rundschau, v. 86, pp. 275287.
Petersen, K. & Lerche, I. (1995). Quantification of thermal anomalies in sediments around salt structures. Geothermics,
Vol. 24, No. 2, pp. 253-268.
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Vol. 93, pp. 58-62.
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and Brothers, N. Y., 491 pp.
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, . (2007).
. ,
, , , , 87 .
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application to Lulu-I, Danish North Sea. Terra Nova, Vol. 3, pp. 500-509.
, ., , ., , ., , ., , ., , . & , .
(2000).

17
 (1998-1999). .... - -
, .
, ., , ., , ., , . & , . (2000).
, .... - , 4,
4.1 - , 4.1.13, .
Worden, R.H., Smalley, P.C. & Oxtoby, N.H. (1995). Gas souring by thermochemical sulfate reduction at 140C. AAPG
Bulletin, v. 79, pp. 854-863.
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:
http://www.ens.dk/en-us/oilandgas/otheruseofthesubsoil/saltproduction/sider/forside.aspx
http://www.enerkon.com/storage.htm
http://petroleumgeophysics.com/images/Chapter-1

18