Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Circular Motion PDF
Circular Motion PDF
2007
Centripetal
forces keep
these children
moving in a
circular path.
Objectives: After completing this
module, you should be able to:
Apply your knowledge of centripetal
acceleration and centripetal force to the
solution of problems in circular motion.
Define and apply concepts of frequency and
period, and relate them to linear speed.
Solve problems involving banking angles, the
conical pendulum, and the vertical circle.
Uniform Circular Motion
Uniform circular motion is motion along a
circular path in which there is no change in
speed, only a change in direction.
v Constant velocity
Fc tangent to path.
Constant force
toward center.
There
There isis an
an outward
outward force,
force, but
but itit does
does not
not act
act
ON
ON you.
you. It It isis the
the reaction
reaction force
force exerted
exerted BY
BY
you
you ON
ON the the door.
door. It It affects
affects only
only thethe door.
door.
Another Example
Disappearing R
platform at fair. Fc
NO.
NO. Actually,
Actually, itit isis the
the LACK
LACK ofof aa force
force that
that
allows
allows the
the water
water to to leave
leave the
the clothes
clothes
through
through holes
holes inin thethe circular
circular wall
wall ofof the
the
rotating
rotating washer.
washer.
Centripetal Acceleration
Consider ball moving at constant speed v in a
horizontal circle of radius R at end of string tied
to peg on center of table. (Assume zero friction.)
Fc
n
v W
R
Force Fc and
acceleration ac
toward center.
W=n
Deriving Central Acceleration
Consider initial velocity at A and final velocity at B:
vf B vf
-vo v
s v
vo o
R R
A
Deriving Acceleration (Cont.)
vf
v
Definition: ac = -vo v
t s v
o
Similar v s R
=
Triangles v R
mass m
v vs vv
ac = = =
t Rt R
Centripetal
2 2
Centripetal v mv
acceleration:
ac ; Fc mac
acceleration: R R
Example 1: A 3-kg rock swings in a circle
of radius 5 m. If its constant speed is 8
m/s, what is the centripetal acceleration?
v v 2
m ac m = 3 kg
R
R R = 5 m; v = 8 m/s
2
(8 m/s)
ac 12.8 m/s 2
5m
F = (3 kg)(12.8 m/s2)
2
mv
Fc mac FFcc == 38.4
38.4 NN
R
Example 2: A skater moves with 15 m/s in a
circle of radius 30 m. The ice exerts a
central force of 450 N. What is the mass of
the skater?
Draw and label sketch mv 2 Fc R
Fc ; m 2
v = 15 m/s R v
Fc R m
(450 N)(30 m)
2
450 N (15 m/s)
30 m
m=?
m
m == 60.0
60.0 kg
kg
Speed skater
Example 3. The wall exerts a 600 N force on
an 80-kg person moving at 4 m/s on a
circular platform. What is the radius of the
circular path?
Draw and label sketch
Newtons 2nd law
m = 80 kg;
for circular motion:
v = 4 m/s2
Fc = 600 N mv 2
mv 2
F ; r
r F
r=?
2
(80 kg)(4 m/s)
r rr =
= 2.13
2.13 m
m
600 N
Car Negotiating a Flat Turn
v
Fc
R
What is the direction of the
force ON the car?
Ans. Toward Center
This central force is exerted
BY the road ON the car.
Car Negotiating a Flat Turn
v
Fc
R
Is there also an outward force
acting ON the car?
mg
The
The central
central force
force FFCC and
and the
the friction
friction force
force ffss
are
are not
not two
two different
different forces
forces that
that are
are equal.
equal.
There
There isis just
just one
one force
force onon the
the car.
car. The
The nature
nature
of
of this
this central
central force
force isis static
static friction.
friction.
Finding
Finding the
the maximum
maximum speed
speed for
for
negotiating
negotiating aa turn
turn without
without slipping.
slipping.
n Fc = fs
fs
Fc R
R m
v
mg
The car is on the verge of slipping when FC is
equal to the maximum force of static friction fs.
mv2
Fc = fs Fc = fs = smg
R
Maximum
Maximum speed
speed without
without slipping
slipping (Cont.)
(Cont.)
Fc = fs
n
fs R mv2
= smg
R
mg
v= sgR
Fc R
m Velocity
Velocity vv isis maximum
maximum
v speed
speed for
for no
no slipping.
slipping.
Example 4: A car negotiates a turn of
radius 70 m when the coefficient of static
friction is 0.7. What is the maximum
speed to avoid slipping?
mv2
Fc = fs = smg
m R
Fc R
From which: v = sgR
v s = 0.7
g = 9.8 m/s2; R = 70 m
v s gR (0.7)(9.8)(70 m) vv == 21.9
21.9 m/s
m/s
Optimum Banking Angle
By banking a curve at the
optimum angle, the normal
m
Fc R force n can provide the
necessary centripetal force
v without the need for a
friction force.
fs fs = 0
n n n
fs
w w
w
slow speed fast speed optimum
Free-body Diagram
mg
n sin
mg
Apply mv2
Newtons 2nd
Fx = mac n sin
R
Law to x and
y axes. Fy = 0 n cos = mg
Optimum Banking Angle (Cont.)
n cos
n n
n sin
tan
n sin n cos
mg
mg
mv2
2
mv
n sin v 2
R tan R
mg gR
n cos = mg
1
Optimum Banking Angle (Cont.)
n
n cos n
mg
n sin
mg
Optimum Banking v 2
Angle tan
gR
Example 5: A car negotiates a turn of
radius 80 m. What is the optimum
banking angle for this curve if the speed
is to be equal to 12 m/s?
n v2 (12 m/s)2
tan = =
gR (9.8 m/s2)(80 m)
mg
n cos n
tan =
0.184 = 10.40
How might you 2find the
n sin centripetal mv
FC force on the
car, knowing R
its mass?
mg
The Conical Pendulum
A conical pendulum consists of a mass m
revolving in a horizontal circle of radius R
at the end of a cord of length L.
T cos
T
L
h
T T sin
R mg
Note: The inward component of tension
T sin gives the needed central force.
Angle and velocity v:
T cos
T
L
h
T T sin
R mg
v gR tan
2
v gR tan
Fy = 0: T cos - mg = 0; T cos = mg
mg (2 kg)(9.8 m/s2)
T= = TT == 22.6
22.6 NN
cos cos 300
Example 8: Find the centripetal force Fc
for the previous example.
= 300 T cos
T
L
h
T Fc T sin
2 kg
R mg
v2
tan = and v= gR tan
gR
Example 9. If b = 5 m and L = 10 m, what
will be the speed if the angle = 260?
v2
tan = R=d+b
gR
L b
d = (10 m) sin 260 = 4.38 m T
d
R = 4.38 m + 5 m = 9.38 m R
v gR tan
2
v gR tan
At top: 10 N + T = 40 N TT =
= _30
?_N
Bottom: T 10 N = 40 N TT==__?___
50 N
Motion in a Vertical Circle
v Resultant force mv2
Fc =
mg toward center R
T R
AT BOTTOM:
T mv2
+ T= + mg
mg R
Example 10: A 2-kg rock swings in a vertical
circle of radius 8 m. The speed of the rock as it
passes its highest point is 10 m/s. What is
tension T in rope?
mv
2
At Top: mg + T =
v R
mg
mv2
T R T= - mg
R
2
v (2 kg)(10 m/s)
T 2 kg(9.8 m/s )
2
8m
T = 25 N - 19.6 N TT == 5.40
5.40 NN
Example 11: A 2-kg rock swings in a vertical
circle of radius 8 m. The speed of the rock as it
passes its lowest point is 10 m/s. What is
tension T in rope?
mv2
v At Bottom: T - mg =
R
mv2
R T= + mg
R
T
v (2 kg)(10 m/s) 2
T 2 kg(9.8 m/s )
2
mg 8m
T = 25 N + 19.6 N TT == 44.6
44.6 NN
Example 12: What is the critical speed vc at
the top, if the 2-kg mass is to continue in a
circle of radius 8 m? 0
v mv 2
At Top: mg + T =
mg R
T R vc occurs when T = 0
mv2
v mg = vc = gR
R
v n
AT BOTTOM: mv2
n n= + mg
+ R
mg
The Ferris Wheel
v mv2
AT TOP: mg - n=
R
R
n
+ mv2
v mg n = mg -
R
AT BOTTOM:
mv2
n +
n= + mg
R
mg
Example 13: What is the
apparent weight of a 60-kg n
person as she moves v +
through the highest point mg
when R = 45 m and the R
speed at that point is 6 m/s?
Apparent weight will be the v
normal force at the top:
mv2 mv2
mg - n = n = mg -
R R
2
(60 kg)(6 m/s)
n 60 kg(9.8 m/s )
2
nn == 540
540 NN
45 m
Summary
Centripetal
2 2
Centripetal v mv
acceleration:
ac ; Fc mac
acceleration: R R
v2
v= sgR tan = gR
Conical
v= gR tan
pendulum:
Summary: Motion in Circle
v AT TOP:
+ T= mv 2
- mg
R mg R
T
v
AT BOTTOM:
T T= mv 2
+ mg
+ R
mg
Summary: Ferris Wheel
v mv2
AT TOP: mg - n=
R
R
n
+ mv2
v mg n = mg -
R
AT BOTTOM:
mv2
n +
n= + mg
R
mg
CONCLUSION: Chapter 10
Uniform Circular Motion