TRANVERSE SHEAR

! Shear in Straight Members

! The Shear Formula
! Shear Stresses in Beams
! Shear Flow in Built-up Members

1
Shear in Straight Members
ave My
=
I
V
= f( )
A
max
1
VB
B max
MB +V
d
A
A VB = V
V = dA = ( ave ) A 1
VA= V
V
ave = dA =
A
+M Shear Stress 3D

MA = MB +Vd
MB
1

Shear Stress 2D

2
The Shear Stress Formula: Assumptions

Linear elastic
Plane section remains plane

Boards not bonded together

Before deformation

Boards bonded together

After deformation
3
The Shear Stress Formula
w
F1 F2

M1 M2
x x

A'
V
M+M dA '
M
y'
t NA

x V+V

4
 A'
V
M+M dA '
M
y'
t NA

x V+V

A'
V
' dA '
M+M
M y'
t NA

x V+V

5
 A'
dF dF dA '
M+M
M ' t
y'
NA

x
+ F = 0:
x
dA ' dA + ( t x ) = 0
A' A'

My (M + M ) y
A ' I dA A ' I
dA + ( t x ) = 0

My My (M ) y
A ' I dA A ' I dA A ' I dA + ( t x ) = 0 (1)
1 ( M ) y (M )
=
t (x) A ' I dA =
It ( x ) ydA
A'

V y ' A' = Q
( dM ) VQ
x 0; =
It ( dx ) ydA =
It
A'
6
Shear Stress in Beam

Rectangular Cross Section

A'

h/2 y y'
V h NA
h/2
1
b b I =( ) bh 3
12

VQ V ( y ' A')
= =
It It
NA
max
V ( y ' A')
=
1
( ) bh 3 b
12

7
 = max at the neutral axis, y = 0:
h
A' = b( )
2

h/2 h
y'= ( )
V h NA 4
h/2

b b
1
I =( ) bh 3
12
VQ maz V ( y ' A')
max = =
It It
N A h h
h V ( )( b )
4 2 12 V
max = =( )
1 8 bh
( ) bh 3 b A
12
b V
= 1 .5
8
max
Shear-stress distribution A
 Wide-Flange Beam
b flange
neck

NA
max
web
flange h
V
tw
neck
flange

T- Beam
b flange neck

NA max
web
flange h
V
tw

9
 Example 1a

The beam shown is made of wood, determine the shear stress in the beam
at point P and compute the maximum shear stress in the beam. Plot the
shear-stress distribution acting over the beams cross-sectional area.

20 kN 250 mm
40 kNm 5 kN/m
50 mm
P
300 mm
4m 6m

10
 Maximum Stress 20 kN
40 kNm 5 kN/m

25 kN 25 kN
4m 6m

V(kN) 25 25
5
x (m)
-25
250 mm
V = 25 kN
50 mm P P = 278 kPa
P 125 mm NA
max= 500 kPa
150 mm

1
I = ( 0 . 25 )( 0 . 3) 3 VQ ( 25 kN)[( 0 . 125 m )( 0 . 05 m 0 . 25 m )]
12 P = = = 278 kPa
It (562 . 5 10 6 m 4 )( 0 . 25 m )
= 562 . 5 10 6 m 4

V 25 10 3 N
max = 1.5 = 1.5 = 500 kPa
A ( 0 . 25 m 0 . 30 m ) 11
 Example 1b

The simply supported beam has the cross-sectional area shown. Determine
the shear flow in the beam at point P.

20 kN 250 mm
40 kNm 5 kN/m
50 mm
P
300 mm
4m 6m

12
 Maximum Stress 20 kN
250 mm
40 kNm 5 kN/m 50 mm
P
1m 300 mm
25 kN 25 kN
4m 6m

V(kN) 25 25 1
I = ( 0 . 25 )( 0 . 3) 3
5 12
x (m) = 562 . 5 10 6 m 4
-25
62.5
60
M(kNm)
35
x (m)
-40
My
35 10 ( 0 . 15 )
3 = 60 10 3 ( 0 . 15 )
= 9 . 333 MPa I = 16 MPa
6
562 . 5 10 562 . 5 10 6
6.222 MPa 35 kNm 60 kNm 10.67 MPa
100 m L 150 mm R 100 m
NA

1m 13
250 mm
9.333 MPa 16 MPa
50 mm 6.222 MPa 35 kNm 60 kNm 10.67 MPa
P 100 mm 100 m L 150 m R
100 m
NA
150 mm

1m

FL FR

FL = 97 . 19 kN FR = 166.7 kN
Fs
- Force FL on area AL - Force FR on area AR

FL = dA FR = dA
AL AR

= ( ave ) AL = ( ave ) AR

(9.33 + 6.22) 106 (16 + 10.67) 106

=[ ](0.25 0.05) =[ ](0.25 0.05)
2 2

FL = 97 . 19 kN FR = 166 . 7 kN
14
 250 mm
9.333 MPa 16 MPa
50 mm 6.222 MPa 35 kNm 1 60 kNm 10.67 MPa
P 100 mm 100 m 1 100 m
NA
150 mm L R
1m

FL = 97.19 kN FR = 166.7 kN 6.22 MPa

1
Fs = 166.7 - 97.19 = 69.48 kN
0.28 MPa
FL = 97.19 kN FR = 166.7 kN
= Fs/As 6.22 MPa
1
1m 0.28 MPa

Fs 69 . 48 10 3 N
= =
0.25 m As ( 0 . 25 m )(1 m )
= 278 kPa
15
Example 2

A steel wide-flange beam has the dimensions shown. Plot the shear-stress
distribution acting over the beams cross-sectional area.

250 mm
600 N 20 mm
200 N/m B
C 150 mm
20 mm 150 mm
20 mm
2m 2m

16
 Internal Shear Section property
600 N
200 N/m
250 mm
20 mm
B 150 mm
400 N 600 N C
2m 2m NA
20 mm 150 mm
20 mm
V (N)

400
I = ( I + Ad 2 )
+
x
= ( I + Ad 2 )web + 2 ( I + Ad )flang
2
-
-200
-600 = [(1/12)(20)(3003 ) + 0] +
600 N 2[(1/12)(250)(203) + (20x250)(1602)]
B B
B B
NA = 301.3x106 mm4
max = C
C

17
 250 mm I = 301.3x106 mm4
600 N B= 6 . 37 kPa
20 mm B
B 150 mm B B = 79 . 7 kPa
C NA
max = 102 kPa
20 mm 150 mm C
20 mm

VQ
Shear stress in beam: =
It
0.25 m ( 600 N)[( 0 . 16 m )( 0 . 25 m 0 . 02 m )]
B' =
0.02 m ( 301 . 3 10 6 m 4 ) (0.25 m)
B B
0.16 m
NA = 6 . 37 kPa
20
( 600 N)[( 0 . 16 m )( 0 . 25 m 0 . 02 m )]
B =
( 301 . 3 10 6 m 4 ) (0.02 m)
= 79 . 7 kPa
0.25 m
0.02 m Qmax = [ (0.16)(0.25x0.02) + (0.075)(0.02x0.15)]
0.15 m NA 0.075 m 0.16 m = 1.025x10-3 m3
0.02 m
( 600 N)(1 . 025 10 3 m 3 )
max = = 102 kPa
( 301 . 3 10 6 m 4 )( 0 . 02 m ) 18
 Example 3

The beam show is made from two boards. Plot the shear-stress distribution acting
over the beams cross-sectional area.

100 mm
600 N
200 N/m 20 mm

A C 100 mm
B
2m 2m
20 mm

19
 Internal loads Section property
100 mm
600 N
200 N/m
y' 20 mm
NA
y 100 mm
400 N 600 N
2m 2m
20 mm
V (N)
yA
y =
400 400 A
+ (50)(100 20) + (110)(100 20)
x =
- 2(100 20)
-200
-600 = 80 mm
neck y ' = 120 80 = 40 mm
V = 600 N neck
NA I = ( I + Ad 2 )
max = [(1/12)(20)(1003 ) +(20x100)(80-50)2]
+ [(1/12)(100)(203) + (100x20)(40-10)2]
= 5.333x106 mm4 = 5.333x10-6 m4 20
 100 mm
neck = 67 . 5 kPa
V = 600 N neck = 338 kPa
20 mm
NA
max = 360 kPa
80 mm 100 mm

20 mm
I = 5.333x10-6 m4 VQ
Shear stress in beam: =
It ( 600 N)[( 0 . 03 m )( 0 . 10 m 0 . 02 m )]
0.10 m ' neck =
(5 . 333 10 6 m 4 )( 0 . 10 m )
0.02 m
0.03 m = 67 . 5 kPa
NA
0.02 m ( 600 N)[( 0 . 03 m )( 0 . 10 m 0 . 02 m )]
neck =
( 5 . 333 10 6 m 4 )( 0 . 02 m )
= 338 kPa

NA ( 600 N)[( 0 . 04 m )( 0 . 08 m 0 . 02 m )]
0.04 m max =
0.08 m ( 5 . 333 10 6 )( 0 . 02 m )
= 360 kPa
0.02 m
21
Shear Flow (q) in Built-Up Members

t
F dx
dM
dF dF =
I ydA
A'

V Q
F + dF dF dM
q =
dx
=
Idx ydA
A'

VQ
q = = t
I

22
 (a) The shear flow is resisted at one surfaces.

A'

y'
NA

(b) The shear flow is resisted at two surfaces. (c) The shear flow is resisted at three surfaces.

A' A'
y'
NA y'
NA

23
Example 4

The beam show is made from two boards. Determine the maximum shear in nail
if diameter of nail is 3 mm and spacing is 200 mm.

100 mm
600 N
200 N/m 20 mm

A C 100 mm
B
2m 2m
20 mm

24
 Internal loads Section property
100 mm
600 N
200 N/m
y' 20 mm
NA
y 100 mm
400 N 600 N
2m 2m
20 mm
V (N)
yA
y =
400 400 A
+ (50)(100 20) + (110)(100 20)
x =
- 2(100 20)
-200
-600 = 80 mm
neck y ' = 120 80 = 40 mm
V = 600 N neck
NA I = ( I + Ad 2 )
max = [(1/12)(20)(1003 ) +(20x100)(80-50)2]
+ [(1/12)(100)(203) + (100x20)(40-10)2]
= 5.333x106 mm4 = 5.333x10-6 m4 25
 100 mm 0.10 m
V = 600 N
20 mm 0.02 m
NA 0.03 m
NA
80 mm 100 mm 0.02 m

20 mm
I = 5.333x10-6 m4
VQ
Shear stress in beam at neck: =
It
( 600 N)[( 0 . 03 m )( 0 . 10 m 0 . 02 m )]
neck = 6
= 0 . 3375 MPa
( 5 . 333 10 m )( 0 . 02 m )
4

d = 3 mm (Fs)nail = ( @ C (neck) )(Ashear)

s = 200 mm
= (0.3375 MPa)(0.02 m x0.2 m)

neck = 0.3375 MPa = 1350 N

( Fs ) nail
nail =
20 mm 200 mm Anail
1350 N
20 mm = = 191 MPa
( / 4 )( 0 . 003 m ) 2 26
Example 5

A box beam is to be constructed from four boards nailed together as shown.

If each nail can support a shear force of 200 N, determine the maximum spacing
s of nails at B and at C so that the beam will support the vertical force of 300 N.

300 N

C
30 mm
B
100 mm

30 mm
30 mm 30 mm
100 mm

27
 C
30 mm
B
100 mm

30 mm
30 mm 30 mm
100 mm

Section property

1 1
I =( bh 3)out ( bh 3)in
12 12

= (1/12)(0.16)(0.163) - (1/12)(0.1)(0.13)

= 46.28x10-6 m4

28
 C
300 N 30 mm
65 mm
B B
100 mm

s 30 mm
V (N) 30 mm 30 mm
100 mm
300

x I = 46.28x10-6 m4
Maximum spacing s of nails at B

VQB Vy ' A' (300)(0.065)(0.16 0.03)

B = = = = 33.71 kPa
It It (46.28 10 6 )(2)(0.03)

Fnail = B ( Ashear ) nail

(Ashear)nail 200 = 33.71(103 ) s (0.03)

s
s = 0.198 m
Use sB = 200 mm
Top view
0.03 m 29
 C C
300 N 30 mm
65 mm
B
100 mm

s 30 mm
V (N) 30 mm 30 mm
100 mm
300

x I = 46.28x10-6 m4

Maximum spacing s of nails at C

VQC Vy ' A' (300)(0.065)(0.10 0.03)

B = = = 6
= 21.07 kPa
It It (46.28 10 )(2)(0.03)

Fnail = B A
s
= 21070 Pa 200 = 21.07(103 ) s(0.03)
0.03 m s = 0.316 m
Use sB = 300 mm
30
 Example 6

Nails are used in a beam that can be constructed either as in Case I or as in Case
II. If the nails are spaced at 200 mm, determine the shear force in the nail for each
case so this type of failure will not occur.

300 N 15 mm

Case I 30 mm 100 mm

15 mm
s = 200 mm 90 mm

300 N 15 mm

Case II 30 mm 100 mm

15 mm
s = 200 mm

30 mm@90 mm
31
 15 mm 15 mm

30 mm 100 mm 30 mm 100 mm

15 mm 15 mm
90 mm
30 mm@90 mm

Section property for both case

1 1
I =( bh 3)out 2 ( bh 3)in
15 mm 12 12

100 mm = (1/12)(0.09)(0.133) - 2(1/12)(0.03)(0.13)

15 mm = 11.48x10-6 m4
90 mm

32
Case I
P 15 mm
57.5 mm
NA 100 mm

15 mm
V (N) s = 200 mm I = 11.48x10-6 m4
30 mm@90 mm
300

The largest vertical shear for case I

VQ 300 [ 0 . 0575 ( 0 . 09 0 . 015 )]

= = = 67 . 62 kPa
neck = 67.62 kPa It 6
(11 . 48 10 )( 0 . 03 )

0.2 m
Fnail = A = ( 67 . 62 10 3 )( 0 . 03 0 . 2 ) = 406 N
0.03 m
33
Case II
P 15 mm
57.5 mm
NA 100 mm

15 mm
V (N) s = 200 mm I = 11.48x10-6 m4
30 mm@90 mm
300

The largest vertical shear for case II

VQ 300 [0 . 0575 2 ( 0 . 03 0 . 015 )]

= = = 45 . 08 kPa
s = 0.2 m It 6
(11 . 48 10 ) 2 ( 0 . 015 )
0.015 m = 45.08 kPa
Fnail = A = ( 45 . 08 10 3 )( 0 . 015 0 . 2) = 135 N
0.03 m

34