Define urban design?

Urban design is the process of designing and shaping cities, towns and
villages. Urban design is an inter-disciplinary subject that utilizes elements of
many built environment professions, including landscape
architecture, urban planning, architecture, civil and municipal engineering.

Define urban planning?

Urban planning is a technical and political process concerned with the
development and use of land, planning permission, protection and use of the
environment, public welfare, and the design of the urban environment, including
air, water, and the infrastructure .
Define urbanism?
The development and planning of cities and towns.
Define new urbanism?
New Urbanism is an urban design movement which promotes environmentally
friendly habits by creating walk able neighborhoods containing a wide range of
housing and job types.
What are urban patters?
There are 3 types of urban pattern. Which are explained below:

Radial Pattern:
A basic body plan in which the organism can be divided into similar halves by
passing a plane at any angle along a central axis, characteristic of sessile and
bottom-dwelling animals, as the sea anemone and starfish.

Features:
Inner outer ring roads linked by radiating road.
Core has the business area
Industrial areas interspersed within the residential, periphery has green belts.

Examples:
Moscow Russia, Washington dc.

Define grid iron planning?

The grid plan, grid street plan or gridiron plan is a type of city plan in which streets
run at right angles to each other, forming a grid. In the context of the culture of
ancient Rome, the grid plan method of land measurement was called centuriation.

Features:
Financial cost
Social environment and security
Pedestrian and bicycle movement
Examples:
Chandigarh, san Francisco.
Define organic planning?
Pattern, usually curvilinear and flowing, that reflects natural, living organisms.

Features:
Organic streets can come from disorganized, fast-paced development, as is
common in todays slums.

Follow contour lines, political divisions, watercourses, or other features.

Examples:
Walled city Lahore, Venice.

10principles of new urbanism:

1. Walk ability
Most needs are within a 10-minute walk of home and work. Street design is
friendly to pedestrians, because buildings are close to the street and have porches,
windows, and doors. Streets have lots of trees and on-street parking, with parking
lots and garages placed behind buildings and houses, often connected to alleys.
Streets are narrow, which slows traffic dramatically.
2. Connectivity
An interconnected street grid disperses traffic and encourages walking.
3. Mixed-Use and Diversity
Neighborhoods, blocks, and buildings offer a mix of shops, offices, apartments,
and homes.
The neighborhoods welcome people of all ages, income levels, cultures, and races.
4. Mixed Housing
Zoning allows the close proximity of a wide range of housing types, sizes, and
prices.
5. Quality Architecture and Urban Design
Buildings emphasize beauty, aesthetics, and comfort and establish a sense of place;
public spaces function as civic art, establishing an attractive, quality public realm.

6. Traditional Neighborhood Structure

Neighborhoods have definite centers and edges, with public spaces near the center.
Each neighborhood contains a range of uses and densities within a 10-minute walk.

7. Increased Density
Buildings, residences, shops, and services are close together to make walking more
convenient, services and resources more efficient, and living areas more
enjoyable.
8. Smart Transportation
A network of high-quality public transit connects cities, towns, and neighborhoods,
while pedestrian-friendly design encourages more use of bicycles, rollerblades,
scooters, and walking as daily transportation.
9. Sustainability
The community uses respect for natural systems and eco-friendly technologies like
energy efficiency to minimize effects on the environment. The community
connects strongly with surrounding farmland, encouraging land preservation and
local food consumption.
10. Quality of Life
These design principles produce a life that is well worth living by providing places
that enrich, uplift, and inspire the human spirit.

3 aspects of sustainability:
Economic
Environmental
Social

Economic:
The use of various strategies for employing exiting resources optimally so that a
responsible and beneficial balance can be achieved over the longer term.

Environmental:
A state in which the demands placed on the environmental can be met without
reducing its capacity to allow all people to live well, now and in the future.

Social:
The ability of a community to develop processes and structure which not only meet
the needs of its current member but also support the ability of future generations to
maintain a healthy community.

Housing Types:
Define Row House? In architecture and city planning, a terraced or terrace house
(UK) or townhouse (US) exhibits a style of medium-density housing that
originated in Europe in the 16th century, where a row of identical or mirror-image
houses share side walls.

Define Town House?

A tall, narrow traditional terraced house, generally having three or more floors. a
multi-storey house in a modern housing development which is attached to one or
more similar houses by shared walls. A house in a town or city belonging to
someone who has another property in the country.

Define Cluster Houses?

A Residential Cluster Development, or open space development, is the grouping of
residential properties on a development site in order to use the extra land as open
space, recreation or agriculture.

Define Flat?
An apartment (in U.S. and Canadian English) or a flat (in British English) is a
self-contained housing unit (a type of residential real estate) that occupies only part
of a building, correctly, on a single level without a stair.
Define Patio House?
A patio home or cluster home is an American house in a suburban setting, part of
a unit of several houses attached to each other, typically with shared walls between
units, and with exterior maintenance and landscaping provided through an
association fee.

Define walkup apartment?

Walk-up apartment - an apartment in a building without an elevator. walk-up.
apartment, flat - a suite of rooms usually on one floor of an apartment house. walk-
up - an apartment building without an elevator.

Define Masionette?
A set of rooms for living in, typically on two storeys of a larger building and
having a separate entrance.

Building Materials:
NATURAL MATERIALS COB:
Cob, cob or clom is a natural building material made from subsoil, water, some
kind of fibrous organic material LIME: Lime is a calcium-containing inorganic
material Uses include lime mortar, lime plaster, lime render, lime-ash floors, tabby
concrete, whitewash, silicate mineral paint, and limestone blocks ROCK/STONE:
natural substance NATIVE METAL: metallic form, either pure or as an alloy, in
nature include aluminum, antimony, arsenic, chromium, cobalt, indium, iron.

3R Concept:
The 3 Rs Reduce, Reuse, and Recycle have been around for awhile. I think
people understand the basic concepts behind them. In a nutshell: Reduce. Purchase
products that require less packaging or to limit the waste you are producing.
Reuse. Use a travel mug or reusable water bottle and avoid single-use bags.
Recycle. Paper, plastic, glass, magazines, electronics, and more can be processed
into new products while using fewer natural resources and less energy. This is the
3 Rs mantra.
PEDESTRIAN ELEMENTS BASIC STEPS:
There are three general steps to an improved pedestrian and bicycle environment:

Integration of land use and transportation that create communities and

neighborhoods designed for walking and cycling.
Pedestrian-friendly and bicycle-friendly development standards, policies and
guidelines.
Proactive attitude toward change.

Mixed-use development
Mixed-use development is a type of urban development that blends residential,
commercial, cultural, institutional, or industrial uses, where those functions are
physically and functionally integrated, and that provides pedestrian connections.

BENEFITS OF MIXED USE DEVELOPMENT:

greater housing variety and density, more affordable housing (smaller units), life-
cycle housing (starter homes to larger homes to senior housing) reduced distances
between housing, workplaces, retail businesses, and other amenities and
destinations better access to fresh, healthy foods (as food retail and farmers
markets can be accessed on foot/bike or by transit) more compact development,
land-use synergy (e.g. residents provide customers for retail which provide
amenities for residents) stronger neighborhood character, sense of place walkable,
bike-able neighborhoods, increased accessibility via transit, both resulting in
reduced transportation costs.

Vertical Mixed-Use Development:

Combines different uses within the same building Provides for more public uses on
the lower floor such as retail shops, restaurants, of commercial businesses Provides
for more private uses on the upper floors such as residential units, hotel rooms, or
office space.

Horizontal Mixed-Use Development:

Consists of single-use buildings within a mixed-use zoning district parcel, which
allows for a range of land uses in a single development project Provides for a
variety of complementary and integrated uses that are walk able and within a given
neighborhood, tract or land, or development project

Mixed-Use Walk able Areas:

Combines both vertical and horizontal mix of uses in an area, within an
approximately 10-minute walking distance to core activities

TYPES OF CONTEMPORARY MIXED USE ZONING:

Some of the more frequent mixed-use scenarios in the United States are:
Neighborhood commercial zoning convenience goods and services, such as
convenience stores, permitted in otherwise strictly residential areas Main Street
residential/commercial two to three-story buildings with residential units above
and commercial units on the ground floor facing the street Urban
residential/commercial multi-story residential buildings with commercial and
civic uses on ground floor Office convenience office buildings with small retail
and service uses oriented to the office workers Office/residential multi-family
residential units within office building(s) Shopping mall conversion residential
and/or office units added (adjacent) to an existing standalone shopping mall Retail
district retrofit retrofitting of a suburban retail area to a more village-like
appearance and mix of uses Live/work residents can operate small businesses on
the ground floor of the building where they live Studio/light industrial residents
may operate studios or small workshops in the building where they live
Hotel/residence mix hotel space and high-end multi-family residential Parking
structure with ground-floor retail Single-family detached home district with
standalone shopping center

PEDESTRIAN SCALE
Pedestrian scale means the use of human proportioned architectural features and
site design elements clearly oriented to pedestrian activity. Such elements are
typically smaller in scale and more proportional to the human body, rather than
monumental or large scale, and include surface texture and patterns, lighting,
colors, materials, and architectural details.
Urban Design Qualities:
Accessibility
Accessibility of green areas
Degree of openness
Permeability of the edges
Image ability
Legibility
Enclosure
Linkage

Pedestrian-Oriented Development:
Development which is designed with an emphasis primarily on the street sidewalk
and on pedestrian access to the site and building, rather than on auto access and
parking areas. The building is generally placed close to the street and the main
entrance is oriented to the street sidewalk. There are generally windows or display
cases along building facades which face the street. Typically, buildings cover a
large portion of the site. Although parking areas may be provided, they are
generally limited in size and they are not emphasized by the design of the site.
Water conservation includes all the policies, strategies and activities made to
sustainably manage the natural resource fresh water, to protect the water
environment, and to meet the current and future human demand. Population,
household size, and growth and affluence all affect how much water is used.

ENERGY CONSERVATION
Energy conservation refers to the reducing of energy consumption through using
less of an energy service. Energy conservation differs from efficient energy use,
which refers to using less energy for a constant service.

Wear the right clothes

Shut doors and close curtains
Set your thermostat
Turn heaters and coolers off when you don't need them
Wash clothes using cold water
Run your fridge efficiently
Insulate your roof
Stop standby power waste
Save energy in the kitchen
Use energy-efficient light globes

TOD:
In urban planning, a transit-oriented development (TOD) is a type of urban
development that maximizes the amount of residential, business and leisure space
within walking distance of public transport.

The densest areas of a TOD are normally located within a radius of to mile
(400 to 800 m) around the central transit stop, as this is considered to be an
appropriate scale for pedestrians, thus solving the last mile problem.

EXAMPLES: Latin America, North America (CANADA)

Passive cooling
Passive cooling is a building design approach that focuses on heat gain control and
heat dissipation in a building
Preventative techniques Microclimate and site design solar control Building form
and layout Thermal insulation Behavioral and occupancy patterns Internal gain
control

Modulation and heat dissipation techniques Thermal mass natural cooling.

Landscape urbanism the best way to organize cities is through the design of
the city's landscape.

Groundwater recharge
Groundwater recharge or deep drainage or deep percolation is a hydrologic
process where water moves downward from surface water to groundwater.

WAYS TO PROTECT AND CONSERVE GROUNDWATER Go Native Reduce

Chemical Use Manage Waste Don't Let It Run Fix the Drip Wash Smarter Water
Wisely Reduce, Reuse, and Recycle Natural Alternatives

Biogas
Biogas is a bio-fuel produced from the anaerobic fermentation of carbohydrates in
plant material or waste (e.g.: food peelings or manure) by bacteria.

Biogas can be produced on a small scale in a biogas generator/digester, which can

be made of simple materials
Disadvantages of bio-ethanol the demand for bio-fuel crops means greater
demand on rainforest land. Crops grow slowly in parts of the world that have
lower light levels and temperatures, so growing bio-fuel crops in these countries
would not satisfy the demand for fuel. For bio-ethanol to be burnt in a car engine,
some engine modification is needed. Modern petrol engines can use petrol
containing up to 10 per cent ethanol without needing any modifications, and most
petrol sold in the UK contains ethanol Although bio-fuels are in theory carbon
neutral, this does not take into account the carbon dioxide emissions associated
with growing, harvesting and transporting the crops, or producing the ethanol from
them. Therefore, overall, more carbon dioxide is emitted than is absorbed - which
means that it contributes to global warming. Some people morally object to using
food crops to produce fuels. For example, it could cause food shortages or
increases in food prices.

Drainage: the action or process of draining something.

The internal drainage of most agricultural soils

Principles of Storm water Design Sustainability; level of service; cost-

effectiveness.

Sustainability Drainage systems should utilize natural resources which can be

reused and are energy efficient in terms of constituent products and construction
process; Drainage systems should aim to replicate the natural characteristics of
rainfall runoff for any site; the environmental impact of man should be
minimized.

Level of Service Flood protection should be provided to a minimum level of

service; No negative aesthetic effects; Social benefits; Safety.

Solar panel
Solar panel refers to a panel designed to absorb the sun's rays as a source of energy
for generating electricity or heating. The conventional wisdom (in the Northern
Hemisphere) is that the best direction to face solar panels is south.