Thermodynamics Chapter Four Lecture: Noor M.

Jasim

THERMODYNAMICS

Chapter Four
Work and Energy

Noor M. Jasim

2009
Thermodynamics Chapter Four Lecture: Noor M. Jasim

Chapter Four
Work and Energy

Example (3-1)

Unit of mass of fluid at a pressure of 3 bar, and specific volume of 0.18 m3/kg expands reversibly
in the piston cylinder assembly according to the processes (a) constant pressure process until the
volume is doubled, (b) according to the relation PV=c until the final volume will be 0.36 kg/m3, and
(c) according to the relation pv2=c until the final volume reaches to 0.36 m3/kg. Determine the work
done in each case.

Solution

According to Fig. (3.4)

a) for constant pressure process P=c , then

kN
W P 2 V 2 V 1 ( m 3 )
1 2 m
m3 m3
3 1.013 10 2 ( 1kg 0.36 1kg 0.18 )= 54.702 kJ
kg kg

p
(a) p=c
1 2

(b)
T=C

(c) 2\

pvn = C
1
2\\

v
0.18 0.36
b) for constant temperature process T = c , then
V2 V 2 (3. 4) kN m3
W mRTn mp 1V1 nFig. 1( kg ) 3 10 2 1.013 2 01.8
kg
n 2 37.9( kJ )

1 2 V1 V1 m

c) For pvn = constant where n=2

Thermodynamics Chapter Four Lecture: Noor M. Jasim

p 2V 2 p 1V1
W m
1 2 1n
n
p V 1
2

since 2 1 and then p 2 p1 75.97( kN / m 2 ) , Hence

p1 V2 2
75.97 0.36 3 101.3 0.18
W 1kg 13.7kJ
1 2
2

Example (3.2)
Piston cylinder assembly contains 1 kg of gas at initial pressure of 40 bar. The gas expands
reversibly according to a law (PV1.3 = c) until the volume is doubled. The gas is then cooled
reversibly at constant pressure until the piston firmly locked in position until the pressure rises to
the original value of 40 bar. Calculate the net work done by the gas if the initial volume equals 0.02
m3
Solution

According to figure (3-5)

p
1
p1 = 40x102 kN/m2
Pv1.3 = 0

Net work = 17.5 kJ

p2 = 16.25x102 kN/m2
P 2
3

0.02 0.04 v
Since, p 1V 11.3 p 2V 21.3 , therefore
1.3 1.3
V 1 Fig. (3.5)
p 2 p 1 1 40 16.25 bar , hence
V2 2

P V P1V1 16.25 0.04 40 0.02

W m 2 2 ( 10 )2 50 kJ and
1 2 1 n 0.3
W p 2 V 3 V 2 , since V = V , hence
23 3 1

W 16.25 10 2 0.02 0.04 32.5 kJ , and W 0

2 3 31

the net work done = W 1W WW

2 2 3 3 4 = 50 32.5 + 0 = 17.5 kJ
Thermodynamics Chapter Four Lecture: Noor M. Jasim

Example: (3.3)

Consider, the main shaft of the gear box transmitted power as a system. If the torque applied is 1kJ and the shaft
rotates at speed of 2400 rpm. Determine the power transmitted by the shaft.

Solution
2400
shaft 2n ( kW ) 2 1( kJ / s ) 251.2 kW
W
60
Example (3.4)

A volume of 0.02m3 of air is contained in piston-cylinder assembly with pressure of 100kPa. At

this position a linear spring that has K=100kN/m is touching the piston but exerting no force on it.
If a heat is transferred to the gas, the gas is then expanded and the piston rises and compresses the
spring until the volume inside the cylinder is doubled. If the cross section area of the piston is
0.2m2. Calculate (a) the final pressure inside the cylinder, (b) the total work done by the mass, and
(c) the fraction of this work done against the spring to compress it.

Solution

Given: piston cylinder device contains gas, spring connected between the piston and the cylinder
externally.

Find: p2 , w, Wspring

Schematic and Given data: schematic diagram and p-V diagrams for given data is shown in Figure
(3.8).
k = 100 kN/m

p
2
p2 = 150 kPa

pm = 125 kPa Wspring

I

Wwith no
A = 0.2 m2
p1 = 100 kPa 1 P
P1 = 100 kPa II spring action

V1 = 0.02 m3
v
0.02 0.04

Fig. (3.8)

Assumptions: The gas is a closed system.

Analysis:
The enclosed volume at the final state is

V 2 2V1 2 0.02 0.04 m 3

hence, the displacement of the piston (and the spring) becomes
Thermodynamics Chapter Four Lecture: Noor M. Jasim

( V 2 V 1 ) 0.04 0.02 m 3
x 0.1m
A 0.2 m 2

The force applied by the linear spring at the final state is determined using equation (3.12), then
F kx 100 kN / m 0.1m 10 kN

The additional pressure added by the spring on the gas at this state is
F 10 kN
P 50 kN / m 2
A 0.2 m 2

Then the final pressure of gas inside the cylinder rises by the additional pressure that created from the effect of the
spring, then the final pressure is:

Pf = Pi + Pdue to spring action ( kPa ) = 100 + 50 = 150 kPa

2
b) W pdV
1 2 1

There is no exact relation between P and V given directly from the given data, but we know that the relation between
the force exerted on the spring and its elongation or compression is linear within the elastic limits then the mean
pressure is
pi p f 100 150
pm 125 kPa
2 2

then the 1W
2 can be determined as follows

W p m V f V i 125 0.04 0.02 2.5 kJ
1 2

c) The spring work can be determined as:

W spring
1
2
1

k x 22 x 12 100 ( 0.1 ) 2 0 0.5 kJ or
2

The spring work equal to the triangle area on p-V diagram Figure (3.8)
1
W spring 125 100 kPa 0.04 0.02 05 kJ
2

Example (3.6)

A car has a mass of 1ton need to be accelerated from a velocity of 40 km/h to 90km/h is 5 minutes on a level road.
Determine the power required for acceleration.
Solution
1
The acceleration work = kinetic energy = m(V22 V12 )
2

2

2
1 90 10 3 40 10
3
KE 1000 3600


250.8 10 3 kJ
2 3600

The power required is determined as:

Thermodynamics Chapter Four Lecture: Noor M. Jasim

250.8 10 3
Power = ( k .E ) / time 836 kW
5 60
Thermodynamics Chapter Four Lecture: Noor M. Jasim
Thermodynamics Chapter Four Lecture: Noor M. Jasim