NExT, A Schlumberger Company

5599 San Felipe, Suite 100

Houston, Texas 77056

www.NExTtraining.net

Produced by NExT

Copyright 2012 NExT. All rights reserved.

No part of this document may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transcribed in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including
photocopying or recording, without the prior written consent of the publisher. While the information presented herein is believed to be accurate, it is provided as
is without express or implied warranty.

An asterisk (*) is used throughout this document to denote a mark of Schlumberger. Other company, product, and service names are the properties of their
respective owners.
HRLA
5.4- The High-Resolution Laterolog

 

 '&(

 )
   &(#
 &'


!
  !
 $"
%

 "#
  !
 


  


  

 


Dr. M. Watfa
Operating Principles

Tool Hardware Overview

General:
Electronics
Tool Diameter  
3 5/8in
Cartridge
  
Length
  )179
24 ft.
(
'& kg (394 lbs)
Weight
  (#
 '&

 &
Environmental:
%!
    !
  "#$"
Temperature Range -25...150degC (300F)
  !pressure
Maximum  15000psi
Sonde
   borehole size
Minimum  5in
  Max
 build-rate 54 deg/100ft (8.5in hole)


 Platform Express shock and vibration resistance

 
Integrated



Knuckle-
 
 Measurement:

Joint
Resistivity Range (Rm=1) Rm...100,000 Ohmm
Resistivity Range (Rm =0.02) Rm...20,000 Ohmm
(8in borehole)
Lower Electrode Radius of Investigation: 25in
(median response at contrast Rxo/Rt = 10/1)
Quantitative Vertical Resolution 12in
(uninvaded formation and 8in borehole)
2
2

Copyright 2001-2011 NExT. All rights reserved Material: M. Watfa

Operating Principles

LLD LLS Dual Laterolog

Strong points:
 

 '&(

A2 A2
Salt muds / High formation
 (#)
 
  &
resistivities
 &'

%!
A1* A1*
A1 A1
    !/ Vertical resolution
Focusing
 "#$"
(ARI/HALS)

M2 M2
M1 M1
 ! 
I0 I0
 
A0 A0
Limitations:

  
M1' M1'
M2' M2'


 Difficulty to see shallow invasion
A1'
 
A1'
 
A1*'

 
A1*'
Groningen effect
A2'

A2'
Thinly-layered invaded formations
Risk of under-evaluating reserves:
Over-estimated Rt in water zones
Under-estimated Rt in thin HC zones
3
3

Copyright 2001-2011 NExT. All rights reserved Material: M. Watfa

Operating Principles

Multiple depth of investigation and increased resolution HRLA Solutions -

 
Hardware,
  
Software
 (#)  '&(
 
 '&
Increased  

 & vertical resolution
  !%
!
 
 Clearer indication of invasion

 ! " #$"
Mode-1 Mode-2 Mode-3 Mode-4 Mode-5  

  No need for deep mode & bridle
  

models
Inversion with improved formation  No Groningen, no TLC & reduced

   

  shoulder effect
Account for coupling of radial and
vertical response
More accurate computation of Rt

4
4

Copyright 2001-2011 NExT. All rights reserved Material: M. Watfa

Operating Principles

HRLA Characteristics
6 Operation Modes:  
  
  )'&(
   &(#
Mode-0:   &'used to Measure the

 mud
!
! resistivity
%
   

 "#$Modes
" 
1 to 5: used to measure

   ! 
 formation resistivities at different
 
  

 depth from the borehole.
  
 Images:
The red lines are the
measuring currents
The White lines are the
focusing currents.
5
5

Copyright 2001-2011 NExT. All rights reserved Material: M. Watfa

Operating Principles

HRLA Characteristics
Five resistivity curves   with different
depths of investigation   describe the
  )'&(
invasionprofile  &(in
# Laterolog borehole
 &'
environments.


!
 Intrinsic   %
! depth-matched and resolution-
 "#matched
$"

measurement
  !


  High-resolution (1 ft or better)


 


 No longer requires an LCM module, a

 
 bridle, or a surface current return fish,
   
thus improving reliability and efficiency.
Improved combinability -through-wired
(FTB, CAN), not a bottom-only tool
No Groningen effects or drill pipe effect

6
6

Copyright 2001-2011 NExT. All rights reserved Material: M. Watfa

Operating Principles

HRLA Solutions Hardware

 

 '&( of investigation
 depth
Multiple
 &(#
)

Clear

&' indication of invasion

!
  ! %
 $" Improved vertical resolution

 "#
  ! No need for deep mode or
  

   bridle


    No Groningen or drill pipe-

  conveyed logging effects

and reduced shoulder-bed
effect

Mode 1 Mode 2 Mode 3 Mode 4 Mode 5

7
7

Copyright 2001-2011 NExT. All rights reserved Material: M. Watfa

Operating Principles

Focused current lines: Mode 2

 
Return electrodes '&( 
   (#)
  '&

 &
  !%
!
 
"#$" A1, A1 and A2,
Electrodes


A2 send
! bucking current
   
  
 



 
 
  
Return electrodes

8
8

Copyright 2001-2011 NExT. All rights reserved Material: M. Watfa

Operating Principles

 

 '&(

 )
   &(#
 &' Equipotential


!
  !
 $"
%

 "# patterns
  !
  

  


   

  

Mode-0 Mode-1 Mode-2 Mode-3 Mode-4 Mode-5

9
9

Copyright 2001-2011 NExT. All rights reserved Material: M. Watfa

Focusing at specific depth

Procedure
The signal is sent

 a series of signals
 
  )'&( with a various
   &(#
  &' (random) depth.

% !
The resistivity
  !
 "#$" 
profiles are then
  ! determined
  
   The tool now


 
  sends signals that
   
are digitally
 
controlled to read
at specifically
defined depth

10
10

Copyright 2001-2011 NExT. All rights reserved Material: M. Watfa

Operating Principles

 
  Plot of HRLA
  )'&( and HALS
   &(#
  &' resistivities vs.

  ! % !
 
 "#$" depth on

 !
   invasion .
   
RLA5 from the
 
   

   HRLA tool is

 comparable
with HLLD from
HALS tool

11
11

Copyright 2001-2011 NExT. All rights reserved Material: M. Watfa

 Earth Models and Inversions
Inversion Algorithm
Formation Models Software HRLA log data

Solutions:  
  
Layer definition
  )'&(
Inversion    &(#
  &' Initial formation
model parameters


  !
!
Processing  
 #$"
  %
Compute tool response

  !" To formation model

   


 
Does computed No Update formation

Response match actual


Tool Response Model:   
Tool response? parameters



Yes
RLA1n = F(Rt, Rxo, di, Rm, dh)
Output results
2D finite-element program
computes the theoretical tool
response to given formation Formation model is updated until there
model.
is a good match between modeled tool
response and actual log data.
13
13

Copyright 2001-2011 NExT. All rights reserved Material: M. Watfa

 Earth Models and Inversions

Software Solutions: Answer Products


+ 1D inversion
Borehole corrections 
   &(
Maxis (real-time)
  processing
)'
GeoFrame  PrePlus ( #
& module

 &
'
  !%
!
 

2D"and#$" 2D+dip inversion
 !
 
 GeoFrame HRLA 2D module
  
 



 
 
  

14
14

Copyright 2001-2011 NExT. All rights reserved Material: M. Watfa

Earth Models

Realtime wellsite product

HRLA Clear answers for quick decisions: 
 
   &(
Answer High vertical resolution  )'
   &(#
No Groningen or
drillpipe   &' effects
Benefits
 
  !  % !
 
Clearer indication  "#$" of permeability
  !
processing
 
2D Inversion
   



Greatly

 improves accuracy of Rt estimate:

   

2D formation model

2D: Layering + Invasion High-resolution array measurements reduce

ambiguity
Generally increases the estimated reserves
15
15

Copyright 2001-2011 NExT. All rights reserved Material: M. Watfa

Log Examples

Raw log
 
  
response

 &( # ) '&(

 &'

!
  !
 $"
%

 "#
  !
Curve   
 separation
 invasion

 Curve separation


shows
 
here is due to
  Groningen effect
  

High vertical
resolution Evidence of Groningen effect
in indicator curve

HRLA tool DLL tool

16
16

Copyright 2001-2011 NExT. All rights reserved Material: M. Watfa

Log Examples

Answer
 
Benefits: No 
 '&( Curve

  #)
 &(
Groningen 
 &'
separation

%! suggests
  !
Effect
 "#$" invasion but
 !
 
 is due to
   Groningen

  
HRLA 
 
effect

resistivities 
 
clearly show
zone is not
invaded

17
17

Copyright 2001-2011 NExT. All rights reserved Material: M. Watfa

Log Examples


Wellsite
  
 
 '&(
 (#) 1D
  &
 &'
 
%!
  !
Inversion
 $"
 "#
 !

 
 
 




 
 
  

HRLA HALS 1D-Rt comparison

18
18

Copyright 2001-2011 NExT. All rights reserved Material: M. Watfa

Log Examples
Benchmark Inversion Results

 

 '&(

 )
   &(#
 &'


!
  !
 $"
%

 "#
  !
  

  


   

  

Input model and HRLA 2D inversion 2D inversion of noisy data:

1D-inverted results 2% random noise
3% calibration bias
12 inch depth oscillation
0.5 inch borehole rugosity
19
19

Copyright 2001-2011 NExT. All rights reserved Material: M. Watfa

Log Examples
1D and 2D Inversion Comparison

Standard1D



Rt )'&(
 
 &(#

 
computation
 &'


%!
    !
 $"
 "#
 !

 
 
 




  Rt computed
  by 2D
Raw    inversion
measure
d
data

20
20

Copyright 2001-2011 NExT. All rights reserved Material: M. Watfa

Log Examples

1D and 2D Inversion Comparison

 
 
Standard   )'&(
  Rt&(#
   &'
1D

!
computatio
  ! n
%

 "#$"
 !
 

  
 



 
Rt
  computed
   by 2D
inversion

21
21

Copyright 2001-2011 NExT. All rights reserved Material: M. Watfa

 Benefits and Features

Operational Benefits
 
No Return at the Surface 
 '&(

 )
No surface current source & no fish '&(#

 &
  !%
!
No Bridle  
 "#$"
Rigtime savings   !
  
Reliability & Safety   


No stiff bridle   in horizontal wells
needed

Improved combinability
Through-wired
Combinable with AIT, FMI, CMR,...

23
23

Copyright 2001-2011 NExT. All rights reserved Material: M. Watfa

 Benefits and Features

Brideless operations- saves on Five resistivity measurements,

logging time and improves each with increasing depth
  of
efficiency investigation , gives    a clear
All the currents return to the tool   '&(
indicationof  invasion.
(#
)
body, eliminating Groningen and Tool   &'without auxiliary
operates
 &

other voltage reference effects. 

current, % !
   
! enabling combinations
Data measured from common
 "with 
#$" other formation evaluation
central electrode using multiple  ! tools that require special power,
 
frequencies give simultaneous
 
  such as the FMI, Fullbore
measurements that are
 
naturally
 

Formation MicroImager tool.
  
and
resolution matched 
 depth-

Advanced 2D processing improves
aligned. Rt accuracy and enhances
Arrays are actively focused using reserves estimates.
both hardware and software,
reducing shoulder-bed-effects and
enhancing thin bed definitions
24
24

Copyright 2001-2011 NExT. All rights reserved Material: M. Watfa

 Conclusions

An Array Laterolog tool with 6 channels to give clearhigh-resolution 

  '&(
logs    (#)
   '&

 &
No fish, no bridle, combinable with AIT,   FMI,% CMR,...
!
  !
 "#$"
Unambiguous logs without Groningen   ! or drill-pipe effects
  
Advanced 2D inversion   processing
 gives greatly more accurate Rt

 
 
estimates  
 
The 2D inversion can reveal considerably more reserves than
previously assumed

25
25

Copyright 2001-2011 NExT. All rights reserved Material: M. Watfa