INTERNATIONAL

According to the WHO (2015), initiating breastfeeding within one hour of birth, exclusive
breastfeeding for the first six months of life and continuing to breastfeed for two years or
beyond with adequate complementary feeding from six months of age.

Moreover Iddrisu, 2013; Mbada et al, (2013).Several socioeconomic factors differentiate urban and rural

these differences may play a role in the infant feeding decisions of women. Generally speaking, families

living in rural areas are less educated and are more likely to be living in poverty than their urban

counterparts. However, breastfeeding rates are especially low in economically deprived, inner-city areas.

Additionally, urban women are more likely to have access to health education and breastfeeding

information. Similarly, urban mothers are more likely to have access to lactation consultants for education

and support (Alexy& Martin, 1994, Aryeetey& Goh, 2013; Mbada et al, 2013). Mothers are more likely to

feed their infants in the same manner in which they themselves were fed.

Furthermore Aryeetey& Goh, 2013; Hawthorne, (1994).Mothers are also influenced by other women in their

social groupings and communities. Women are more likely to choose to feed their infants in the same

manner as their friends. Having breastfeeding role models such as friends and mothers, together with

positive attitudes to breastfeeding, are important in the final decision to breastfeed.

According to (Ford &Labbok, 90 Journal of Global Initiatives 1990; Aryeetey& Goh, 2013; Tampah-

Naah&Kumi-Kyereme, 2013). Hospital practices also affect infant feeding practices, with regards to the

initiation and duration of breastfeeding, and the introduction of infant Hospitals with baby- friendly initiatives

are associated with successful exclusive breastfeeding practices (cf. Tampah-Naah&Kumi-Kyere, 2013;

Mbada, et al., 2013). The role of the healthcare professional can be very critical in providing women with

the information they need to make the decision on how to feed their baby. Negative attitudes and lack of

knowledge on the part of healthcare providers can be barriers to successful infant feeding practices (Black,

Blair, Jones, &DuRant, 1990)

According to Tefera Belachew,(2012) The breastfeeding rate among adolescent mothers in the United

States is low and has been dropping since 2003. Young women are less likely to breastfeed than older

mothers and have a more rapid discontinuation rate. For these teen mothers, as with their older

counterparts, knowledge of the benefits of breastfeeding is not sufficient to result in breastfeeding. Teen

mothers in the US face many challenges to successful breastfeeding that are unique to their age and

situation including: coping with the stigma and embarrassment related to being a teen mother; lack of

parenting readiness; need for peer acceptance; and dependence on social support systems that may not

be supportive of breastfeeding. A significant number of teen mothers have a low income and there is a

strong association between living in poverty, crime, poor educational opportunities, teen pregnancy and low

breastfeeding. For most teens, their negative views of breastfeeding outweigh the positive. Their attitudes

regarding the perceived relationship between breastfeeding and mother-infant bonding is an interesting

case in point. An ethnographic study with African-American and Latina adolescent mothers found that

bonding was among the better known benefits of breastfeeding; however, it was not uniformly perceived

as a benefit.

Moreover Sibhatu Biadgilign (2012), Exclusive breastfeeding is defined as feeding infants only breast milk,

be it directly from breast or expressed, with no addition of any liquid or solids apart from drops or syrups

consisting of vitamins, mineral supplements or medicine, and nothing else. Several studies have shown

that exclusive breastfeeding for the first six months plays a great role in preventing morbidity and mortality.

However, in Ethiopia a large portion of infants are not exclusively breastfed according to the infant feeding

recommendations. Understanding the factors that influence exclusive breastfeeding is crucial to promoting

the practice. This study was carried out to identify factors predicting exclusive breastfeeding among mothers

in Bale Goba district, south east Ethiopia.

Furthermore, breastfeeding improves maternal health, minimizes postpartum bleeding, reduces the risk of

ovarian cancer and breast cancer, and facilitates bonding between mother and infant. Exclusive

breastfeeding yields even more pronounced health benefits, and the American Academy of Pediatrics

(AAP) recommends that infants be exclusively breastfed for the first six months of life and be breastfed for

12 months or longer with the addition of appropriate foods.

According toSPEAR, HILA J. Over one half (60.3%) of the adolescent mothers breastfed for 2 months or

longer (average 3.15 months), only 22.6% breastfed for 6 months or more, and 39.6% breastfed for 1 month

or less. Friends, families, and healthcare professionals were supportive of breastfeeding, but participants

found prenatal and postpartum education about breastfeeding to be limited. Many indicated that they were

not plainly informed about the superiority of breast milk and the health advantages of breastfeeding

Moreover Sharla K Willis , Adolescents identified three main influences on infant feeding decisions and

practices: (a) their perceptions of the benefits of breastfeeding, (b) their perceptions of the problems with

breastfeeding, and (c) influential people. In this study, teens reported no single influence which determined

infant feeding choices. The decision to breastfeed was a dynamic process.

Moreover Zahan MS (2011), Sixty percent of the adolescent mothers had initiated breastfeeding within one

hour after birth. This is different from findings in India where less than fifty percent of adolescent mothers

reported initiation of breastfeeding within one hour. In this study, staying for more than one day in hospital

postpartum was associated with the practice of appropriate newborn feeding. This finding could be

explained by the fact that adolescent mothers who had stayed longer in hospital were more likely to benefit

from the knowledge and supervised postnatal care by health workers for both the mother and newborn.

Furthermore, having had a male caretaker was a risk factor for poor newborn feeding practices. In this

setting, traditionally the caretaking role is mainly by women, so men are unlikely to know when to initiate or

how to feed the newborn and may not be in position to guide the adolescent mothers about appropriate

newborn feeding practices.( Tweheyo R, Konde-Lule J, Tumwesigye NM, Sekandi JN 2010)

Furthermore, in several Canadian studies with young mothers, breastfeeding was correlated with increased

feelings of maternal confidence, increased feelings of control over life circumstances, helping to form an

emerging self-identity as a woman and a mother, providing increased social support through connections

with other breastfeeding mothers and facilitating mother-infant bonding (Beers & Hollo, 2011).
Because Women who don't have health problems should try to give their babies breast milk for at least the

first six months of life. Most women with health problems can breastfeed. There are rare exceptions when

women are advised not to breastfeed because they have certain illnesses.

Furthermore,In 2010, the World Health Assembly endorsed resolution WHA63.23, calling on WHO to

develop a comprehensive implementation plan on maternal, infant and young child nutrition, with the aim

of addressing the double-burden of malnutrition in children starting from the earliest stages of

development. Member States endorsed the plan at the Sixty-fifth World Health Assembly in 2012. The

comprehensive implementation plan identifies six global targets to be achieved by 2025, including an

increase in exclusive breastfeeding rates in the first six months to at least 50%. The sixty-forth session of

the WHO Regional Committee for the Western Pacific in 2013 addressed the need to scale up nutrition

interventions.

Because More than 30 years after endorsing the Code, along with the Innocenti Declaration, BFHI, the

Global Strategy for Infant and Young Child Feeding and 15 World Health Assembly resolutions,

breastfeeding practices remain less than optimal, and countries such as the Philippines continue to struggle

to improve the situation.

-------------------------END JOYCE----------------------------------------------

According to Tefera Belachew,(2012) The breastfeeding rate among

adolescent mothers in the United States is low and has been dropping
since 2003. Young women are less likely to breastfeed than older mothers
and have a more rapid discontinuation rate. For these teen mothers, as
with their older counterparts, knowledge of the benefits of breastfeeding is
not sufficient to result in breastfeeding. Teen mothers in the US face many
challenges to successful breastfeeding that are unique to their age and
situation including: coping with the stigma and embarrassment related to
being a teen mother; lack of parenting readiness; need for peer
acceptance; and dependence on social support systems that may not be
supportive of breastfeeding. A significant number of teen mothers have a
low income and there is a strong association between living in poverty,
crime, poor educational opportunities, teen pregnancy and low
breastfeeding.For most teens, their negative views of breastfeeding
outweigh the positive. Their attitudes regarding the perceived relationship
between breastfeeding and mother-infant bonding is an interesting case in
point. An ethnographic study with African-American and Latina adolescent
mothers found that bonding was among the better known benefits of
breastfeeding; however, it was not uniformly perceived as a benefit.

Moreover Sibhatu Biadgilign (2012), Exclusive breastfeeding is defined as

feeding infants only breast milk, be it directly from breast or expressed, with
no addition of any liquid or solids apart from drops or syrups consisting of
vitamins, mineral supplements or medicine, and nothing else. Several
studies have shown that exclusive breastfeeding for the first six months
plays a great role in preventing morbidity and mortality. However, in
Ethiopia a large portion of infants are not exclusively breastfed according to
the infant feeding recommendations. Understanding the factors that
influence exclusive breastfeeding is crucial to promoting the practice. This
study was carried out to identify factors predicting exclusive breastfeeding
among mothers in Bale Goba district, south east Ethiopia.

Furthermore, breastfeeding improves maternal health, minimizes

postpartum bleeding, reduces the risk of ovarian cancer and breast cancer,
and facilitates bonding between mother andinfant. Exclusive breastfeeding
yields even more pronounced health benefits, and the American Academy
of Pediatrics (AAP) recommends that infants be exclusively breastfed for
the first six months of life and be breastfed for 12 months or longer with the
addition of appropriate foods.
Moreover,Moreover, Teicher MH (2011) Baby-led latching which involves
bringing the babys body to the breast, adjusting mother or babys position,
and other techniques are important in resolving latch problems

Furthermore, in several Canadian studies with young mothers,

breastfeeding was correlated with increased feelings of maternal
confidence, increased feelings of control over life circumstances, helping to
form an emerging self-identity as a woman and a mother, providing
increased social support through connections with other breastfeeding
mothers and facilitating mother-infant bonding (Beers & Hollo, 2011).

Because Women who don't have health problems should try to give their
babies breast milk for at least the first six months of life. Most women with
health problems can breastfeed. There are rare exceptions when women
are advised not to breastfeed because they have certain illnesses.
-----------------------------------END satra------------------------------------------------

According to Tefera Belachew, (2012) the breastfeeding rate among

adolescent mothers in the United States is low and has been dropping since 2003.
Young women are less likely to breastfeed than older mothers and have a more
rapid discontinuation rate. For these teen mothers, as with their older
counterparts, knowledge of the benefits of breastfeeding is not sufficient to result
in breastfeeding. Teen mothers in the US face many challenges to successful
breastfeeding that are unique to their age and situation including: coping with the
stigma and embarrassment related to being a teen mother; lack of parenting
readiness; need for peer acceptance; and dependence on social support systems
that may not be supportive of breastfeeding. A significant number of teen
mothers have a low income and there is a strong association between living in
poverty, crime, poor educational opportunities, teen pregnancy and low
breastfeeding.For most teens, their negative views of breastfeeding outweigh the
positive. Their attitudes regarding the perceived relationship between
breastfeeding and mother-infant bonding is an interesting case in point. An
ethnographic study with African-American and Latina adolescent mothers found
that bonding was among the better known benefits of breastfeeding; however,
it was not uniformly perceived as a benefit.

Moreover Sibhatu Biadgilign (2012), Exclusive breastfeeding is defined as

feeding infants only breast milk, be it directly from breast or expressed, with no
addition of any liquid or solids apart from drops or syrups consisting of vitamins,
mineral supplements or medicine, and nothing else. Several studies have shown
that exclusive breastfeeding for the first six months plays a great role in
preventing morbidity and mortality. However, in Ethiopia a large portion of
infants are not exclusively breastfed according to the infant feeding
recommendations. Understanding the factors that influence exclusive
breastfeeding is crucial to promoting the practice. This study was carried out to
identify factors predicting exclusive breastfeeding among mothers in Bale Goba
district, south east Ethiopia.

Furthermore, breastfeeding improves maternal health, minimizes

postpartum bleeding, reduces the risk of ovarian cancer and breast cancer, and
facilitates bonding between mother andinfant. Exclusive breastfeeding yields
even more pronounced health benefits, and the American Academy of Pediatrics
(AAP) recommends that infants be exclusively breastfed for the first six months of
life and be breastfed for 12 months or longer with the addition of appropriate
foods.

NATIONAL
Furthermore, Teens recognized that breastfeeding offered many benefits including facilitating maternal

child bonding and promoting the babys health, but concern was raised regarding a potential for excessive

attachment between teen mother and baby. Fear of pain, embarrassment with public exposure, and unease

with the act of breastfeeding acted as barriers for teenagers who were considering breastfeeding.

Teenagers discussed the breast pump as a strategy in dealing with these barriers. The adolescents

mothers continued to be an important influence.

Because the ranges of perceptions and influences that minor adolescent mothers have identified as

affecting their infant feeding choices, illustrated and explained in the teens own words, are helpful to health

care providers as they counsel teen mothers about infant feeding options.

Moreover Bonnie Tilson, Biologically speaking, adolescents can lactate. In cultures where human milk is

the primary source of infant nourishment and the onset of reproductive years begins in adolescence,

mothers do, indeed, produce adequate milk. No differences in quality or quantity have been associated with

maternal age," says Dr. Ruth Lawrence. She does point out, however, that adolescents need more calories,

protein, niacin, and thiamin to maintain their body stores during pregnancy and lactation than adult women.

Furthermore, although teen mothers are capable of breastfeeding, most do not choose to try. Fewer than

eighteen percent of pregnant adolescents say that they plan to breastfeed, and, of these, even fewer

actually follow through on their decision. Most teens have little, if any, knowledge about breastfeeding, and

those who think they know something about it often mention common misconceptions and old wives' tales.

To combat these negative forces, teens need to know about the physiological and psychological benefits

of breastfeeding to both mother and baby. (Joffe, Alain and Radius,)

According to National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Breast milk contains the right

balance of nutrients to help your infant grow into a strong and healthy toddler. Some of the nutrients in

breast milk also help protect your infant against some common childhood illnesses and infections. It may

also help your health. Certain types of cancer may occur less often in mothers who have breastfed their

babies.
Moreover,Moreover, Teicher MH (2011) Baby-led latching which involves bringing the babys body to the

breast, adjusting mother or babys position, and other techniques are important in resolving latch problems

According to, The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends exclusive breastfeeding for the first six

months of life and continued breastfeeding up to two years of age or beyond. Promotion of exclusive

breastfeeding is the single most cost-effective intervention to reduce infant mortality in developing countries.

It is estimated that sub-optimal breastfeeding, especially non-exclusive breastfeeding in the first six months

of life, results in 1.4 million deaths and 10% of diseases in under-fives. Nonexclusive breastfeeding also

has long term impact, including poor school performance, reduced productivity, and impaired intellectual

and social development. It can also increase the risk of dying due to diarrhea and pneumonia among 0

5month old infants by more than two-fold

Moreover, Breastmilk provides every single essential nutrient in the development of the baby, and the

bonding element (mothers thoughts, emotions and vibrations) that helps mother and baby to bond for life.

Furthermore, the practice of breastfeeding could save the country valuable foreign exchange that may

otherwise be used for milk importation.

"Breastmilk is the best food since it contains essential nutrients completely suitable for the infant's needs.

It is also nature's first immunization, enabling the infant to fight potential serious infection. It contains growth

factors that enhance the maturation of an infant's organ systems.

Furthermore, Breastfeeding recommendations in the Philippines are aligned with the Global Strategy for

Infant and Young Child Feeding and include initiation of breastfeeding within the first hour of life, exclusive

breastfeeding for six months, and provision of appropriate, adequate and safe complementary food at six

months while continuing breastfeeding until two years and beyond.

--------------------------------END JOYCE-------------------------------------------------
Because Towards this end, the State shall promote and encourage breastfeeding and provide the specific

measures that would present opportunities for mothers to continue expressing their milk and/or

breastfeeding their infant or young child.

Furthermore, the practice of breastfeeding could save the country valuable

foreign exchange that may otherwise be used for milk importation.

"Breastmilk is the best food since it contains essential nutrients completely

suitable for the infant's needs. It is also nature's first immunization, enabling
the infant to fight potential serious infection. It contains growth factors that
enhance the maturation of an infant's organ systems.

Furthermore,Breastfeeding recommendations in the Philippines are aligned

with the Global Strategy for Infant and Young Child Feeding and include
initiation of breastfeeding within the first hour of life, exclusive
breastfeeding for six months, and provision of appropriate, adequate and
safe complementary food at six months while continuing breastfeeding until
two years and beyond.

Because Towards this end, the State shall promote and encourage
breastfeeding and provide the specific measures that would present
opportunities for mothers to continue expressing their milk and/or
breastfeeding their infant or young child.
----------------------------END(SATRA)-------------------------------------------------

According to Executive Order 51 or the National Code of Marketing of Breast milk

Substitutes, Breast milk Supplements, and other Related Products, Penalizing Violation
Thereof, and for other purposes, otherwise known as the Milk Code. It aims to promote,
protect and support breastfeeding though intensified dissemination of information on
breastfeeding and the regulation of advertising, marketing and distribution of breast milk
substitutes and other related products, including bottles and treats. This aims to contribute
to the provision of breastfeeding and by ensuring the proper use or breast milk substitutes
and breast milk supplements when these are necessary, on the basis of adequate
information and though appropriate marketing and distribution.
 Moreover, RA 10028 or Expanded Breastfeeding Promotion Act of 2009. The law
provides for necessary support services to enable breastfeeding mothers to combine
family obligations with work responsibilities. The law provides for the establishment of
lactation stations in workplace, provision of breastfeeding breaks for working
breastfeeding mothers, establishment of human milk banks in health institutions, inclusion
of breastfeeding in curriculums of schools and declaring august of each year as
Breastfeeding Awareness Month.

According to, DOH Administrative Order (AO) 2005-0014-National Policies on Infants

and Young Child Feeding. The policy provides the guidelines improving the survival of
infants and young children by improving their nutritional status, growth and development
through optimal feeding arched on exclusive breastfeeding, early initiation within one
hour after birth, provision of timely, adequate and safe complementary foods at six
months while continuing breastfeeding up to two years and beyond.

Moreover, DOH AO 2007-0026 or the Revitalization of Mother-Baby Friendly

Hospital Initiative in Health Facilities with Maternity and Newborn Care Services. Thus
AO is degreed to transform health institutions into facilities that will protect, promote and
support rooming-in.

Furthermore, it provides guidelines on evidence-based essential newborn care for

health workers and medical practitioners. The protocol entails four key elements
including: 1) immediate and though drying of the newborn; 2) early skin to skin contact of
the newborn to mothers skin 3) properly-timed cord clamping and cutting; and 4) non-
separation of the newborn to mother for early breastfeeding initiation and rooming-in,
Philippines Plan of Action for nutrition. The countrys framework nutrition identifies as
priority action the promotion, protection and support of breastfeeding and complementary
feeding and the other necessary conditions to promote infant and young child feeding
practices, as cited by DOH AO 2009-0025 or Adopting New Policies and Protocol on
Essential Newborn Care.

Because Breastfeeding has distinct advantages which benefits the infant and the mother,
including the hospital and the country that adopt its practices. It is the first preventive
health measure that can be given to the child at birth. It also enhances mother-infant
relationship. Furthermore, the practice of breastfeeding could save the country valuable
foreign exchange that may otherwise be used for milk importation.

According to RA 76000 or The Rooming-in and Breastfeeding Act of 1992. This

law aims to create an environment where basic physical, emotional and psychological
needs of mother and infants are fulfilled after birth through the practices for rooming-in
and breastfeeding expenses incurrent, in this regard, it shall be deductible expenses for
income tax purposes. It shall create environment where basic physical, emotional, and
psychological needs of the mothers and infants are fulfilled through the practice of rooimg-
in and breastffeding.

LOCAL
Mayor Edwin Olivarez (2015) the Mayor of Paraaque City strictly
observed the Health Care Program of World Health Organization
and United Nations Childrens Fund (UNICEF) implemented by
the Department of Health that initiates hospitals to become a
Mother-Baby Friendly by promoting breastfeeding, especially
during the first six months of birth to help enhance an infants
intelligence and provides protection from allergies, infections and
illnesses.

The Mother-Baby Friendly Hospital Initiative (MBFHI) is a global

program of the World Health Organization (WHO) and the United
Nations Childrens Fund (UNICEF) being implemented by the
DOH which encourages hospitals to promote breastfeeding,
especially during the first six months of birth. Various research
studies have confirmed that breastfeeding helps enhance an
infants intelligence and provides protection from allergies,
infections and illnesses.
Shortly after learning that OsPar was given the coveted
accreditation, Mayor Olivarez congratulated all the hospital staff
led by medical director Dr. Ephraim Neal Orteza.This
accreditation was another proof that we are on the right track as
far as providing quality health services to our people is
concerned. Let us therefore continue to serve well even as we
look forward to making OsPar at par if not better with other
hospitals both public and private, in the country Mayor Olivarez
said. Mayor Olivarez added that the accreditation also signified
the fact that the hospital has been recognized by the DOH for
continuously offering quality maternity services by providing
special care to mothers and their babies.

The Mother-Baby Friendly Hospital initiative was conceptualized

by UNICEF and WHO to save babies and make them less
susceptible to serious illnesses like asthma, respiratory and ear
infections while also helping mothers to avoid hypertension,
diabetes, breast and ovarian cancers and other life threatening
illnesses. The project aims to increase the numbers of babies who
are exclusively breastfed worldwide. A goal which the WHO
estimates could contribute to avoiding over a million child deaths
each year.

Sat.