CHAPTER 9

Mathematical Modeling with Differential

Equations

EXERCISE SET 9.1

3
1. y
= 2x2 ex /3
= x2 y and y(0) = 2 by inspection.

2. y
= x3 2 sin x, y(0) = 3 by inspection.

dy dy
3. (a) rst order; = c; (1 + x) = (1 + x)c = y
dx dx
(b) second order; y
= c1 cos t c2 sin t, y

+ y = c1 sin t c2 cos t + (c1 sin t + c2 cos t) = 0

dy
c 
4. (a) rst order; 2 + y = 2 ex/2 + 1 + cex/2 + x 3 = x 1
dx 2
 
(b) second order; y = c1 e c2 et , y

y = c1 et + c2 et c1 et + c2 et = 0

t

1 dy dy dy dy y2
5. =x + y, (1 xy) = y 2 , =
y dx dx dx dx 1 xy

dy
6. 2x + y 2 + 2xy = 0, by inspection.
dx
 d  3x 
7. (a) IF: = e3 dx
= 0, ye3x = C, y = Ce3x
= e3x ,
ye
dx
dy
separation of variables: = 3dx, ln |y| = 3x + C1 , y = e3x eC1 = Ce3x
y
including C = 0 by inspection
 d
(b) IF: = e2 dt
[ye2t ] = 0, ye2t = C, y = Ce2t
= e2t ,
dt
dy
separation of variables: = 2dt, ln |y| = 2t + C1 , y = eC1 e2t = Ce2t
y
including C = 0 by inspection
 2 d  2x2 2
8. (a) IF: = e4 x dx
= e2x , ye = 0, y = Ce2x
dx
dy 2 2
separation of variables: = 4x dx, ln |y| = 2x2 + C1 , y = eC1 e2x = Ce2x
y
including C = 0 by inspection
 d  t
(b) IF: = e dt = et , ye = 0, y = Cet
dt
dy
separation of variables: = dt, ln |y| = t + C1 , y = eC1 et = Cet
y
including C = 0 by inspection


9. = e 3dx = e3x , e3x y = ex dx = ex + C, y = e2x + Ce3x

 d  x2 2 2 1 2 1 2
= xex , yex = ex + C, y = + Cex
2
10. = e2 x dx
= ex , ye
dx 2 2

372
Exercise Set 9.1 373

11. = e dx x
=e ,e y=x
ex cos(ex )dx = sin(ex ) + C, y = ex sin(ex ) + Cex

dy 1 1 2x 1 1
12. + 2y = , = e 2dx = e2x , e2x y = e dx = e2x + C, y = + Ce2x
dx 2 2 4 4

dy x  2 1 2

13. + 2 y = 0, = e (x/(x +1))dx = e 2 ln(x +1) = x2 + 1,
dx x + 1
d   2  C
y x + 1 = 0, y x2 + 1 = C, y =
dx x2 + 1

dy 1 ex
14. +y = x
, = e dx = ex , ex y = dx = ln(1 + ex ) + C, y = ex ln(1 + ex ) + Cex
dx 1+e 1 + ex
y
1 1   y
15. dy = dx, ln |y| = ln |x| + C1 , ln   = C1 , = eC1 = C, y = Cx
y x x x
including C = 0 by inspection

dy 1 1 3
16. 2
= x2 dx, tan1 y = x3 + C, y = tan x +C
1+y 3 3

dy x 
dx, ln |1 + y| = 1 + x2 + C1 , 1 + y = e 1+x eC1 = Ce 1+x ,
2 2
17. =
1+y 1+x2

y = Ce 1+x2
1, C = 0

x3 dx y 2 1 4 2 4

18. y dy = , = ln(1 + x ) + C1 , 2y = ln(1 + x ) + C, y = [ln(1 + x4 ) + C]/2
1 + x4 2 4

1
19. +y dy = ex dx, ln |y| + y 2 /2 = ex + C; by inspection, y = 0 is also a solution
y

dy 2 2
20. = x dx, ln |y| = x2 /2 + C1 , y = eC1 ex /2 = Cex /2 , including C = 0 by inspection
y

sin x
21. ey dy = dx = sec x tan x dx, ey = sec x + C, y = ln(sec x + C)
cos2 x

dy 1 x2
22. = (1 + x) dx, tan y = x + + C, y = tan(x + x2 /2 + C)
1 + y2 2

 
 
dy dx 1 1 y 1
 
23.
y2 y
=
sin x
, +
y y1
dy = csc x dx, ln  y  = ln | csc x cot x| + C1 ,
y1 1
= eC1 (csc x cot x) = C(csc x cot x), y = , C = 0;
y 1 C(csc x cot x)
by inspection, y = 0 is also a solution, as is y = 1.

1 3 cos y
24. dy = dx, dy = 3 cos x dx, ln | sin y| = 3 sin x + C1 ,
tan y sec x sin y
sin y = e3 sin x+C1 = eC1 e3 sin x = Ce3 sin x , C = 0,
 
y = sin1 Ce3 sin x , as is y = 0 by inspection
374 Chapter 9

dy 1  d 1
25. + y = 1, = e (1/x)dx = eln x = x, [xy] = x, xy = x2 + C, y = x/2 + C/x
dx x dx 2
1 3
(a) 2 = y(1) = + C, C = , y = x/2 + 3/(2x)
2 2
(b) 2 = y(1) = 1/2 C, C = 5/2, y = x/2 5/(2x)

dy x2 2 2
26. = x dx, ln |y| = + C1 , y = eC1 ex /2 = Cex /2
y 2
2
(a) 1 = y(0) = C so C = 1, y = ex /2

1 1 2
(b) = y(0) = C, so y = ex /2
2 2

x2 /2 2 2
27. = e x dx
=e x2 /2
,e y= xex /2
dx = ex /2
+ C,
2 2
y = 1 + Cex /2
, 3 = 1 + C, C = 4, y = 1 + 4ex /2

28. = e dt
=e,ey= t t
2et dt = 2et + C, y = 2 + Cet , 1 = 2 + C, C = 1, y = 2 et

y2 4 2 4 2 4
29. (y + cos y) dy = 4x2 dx, + sin y = x3 + C, + sin = (1)3 + C, = + C,
2 3 2 3 2 3
2 4
C= , 3y 2 + 6 sin y = 8x3 + 3 2 8
2 3

dy 1
30. = (x + 2)ey , ey dy = (x + 2)dx, ey = x2 + 2x + C, 1 = C,
dx 2

1 1 1
ey = x2 + 2x 1, ey = x2 2x + 1, y = ln 1 2x x2
2 2 2

31. 2(y 1) dy = (2t + 1) dt, y 2 2y = t2 + t + C, 1 + 2 = C, C = 3, y 2 2y = t2 + t + 3

sinh x 
32. y
+ y = cosh x, = e (sinh x/ cosh x)dx = eln cosh x = cosh x,
cosh x

2 1 1 1 1 1
(cosh x)y = cosh x dx = (cosh 2x + 1)dx = sinh 2x + x + C = sinh x cosh x + x + C,
2 4 2 2 2
1 1 1 1 1 1
y = sinh x + x sech x + C sech x, = C, y = sinh x + x sech x + sech x
2 2 4 2 2 4

dy dx 1
33. (a) = , ln |y| = ln |x| + C1 , x = 0.5y2 y
y 2x 2 x = 1.5y 2
2
x = y2 x = 2y2
|y| = C|x|1/2 , y 2 = Cx;
x = 2.5y2
by inspection y = 0 is also a solution. x = 3y2 y=0 x
-2 2

(b) 1 = C(2)2 , C = 1/4, y 2 = x/4

-2
Exercise Set 9.1 375

y2 x2 
34. (a) y dy = x dx, = + C1 , y = C 2 x2 y
2 2 3 y = 9 x 2
y = 2.25 x 2
(b) y = 25 x2
y = 0.25 x 2
x
-3 3
y = 1 x 2
y = 4 x 2
-3
y = 6.25 x 2

dy x dx 
35. = 2 , 36. y
+ 2y = 3et , = e2 dt
= e2t ,
y x +4
1 d  2t 
ln |y| = ln(x2 + 4) + C1 , ye = 3e3t , ye2t = e3t + C,
2 dt
C y = et + Ce2t
y=
x2 + 4 100
1.5 C=2
C=1
C=0
C=2 -2 2
C=0 C=1
-2 2 C = 1
C = 1 C = 2
C = 2
-100
-1

1 y2
37. (1 y 2 ) dy = x2 dx, 38. +y dy = dx, ln |y| + = x + C1 ,
y 2
y3 x3 2
y = + C1 , x3 + y 3 3y = C yey /2
= eC1 ex = Cex including C = 0
3 3
y y
3
2
x
-5 5
x
-2 2 -3

-2


1 1
39. Of the solutions y = 2 , all pass through the point 0, and thus never through (0, 0).
2x C C
A solution of the initial value problem with y(0) = 0 is (by inspection) y = 0. The methods of
Example 4 fail because the integrals there become divergent when the point x = 0 is included in
the integral.
1 1
40. If y0 = 0 then, proceeding as before, we get C = 2x2 , C = 2x20 , and
y y0
1
y= , which is dened for all x provided 2x2 is never equal to 2x20 1/y0 ; this
2x2 2x20 + 1/y0
last condition will be satised if and only if 2x20 1/y0 < 0, or 0 < 2x20 y0 < 1. If y0 = 0 then y = 0
is, by inspection, also a solution for all real x.
376 Chapter 9

dy x2
41. = xey , ey dy = x dx, ey = + C, x = 2 when y = 0 so 1 = 2 + C, C = 3, x2 + 2ey = 6
dx 2

dy 3x2
42. = , 2y dy = 3x2 dx, y 2 = x3 + C, 1 = 1 + C, C = 0, 2
dx 2y
y 2 = x3 , y = x3/2 passes through (1, 1).

0 1.6
0

dy
43. = rate in rate out, where y is the amount of salt at time t,
dt
dy
y 1 dy 1
= (4)(2) (2) = 8 y, so + y = 8 and y(0) = 25.
dt 50 25 dt 25


= e (1/25)dt = et/25 , et/25 y = 8et/25 dt = 200et/25 + C,

y = 200 + Cet/25 , 25 = 200 + C, C = 175,

(a) y = 200 175et/25 oz (b) when t = 25, y = 200 175e1 136 oz

dy y 1 dy 1
44. = (5)(10) (10) = 50 y, so + y = 50 and y(0) = 0.
dt 200 20 dt 20
 1

= e 20 dt = et/20 , et/20 y = 50et/20 dt = 1000et/20 + C,

y = 1000 + Cet/20 , 0 = 1000 + C, C = 1000;

(a) y = 1000 1000et/20 lb (b) when t = 30, y = 1000 1000e1.5 777 lb

45. The volume V of the (polluted) water is V (t) = 500 + (20 10)t = 500 + 10t;
if y(t) is the number of pounds of particulate matter in the water,
dy y 1 dy 1  dt
then y(0) = 50, and = 0 10 = y, + y = 0; = e 50+t = 50 + t;
dt V 50 + t dt 50 + t
d
[(50 + t)y] = 0, (50 + t)y = C, 2500 = 50y(0) = C, y(t) = 2500/(50 + t).
dt
The tank reaches the point of overowing when V = 500 + 10t = 1000, t = 50 min, so
y = 2500/(50 + 50) = 25 lb.

46. The volume of the lake (in gallons) is V = 264r2 h = 264(15)2 3 = 178,200 gals. Let y(t) denote
dy y y
the number of pounds of mercury salts at time t, then = 0 103 = lb/h and
dt V 178.2
dy dt t
y0 = 105 V = 1.782 lb; = , ln y = + C1 , y = Cet/(178.2) , and
y 178.2 178.2
C = y(0) = y0 105 V = 1.782, y = 1.782et/(178.2) lb of mercury salts.

t 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
y(t) 5.588 5.578 5.568 5.558 5.549 5.539 5.529 5.519 5.509 5.499 5.489 5.480
Exercise Set 9.1 377

dv c  d  ct/m gm ct/m
47. (a) + v = g, = e(c/m) dt = ect/m , ve = gect/m , vect/m = e + C,
dt m dt c
gm gm gm gm

gm ct/m
v= +Cect/m , but v0 = v(0) = +C, C = v0 + ,v = + v0 + e
c c c c c
mg
(b) Replace with v and ct/m with gt/v in (23).
c
v
(c) From Part (b), s(t) = C v t (v0 + v ) egt/v ;
g
v v v

s0 = s(0) = C (v0 +v ) , C = s0 +(v0 +v ) , s(t) = s0 v t+ (v0 +v ) 1 egt/v
g g g

48. Given m = 240, g = 32, v = mg/c: with a closed parachute v = 120 so c = 64, and with an open
parachute v = 24, c = 320.
(a) Let t denote time elapsed in seconds after the moment of the drop. From Exercise 47(b),
while the parachute is closed
 
v(t) = egt/v (v0 + v ) v = e32t/120 (0 + 120) 120 = 120 e4t/15 1 and thus
 20/3 
v(25) = 120 e 1 119.85, so the parachutist is falling at a speed of 119.85 ft/s
120

when the parachute opens. From Exercise 47(c), s(t) = s0 120t + 120 1 e4t/15 ,

 32
s(25) = 10000 120 25 + 450 1 e20/3 7449.43 ft.

(b) If t denotes time elapsed after the parachute opens, then, by Exercise 47(c),
24

s(t) = 7449.43 24t + (119.85 + 24) 1 e32t/24 = 0, with the solution (Newtons
32
Method) t = 307.4 s, so the sky diver is in the air for about 25 + 307.4 = 332.4 s.

dI R V (t)  d V (t) Rt/L

49. + I= , = e(R/L) dt = eRt/L , (eRt/L I) = e ,
dt L L dt L


t
1 t 1
IeRt/L = I(0) + V (u)eRu/L du, I(t) = I(0)eRt/L + eRt/L V (u)eRu/L du.
L 0 L 0

t t
1 6 6

(a) I(t) = e5t/2 12e5u/2 du = e5t/2 e5u/2 = 1 e5t/2 A.
4 0 5 0 5
6
(b) lim I(t) = A
t+ 5

50. From Exercise 49 and Endpaper Table #42,

t t
1 e2u
I(t) = 15e2t + e2t 3e2u sin u du = 15e2t + e2t (2 sin u cos u)
3 0 5 0
1 1
= 15e2t + (2 sin t cos t) + e2t .
5 5
dv ck
51. (a) = g, v = c ln(m0 kt) gt + C; v = 0 when t = 0 so 0 = c ln m0 + C,
dt m0 kt
m0
C = c ln m0 , v = c ln m0 c ln(m0 kt) gt = c ln gt.
m0 kt
(b) m0 kt = 0.2m0 when t = 100 so
m0
v = 2500 ln 9.8(100) = 2500 ln 5 980 3044 m/s.
0.2m0
378 Chapter 9

dv dv dx dv dv dv
52. (a) By the chain rule, = = v so m = mv .
dt dx dt dx dt dx
mv m
(b) dv = dx, ln(kv 2 + mg) = x + C; v = v0 when x = 0 so
kv 2 + mg 2k
m m m m kv02 + mg
C= ln(kv02 + mg), ln(kv 2 + mg) = x + ln(kv02 + mg), x = ln .
2k 2k 2k 2k kv 2 + mg
(c) x = xmax when v = 0 so
m kv02 + mg 3.56 103 (7.3 106 )(988)2 + (3.56 103 )(9.8)
xmax = ln = ln 1298 m
2k mg 2(7.3 106 ) (3.56 103 )(9.8)

dh
53. (a) A(h) = (1)2 = , = 0.025 h, dh = 0.025dt, 2 h = 0.025t + C; h = 4 when
dt h
0.025
t = 0, so 4 = C, 2 h = 0.025t + 4, h = 2 t, h (2 0.003979 t)2 .
2
(b) h = 0 when t 2/0.003979 502.6 s 8.4 min.

  
54. (a) A(h) = 6 2 4 (h 2)2 = 12 4h h2 , 24 (h 2)2
 dh
12 4h h2 = 0.025 h, 12 4 h dh = 0.025dt,
dt
3/2 h2
8(4 h) = 0.025t + C; h = 4 when t = 0 so C = 0, 2

(4 h)3/2 = (0.025/8)t, 4 h = (0.025/8)2/3 t2/3 , h

h 4 0.021375t2/3 ft
8
(b) h = 0 when t = (4 0)3/2 = 2560 s 42.7 min
0.025

dv 1 1 1
55. = 0.04v 2 , 2 dv = 0.04dt, = 0.04t + C; v = 50 when t = 0 so = C,
dt v v 50
1 1 50 dx dx 50
= 0.04t , v = cm/s. But v = so = , x = 25 ln(2t + 1) + C1 ;
v 50 2t + 1 dt dt 2t + 1
x = 0 when t = 0 so C1 = 0, x = 25 ln(2t + 1) cm.

dv 1
56. = 0.02 v, dv = 0.02dt, 2 v = 0.02t + C; v = 9 when t = 0 so 6 = C,
dt v
dx dx
2 v = 0.02t + 6, v = (3 0.01t)2 cm/s. But v = so = (3 0.01t)2 ,
dt dt
100 100
x= (3 0.01t)3 + C1 ; x = 0 when t = 0 so C1 = 900, x = 900 (3 0.01t)3 cm.
3 3

dy 2
57. Dierentiate to get = sin x + ex , y(0) = 1.
dx

1 dP d
58. (a) Let y = [H(x) + C] where = eP (x) , = p(x), H(x) = q, and C is an arbitrary
dx dx
constant. Then
dy 1
p
+ p(x)y = H
(x) 2 [H(x) + C] + p(x)y = q [H(x) + C] + p(x)y = q
dx
Exercise Set 9.2 379

1
(b) Given the initial value problem, let C = (x0 )y0 H(x0 ). Then y = [H(x)+C] is a solution

of the initial value problem with y(x0 ) = y0 . This shows that the initial value problem has
a solution.
To show uniqueness, suppose u(x) also satises (5) together with u(x0 ) = y0 . Following the
1
arguments in the text we arrive at u(x) = [H(x) + C] for some constant C. The initial

condition requires C = (x0 )y0 H(x0 ), and thus u(x) is identical with y(x).

dH dy dH dG
59. Suppose that H(y) = G(x) + C. Then = G
(x). But = h(y) and = g(x), hence
dy dx dy dx
y(x) is a solution of (10).

60. (a) y = x and y = x are both solutions of the given initial value problem.

(b) y dy = x dx, y 2 = x2 + C; but y(0) = 0, so C = 0. Thus y 2 = x2 , which is

impossible.

61. Suppose I1 I is an interval with I1 = I,and suppose Y (x) is dened on I1 and is a solution of (5)
there. Let x0 be a point of I1 . Solve the initial value problem on I with initial value y(x0 ) = Y (x0 ).
Then y(x) is an extension of Y (x) to the interval I, and by Exercise 58(b) applied to the interval
I1 , it follows that y(x) = Y (x) for x in I1 .

EXERCISE SET 9.2

y y y
1. 2. 3. y(0) = 2
4 4 2

3 3
y(0) = 1
2 2
x
1 1
5
x x
1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
-1 y(0) = 1

dy  d
4. + y = 1, = e dx
= ex , [yex ] = ex , yex = ex + C, y = 1 + Cex
dx dx
(a) 1 = 1 + C, C = 2, y = 1 2ex
(b) 1 = 1 + C, C = 0, y = 1
(c) 2 = 1 + C, C = 1, y = 1 + ex

y
5.
10

y(1) = 1
y(1) = 0
x
-2 2
y(0) = 1

-10
380 Chapter 9

dy  d  2x 
6. 2y = x, = e2 dx
= e2x , ye = xe2x ,
dx dx
1 1
ye2x = (2x + 1)e2x + C, y= (2x + 1) + Ce2x
4 4

1 1
(a) 1 = 3/4 + Ce2 , C = 1/(4e2 ), y = (2x + 1) + e2x2
4 4
1 5
(b) 1 = 1/4 + C, C = 5/4, y = (2x + 1) e2x
4 4
1 1
(c) 0 = 1/4 + Ce2 , C = e2 /4, y = (2x + 1) + e2x+2
4 4

+ if y0 1/4
7. lim y = 1 8. lim y =
x+ x+ , if y0 < 1/4

9. (a) IV, since the slope is positive for x > 0 and negative for x < 0.
(b) VI, since the slope is positive for y > 0 and negative for y < 0.
(c) V, since the slope is always positive.
(d) II, since the slope changes sign when crossing the lines y = 1.
(e) I, since the slope can be positive or negative in each quadrant but is not periodic.
(f ) III, since the slope is periodic in both x and y.

11. (a) y0 = 1, n 0 1 2 3 4 5
yn+1 = yn + (xn + yn )(0.2) = (xn + 6yn )/5 xn 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
yn 1 1.20 1.48 1.86 2.35 2.98

d  x 
(b) y
y = x, = ex , ye = xex ,
dx xn 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
yex = (x + 1)ex + C, 1 = 1 + C, y(xn) 1 1.24 1.58 2.04 2.65 3.44
C = 2, y = (x + 1) + 2ex abs. error 0 0.04 0.10 0.19 0.30 0.46
perc. error 0 3 6 9 11 13
y
(c)
3

x
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

12. h = 0.1, yn+1 = (xn + 11yn )/10

n 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
xn 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
yn 1.00 1.10 1.22 1.36 1.53 1.72 1.94 2.20 2.49 2.82 3.19

In Exercise 11, y(1) 2.98; in Exercise 12, y(1) 3.19; the true solution is y(1) 3.44; so the
absolute errors are approximately 0.46 and 0.25 respectively.
Exercise Set 9.2 381

13. y0 = 1, yn+1 = yn + yn /2 y
9
n 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
xn 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
yn 1 1.50 2.11 2.84 3.68 4.64 5.72 6.91 8.23

x
1 2 3 4

14. y0 = 1, yn+1 = yn + (xn yn2 )/4 y

2
n 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
xn 0 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 1.25 1.50 1.75 2.00
1.5
yn 1 0.75 0.67 0.68 0.75 0.86 0.99 1.12 1.24
1

0.5
x
0.5 1 1.5 2

1
15. y0 = 1, yn+1 = yn + sin yn y
2
3
n 0 1 2 3 4
tn 0 0.5 1 1.5 2
yn 1 1.42 1.92 2.39 2.73

t
3

16. y0 = 0, yn+1 = yn + eyn /10 y

1
n 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
tn 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
yn 0 0.10 0.19 0.27 0.35 0.42 0.49 0.55 0.60 0.66 0.71

t
1

1
17. h = 1/5, y0 = 1, yn+1 = yn + cos(2n/5)
5
n 0 1 2 3 4 5
tn 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
yn 1.00 1.06 0.90 0.74 0.80 1.00

dy 2
18. (a) By inspection, = ex and y(0) = 0.
dx
2 2
(b) yn+1 = yn + exn /20 = yn + e(n/20) /20 and y20 = 0.7625. From a CAS, y(1) = 0.7468.
382 Chapter 9

19. (b) y dy = x dx, y 2 /2 = x2 /2 + C1 , x2 + y 2 = C; if y(0) = 1 then C = 1 so y(1/2) = 3/2.

20. (a) y0 = 1, yn+1 = yn + ( yn /2)x

x = 0.2 : yn+1 = yn + yn /10; y5 1.5489

x = 0.1 : yn+1 = yn + yn /20; y10 1.5556

x = 0.05 : yn+1 = yn + yn /40; y20 1.5590

dy 1
(c) = dx, 2 y = x/2 + C, 2 = C,
y 2

y = x/4 + 1, y = (x/4 + 1)2 ,
y(1) = 25/16 = 1.5625

EXERCISE SET 9.3

dy dy
1. (a) = ky 2 , y(0) = y0 , k > 0 (b) = ky 2 , y(0) = y0 , k > 0
dt dt

ds 1 d2 s ds
3. (a) = s (b) =2
dt 2 dt2 dt

2
dv d2 s ds
4. (a) = 2v 2 (b) = 2
dt dt2 dt

dy
5. (a) = 0.01y, y0 = 10,000 (b) y = 10,000et/100
dt
1 1
(c) T = ln 2 = ln 2 69.31 h (d) 45,000 = 10,000et/100 ,
k 0.01
45,000
t = 100 ln 150.41 h
10,000

1 1
6. k = ln 2 = ln 2
T 20
dy
(a) = ((ln 2)/20)y, y(0) = 1 (b) y(t) = et(ln 2)/20 = 2t/20
dt
(c) y(120) = 26 = 64 (d) 1,000,000 = 2t/20 ,
ln 106
t = 20 398.63 min
ln 2

dy 1 ln 2
7. (a) = ky, y(0) = 5.0 107 ; 3.83 = T = ln 2, so k = 0.1810
dt k 3.83
(b) y = 5.0 107 e0.181t
(c) y(30) = 5.0 107 e0.1810(30) 219,000
ln 0.1
(d) y(t) = (0.1)y0 = y0 ekt , kt = ln 0.1, t = = 12.72 days
0.1810
1 1 dy
8. (a) k = ln 2 = ln 2 0.0050, so = 0.0050y, y0 = 10.
T 140 dt
(b) y = 10e0.0050t
Exercise Set 9.3 383

(c) 10 weeks = 70 days so y = 10e0.35 7 mg.

ln 0.3
(d) 0.3y0 = y0 ekt , t = 240.8 days
0.0050
1
9. 100e0.02t = 5000, e0.02t = 50, t = ln 50 196 days
0.02
1
10. y = 10,000ekt , but y = 12,000 when t = 10 so 10,000e10k = 12,000, k = ln 1.2. y = 20,000 when
10
ln 2 ln 2
2 = ekt , t = = 10 38, in the year 2025.
k ln 1.2
1 3.5 1
11. y(t) = y0 ekt = 10.0ekt , 3.5 = 10.0ek(5) , k = ln 0.2100, T = ln 2 3.30 days
5 10.0 k
1
12. y = y0 ekt , 0.6y0 = y0 e5k , k = ln 0.6 0.10
5
ln 2
(a) T = 6.9 yr
k
y
(b) y(t) y0 e0.10t , e0.10t , so e0.10t 100 percent will remain.
y0

ln 2
13. (a) k = 0.1386; y 2e0.1386t (b) y(t) = 5e0.015t
5
1
(c) y = y0 ekt , 1 = y0 ek , 100 = y0 e10k . Divide: 100 = e9k , k = ln 100 0.5117,
9
y y0 e0.5117t ; also y(1) = 1, so y0 = e0.5117 0.5995, y 0.5995e0.5117t .
ln 2
(d) k = 0.1386, 1 = y(1) y0 e0.1386 , y0 e0.1386 0.8706, y 0.8706e0.1386t
T
ln 2
14. (a) k = 0.1386, y 10e0.1386t (b) y = 10e0.015t
T
1
(c) 100 = y0 ek , 1 = y0 e10k . Divide: e9k = 100, k = ln 100 0.5117;
9
y0 = e10k e5.117 166.83, y = 166.83e0.5117t .
ln 2
(d) k = 0.1386, 10 = y(1) y0 e0.1386 , y0 10e0.1386 11.4866, y 11.4866e0.1386t
T

16. (a) None; the half-life is independent of the initial amount.

(b) kT = ln 2, so T is inversely proportional to k.

ln 2
17. (a) T = ; and ln 2 0.6931. If k is measured in percent, k
= 100k,
k
ln 2 69.31 70
then T =
.
k k
k
(b) 70 yr (c) 20 yr (d) 7%

18. Let y = y0 ekt with y = y1 when t = t1 and y = 3y1 when t = t1 + T ; then y0 ekt1 = y1 (i) and
1
y0 ek(t1 +T ) = 3y1 (ii). Divide (ii) by (i) to get ekT = 3, T = ln 3.
k

y(t) ln 0.27
19. From (12), y(t) = y0 e0.000121t . If 0.27 = = e0.000121t then t = 10,820 yr, and
y0 0.000121
y(t) ln 0.30
if 0.30 = then t = 9950, or roughly between 9000 B.C. and 8000 B.C.
y0 0.000121
384 Chapter 9

20. (a) 1 (b) t = 1988 yields

y/y0 = e0.000121(1988) 79%.

0 50000
0

28 16
21. y0 2, L 8; since the curve y = kt
passes through the point (2, 4), 4 = ,
2 + 6e 2 + 6e2k
1
6e2k = 2, k = ln 3 0.5493.
2

400,000
22. y0 400, L 1000; since the curve y = passes through the point (200, 600),
400 + 600ekt
400,000 800 1
600 = , 600e200k = , k= ln 2.25 0.00405.
400 + 600e200k 3 200

23. (a) y0 = 5 (b) L = 12 (c) k = 1

60
(d) L/2 = 6 = , 5 + 7et = 10, t = ln(5/7) 0.3365
5 + 7et
dy 1
(e) = y(12 y), y(0) = 5
dt 12

24. (a) y0 = 1 (b) L = 1000 (c) k = 0.9

1000 1
(d) 750 = 0.9t
, 3(1 + 999e0.9t ) = 4, t = ln(3 999) 8.8949
1 + 999e 0.9
dy 0.9
(e) = y(1000 y), y(0) = 1
dt 1000

25. See (13):

(a) L = 10 (b) k = 10
dy
(c) = 10(1 0.1y)y = 25 (y 5)2 is maximized when y = 5.
dt


dy 1
26. = 50y 1 y ; from (13), k = 50, L = 50,000.
dt 50,000

(a) L = 50,000 (b) k = 50


dy d dy
(c) is maximized when 0 = = 50 y/500, y = 25,000
dt dy dt

27. Assume y(t) students have had the u t days after semester break. Then y(0) = 20, y(5) = 35.
dy
(a) = ky(L y) = ky(1000 y), y0 = 20
dt
Exercise Set 9.3 385

20000 1000
(b) Part (a) has solution y = = ;
20 + 980ekt 1 + 49ekt
1000 1000
35 = , k = 0.115, y .
1 + 49e5k 1 + 49e0.115t
(c) t 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
y(t) 20 22 25 28 31 35 39 44 49 54 61 67 75 83 93

y
(d)
100

75

50

25
t
3 6 9 12

dp
28. (a) = kp, p(0) = p0
dh
(b) p0 = 1, so p = ekh , but p = 0.83 when h = 5000 thus e5000k = 0.83,
ln 0.83
k= 0.0000373, p e0.0000373h atm.
5000
dT dT
29. (a) = k(T 21), T (0) = 95, = k dt, ln(T 21) = kt + C1 ,
dt T 21
T = 21 + eC1 ekt = 21 + Cekt , 95 = T (0) = 21 + C, C = 74, T = 21 + 74ekt
t
k 64 32 32
(b) 85 = T (1) = 21 + 74e , k = ln = ln , T = 21 + 74et ln(32/37) = 21 + 74 ,
74 37 37
t
30 32 ln(30/74)
T = 51 when = , t= 6.22 min
74 37 ln(32/37)

dT
30. = k(70 T ), T (0) = 40; ln(70 T ) = kt + C, 70 T = ekt eC , T = 40 when t = 0, so
dt
70 52 5
30 = eC , T = 70 30ekt ; 52 = T (1) = 70 30ek , k = ln = ln 0.5,
30 3
T 70 30e0.5t

31. Let T denote the body temperature of McHams body at time t, the number of hours elapsed after
dT dT
10:06 P.M.; then = k(T 72), = kdt, ln(T 72) = kt + C, T = 72 + eC ekt ,
dt T 72
3.6
77.9 = 72 + eC , eC = 5.9, T = 72 + 5.9ekt , 75.6 = 72 + 5.9ek , k = ln 0.4940,
5.9
ln(26.6/5.9)
T = 72+5.9e0.4940t . McHams body temperature was last 98.6 when t = 3.05,
0.4940
so around 3 hours and 3 minutes before 10:06; the death took place at approximately 7:03 P.M.,
while Moore was on stage.

dT dT
32. If T0 < Ta then = k(Ta T ) where k > 0. If T0 > Ta then = k(T Ta ) where k > 0;
dt dt
kt
both cases yield T (t) = Ta + (T0 Ta )e with k > 0.
386 Chapter 9

33. (a) y = y0 bt = y0 et ln b = y0 ekt with k = ln b > 0 since b > 1.

(b) y = y0 bt = y0 et ln b = y0 ekt with k = ln b > 0 since 0 < b < 1.
(c) y = 4(2t ) = 4et ln 2 (d) y = 4(0.5t ) = 4et ln 0.5 = 4et ln 2

ln(y1 /y0 )
34. If y = y0 ekt and y = y1 = y0 ekt1 then y1 /y0 = ekt1 , k = ; if y = y0 ekt and
t1
ln(y1 /y0 )
y = y1 = y0 ekt1 then y1 /y0 = ekt1 , k = .
t1

EXERCISE SET 9.4

1. (a) y = e2x , y
= 2e2x , y

= 4e2x ; y

y
2y = 0

y = ex , y
= ex , y

= ex ; y

y
2y = 0.
(b) y = c1 e2x + c2 ex , y
= 2c1 e2x c2 ex , y

= 4c1 e2x + c2 ex ; y

y
2y = 0

2. (a) y = e2x , y
= 2e2x , y

= 4e2x ; y

+ 4y
+ 4y = 0

y = xe2x , y
= (1 2x)e2x , y

= (4x 4)e2x ; y

+ 4y
+ 4y = 0.
(b) y = c1 e2x + c2 xe2x , y
= 2c1 e2x + c2 (1 2x)e2x ,
y

= 4c1 e2x + c2 (4x 4)e2x ; y

+ 4y
+ 4y = 0.

3. m2 + 3m 4 = 0, (m 1)(m + 4) = 0; m = 1, 4 so y = c1 ex + c2 e4x .

4. m2 + 6m + 5 = 0, (m + 1)(m + 5) = 0; m = 1, 5 so y = c1 ex + c2 e5x .

5. m2 2m + 1 = 0, (m 1)2 = 0; m = 1, so y = c1 ex + c2 xex .

6. m2 + 6m + 9 = 0, (m + 3)2 = 0; m = 3 so y = c1 e3x + c2 xe3x .

7. m2 + 5 = 0, m = 5 i so y = c1 cos 5 x + c2 sin 5 x.

8. m2 + 1 = 0, m = i so y = c1 cos x + c2 sin x.

9. m2 m = 0, m(m 1) = 0; m = 0, 1 so y = c1 + c2 ex .

10. m2 + 3m = 0, m(m + 3) = 0; m = 0, 3 so y = c1 + c2 e3x .

11. m2 + 4m + 4 = 0, (m + 2)2 = 0; m = 2 so y = c1 e2t + c2 te2t .

12. m2 10m + 25 = 0, (m 5)2 = 0; m = 5 so y = c1 e5t + c2 te5t .

13. m2 4m + 13 = 0, m = 2 3i so y = e2x (c1 cos 3x + c2 sin 3x).

14. m2 6m + 25 = 0, m = 3 4i so y = e3x (c1 cos 4x + c2 sin 4x).

15. 8m2 2m 1 = 0, (4m + 1)(2m 1) = 0; m = 1/4, 1/2 so y = c1 ex/4 + c2 ex/2 .

16. 9m2 6m + 1 = 0, (3m 1)2 = 0; m = 1/3 so y = c1 ex/3 + c2 xex/3 .

17. m2 + 2m 3 = 0, (m + 3)(m 1) = 0; m = 3, 1 so y = c1 e3x + c2 ex and y
= 3c1 e3x + c2 ex .

Solve the system c1 + c2 = 1, 3c1 + c2 = 5 to get c1 = 1, c2 = 2 so y = e3x + 2ex .
Exercise Set 9.4 387

18. m2 6m 7 = 0, (m + 1)(m 7) = 0; m = 1, 7 so y = c1 ex + c2 e7x , y
= c1 ex + 7c2 e7x .

Solve the system c1 + c2 = 5, c1 + 7c2 = 3 to get c1 = 4, c2 = 1 so y = 4ex + e7x .

19. m2 6m + 9 = 0, (m 3)2 = 0; m = 3 so y = (c1 + c2 x)e3x and y
= (3c1 + c2 + 3c2 x)e3x . Solve

the system c1 = 2, 3c1 + c2 = 1 to get c1 = 2, c2 = 5 so y = (2 5x)e3x .

20. m2 + 4m + 1 = 0, m =2 3 so y= c1 e(2+ 3)x + c2 e(2 3)x ,
y
= (2
+ 3)c1 e
(2+ 3)x
+ (2 3)c2 e(2 3)x
. Solve the system
c1 + c2 = 5,
(2 + 3)c1 + (2 3)c2 = 4 to get c1 = 52 + 73 3, c2 = 52 73 3 so
   
y = 52 + 37 3 e(2+ 3)x + 52 73 3 e(2 3)x .

21. m2 + 4m + 5 = 0, m = 2 i so y = e2x (c1 cos x + c2 sin x),

y
= e2x [(c2 2c1 ) cos x (c1 + 2c2 ) sin x]. Solve the system c1 = 3, c2 2c1 = 0
to get c1 = 3, c2 = 6 so y = e2x (3 cos x + 6 sin x).

22. m2 6m + 13 = 0, m = 3 2i so y = e3x (c1 cos 2x + c2 sin 2x),

y
= e3x [(3c1 + 2c2 ) cos 2x (2c1 3c2 ) sin 2x]. Solve the system c1 = 1, 3c1 + 2c2 = 1
to get c1 = 1, c2 = 2 so y = e3x ( cos 2x + 2 sin 2x).

23. (a) m = 5, 2 so (m 5)(m + 2) = 0, m2 3m 10 = 0; y

3y
10y = 0.

(b) m = 4, 4 so (m 4)2 = 0, m2 8m + 16 = 0; y

8y
+ 16y = 0.
(c) m = 1 4i so (m + 1 4i)(m + 1 + 4i) = 0, m2 + 2m + 17 = 0; y

+ 2y
+ 17y = 0.

24. c1 ex + c2 ex is the general solution, but cosh x = 12 ex + 12 ex and sinh x = 12 ex 12 ex

so cosh x and sinh x are also solutions.
 
25. m2 + km + k = 0, m = k k 2 4k /2
(a) k 2 4k > 0, k(k 4) > 0; k < 0 or k > 4
(b) k 2 4k = 0; k = 0, 4 (c) k 2 4k < 0, k(k 4) < 0; 0 < k < 4

dy dy dz 1 dy
26. z = ln x; = = and
dx
dz dx x dz 

d2 y d dy d 1 dy 1 d2 y dz 1 dy 1 d2 y 1 dy
2
= = = 2
2 = 2 2
2 ,
dx dx dx dx x dz x dz dx x dz x dz x dz
d2 y dy
substitute into the original equation to get 2 + (p 1) + qy = 0.
dz dz

d2 y dy
27. (a) 2
+2 + 2y = 0, m2 + 2m + 2 = 0; m = 1 i so
dz dz
1
y = ez (c1 cos z + c2 sin z) = [c1 cos(ln x) + c2 sin(ln x)].
x
d2 y dy
(b) 2
2 2y = 0, m2 2m 2 = 0; m = 1 3 so
dz dz
y = c1 e(1+ 3)z + c2 e(1 3)z = c1 x1+ 3 + c2 x1 3

28. m2 + pm + q = 0, m = 12 (p p2 4q ). If 0 < q < p2 /4 then y = c1 em1 x + c2 em2 x where
px/2
m1 < 0 and m2 < 0, if q = p2 /4 then y = c1 e + c2 xepx/2 , if q > p2 /4 then
px/2
y=e (c1 cos kx + c2 sin kx) where k = 2 4q p2 . In all cases lim y(x) = 0.
1
x+

29. (a) Neither is a constant multiple of the other, since, e.g. if y1 = ky2 then em1 x = kem2 x ,
e(m1 m2 )x = k. But the right hand side is constant, and the left hand side is constant only
if m1 = m2 , which is false.
388 Chapter 9

(b) If y1 = ky2 then emx = kxemx , kx = 1 which is impossible. If y2 = y1 then xemx = kemx ,
x = k which is impossible.

30. y1 = eax cos bx, y1
= eax (a cos bx b sin bx), y1

= eax [(a2 b2 ) cos bx 2ab sin bx] so 
y1

+ py1
+ qy1 = eax [(a2 b2 + ap + q) cos bx (2ab + bp) sin bx]. But a = 12 p and b = 12 4q p2
so a2 b2 + ap + q = 0 and 2ab + bp = 0 thus y1

+ py1
+ qy1 = 0. Similarly, y2 = eax sin bx is also
a solution.
Since y1 /y2 = cot bx and y2 /y1 = tan bx it is clear that the two solutions are linearly independent.

31. (a) The general solution is c1 ex + c2 emx ; let c1 = 1/( m), c2 = 1/( m).
ex emx
(b) lim = lim xex = xemx .
m m m

32. (a) If = 0, then y

= 0, y = c1 + c2 x. Use y(0) = 0 and y() = 0 to get c1 = c2 = 0. If

< 0, then let = a2 where a > 0 so y

a2 y = 0, y = c1 eax + c2 eax . Use y(0) = 0 and
y() = 0 to get c1 = c2 = 0.

(b) If > 0, then m2 + = 0, m2 = = i2 , m= i, y = c1 cos x + c2sin x. If
y(0) = 0 and y() = 0, then c1 = 0 and c1 cos + c2 sin
= 0 so c2 sin = 0. But
c2 sin = 0 for arbitrary values of c2 if sin = 0, = n, = n2 for n = 1, 2, 3, . . .,
otherwise c2 = 0.

33. k/M = 0.25/1 = 0.25

(a) From (20), y = 0.3 cos(t/2) (b) T = 2 2 = 4 s, f = 1/T = 1/(4) Hz
(c) y (d) y = 0 at the equilibrium position,
0.3
so t/2 = /2, t = s.
(e) t/2 = at the maximum position below
x
the equlibrium position, so t = 2 s.
o 4c

-0.3


34. 64 = w = M g, M = 2, k/M = 0.25/2 = 1/8, k/M = 1/(2 2)

(a) From (20), y = cos(t/(2 2))

M
(b) T = 2 = 2(2 2) = 4 2 s,
k

f = 1/T = 1/(4 2) Hz
(c) y
1

t
2p 6p 10p

-1

(d) y = 0 at the equilibrium position, so t/(2 2) = /2, t = 2 s

(e) t/(2 2) = , t = 2 2 s
Exercise Set 9.4 389

35. l = 0.05, k/M = g/l = 9.8/0.05 = 196 s2


(a) From (20), y = 0.12 cos 14t. (b) T = 2 M/k = 2/14 = /7 s,
f = 7/ Hz
y
(c) (d) 14t = /2, t = /28 s
0.15
(e) 14t = , t = /14 s

t
2
7 7

-0.15


36. l = 0.5, k/M = g/l = 32/0.5 = 64, k/M = 8

(a) From (20), y = 1.5 cos 8t. (b) T = 2 M/k = 2/8 = /4 s;
f = 1/T = 4/ Hz
(c) y (d) 8t = /2, t = /16 s
2
(e) 8t = , t = /8 s

t
3 6

-2

  
k dy k k
37. Assume y = y0 cos t, so v = = y0 sin t
M dt M M
 
k k
(a) The maximum speed occurs when sin t = 1, t = n + /2,
 M M
k
so cos t = 0, y = 0.
M
  
k k k
(b) The minimum speed occurs when sin t = 0, t = n, so cos t = 1, y = y0 .
M M M


M 4 2 4 2 w 4 2 w 4 2 w + 4
38. (a) T = 2 , k = 2 M = 2 , so k = = , 25w = 9(w + 4),
k T T g g 9 g 25
9 4 2 w 4 2 1 2
25w = 9w + 36, w = ,k = = =
4 g 9 32 4 32

9
(b) From Part (a), w =
4

39. By Hookes Law, F (t) = kx(t), since the only force is the restoring force of the spring. Newtons
Second Law gives F (t) = M x

(t), so M x

(t) + kx(t) = 0, x(0) = x0 , x
(0) = 0.
 

k k
40. 0 = v(0) = y (0) = c2 , so c2 = 0; y0 = y(0) = c1 , so y = y0 cos t.
M M
390 Chapter 9

41. (a) m2 + 2.4m + 1.44 = 0, (m + 1.2)2 = 0, m = 1.2, y = C1 e6t/5 + C2 te6t/5 ,

6 16 16
C1 = 1, 2 = y
(0) = C1 + C2 , C2 = , y = e6t/5 + te6t/5
5 5 5
y
2

x
1 2 3 4 5

(b) y
(t) = 0 when t = t1 = 25/48 0.520833, y(t1 ) = 1.427364 cm

16 6t/5
(c) y = e (t + 5/16) = 0 only if t = 5/16, so y = 0 for t 0.
5

42. (a) m2 + 5m + 2 = (m + 5/2)2 17/4 = 0, m = 5/2 17/2,

y = C1 e(5+ 17)t/2
+ C2 e(5 17)t/2
,

5 + 17
5 17
C1 + C2 = 1/2, 4 = y (0) = C1 + C2
2 2

17 11 17 17 + 11 17
C1 = , C2 =
68 68

17 11 17 (5+ 17)t/2 17 + 11 17 (5+17)t/2

y= e + e
68 68
y
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
x
1 2 3 4 5
-0.1
-0.2
-0.3
-0.4
-0.5

(b) y
(t) = 0 when t = t1 = 0.759194, y(t1 ) = 0.270183 cm so the maximum distance below the
equilibrium position is 0.270183 cm.
(c) y(t) = 0 when t = t2 = 0.191132, y
(t2 ) = 1.581022 cm/sec so the speed is
|y
(t2 )| = 1.581022 cm/s.
Exercise Set 9.4 391

 
43. (a) m2 + m + 5 = 0, m = 1/2 ( 19/2)i, y = et/2 C1 cos( 19t/2) + C2 sin( 19t/2) ,

1 = y(0) = C1 , 3.5 = y
(0) = (1/2)C1 + ( 19/2)C2 , C2 = 6/ 19,

y = et/2 cos( 19 t/2) (6/ 19 )et/2 sin( 19 t/2)

y
1

x
1 2 3 4 5

-1

(b) y
(t) = 0 for the rst time when t = t1 = 0.905533, y(t1 ) = 1.054466 cm so the maximum
distance below the equilibrium position is 1.054466 cm.
(c) y(t) = 0 for the rst time when t = t2 = 0.288274, y
(t2 ) = 3.210357 cm/s.
(d) The acceleration is y

(t) so from the dierential equation y

= y
5y. But y = 0 when
the object passes through the equilibrium position, thus y

= y
= 3.210357 cm/s2 .
 
44. (a) m2 + m + 3m = 0, m = 1/2 11i/2, y = et/2 C1 cos( 11t/2) + C2 sin( 11t/2) ,

2 = y(0) = C1 , v0 = y
(0) = (1/2)C1 + ( 11/2)C2 , C2 = (v0 1)(2/ 11),
 
y(t) = et/2 2 cos( 11 t/2) + (2/ 11 )(v0 1) sin( 11 t/2)
   
y
(t) = et/2 v0 cos( 11t/2) + (12 v0 )/ 11 sin( 11t/2)

(b) We wish to nd v0 such that y(t) = 1 but no greater. This implies that y
(t) = 0 at that


point. So nd the largest value of v0 such
that there is a solution of y (t) = 0, y(t) = 1. Note
11 v0 11
that y
(t) = 0 when tan t= . Choose the smallest positive solution t0 of this
2 v0 12
equation. Then

2 11 2 11 12[(v0 1)2 + 11]
sec t0 = 1 + tan t0 = .
2 2 (v0 12)2

11
Assume for now that v0 < 12; if not, we will deal with it later. Then tan t0 < 0, so
2

11 11 2 3 (v0 1)2 + 11
< t0 < , and sec t0 =
2 2 2 v0 12

11 v0 12
and cos t0 =  ,
2 3 (v0 1)2 + 11

11 11 11 v0 11
sin t0 = tan t0 cos t0 =  , and
2 2 2 2 3 (v0 1)2 + 11
  
t0 /2 11 2(v0 1) 11 t0 /2 (v0 1)2 + 11
y(t0 ) = e 2 cos t0 + sin t0 = e .
2 11 2 3
Use various values of v0 , 0 < v0 < 12 to determine the transition point from y < 1 to y > 1
and then rene the partition on the values of v to arrive at v 2.44 cm/s.
392 Chapter 9

(c) y

t
2 6

45. (a) m2 + 3.5m + 3 = (m + 1.5)(m + 2), y = C1 e3t/2 + C2 e2t ,

1 = y(0) = C1 + C2 , v0 = y
(0) = (3/2)C1 2C2 , C1 = 4 + 2v0 , C2 = 3 2v0 ,
y(t) = (4 + 2v0 )e3t/2 (3 + 2v0 )e2t
(b) v0 = 2, y(t) = 8e3t/2 7e2t , v0 = 1, y(t) = 2e3t/2 e2t ,
v0 = 4, y(t) = 4e3t/2 + 5e2t
y
2

v0 = 2
1
v0 = 1
x
1 2 3 4 5

-1 v0 = 4

 
dy dy1 dy1
46. + p(x)y = c + p(x)(cy1 ) = c + p(x)y1 = c 0 = 0
dt dt dt

CHAPTER 9 SUPPLEMENTARY EXERCISES

4. The dierential equation in Part (c) is not separable; the others are.

5. (a) linear (b) linear and separable (c) separable (d) neither

d  2x2 2 2 1 2 1 2
= xe2x , ye2x = e2x + C, y = + Ce2x
2
6. IF: = e2x , ye
dx 4 4

dy 1 x2 2 2 1 2
Sep of var: = x dx, ln |4y +1| = +C1 , 4y +1 = e4C1 e2x = C2 e2x ; y = +Ce2x ,
4y + 1 4 2 4
including C = 0

7. The parabola ky(L y) opens down and has its maximum midway between the y-intercepts, that
1 dy
is, at the point y = (0 + L) = L/2, where = k(L/2)2 = kL2 /4.
2 dt
Chapter 9 Supplementary Exercises 393

1
8. (a) If y = y0 ekt , then y1 = y0 ekt1 , y2 = y0 ekt2 , divide: y2 /y1 = ek(t2 t1 ) , k = ln(y2 /y1 ),
t2 t1
ln 2 (t2 t1 ) ln 2
T = = . If y = y0 ekt , then y1 = y0 ekt1 , y2 = y0 ekt2 ,
k ln(y2 /y1 )
1 ln 2 (t2 t1 ) ln 2
y2 /y1 = ek(t2 t1 ) , k = ln(y2 /y1 ), T = = .
t2 t1 k ln(y2 /y1 )
 
 (t2 t1 ) ln 2 
In either case, T is positive, so T =  .
ln(y2 /y1 ) 

ln 2
(b) In Part (a) assume t2 = t1 + 1 and y2 = 1.25y1 . Then T = 3.1 h.
ln 1.25

dV 4 3 dV dr
9. = kS; but V = r , = 4r2 , S = 4r2 , so dr/dt = k, r = kt + C, 4 = C,
dt 3 dt dt
r = kt + 4, 3 = k + 4, k = 1, r = 4 t m.

10. Assume the tank contains y(t) oz of salt at time t. Then y0 = 0 and for 0 < t < 15,
dy y
= 5 10 10 = (50 y/100) oz/min, with solution y = 5000 + Cet/100 . But y(0) = 0 so
dt 1000
C = 5000, y = 5000(1 et/100 ) for 0 t 15, and y(15) = 5000(1 e0.15 ). For 15 < t < 30,
dy y
= 0 5, y = C1 et/200 , C1 e0.075 = y(15) = 5000(1e0.15 ), C1 = 5000(e0.075 e0.075 ),
dt 1000
y = 5000(e0.075 e0.075 )et/100 , y(30) = 5000(e0.075 e0.075 )e0.3 556.13 oz.

11. (a) Assume the air contains y(t) ft3 of carbon monoxide at time t. Then y0 = 0 and for
dy y d  t/12000 1 t/12000
t > 0, = 0.04(0.1) (0.1) = 1/250 y/12000, ye = e ,
dt 1200 dt 250
yet/12000 = 48et/12000 + C, y(0) = 0, C = 48; y = 48(1 et/12000 ). Thus the percentage
y
of carbon monoxide is P = 100 = 4(1 et/12000 ) percent.
1200

(b) 0.012 = 4(1 et/12000 ), t = 36.05 min

dy
12. = dx, tan1 y = x + C, /4 = C; y = tan(x + /4)
y2 +1

1 1 dx 1 1
13. + dy = , y 4 + ln |y| = ln |x| + C; = C, y 4 + 4 ln(x/y) = 1
y5 y x 4 4

dy 2  d  2
14. + y = 4x, = e (2/x)dx = x2 , yx = 4x3 , yx2 = x4 + C, y = x2 + Cx2 ,
dx x dx
2 = y(1) = 1 + C, C = 1, y = x2 + 1/x2
394 Chapter 9

dy 1

2
15. 2
= 4 sec 2x dx, = 2 tan 2x + C, 1 = 2 tan 2 + C = 2 tan + C = 2 + C, C = 3,
y y 8 4
1
y=
3 2 tan 2x
   
dy dy 1 1 y 3
16. = dx, = dx, dy = dx, ln   = x + C1 ,
y 2 5y + 6 (y 3)(y 2) y3 y2 y 2
y3 ln 2 3 3 2Cex 3 ln 2 6 (2 ln 2 6)ex
= Cex ; y = ln 2 if x = 0, so C = ; y= =
y2 ln 2 2 1 Cex ln 2 2 (ln 2 3)ex

 d  x 
17. (a) = e dx
= ex ,
ye = xex sin 3x,
dx

 
x x 3 3 x 1 2
ye = xe sin 3x dx = x e cos 3x + x + ex sin 3x + C;
10 50 10 25
 
3 53 3 3 1 2 53
1 = y(0) = + C, C = , y = x cos 3x + x + sin 3x + ex
50 50 10 50 10 25 50
y
(c)
4

x
-10 -2

-2

ln 2
19. (a) Let T1 = 5730 40 = 5690, k1 = 0.00012182; T2 = 5730 + 40 = 5770, k2 0.00012013.
T1
1 y 1
With y/y0 = 0.92, 0.93, t1 = ln = 684.5, 595.7; t2 = ln(y/y0 ) = 694.1, 604.1; in
k1 y0 k2
1988 the shroud was at most 695 years old, which places its creation in or after the year 1293.

(b) Suppose T is the true half-life of carbon-14 and T1 = T (1 + r/100) is the false half-life. Then
ln 2 ln 2
with k = , k1 = we have the formulae y(t) = y0 ekt , y1 (t) = y0 ek1 t . At a certain
T T1
point in time a reading of the carbon-14 is taken resulting in a certain value y, which in the
case of the true formula is given by y = y(t) for some t, and in the case of the false formula
is given by y = y1 (t1 ) for some t1 .
1 y
If the true formula is used then the time t since the beginning is given by t = ln . If
k y0
1 y
the false formula is used we get a false value t1 = ln ; note that in both cases the
k1 y0
value y/y0 is the same. Thus t1 /t = k/k1 = T1 /T = 1 + r/100, so the percentage error in
the time to be measured is the same as the percentage error in the half-life.

20. (a) yn+1 = yn + 0.1(1 + 5tn yn ), y0 = 5

n 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
tn 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2
yn 5.00 5.10 5.24 5.42 5.62 5.86 6.13 6.41 6.72 7.05 7.39
Chapter 9 Supplementary Exercises 395

(b) The true solution is y(t) = 5t 4 + 4e1t , so the percentage errors are given by
tn 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2
yn 5.00 5.10 5.24 5.42 5.62 5.86 6.13 6.41 6.72 7.05 7.39
y(tn) 5.00 5.12 5.27 5.46 5.68 5.93 6.20 6.49 6.80 7.13 7.47
abs. error 0.00 0.02 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.08 0.08 0.08
rel. error (%) 0.00 0.38 0.66 0.87 1.00 1.08 1.12 1.13 1.11 1.07 1.03

21. (a) y = C1 ex + C2 e2x (b) y = C1 ex/2 + C2 xex/2

 
x/2 7 7
(c) y=e C1 cos x + C2 sin x
2 2

22. (a) 2ydy = dx, y 2 = x + C; if y(0) = 1 then C = 1, y 2 = x + 1, y = x + 1; if y(0) = 1 then

C = 1, y 2 = x + 1, y = x + 1.
y y
1 1

x x
-1 1 -1 1

-1 -1

dy 1
(b) 2
= 2x dx, = x2 + C, 1 = C, y = 1/(x2 + 1) y
y y 1

x
-1 1

1805 1805
23. (a) Use (15) in Section 9.3 with y0 = 19, L = 95: y(t) = , 25 = y(1) = ,
19 + 76ekt 19 + 76ek
y0 L 5 95
k 0.3567; when 0.8L = y(t) = , 19 + 76ekt = y0 = , t 7.77 yr.
19 + 76ekt 4 4
dy
y
(b) From (13), =k 1 y, y(0) = 19.
dt 95
    

k M k M k
24. (a) y0 = y(0) = c1 , v0 = y (0) = c2 , c2 = v0 , y = y0 cos t + v0 sin t
M k M k M

(b) l = 0.5, k/M = g/l = 9.8/0.5 = 19.6, 1.1

1
y = cos( 19.6 t) + 0.25 sin( 19.6 t)
19.6
0 3.1

-1.1
396 Chapter 9

1
(c) y = cos( 19.6 t) + 0.25 sin( 19.6 t), so
19.6
 2
0.25
|ymax | = (1)2 + 1.10016 m is the maximum displacement.
19.6

 
k M 2t
25. y = y0 cos t, T = 2 , y = y0 cos
M k T
2 2t
(a) v = y
(t) = y0 sin has maximum magnitude 2|y0 |/T and occurs when
T T
2t/T = n + /2, y = y0 cos(n + /2) = 0.
4 2 2t
(b) a = y

(t) = y0 cos has maximum magnitude 4 2 |y0 |/T 2 and occurs when
T2 T
2t/T = j, y = y0 cos j = y0 .

26. (a) In t years the interest will be compounded nt times at an interest rate of r/n each time. The
value at the end of 1 interval is P + (r/n)P = P (1 + r/n), at the end of 2 intervals it is
P (1 + r/n) + (r/n)P (1 + r/n) = P (1 + r/n)2 , and continuing in this fashion the value at the
end of nt intervals is P (1 + r/n)nt .
(b) Let x = r/n, then n = r/x and
lim P (1 + r/n)nt = lim P (1 + x)rt/x = lim P [(1 + x)1/x ]rt = P ert .
n+ x0+ x0+
rt
(c) The rate of increase is dA/dt = rP e = rA.

27. (a) A = 1000e(0.08)(5) = 1000e0.4 $1, 491.82

(b) P e(0.08)(10) = 10, 000, P e0.8 = 10, 000, P = 10, 000e0.8 $4, 493.29
(c) From (11) of Section 9.3 with k = r = 0.08, T = (ln 2)/0.08 8.7 years.

28. The case p(x) = 0 has solutions y = C1 y1 + C2 y2 = C1 x + C2 . So assume now that p(x) = 0.
d2 y dy dy
The dierential equation becomes 2
+ p(x) = 0. Let Y = so that the equation becomes
dx dx dx
dY
+ p(x)Y = 0, which is a rst order separable equation in the unknown Y . We get
dx


dY
= p(x) dx, ln |Y | = p(x) dx, Y = e p(x)dx .
Y
Let P (x) be a specic antiderivative of p(x); then any solution Y is given by Y = eP (x)+C1
for some C1 . Thus all solutions

are given by Y (t) = C2 eP (x)
including C2 = 0. Consequently
dy
= C2 eP (x) , y = C2 eP (x) dx + C3 . If we let y1 (x) = eP (x) dx and y2 (x) = 1 then
dx
y1 and y2 are both solutions, and they are linearly independent (recall P (x) = 0) and hence
y(x) = c1 y1 (x) + c2 y2 (x).

 
d 1 1 k
29. k[y(t)]2 + M (y
(t))2 = ky(t)y
(t)+M y
(t)y

(t) = M y
(t)[ y(t)+y

(t)] = 0, as required.
dt 2 2 M