1.

Identify, the event/person/institution/concept

2. Significance in full sentences.

Classics/History 2K03: Key Terms Greek Topics Greek history

Trojan War
First accounted in Homers iliad, The Trojan war is a fictional tale about a war between the greeks and the
trojans but more specifically their heroes. Hera, Athena, and aphrodite wanted to know who was fairest of
them all, and Prince Paris of Troy had been chosen by the Gods to give an golden apple to who he deems
fairest. Paris Gave Aphrodite the apple because the golden apple because she promised him the most
beautiful woman on earth- Helen. Little did Paris know Helen was the wife of King Menelaus of Sparta, and
thus the War began. Is most famous for the story of the Trojan Horse which was used to infiltrate the city
and win the war for the trojans.

Persian Wars

Persian King Darius I led first to get revenge on Athens, 10k athenian hoplites faced 25k persians and
defeated them with minimal casualties compared to the persians. Persians returned home. This is where the
modern day marathon came from, Pheidippides ran from marathon to Athens, a distance of 26 miles, to
warn about the Persians coming then died of exhaustion.

The second persian war, bigger and longer than the previous persian war, king xerxes came back with 100
000 persians, 300 spartans held them up at Thermopale, a narrow mountain pass. Greek navy at salamis
also fought the persians. Persians lost to many people and retreated spartans and athenians went back and
lived in fear but out of it the Delian league was created.

Peloponnesian War
Athens growing power in the 50 years since the end of the persian wars caused increasing tensions with
Sparta its Greek rival state. This led to a war between the two greek poleis that lasted nearly 30 years. The
war however concluded with a Spartan victory in the classical period. After the war concluded however, the
Greek states continued to have several smaller battles between them.

Hoplites and Warfare

-hoplites
Hoplites were the citizen soldiers of the greek army. They wore armor called panalopy and carried a round
shield hoplon. Thier armor consisted of greaves,breastplate,helmet shield, sword,spear. They made up the
main force in the army and worked together in a formation called the phalanx

-phalanx
The phalanx is a unit of ancient Greek hoplites, which moved slowly, but in unison. Each hoplite had a
shield in which he used to protect the man to his left. This effectively created a long wall of shields which
easily protected the phalanx from lightly armoured troops; the phalanxs effectiveness can be seen in the
persian wars. The formation was nearly unbreakable however when it was broken it was nearly impossible to
reassemble and thus the disoriented phalanx would immediately retreat after their formation was broken

- total war vs. seasonal war

War was typically seasonal as everyone had to be back to harvest and plant their crops, otherwise there
would be no food. Thus war was often timed and a short break would be allotted by both sides for the
harvesting of crops. The exception for this unspoken rule is Sparta who enslaved their conquered neighbors
and made them work as farmers. For olympic games war was often ceased as well. It was rare crops were
destroyed except for in the peloponnesian war when sparta torched athens.

The Greek family

Exposure
Exposing children was a common practice in ancient Greek if the children being exposed had some sort of
recognizable defect. It involved leaving the child or children in an isolated place like the woods. The parents
of the children justified their actions by believing it was not demoralizing as killing the children. Exposure
was more common for girls than it was for male children. Most exposed infants died, although some were
saved and raised by those who found them. Examples include Oedipus, and the fictional Romulus and
Remus.

Orphans

Orphanos= fatherless. In the ancient Greek society, if the child lacked a father he was deemed an orphan as
the males or fathers usually brought home the majority of the food and salary. This was a problem because
of the low life expectancy of the Greeks, and their constant engagement in warfare, a great number of
children were orphans. Due to this fact many Greek poleis such as Athens, supported orphans, so the
fathers would have peace of mind going into War.

Greek Women
- Pandora
In Greek mythology, pandora was the first woman on earth. Zeus ordered Hephaestus, the god of
craftsmanship to create her, after she was created the Gods endowed her with many talents including,
beauty from Aphrodite, Music from apollo, Persuasion from Hermes, etc. Thus her name makes sense as
Pandora means all gifted. Her myth of the jar originated when prometheus steals fire from zeus as a way
to punish man, Pandaora opens a jar filled with bad things and is left with nothing but hope. The jar was a
symbol for the womb, a woman's womb where/why all the evil in the world is said to come from and at the
end all that is left is hope(for a better future). Was meant to show that men existed as a race before women
and that women were to blame for pretty much everything.

- Xenophons Oeconomicus
Socratic dialog about household management and agriculture. A greek man advises his wife on how she
should behave.

- Lysias: On the Murder of Erasthones

This was lysias in a legal defence speech where on he admitted he killed Erasthones however he claimed it
was legal because he found him in bed with his wife. Lysias argument was that he did not know the man
entered his house because he was on the second floor and his wife in the female portion of the house the
first floor.
Slaves, Metics, and Barbarians

Metics
Metics were the resident foreigners on greek city lands, their term comes from the greek Metoikoi which
means Those who dwell among. They were allowed to stay as long as they kept to the laws and
restrictions applied to them such as not owning land, not voting and paying a poll tax, some poleis were also
more accepting than others. It is interesting to note that Athenian men were permitted to marry metic
woman, however the reverse was not permitted.

Barbarians
First and foremost anyone who did not speak greek. The greeks thought all other languages sounded like
bar bar bar. Outsiders of Greece were not always viewed negatively (such as the Trojans), however
following the Persian Wars Greeks, outsiders (especially Persians) were held to much distaste. The Greeks
strongly disliked culture and practices aside from their own including circumcision, drank unwatered
wine,milk,beer and pants. Barbarians were banned from Pan hellenic events.

Politics and Government I: Athens

Thetes (poorest citizens of Greece)
poorest citizens were banned from holding political office. They slowly became allowed office and political
power until radical democracy and wealth qualifications were removed by the sailors arguing for their share.

Ekklesia
Part of radical democracy, only male citizens were allowed to vote and speak in assembly. All the citizens
were equal; wealth and assets did not have a direct impact. The Ekklesia was burdened with the
responsibility of creating new laws, discussing questions of war and peace, and voting on immediate
concerns of the state. All athenians able to vote and speak. The greeks were concerned that the poor cannot
attend the meeting of the Ekklesia so they eventually passed motion in which all attendees of the meeting
were paid. The Ekklesia met 4 times a month (and for emergency situations), and most decisions needed at
least 6 thousand citizens present to vote. Although anyone could talk better speakers usually swayed
opinion.

Boule
Council of 500 men age 30 or older who met every day (except for festival days) in order to prepare the
agenda for the Ekklesia. The Boule also had administrative duties such as carrying out decisions made by
the Ekklesia, such as enforcing laws and upholding a legal system. The members of the Boule were elected
by random lottery, although important positions such as the Stategoi or military generals were still selected
by election. Juries were also chosen randomly by lot on the day of the trial; they were paid to attend.

Politics and Government II: Sparta

helots
Helots were slave farmers tied to their lands. They were kept in slavement by the spartans as they were
how spartans got food. They could be killed at anytime by a spartan for any reason. Due to discontent with
their oppression the helots organized several revolts in Spartan history, however they were immediately
crushed every time (even though they outnumbered the Spartans 7 to 1), as they lacked military supplies
and advanced military advanced military training like the Spartans. That being said, helots had slightly more
freedom than slaves of other poleis, such as the fact that they were allowed to freely pursue romantic
relationships with each other and have children.

Agoge
All male Spartan children went through a rigorous military educational system called the Agoge. Young
spartan boys were taken from their families at the age of six and placed into the school where they were
taught skills such as hunting, weaponry, and survival tactics. The process was meant to turn boys into men.
Children in the Agoge were often encouraged to steal food, and other supplies as a means to survive,
however if they were caught they were severely punished.

Homoioi

This was the term given to spartan citizens and men after they finished all of their schooling and became full
soldiers after the age of 30. When a Spartan man becomes a Homoios he is officially a full spartan citizen
and retains full citizenship rights. The adult life of a Homoioi centered around military training, which takes
often impedes on family relationships, however family subordination was encouraged. Homoioi live at their
homes however, they are still required to eat in common mess halls otherwise known as syssitia.

Myth and Religion

Feast of Mecone
The myth where prometheus tricked zeus by wrapping up the worst portions of a sacrificed animal in
some of the good fat of the animal, and all of the best portions of the animal into the organs. Zeus was
presented with the portions and chose the better looking bones and fat. This created a tradition in which
the Greeks would sacrifice the worst parts of the animal. Sacrifices were the main opportunity for Greeks
to eat meat, as the Greeks did not usually have meat in their diet, it would be a waste to sacrifice the better
portions.

Syncretism

This was where greeks noticed that others sometimes has different names for the same gods. or by where
they encountered new gods that they took a liking to and so they adopted them into their culture. The
Romans would often perform a ritual called evocatio before they attacked or destroyed an enemy city to
invite the Gods to reside in Rome. Gods and Goddesses such as Hermes, Athena, Poseidon, and Zeus
became Gods such as Mercury, Minerva, Neptune, and Jupiter.

Myth of Demeter and Persephone

Hades kidnaps his niece Persephone, the goddess of agriculture and daughter of Zeus and Demeter, to be
his wife. Demeter became furious, neglects her duties, and famine struck mankind. A compromise was later
struck in which Persephone would spend 2 thirds of the year with Demeter and a third of the year with
Hades . When she was with her mother things were happy and when she was away mom was sad. And with
her changing mood came the changing of the seasons.

Theatre
City Dionysia
The city Dionysia is a 4 day festival, held once a year in honor of dionysus (god of wine). The festival was
very popular among Athenians, and constisted of a series of plays including: tragedies, comedies, and
satyric drama. It was religious in nature and there was no lack of secular involvement. It was also the most
important art festival of the time period.

Greek comedy
Greek comedies were not as prestigious as Greek tragedies, but still very popular. The comedies only
consisted of a single act, unlike tragedies which were usually trilogies. Greek comedies can be broken down
into two types: old comedy and new comedy. Old comedy addressed contemporary issues in a riduculous
way, and needed historical context to understand, while new comedy centered around romantic love and
comic mishaps and were timeless in nature. There was the Lenaia festival held for comedy only.

Athletics
Olympics
The olympics were a pan hellenic (religious) festival held every four years in olympia in honor of Zeus. They
consisted of a variety of events but the most popular one by far was the chariot races. Women were unable
to compete in the events except for the footrace (only if the woman was unmarried) to honor Hera. Women
were also restricted from watching the men compete as the men competed naked. The victors of each event
in the olympics would received an olive wreath, however no prize was given to the second or third place
athlete. The winner of the events were often honoured by their poleis after the olympics, Anyone who spoke
greek could compete and there was a truce forced before,during and after the the olympics. The olympics
also highlighted the ideal physical form of the Greeks.

Art and Architecture

Acropolis Building Programme

The Greeks believed that the Acropolis, a central area of land overlooking Athens, was sacred, and
deservedly so as it was the place of many mythological events (to the Greeks it was real history), such as
the battle between Poseidon and Athena. The original temples of the acropolis were severely damanged by
the Persians during invasions, so Athens created the Acropolis building program, to rebuild the temples
bigger and better. The money for the building effort was supplied by the Athenian Empire and allowed able
bodied men to make an honest salary.

Parthenon

The parthenon was a temple created to honor the Goddess of Athena, and housed a giant statue in her
name, made by the sculptor Phidias. The architects of the Parthenon were Iktinos and Kallikrates. The
statue of athena was elaborately decorated and was a deposit of wealth for the Athenians. An interesting
note about the Parthenon is that it does not have a altar, as the Parthenon does not house the original cult
image of Athena. The Parthenon is also famous for its unusual ionic freeze which is inside the building
(usually outside) and depicted horseback riders, and chariots.

Propylaia
The propylaia is the entrace way to the acropolis which consisted of 5 gates. Its architect was a man named
Mnesikles. The propylaia consisted of doric and ionic elements, and minics the design of the parthenon,
however it was unfinished due to war. The Propylaia featured a Pinakotheke or hall of paintings, and was
very expensive to construct.

Education, Literacy, and Literature

 - pederasty
Pererasty is a relationship between a young man or eromenos and an older man or erates. It involved
physical attraction of the erates to the eromenos and sex, however education and mentorship was also
involved. The responsibility of the erates is to provide an holistic education to the eromenos.

Rhetoric
Rhetoric is the art of public speaking and making effective arguments. Rhetoric was a very important skill in
the ancient greek society as it was imperative for success in politics. Rhetoric was taught by sophists,
however it was very expensive to learn and only the wealthy families could afford the education. Sophists
had a poor reputation because they had the ability to help people to win any argument, regardless if the
position is just or true.

Socrates
Socrates is one of the most discussed early era philosophers to date, and his method of questioning called
the socratic method is taught in many educational institutions today. Socrates lived a very interesting life in
the classical period in Athens, and worked as a stonemason. He did not neglect any of his civic duties as he
served on the boule and as a hoplite soldier. Socrates believed that everything could be question and
examined and that knowledge is a boundless pursuit and that he was not the smartest man. The problem
with examining the life and philosophic ideas of socrates is that he never wrote anything down himself, so
that we know of him today is through other authors. An interesting fact about Socrates is that his wife
Xanthippe continually badgered him, and described him as ugly. Socrates was sentenced to death by the
state under charges including corrupting the youth, refusing to recognize the Gods of the state, and
introducing new Gods. According to historical text he committed suicide by ingesting hemlock at age 70.

Leisure
Symposium

The symposium is a drinking party in the ancient Greek times (symposium literally means drinking
together. A man of ancient greece would invite other men over to his abode to drink. The symposium was
about company and conversation. The men attending the symposium would be lying down on couches in the
andron, and the slaves would serve the men watered down wine, however it was shameful to consume too
much alcohol. After the drinks were served the men would participate conversion about topics chosen by the
host or symposiarch. Hetairai or high class escorts would sometimes be invited to the symposium to
participate in intellectual discussion, or as a prostitute as a part of an orgy. The symposium had an
exhaustive list of unusual conventions, such as the fact that the Symposiarch determines the amount of
wine served to the guests, and his ability to punish attendees on poor behavior.

3 Roman Topics Roman History

- Tarquinius Superbus
Tarquin the Proud (very proud and arrogant)
Last king of Rome
Not a good king, never consulted with anyone (abused his power)
Son raped a Nobel woman and had no punishment
o Brutis assassinated Tarquin
 After death Rome became a Republic

- Julius Caesar
Emperor
Caesar: gives power to self, dictator for life
o Very unusual moves, but popular because people loved him
o Eventually stabbed 23 times
Men who stabbed him though Caesar was breaking the rules becoming king
23 people killed him (thought they were going to be popular for doing so,
liberators)
Brutus was a close friend, and one of his killers
his death marked the end of the republic

- Augustus
Marked beginning of Imperial period
Honorable title Augustus (before AD 27 known as Octavian, after known as Augustus)
Full control over Roman empire
o Declares Caesar as a god
o Labels himself son of god
Known as princeps (first citizen) but no special powers/rights
Declared republic restored
o But not really back
o Didnt openly hold all power, did this behind the scenes
o Let standard procedures/reforms
o Brought stability/ended the civil war
Class and Social Status

Equestrians
Wealthy Romans, wealth requirements (400,000 annual income)
Equestrians who were elected became senators (never previously held political post)
o Very different from senators who were elected
Higher wealth qualification for senators vs. equestrians
Senators usually were born as equestrians
Equestrians during the Imperial period, played minor roles
o Appointed by equestrians to fill posts in government (i.e. prefect of Egypt senators were
banned from Egypt)
o Wore toga with narrow purple stripe (and ring)
o Senators wore toga with broad purple stripe

Patricians and Plebeians

Oldest societal division in Rome
Patricians:
o Men who helped Romulus set up Roman city (descendants)
 o Hereditary aristocracy whose wealth depended on owning land
o Rich and wealthy had land and stability
Everyone else = plebeian (most poor, but not all)
Strong legal distinction between the two
Political positions = Patricians and Priesthoods
o Also provide the cavalry
Couldnt marry one another = rule eventually fell away
Tension led to struggle of the orders
o Old rules fell away
o Plebeians can have same rights as patricians
o Plebeians had a new political post = tribune of plebeians
o Difference eventually disappeared

Novi Homines
Singular: Novus Homo
New men (first in family to every hold political office in Rome/senate)
o Shows social mobility in Rome
Often subject to scorn by Nobel lineages
Slaves, ex-slaves, and women cant run for office but their kids can

The Roman Family

Paterfamilias
Head of the household
Had legal responsibilities
Power: Patria Postestas
o In theory it was limited (i.e. power to kill kids without legal ramifications)
Fathers killing sons: not appalling, acting within rights
No historical proof of this in the real world, only a myth
o Impact on every aspect of kids life (their entire life)
o Mitigating factors to lessen impact?
Tradition (didnt really exert power in adulthood)
Romes legal system
Fathers love their sons
Death (cant put power on child from beyond the grave)
Short life expectancy (militaristic life)
Probably died early on in their life

Roman Women

Manus Marriage
Less popular overtime
Bride passed from father to new husband (symbolic gesture)
 o Now part of husbands family and not fathers
Womens dowry became husbands property and he retained all income/earnings and represented
in wife in all legal matters
o Economic impact: husband is now in control of all money and property (financial power,
women has no say)
Republic period: common
Imperial period: rare

Augustus Social Legislation

State began to intrude on family matters with laws of marriage and divorce (basic structures stay
the same)
Laws encouraged families to get married and have children
o Punished if not married/childless
Women with 3+ kids: free right from under mens guardianships
Divorce/widows needed to be remarried within six months (some leeway with widows)
Always incentives to get married and have children
Why enact a new legislation?
o Concerned with population decline among upper class
Aimed at the upper class
o Restore traditional public morals (get married and have children)
o Financial incentives

The Vestal Virgins

Important priestesses in Rome
Tending to sacred fire in Temple Vesta
6 of them, serve for 30 years (allowed to marry after)
o Not allowed to have sex or be married
Crushed by rocks if found impure

Slavery

Wet-nurse
Impact on childs socialization
Primary care giver for first 2 years
o Mother not really involved for first 2 years
Bathe, swaddle, comfort, playing games, readings stories
Sleep in the same room as child

Pedagogue
Served as early teacher
Supervised childs daily regiment
o Responsibilities passed down from wet nurse
Teaches how to speak properly/read
 Eventually became chaperone when kid starts school
Protection from harassment in public
Constant attendant (in public and at home)
They had to be: of sound, honorable in mind, education, strict figure kids usually resented them

Contubernia
Informal unions
2 slaves or 1 slave and a freed man
Free women and males slave = very inappropriate
Slaves: punished severely

Freedmen

Peculium
Fund of money was allowed to earn on own
Slave might get to keep percentage from labor, could work overtime (Additional work to earn
money)
Legally, peculium belonged to master
Price of freedom was entirely up to their master
Many slaves could by freedom (up to masters discretion)
Allow a peculium?
o Slave is getting old (and wants a new slave)
o More incentive in working harder/better encourage better behavior

Latifundia
Large farmland

Freedmen
After being freed became a Roman citizen
Ex-slaves became full citizens as seen as they were free
o Equal to freeborn citizens
o Big jump up!

Politics and Government

SPQR

Senate
300 members
Not elected and had no legislative powers
Advisory
Composed of ex-magistrates
 Membership for life
Advice on domestic and foreign matters taken seriously

Cursus honorum

Graecia Capta
Graecia capta ferum victorem cepit
Conquered Greece, conquered its savage captor (Horace)
Greece big influence on Rome

Virgils Aeneid
Virgil = Roman poet
o Wrote epic poem on origins of Rome (how Aeneas founded the people)
o Connection to royalty is always good
o Tap into Homeric myths showing connection to Homer
o Helped express to Greeks (not just Romans) wider audience
o Because of what happened to Remus? (Killed by brother)
o Stretched time frame back further (older = better)
Dont know why he picked Aeneas to write about

Mos Maiorum
The mos maiorum ("ancestral custom" or "way of the elders," plural mores, withmaiorum a genitive plural;
cf. English "mores") is the unwritten code from which the ancient Romans derived their social norms. It is the
core concept of Roman traditionalism

Art and Architecture

Prima Porta Augustus

Named after where it was found
Less typical elements
o Baby (cupid), illusion to Venus (his mother), riding a dolphin
Illusion to connection of Caesar and divine ancestry
o Breast plate
Symbolizes general and warrior
Sculptural reliefs on plate
Parthians returning, legionary standard
Sky god at top (representing peace)
Mother earth cornucopia symbolizes peace and prosperity
o Depicting himself as a bringer of peace through strength

Ara Pacis Augustae

Greek art and Imperial propaganda
 Elaborately decorated alter
Alter of Augustan peace
o Peace that Augustus (1st emperor) brought
Sculptural elements (all depict Augustuss peace)
o Fruits/grain/produce: beautiful harvest that Augustus brought
o Two sides show a procession
Senators
Members of Imperial family (Augustuss family)
Greek influences (procession)
o Relief of Parthenon in Athens
o Procession taken from Parthenon
Evoking thoughts of Parthenon
Connection between high cultural class in Greece, and Augustus (think of them
together)

Triumphal Arches
Not many Roman temples survived
Usually built in city centers
o Knocked down and converted into churches
Original elements: hard to ID

Education and Occupations

Lex Claudia
Banning senators and their sons from owning merchant ships
o Equestrians would do this
Senators didnt want to be left out of this deal
o Loopholes allowed them to make money
Find intermediary (give person money to invest in ships; still obeying law, but
involved in trade

Leisure
Otium
Latin for leisure
Activities done after daily business (negotium)
Leisure evidence:
o Catullus (poet)
Leisure is mischievous, people enjoy it too much
o Cicero (literary)
Retirement from active public duty
Leisure should be worthy and productive (i.e. reading, writing)
o Seneca the Younger (Stoic)
Leisure = literature, productive peaceful time
 Leisure should be done in private
Necessary, but not over-indulged
Activities of services (teaching, reading, writing, etc.)

Roman Baths
Found in: cities, towns, hamlets, religious sanctuaries, military forts, spas
Very popular, Roman evidence: 11 Thermae (public houses), 800 private baths (often open to the
public)
Modern day example?
o Turkish baths, Finnish baths, Korean baths
Poor and elite (sometimes slaves), men and women took baths
o Men usually in afternoon hours
Baths:
o Apodyterium: change rooms
o Frigidarium: cold room
o Tepidarium: warm room
o Caldarium: hot room
o Palaestra: colonnaded exercise yard

Gladiatorial Shows

Munera
Gladiatorial games (pl. munera), literally means obligation. These were te public spectacles
provided for the benifit of the people from individuals of high statud and wealth

Ludus
School, run like familia
Gladiator school
Learned with wooden weapons; injuries/beatings common (by lanista)
Slept in tiny cell-like accommodations, eat together (like a familia)
On-site infirmary for injuries

Roman Religion

Roman State Religion

Rome had an official state religion (unlike Greece)
Stipulates important actions (vs. dictate)
About public actions and festivals
Mostly priests who played the most important role
o Average Roman had little role in state religion
* Probably need to know priesthoods, flamines, vestal virgins, augurs, gods, new gods?

Deified Emperors
 Beings with Julius Caesar, declared a god when he died
Augusts as Divi Filius (not allowed to be openly worshiped as a god, no one could claim it)
o Song of God
Strong in Rome, but in the east they allowed temples built into him
o Died and declared god
Unless bad emperor i.e. Nero
Temples could be built to deceased emperor, but not while they are living (at least in Rome)
Deification proclaimed by senate and new emperor

Christianity
Profound change on Rome
Different because:
o Monotheistic
o Promised immortality and emphasized good behavior
Christianity begins after Jesuss death
Problems?
o Monotheistic (1 god to exclusion of other gods)
o Cant just be slotted into Polytheistic Roman System
o Followers cant participate in state religion
o Subversive and inverted traditional power structure
Doesnt mirror social structure
o Also applied to Judaism
More acceptable though
Jews didnt try and get new members
Traditional religion of Jewish people
o Romans didnt want to trample on their traditions (Romans just
wanted tax)
Persecution of Christians
o Periodic persecutions interspersed with periods of calm
Based on scapegoating Christians for other problems
I.e. Nero blamed them for burning of Rome
o Very bloody, lots died
o Eventually they ended
Ended by Constantine
First to convert to Christianity
Edict of Milan: Proclaimed for Christians and all religions, throughout
empire
Council of Nicaea: tried to layout a standard set of beliefs
Christian Empire
o Adopted by all later emperors
o Pagan practices (i.e. sacrifices) discouraged and eventually banned
Sometimes they tried to reverse trend, but failed
o Privileges and positions of power are reserved for Christians
Roman Army

The Marian Reforms

One of Romes greatest generals (elected consulship 7x)
Allowed the urban poor to enlist in army
State provided weapons and armor (standardization)
Military as career path, vs. enlisting in single campaign
Soldiers carried more of their own baggage

Veterans
Soldiers fight for very long campaigns
Needed land to settle on (farming)
Didnt want to fight anymore
Senate had to approve land grants
o Generals take issue in own hands (i.e. Pompey)
Tensions: where to get land and where will it be? Italy or provinces?
o Augustus comes up with a solution
Regularized service: 16 (later 20) service years, 4 (later 5) on-call years
Set aside land/found land for soldiers
Established new tax to give to soldiers vs. finding land
Augustus and Vets
o End of civil wars, there were too many legions (very expensive)
o Regularized service
o Rewards
Augustus gives land in provinces
Later gives cash payment (from new tax)
Colonies
o Cant settle in Italy, planted in provinces
o Highly planned settlements: created from scratch
o Colonies in places they were stationed in for years
Method of pacification

Decimation
Method of discipline for entire unit
Every 10th man in unit was executed
o Killed by own men
Why?
o Compels obedience
o Reaffirms willingness to follow others
o Purged their guilt from lack of discipline
 Thanks for the clarification, I was thinking of writing about how the culture and society was
centered mainly on power and wealth and often power through wealth, and that we can see a
direct relation between the social class divisions and this power...if that is i am able to expand
on it well enough.

Thats a good one, there are a lot of examples of power/wealth causing a division between the
classes.
Wealth was necessary to earn political power, (equestrian thing)
One way slaves could be freed was pay their owner for their freedom,
Generals could pay to have their own armies (?) which equals power

Exam Essay
How did Roman society and culture serve to reflect and reinforce
class and social status divisions in the Roman world?

Thesis : Roman society and culture was one that was obsessed with power
and wealth and often power through wealth and it was this power/wealth
that lead to the divisions between the classes. It was often the case that the
higher your class the more power you had especially over those below you
as well as the money you had, but money was also the key to moving to a
new class. We can see this if we look at each class or roman citizen starting
at the top.

It is a good idea to start with mentioning rome's oldest societal division,

which was the patricians and the plebeians were by the patricians being the
higher of the two were said to hold all of the wealth and power over that of
their opposites the plebeians who held very little power and rights and this is
quite possibly where the trend of societal division by wealth got its roots.