ALGEBRA

GREE,KALPHABET
SYMBOL MEAI{ING/DEFINTIONS
+ plus or minus
xor' sign ofmultiplication, read as "Tirnes"
+61 divided by
equal to
not equal to
identically equal to
congruent to
approximately equal to
greater than
less than
greater than or equal to
less than or equal to
the absolute value ofx
parentlesis ; brackets ; braces

the principal n6 root ofa

the principal square root ofa
I imaginaryunit= 1f,T
n! n factorial = 1. 2.3..'(n-l).n
C(n, r) or 1C, the number of combinations of n distinct
objects taken r at a time
P(n, r) or nP, the number of permutation of n distinct
objects taken r at a time
(x) a function of x
(x, y) rectangular coordinate ofa point
read as "approaches" in Calculus

^3-
 3

DEFINIIIONS
lim f(x) limit of (x) as x apfoaches a 1 If a, b e I, th a-b = a + (-b)'
x-)a
limit of a as n ryroaches infinitY 2 .If a b, q e I d b : :
* 0, then a b q if and only if a. = bq'
lim a1
n-16 i. if r, t .i .od b * 0, then a/b is called a rational number'
and a1 a'
or 4. Ifa,beQ,b+0' then O
=
O'
e il and only il ,[fi) b e R, then a -b = a + (-b)'
5. Ifa
q t . N a".l if there exists a number x' 9 N ft."t
not i-*off
implies; If...,lttn-..' : U, then a is called a factor of b and b is "Tl
said to be
varies as a multiple of a.
infinity Z. foi*V p. N, p is prime if p > I and p has two and only
''
andsom itsetf ana 1 .
t*o iu"tot.,
8. Any number, except 1, which is not
prime, is called

LIST OF SOME IMPORTA}IT Tf,B(nI}IS composite number.

i. u:t,r c:d-3+s=[+d ll.(-l)a:-a 9. The greatest common factor (GCF) of two
or more^

i,.^:t n c=d+ac:bd l2-(-a)b=-ab ,o.6"., is the largest number, which is a factor of

J. a+c:b+c-a=b 13 '(-a)(-b)=ab each of the numbers
4.ac:bc-a:b f4.{a+b)=-a-b 10. The least common multiple (LCM) of
two or more
5.a.0:0 f5.{a-b)=-a+b numbers is the smallest number which is a multlple
i. L:o - orb:0 16 a@- c) = ab- ac ofeach ofthe numbers.
":o .SPECIAL PRODUCTS
l.-{-a):a 17'9 =g'a/O
i-".";^;;;;t- (x-y)':x'.-2xv+l
(x + v) (x = x'-f (x+ a) (x^+b) =12 + (a+b)x+ ab
-v)
8.+:f:-i'o*o rs'i=a i* i
if1. #l ;;; li{.y * l*7
--' + bdl
i,vl 1ci + ay; = agx2-+ (ad + bc)xv
(x- vlr':,r - 3x2v + 1*f - f

e. += 19- 1=undefrned i*.roi-r +'y21='*3 *r3 (*-vX*2 +xv+v21=13 -v3

fr,u*o 0

20. FACTORING POLYIIOMIALS

10.1=l *=undefined ii* or= a(x + y +71 *' -f = (x 1v) (x - v)
"*:i
?iitt.t<-*rl'-' x2-ixY+'f=(x-Y)'
 4

:]ll:ll+v){x'z-xv+l) t'-y'=('-y)(x'?+xy+l) FRACTIONS

x- + (a+b)x + ab = (x + a) (x + b)
acx'+ (ad + bc)xy + ttl = (ax + by) (cx + dy)
If ad: bc. *." ; and for b + 0 and d * 0
*:;
In factoring a sum a" a bo, where ao ad 5l ae perfect nr
powen, we commence as follows;
l. Ifniseven, commence frctoring(d_b)byrecognizing it as a an a+m
the difference oftwo squarts-
E= bt =
b_,,,,provided
b*0, n+0, m*0
2. If n is odd and has 3 as a fifrr, wcatr collmence factoring
(a" + b) by recognizing it as e sum or difference
oftwo
n-n!nn n r ns
e= _d =-;-=-_d ,Provided d*0
cubes.
LAWS OF EXPOI\'ENTSAN'D NAI}ICALS
d s dr
uvwu+v+wa c
am. an : am+n
(;I: {, o*o dd d d t-
ad+bc
bd

"t =".-n, 1
"*O "{= ar'-.*o QUADRATIC F.ORMULA
r-;--
.*:(\t;Y =t"- 6.16=CE Ifax2 +bx +c = 0 and a# 0, then, = -bt{b'
2a
-4ac

("')': S;=. if n is odd -4ac ; r,+1r= $ ;

"* Discriminant: b2 rr.r, : 9
(abf : a"bn : pl ifn is even aa
BINOMIAL TTTEOREM
ao=1 a*0 The expansion ol (x + y)n contains (n + 1)tenirs with the lollowing properties:

F=[i'., 1. ln any term the sum of the exponents ol x and y is n.

1
an =ryt -*6:ffi:ffi 2. The fiIst termis xn , and in each other term the exponent ol x is
less than lhe preceding term.
l
3. The second term is nxr-1y , and in each succeeding term the
exponent of y is 1 more than in the preceding term.
 6 7

4. tt tp oorr*al d rtfd by he exponent ot x in that

dry En b Bring &wn the l"t coefficient a as the l"t number in the 3d
EIn rdllD @rl bffitrGe number of that lerm, the row. Multiply a by r and write the product Pr (P1 = ar) on the
qfrffibtrffidfienexttenn. 2d row mder the coefficient b. Add b to Pr and write the
ItE ffi dtrrcFEitqn he ends are the same. sm Sr (Sr : b + Pr) on the 3d row under Pr
3. Continue the procedures in step 2 until there, is a product
added to the last coefficient d. The last number on the 3'd
(a + b)E = g 1" c11Htr.c2gtstP +...+, cran-r + + bn
...
row is the remainder R1 that is R: Sr. The other numbers on
the 3'd row (a, Sr and Sz) are the coeffEcients ofthe quotient
Tb nhiqrddrs ir called Pascal's Triangle. q(x) where the degree of q(x) is one less than mat of f(x).
Therciru rn 3irte ir reessive positive integral
powas of (t*r)- l$rowabcdL
2"drow Pr P, P:
3'd row a Sr Sz S:
t s3
tl o(x): ax2 + s.x + so +
t2l x-r
t33t la bl
DETERMINAI\TTSOFTHESECONDORDER I dll=ad-bc
I 16 4l l"
l5 lo lo 5l The system olquations ax+ by = e can be solve usingdeterminants.
cx+dv=f
Ib f ft it-dtLc l' mi 2nd numbers in the le bl
precedipgrox;ftf laie-rrwisthesum
3dnumbc$itrfuFc-BE;Gt
SYNTHEIICDVISI(II
of the 2'd and
It ol ed br
^-l;-bl - d b" Y
Ii
-i;--[l-
ar-ce
ad-bc
L (r)=rf +6t+q+d ad h(x)= x-r . Dividing l" .l l" ol
f(x) ty (r) tyryrudrir DETERMINAI\TS OF THE 3RD ORDER
l. &regefuefii.*o6 (r) tr te ls row, supply 0 for 1", a2 a3l
the miscingpcdr- t*tbrbttc right side of the ld
lf, b2 brl= a,brc, + arbrc, + arbrc, - arbrc, - arbrc, - arbrc,

l', cz ", I
 E )
n n
L=a+(n- l)d S= (a+t1: [2a+(n-l)dl
SOLUIION OT 3 EQUATIONS DI ETERMINAI\IT: , ,
tr+qt+crz=ir
r2r+QY+qr=Q GEOMETRIC PROGRESSION
If a denotes the first term, r the common ratio, n the rumber of terms, L
e1r+\Y+crr=Q the tast term and S the sum, then

h, ur ql L: art-l 5= "u,,*1
hz b "zl
lu, o, ol
x=i-------------
l"r b1 ql
y= Er;l lliil
f h ":E;',-;
: a-rL-f *1
1-r'

l^, b2 c2l
1", o,
II\[EQUALIIIES
"3 I F: r;l"l
l";I; .il
INT'INITE GEOMETRIC PROGRESSION

If a denotes the first term, r the common ratio, and

s=,|,14.r
S the sum, then

If a<bandb<4thena<c-

Ifa<b,thena-c<b-c. IfO<acb,then
11
ab
Ifacbandc>Qthenrcbc.
If a < b and c < 0, then ac > bc.
Ifb>0, lxl
<tisequi"atemb-b< x<b.
Ifb>0, lrl ,Uir"qoi"A*tox>bux <-b

ARITIIMETIC PROGRESSION
If a denotes the sum, d the common difference, n the number of terms, L
the last term, and S the sum, then
TRIGONOMETRY 10
1l

r {4$ ), glr D. PSrthagorern Rdetions: E. Other ldentities:

Radian l"= ? =O.Ol745f sin'B+cns'o=l sin
-l
',{ = =(l - cos 2,{)
l&r

G
2
tanz 0 +l= w2 0
f =W=slzf=5717 Relation between arc and cos 'l = L(l + cos 2,1)
, mgle: Arc = radius x angle @t2O+l=csc2O 2'
-L. +
!fS, lt Arc length, S= r0 S[rdFuctions in tan'. A = I - as 2A
l+cos 2A
DiftratQuedrants
cot', A = l+cos 2A
Trigoior.rxic f-fu dr llc: Arylc ia r Right Triangle Fmions n m n l-cos 2A
B + + 2
Sine- Cac sec'l=
Y1, ,-t==*
.z-l 4- =-c csrA= /'
hvootenuse c
=-
opposite a
Tm-Cot + + l+cos 2A
Cos- Sec + + csc' A
AbCbb G-r=-=- . hvbotenuse c
=
l-cos 2A
gffA=L=_
ffi c
adjacent b Special Angles Quadrantal Angles
e-l=qt* -o adiacent b f
# '
*u=-oo^''"=- 30"
E
45" 600
r
0.,360"
2E
900
r
180"
fr
270
3E
7 7 T
If A erd B rrc ffiy qfr $.c. A+840o), then
SinA =cosB =cc(XI"-A) cscA:rcc B = sec (90' - A)
Sin 0 1

2
J' J3
0 I 0 I
CosA:sinB:sin (x}" -A) sA:eB:csc (90"-A) 2 2
TaA:cdB=cd O(l" -A) cotA:hB:tan (90"-A) Cos
J' J' 1

0 I 0 I 0
2 2 2
ghrgorll Eqdior: h rigE rtoEgk r, = o. + b= t:
Fundemerbtldciliri:r '
'' Ut,t
trt'\fii,tion \ "
Tan
e
1,J J' 0 0
A- Reciprocrt Relrtbrr: L ftrrfirr R,clrtirms: \i. E 3

sind= I
rin 0csc d = I Cot Ji l:
{J
md fr ed e --l e
3
0 0
I
*a= s,0cs,0 =l
w0 Sec 2J; J' I
ta0= | C. Qrai:rt/Raio Rehtions: 0 J
2 1

cot 0 sind w0
bnA- =-=-
| ccd w0
*te =tile Csc t; 2Jt
cosd cscd
cot,^=-=- e
*e= md |
sinA w0 3

*a =-1-
sia A
 7.o0\, ''1111 rr1 ' t ri( s'-li1b
t2
Obtrque Trtangles:
of&S-rd
Func{ions Lawof Siu Law ofTangents
Difiererccrdfirf4lr Double Angle Fonnulas
Sia(A+R)=thAcBJoAiB Sin2A=2sinAcosA o=b=" a+b. ao!(e+
,' at
Cos(AlB):cAccB*nAiB Cos 2A: cos2A -
sia2A
sin,{ $in B sin C a - b
- tanLr e.- nt
a atry-r' = 1 sin2A
-I -=+ 2'
m(A +B)=- =,2cos2A
Irrof Cosines
l+tr .clr, a+c t n!r,l+ct
2t,'tA
-----;
co(r - Got ld' D ll
+ B)=AfriA
tafl-A=

co0r4=-
l-tnt
.o?,q.-1
A
a2 =b2 +cz -2bccosA ,*=;F; 2

' 2cotA b2 =a2 +c? -2accosB'

HrlFArgl.fr- E - tan Lts*cl
c' = a2 +bx -2ahcas,C b+c 1'
t^ l;('*)
's Eeron's Formulal b-c tanlta-cl
GIE_L = -=-'..,-
2 lab -r=
:-
Jir,--5xi:an.":6
ubtc
d+6tc
^
s =+

w.Ll=
2
2

Laws of Logarithms

rmla= Commonlogarithm:b=10 Nahral logarithm: b: e

2 The logarithm ofa product Where e:2.718
log6MN:loguM + logtl.[ ,

w,Lc= The logarithm ofa quotient Other Properties:

2
log u1 = 0
log 5l4Jog6lv{ - log6N
fr= The logarithm of a power
log , D.= 1
a@o" = Je
lhen lo&h,Io: n log bM
tn!c=-t-s-c The logarithm ofroot
tulA='
2 s-a, z log6Mr/'-- l/n logulrd
1-
ta,t-B=-r
2 s-b
 t4
Sums and lXfierences of Invene Trigonometric Functions:
sin -1 x + sin -1 v = .in tlrfJ
rrfi--{ -
Distance Formula between two points pt(xr,yt) and p1(x2,y2)
sin-1 x -sin-r v =
"in'[1116-
7 - r.lr=]
cos-1 x+G-r, = *t[o PrPr=[;r.r,lr;i;yi'
Area of a Polygon: lf p1 to pn are chosen in counterclockwise
cos-r r -os-'v = coo-rfw -J--* [-vr7 direction
)12 x3 +... ,.1
tan -r x + tan-r, 1"n-rf (x * y)
= - I e l*, yz ys
1
= zlh
L(r-ry[ +... ynl
'1
tian-r x -tan-r,- - *-rf tr -yl I = V${z+ xzfs+...+ xnyl) $2yr+ xsy2+...xiln)
ry)J L(1+
Division of line segment :
Sphericel Trfuonometry lf P(x,y) divides a directed line segment with endpoints
Sine Law Cosine Law
B(xr,yr) and P2(x2,y2) into the ratio &P = ., then
csa =ccDcosc + sinDsinccosl PPz
.
sinl sinB sinc cc6 = cosacosc + sin a sinccos8
r
sina sinD sinc ouic = ooaacosD + sin asin * = t*j(t+rz
ll*, and y' =
tilz+tzYt
D cos C
Hyperbolic Functions: \+tz
lf P(x,y) divides the segment with endpoints p,(x1,y1)
and
d
5rnhr=- -"-x
.
Coth_t
ex +e-x
= Pz$z,yzlsuch that $=* , ,n"n
2 PrPz
ex -e-x x= \+ k(x2-x,) and y=
- {
Coshr --
+"-x sachx =
2 h!k(yz_ytl
Midpoint Formuta : tf p(x,y) is the midpoinl of the segment
with
2 - endpoints Pr(xr,yr) and pr(x2,y2) , then
ex + e-x
- d-"x - 2 -=+t and y=!1:JZ
tanlrr-- v-v
csclp--=
{+e^ ex - e-x Slope ofa line i m=Y2-Y1 where 4(xr,yr) and p2(x2,y2l
Relation: cosh2x - sinh{ X2- xr
=1
The inverse hyperbolic funclions are shown lhus: sinh.ru meaning' are two points on the line
the number whose hyperbolic sine is u also true to other functions.
TNe tutlrr FRM : J- .1, = -)|CYr- (X- X.l
xr-X' -y,7+trr-'r,)-
{6
Parallel lf h il b tr;rt 4=4. and conversely
lines: 6= Nr+tsYt+G Chrd$q6lb" oJ O
*,tlAz +82
' .x'\ 3,'= (r.
'
Perpendicularlines:f 4rt tten ,tr=-+
q r4' 4= '1 Gircre: (x-n )' I (9- L)' " r'
General Equation: r' * y' + Dx + Ey + F = O

Anglebetueentrotrc: tr O bteanglefrom \lo 12,measured

in counterdod<rube Cectim ten
(v-r')'+(g-q = .*-> xz'2Yh+\\2+*
tian g = }jq wt-r" qbtndope of the initial side and Standard Equations -z\r k2
1+qm2 x2 +y2 =12 C(0,0) and radius = r
q b tn dope dtlp terminal side (x-n)2+fu-6f=,,2 C(h,k) and radius = r
Equations of a silra(1lil hc: Parabola:
General Equation: Ar+ Bt+ C= 0; A, B, & C are constants
Standard Equation: General Equations: x2 + Dx + Ey + F
= O axis vertical
x=x1 fine ll to the y-axis
,
y2*Dy+Ex+F-0 axis horizontral
Y=Yt' lie ll to the x-axis Standard Equations
Y-Ir=m(x-xr), poftrt-slope form Vertex focus directrix opening of the curve
y=mx+ b, sbgHntercept form x=-a opens to the right
XV x=a opens to the left
-+:=1.
ab intercept form
y=a opens upward
xcos0 + y sinO =
'where
p, norrnal form
p is the perpendi@lar distance of the line to origin Y=-a opens downward
and 0 is the inclination of p
F(h+a,k) x = h-a opens to the righl
F(h-a,k) x= h+a opens to the left
f(h,k+a) y= k-a opbns upward
F(h,k-a) y= k+a opens downward
 l9
l8 Standard Equations:

Ellipse: '' c(0,0), transverse axis on the x-axis,

General Equation: Ax
2 + Cy 2
+ Dx + Ey + p = g *-#='
Standard Equations: asymptotes: y = (tb/a)x

t.4*t=t
a' b"
, 5-i=, c(0,0), transverse axis on the y-axis,

C(0,0), W'(ta,O), BB'(tb,O), FF(IG'O), major axis on the x-axis asymptotes: y = (talb)x
i
u2
J
,2 -_t
, "

#
rc), major axis on the y-axis
. 5g-qS=r c(h,k), transverse axis to x-axis,
C(O,O), W'(O,ta), BB'(rb,O)' FF(0'
asymptotes: y = tb/a(x-h)+k
^ (*-h)2 , (y-k)2 -,
o'
**- oz -' , U#-qE=r c(h,k), transverse axis to y-axis,
C(h,k), W(hta,k), BB'(h,ktb), FF(htc,k), major axis llto the x-axis
(y--l02 (*--n)2 asymptotes: y = talb(x-h)+k
o. * -,
a1 b' ln any hyperbola:
C(h,k), W(h,kta), BB'(htb,k), FF (h,knc), major axis ll to the v-axis
c2=g2a62
ln any ellipse: a2 = b2 * c 2 where a = semi-major axis
where a = distance from the center to the vertex
b = semi-minor axis b = distance from the center to an end of the
c = focal distance conjugate axis
LR = 2b2la where LR = latus rectum c = distance from the center to the focus
e=c/a where e =eccentricity LR = 2 b2la where LR = latus rectum
e= cla where e=ecccntricity
Hyperbola:
General Equation: Ax2 + Cy2 + Dx + Ey + F = O
where A and C are oPPosite in signs
DIFFERENTIAL CALCTJLUS 20 7l
DIITERENTIATION RI'LES I]IVERSE THGOIOIEIRIC FUNCTIONS
d
,r.41rio, rl=.% tul*
* (c)=0 cE ,1= uJu'-l
t. zo.{1csc-'
cbc Jl _ u,
2.! 1*1="tu
&' la.$1cos'' .)=-% ^. d. ,11=:dul&
zl.-lsec
dx
I cE r/l - u' dx' u"lu, -l
t.!tu x,a=4 t
dx'&&
! s.ft{tan'rl=?# z2.!fr,ot'ut= --4!4
4.!6) =,4 *,d (ProdoctRute)
t dx' ' l+u2
drc' & & HYPERBOLIC FIJNCTIONS
du uAdv zz.frGi*u)
- = coshudu / dx za.fi{csi*u) = - cschu cothu&t &
t !( Y\ ="A (euotie,nt Rure)
I

drl") v' Za.{@oshu)-sinhudu / & 27.

fi Gec hu) = - sechu tanhudu / &
u.*Q")= ,u" -'* @owerRule)
Zs.frW*ul=sech2udu tdx 28. @othu) = - csch2 udu / &
DGONENTIAL AND I,OGARITHMC FI,JNCTIONS fr
7.d ("'\="'fu g.Lnlul- t du
dx' & drII udx
INVERSE HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS

ze.{1sinn'O=.% ^^ d, du/dr
t.!b'\- ou lnadu ro.{1rog, D=-l!! cfr u' ctx Ul= :lul,lut +t
Jz.--(CSCr?
dx' & ctx ulna h t "ll+
t3 lo.{lcosrr-' ,)=du/& .^ d h'ul=-:dul&
TRIGONOMETRIC FTINCTIONS dx ,lu'-l
rJ.--:-(sec
ctx ,Jl _ u,
.. d ..
ll.-(Smzl du
cosz-
dx' =
dx u.{{cscu) = -cs"u"otuff Y.!na*'u\=4!4
dx' ' 34.Lkoth-tu\=414
I -uh2 &' ' l-t2
n.{@os u) .du
=-slnr- dx S.{{secu) =
""ut*o*
n.fiWrul=re'u* rc.fr{cotu)=-"""'u4
 23

INTEGRAL CALCULUS
5. rd = tmu t C S.tcotudu = hlsinzl+ C
Jsat
TABLE OF INTEGRAIS BASIC FORMS g.lwudu = hlsecz+tanzl+ C
6.
Jera=-cotrlC
BASIC FORMI,'LTS IIT'VERSE TRIGONOMETRIC
7-fs,,r,rrl:sr + C rc'lwufu =hlcscrz-cotzl+C
FTJNCTIONS
n+l
Y-as,2s1 ryEIIICFOTN
l.!undu = t.I-!-=sin
t
-'1+ C r[trt:dr+C
a
Jo'-u' Lfdrtl=flr+C
2.P = [n,l+c z-l-!-=l an-'! + c r-fdra=hodr +C
t a'+u' a a
+ : hhinhnl + c
3. leuau = eu + C 3..|L=1*.-'z*a
t
ulu'-a' a a
Jomra
s.lw,hutu=h-rpinnnl+C
Iaudu=t-*c t-! -' ' + c
-= 1r..
4. o 4. ta'-u
lna
a a
5. [udv = uv - tvdu s !+-i={^171.,
,.1ffi=n**,@+n)+c
TRIGONOMETRIC FT'NCTIONS
1. +C
lsinudu = -cosa 3.
lcscucotudu = -cscz
+C

2. = sina + C
tcosudu
4.ltanudu=lnlseczl+C
= - hlcosal +C
 24
APPI,IE,I} MATHEMATICS 25
Percent means hundredths. Its symbol is %.
Basic Percentage Froblems Slmph Intcrert I =PRT F=P/I
P=RB R:P/B B=P/R P = I/RT F=P/PRT
T = I/PR F = P(I/RT)
Percentage of Increase or Decrelse R = I/PT
Ptto=5+(xxB) Where:
I = simple interest P = originalprincipal
Base of Increase or Decrease
,o R = rateofinterest T = time in terms of years
F = finalamount
3 = --!-
1+.R Computlng Slmple Interest
Ordinary Interest =
Principal x Rate x No.of Days
Rate of Increase or l)ecrease 360 days

R=r
lp-nlI xl0DYo
lo: PxRxN
B 360 days

Trade Discounts Exact Interest = Principal x Rate x No. ofDays

Trade Discount : List price x Trade Discount Rate

365 days

Trade Discount
I"= PxRxN
List Price = 365d")"-
Trade Discormt Rate

Trade Discount
Trade Discount Rate = For ordinary interest and exact interest with exact time, the exact number
List Price ofdays ofthe month is considered.
= ListPrice - TradeDiscount For ordinary interest and exact interest with approximate time one month is
.InvoicePrice
considered 30 days.
Retail Discounts 30 days : April , June, September, November
Markdown = Marked Price x Retail Discourit Rate 3l days : January, March, May, July, August, October
Marked Price = Markdown / Retail Discount Rate 28 129 : February / February (leaP Year)
Retail Discount Rate = Markdown / Marked Price
Selling Price : Marked Price - Markdown
Slmple Dlscoum
BUSINFIISMATMMATICS 211

D = Fdt , F is the given amom! discount (d)'

time (t), Present valtE (P) Gross Sales
P=F-D ani Allowances
Sales Re turns
F-Fdt
Net Sales
P=F(l -dt)
D--
F Cost of Goods Sold
' - I +rt
)-_r
"- -
GrossPt o/it

l+rt OPerating ExPenses

f=-
- d NetProfit
' l-dt
Compound lnterest Formula
F = p(t+i) Gross Pay = Retular Pay + Overtlme Pay
T - F. P
RegularPay = Numberof HoursWorlted x HourlyRate
P isthe princlPal
OvertimePay = Numberof OvertimeHouBworked r Overtlme Rate
To accumulate the princlpal P for, Pedods
Commisslon=AmountofsalesorPurchasesMadexcommisslonRate
F = P(r+;|
GommissionRate = Commlssion + Amountofsales orPurchases
Made
l{omlnal rate
F = P (t+i)'
i
i- i Lpl
m -lF1+
Amountof Sates = Commlsslon + Commbsion Rata

I
1+i = l-rl; o]

LPJ
,[[+)"] ,
 29
Available Goods= Bqinning lnventory + purchases
Cost ofcoods Solds = AvailableGoods Endinglnventory
-
Gross lr6s = CoetofGoodsSold NetSales
- COI\TVERSION UNITS
Net Lo6s =Grrc Loss + Operating Expenses
Depredation = Crst
- ScrapValue English to Metric Metric to English
Cheddng Proportion : The product of the means equals
the product of the extremes LENGTH

I in = 2.54 cm I mm =
Aliqout Parts of lfi) % 0.03937 in
= 25.4 mm I cm = 0.3937 in
1ft = 30.48cm : 0.0328 ft
lof rcoN = so% lof rcoN = tsN : 0.3048m 1m = 39.37in
I yd,: 91.44 cm
= 3.2808 ft
!,f rcou, = 25%
lotrcot = aalu" = 0.9144m I km : 0.62136 mi
I mile= 1609.344m : 3280.8 ft

!,rrcou" = nlN f,otrcov" =

nlN AREA

larcor = rclN f,orrcoN =

vlN I sq in = 6.4516cm2
I sqft = 0.09290m2
I cm 2
= 0.155 sq in
1m2 = 10.7639sqft
lsq yd : 0.836 t3 m 2
I hectare =2.471 acres
Itrcov, =A+%
f,
of rcov" = nlu" lacre = 0.4047hectares

f,trcou" =r!* Itrco't" = n*v"

I cu in : 16.387 cm 3
VOLUME
1 cm 3 = 0.061 cu in
I cuft = 28.317 dm3
: I dm3 = 61.0237 c,tin
f,'trcoN =r2+% 0.0283 m 3 = 0.0353 cu ft
lcuyd = 0.7646rn3 I m3 = 35.3147cuft
!trco% =20% = l.3079cuyd
LIQUID
I US gallon = 3.785 liters I liter = 0.2642 US gallon
 30 3r

WEIGHT
I porrnd = 0-{535h'fograms I kilogram = 2.2046pounds VOLUME
I $orttm:XlT2tilognms I gram = 0.0352 ounce I cnbic foot = 1728 cubic inches I cubic millim*er (mm 3)
llmgh : lol6kilograms I metric ton : 22M.6 pounds I orbic yard = 27 cubic feet = 0.000 000 001 cubic meter (m 3)

I cubic centimeter (cm 3)

EtE Metric = 0.000 001 cubic meter (m 3)
I cubic decimeter (dm 3)
LENGTH
= 0.001 cubic meter (m3)
I fuot : 12 inches I millimter (mm): 0.001 meter LIQI.JID
lyrd=3feet I centimeter(cm) = 0.01 meter I pint = 16 ounces I liter = I cubic decimeter
= 36 inches 1 decimeter(dm) = 0.1 meter = 4 gills = I kilogram
lrcd = 16% feet I meter (m) : I meter lquafi = 2pints I millilllgr = 0.fi)l liter
-- 5 %yards I dekameter(dam) : lOmeters I gallon= 4quarts
I statue mile = 5280 feet I heklometer(hm) : l00meters I rmFerial gallon : 1.2 US gallons
:
1760yards I kilometerftm) = lO00meters
: WEIG}IT.
320 rods
I pomd = 16 ounces I milligram (mg) = 0.00t grams (g)
AREA I shortton: 20fi)pounds I centigram(cg) = 0.01 gnm(g)
I square foot = lzl4 square inches I square millimter (mm 2) I hngton = 2240pounds I ilecigram(dg) : 0.1 eram(g)
I square yard = 9 square feet = 0.000 001 square meter I kilogram (kg) : 1000 grams (g)
lsquarerod =
30.25 squareyards I square centimeter (cm 2) I metricton = l0O0kilograms
=
I acre 160 square rods = 0.0001 squaremeter
:
4840 square yards I square decimeter (dm 2)
:43 560 square feet = 0.01 squaremeter
I square mile :
640 acres I square meter (m 2)
= I square meter
I square dekameter (dam 2)
= l00squaremeters
(common name - are)
I square hectometer (hm 2)
= l0 000 square meters
(common name - hectare)
1 square kilometer (km 2)
= I 000000squaremeters
 TeHe of Const&nts

Square
SOLID MENSI'RATION 33

PLA}IE T'IGIJRES
ffiagoreanThcorem C = a2+ts
Area ofTrlangle A = Xab
d :
Ld s : side Let s side Arca of Oblique Trlangle 7= {s(s-a)(s-6)(s-c
d : diagonal a+b+c
cd: a: altitude wlere s
a: 0.866s d= 1.414 s

s:1.155a s= 0.707 d PerlmeterofaRectangle P= 2(L+wl

Area : 0.433 s2 Area = s2 AreaofRectangle A = LW
: 0.577* = 0.5d2
PerimeterofaSquare p = 4s
AreaofaSquare A=s2

0
The Regular llexagon The Regular Octagon
Areaof Rhombold/Parallelogam A = bh
CA
Area ofRhombus A= (drtl"\
-
Area ofTrapezoid e=lq+12's
Area of a Clrcle A=rtrz =oD'
4

BD Orcumference of a Clrcle C = rr = rD
gE
AB = f= distanceacrossflats AB = f=distanceacrossflats
Dlameter of a Orcle
d=2-l m;
DE = d: distanceacross CD = d =distanceacross ll n
comers (diagonal) Areaot Rlngsectlons
comers (diagonal)
s = side Outside diameter -
' Inside diameter
s= side Thlckness ofthe ring =
f=0.866d=1.732s f : 0.924d=2.414s
2
d=2s =1.155f d = 1.083 f :2.613 s
s:0.5d = 0.577f s = 0.414f =0.383d Outside diameter + Inside diameter
fl Average Diameter =
Area = 0.866 F Area = 0.828
: 0.650 d2 : 0.707 &
= 2.598 s2 = 4.828 s2
 !t4 35

Volume Y= l/3 x area of the base x height

Seaorof Grde A sertor = V=l/3Bh
l<r*tli
Segrtentof c'dc A segment= Area 3ector - Area trlanBle Cone

Arca and Pcttttcter of an ElllPse

Lateral Area S: %l c , I is the slant height
S= rl
D{ea = fia L- Total Area T= S + Bi
Perimeter = o J, {o2 + t2 | f = 7l+ n12
SOI.'DHGURES = r(l+r)
AradaPlism Volume V='ll3Bh = ll3nrzh
ttteftll Area LA = Pa
Total Ara TA=lA+2Bales Frustum of a Regular Pyramid
Cttb
T = 6a2
Total Area Lateral Area S= /r(l ) (Pa + Pb)
Volume V=d3
Rectangular ParralleliPlPed Where S= lateral area
TotalArea = 2(ab + ac + bcl | = slant height
Pa = perimeter of larger base
Volume = Bh, where B lstheareaoftheBas
Po = perimeter of smaller base
Cyllnder
bteral Area LA = Ch ,
where c isthecircumference, Frustrum of a Cone
h
is the heiEht
LA = perimeter of right section x element Latera! Area S= lz(l )(C"+Cu)
Volume V= BH , where B is the area of the Base S=/.(l)(2nR + 2rr)
and H istheheight = %(2)(l)(nR +rr)
Pyramid = n(l)(R + r)
Lateral Area Where S= lateral area
T = Sum of the lateral area and the area of the base
I = slant height
Ca = circumference of the larger base
Co = circumference of the smaller base
where T= totalarea
s = lateral area
R= radius of the larger base
r = radius of the smaller base
5= % Pl if regularpyramid
 Total Surface Area
T= S + AB +,\ 37
Differential Equations
Where S=lateral area
Ae = area of the larger base First Order Differential Equationfl = S(r) p(y)
AI = of the smaller base
"t""
Pyramids and Right Circular Cones separate the variable and integrate.
Volumes of Frusfrrms of Regular
Exact Equations: dF (x, y) = 0. Solutions are given implicitly by F (x,
Volume of Frustum of a PYramid
v): c
V = 1/3 h ( A, + no* ,feiii ) If 0M/dy = ?N/)x, then M dx + N dy:0 is exact and F is
given by:
or cone jU
Where V = volume of the frustum of a pyramid r = ax + g(y), where g'0r) = N -dt2r M
h = altitude dx,
A e = area of larger base Or r = JN ay + (x), where h'(x) = M - d/2x S{ dy.
Ai = of smaller base
""" Linear Equation: dy / dx + P(x)y = Q(x), the integrating factor p = sl
Volume of Frustum of a Right Circular -Cone P(*)&reduces
the equation to d(py)/dx: pQ, so that py = lpQ dx + C
V='ll3 h(nR2+ rr2 + tlrR/'t ) Remark:
When an equation is not separable, exact or linear, it maybe
= 1l3rch(Rz+ rz +Rr) possible to find an integrating factor or perform a substitution that will
or cone
Where V = volume of the frustum of a pyramid enable us to solve the equation.
h = altitude List oflntegrating Factor by Inspection
Group ofTerms Integrating ExactDifferential
A s = area of larger base
of smaller base Factors
A o=
"t"" l.ydx-xdy llf fdx:xdv =6[]
Sphere v' tvj
volume of a SPhere
Y = 4l3nr3 2.xdy-ydx llx2 .v*:otil
Surface Area of a SPhere S = 4nr2
Z = altitude x circumference xdv-vdx / x \
Area of aZone
ofgreatcircle = 2rrRh
3.xdy-ydx 1ly, --:*-=d(-- I
v'y
-i
Truncated Prism (or CYlinder) edge *d1- Y=d*
dx 1
i+Y' = a[*"*r I
average lateral
volume = right section ' rlfr. * )
v=Klff)
7 r, 4. x dy - v
W L x)
'/
denote the lateral edges , K is the
right se\ction'
where /
 3t
39
s l, [,t Y = yt-, then dv/dx
: (l-n)v" (dy/dx) and the
For n * 0
t in the variable v and x is lineer'
"*fo.-"a.q,raio" (arx+bry+cr)dx + (azx+bzY+c')dy = o
5. xdy-y dx 1 "or;Id*=a( lr,,**v
Linear coefficients: x'-f x-y- z x-y
For arb: * rrb"i"t i
* = u * h andy + v k' where h and k satisff
arh+blk*cr=0 6.xdy+ydx - I
vdx + xdv
xy
auh+bzk+cz=O xy
u and v is
then the trarrsformed equation in the variable 2xvdv-v2dx frzl
homogenous. 7.2xydy-f dx Ux2 -__;,-=dH
-=d(lnxv)
Numericd Methorl for Differential Equations:
Euler's Method (Recursive Formulas)
x9r:xy*h
8.2xydy-* dx t/f 2xvdx- x2dv
--7-:d t4rv
: * (xv , Y.), n:0'1,2'" '
Yn*r Yn h 9.xdy-ydx
Improved Euler's Method [''''+]
Xn*;:Xn*h
10. dx + dy
Xn+l : yn+ 1/2 [f(x, y") + f(x*r, y*r)], n:0'1'2'' "
Taylor Method of Order P
X61: Xa * h
ll.ydx-xdy
12.xdy+ydx
7-+F
I

irorid
+#:.(+(H)
xdy+ydx = d(xy)
Y.*1 = 5+ h f(x" ,y) +ttzl fz(x", y") + " ' hP/p! fo(x''y'l
13. xdr+ydy none xdx +ydy = d (tl2 (x2 + f11
Classical n fourth order Runge - Kutta Method Substitution:
X61=X6*h Homogenous Equations: dy/dx = G(y/x),
Letv = y/x, then dyldx = v + x (dvldx), and rhe
Yn*r = y^ + 116 (kr+2k +3k+lq) &ansformed equation in the variables v and x is separable.
where kr = h (x", Y")
Equation ofthe Form: dyldx: G (ax + by)
La z: ax + by, then & / & = a + b (dyldx),
kz=hf (x"+ h/2, Yn*kr/2) and the transformed equation in the variables z and x is separable.
'
-
k3 = hf ( xn + h121, Y^+ kzl2) Bemoulli Equations: dyldx - p(x)y = e(x)/,

k4: hf(xi+ h, Yn + k,
 16, Cosr-I l
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gi,rf ;
b !
e,,rt(
40 oz lko' '

Ql- at tl Cart{ a :7 L

0!- a'-- lfO"-O (inA <". U

Tools of OPerations
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a\( : cL- l,.ra"- O
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itcn' pi 6 {1rrtr^ i,rG}
tp oFc/..r rr-61r-Qc' r^t a\.1\ )9d
o, i1{t"t lolty .znigq o{ $ glrrr
A ;-.,rst-ig., f!Co, ? SOln.
5. i-, > t:,t-'. l rclr^.

4) .DcibDif /Y =(" D' ' bD')+ 1

"D) fbo" ri 0 {t.,xir"
fl- 6q
q-' )koo- p i1 p.rrr,r^ ;^d!
il.Xao'-+
uYlv: oo'Y+ bD'v

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L ('\)
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