You are on page 1of 7

199 1 ) )


, ,

1965

.
,

(L )
s
d he ) ( fu z y se t


: ,


, ,

(
, ,

) 15 1979
,



a
( m b i g i t y ) ( p l y m y ) ( g
u o s e e n e r
t y ) ( r a n d o m n e s s )
, , ,

( 1 98 8 )
,

e o rin e , :
o fr
e y L e e e h ( P ip l e s o f Pr ag m a ti
cs 1 9 8 3 )



es r
( h ed g ) G eo ge L ak f 1 9 7 2
o

e r
( H d s s a d M a n i n s c i t i a )
e , e n e

, , ,


: a s tu d y in :
( ( H d g
e e s
m e a n i n g c r it e r ia a n d t h e 10 g i c o f
,
fu z y on ce p t ) (, w
c s
or d s w h os e

.
,
Jo b to m a k e th in g s
z y o r le s s
fu z y )
G L a k o f
.
, .

( h ier ar ch ica
l al is ) E R H ie r
an ys de
: ,

( g
r a u a t io n
d )
( ) 1995 1 ( 5 5 )

.
, ,


, :

.
:
a A : o b in a b ir d ()
.
:
b A e h ie k e n 15 a b ir d ( )

: e n u a
A p g in is b ir d ( b )
.

( )
: a t a
d A b b ir d {

.
: a
e A c o w is ib d
r ( )

of
:
ro
S t

.
:
a A r o b in 15 s o r t o f a b ird ( )
.
:
b A e h ie k e n 15 s o r t o f a b ir d ()
.
:
e A p e n g u in 15 s o rt o f a b ir d ( )
.
:
d A b a t 15 s o r t o f a b ir d ( )
.
e :
A e o w s o r t o f a b ir d ( )



a
a
,
b b
,


: s ee a ppea 1 th in k 1 b e ie :
lo

o k r
m ve

h e w o ` `5 `

} {
1 1 15 S a 1Q I fl a l I fl e WO TI Q 15 Ila l

15 9 d
{ a y o o
.

{G od m be g d
.

F r a n k B r u n o 15 u n s t o P P a b le
.

F r a n k B r u n o m a y be u n s t o P P a b le

D a iv d G o w e r h a
s a
fo r e e
1 Pe rs o n a il t y

1d o u b t if D a d G o w e r h as a
fo re e fu l Pe r s o n
alj ty


19

, , ,


.
, :
2d e h
(H
L e
19 9 2 )

.
, :
1

-
s o r t o f a l t tle b it a ybe o ft e n u a l y a lw a q u it e r y t s o e s o e w h e r e re
m s
u ys ve ia m o
s m m
:
e e n

t ly So e w ha t
m
.
e s o m e e r e n ea r th e s t a t io n
(l) Th y il ve d w h
.

T h e r e a ra s o e t w e n t y st u de n ts in o u r e la s
( 2) m s
.
s e o re e e n
( 3) W e kl m m e t h im tly

.
a ln l o s t k n o u t by th e b ik e
( 4) H e w a
s oc ked

. ,

ty
, , , , , , . :
2 is h l k el y

(5 ) Sa r h
a F e r g u s o n ha
s re d d is h h a i r

(6 ) T o
m s ta lk e d t h e w 5 Pe r s u in g m a n ly a e tiv
i t ie s

T h e y P al y th e g a e in a e h l i k e ly w a y
(7 ) e
d m idl

.
, ,
3 i


s
S , :


h t

as if as : : as ot
ho ug a
h

T h e a n w a lo k i n g a bo u t if i s e a r e h o f s o e th in g
( 8) m s as m
.
o r ks w 50 r e a t to m ak n t e r n a t io n a l y o u s
( 9 ) H is w as g as e h im i fa rn

.
,


4
, :
u es s 1 w o n d e r as fa r as
x t h i k 1 s
n
a n t el
1c

.
,

( 10 ) W ha t h e s a
id 15 t r ue 1g u e s s

,
o u o u 90 u o n
( 11 ) 1 th g h t 1 g h t to if d ,t m in d

, ,

L az dh
e

, . .

E F
:
rP in )
ce ( 1 9 8 0

!l




|


, , , .
1 w o n d e r 1 s Pe e t h a rd
s
u
.
, ,
Sa r n te pr o b a b s e e
to y as fa as 1 ca l y m
( A t t r ib u t io n S h ie s )
:


l .
, .
,


s a tha t a o r d in g t o s Pr o b a b i il t y
(S b ) ys c b th e

, ,
be ia d t h a t

w o u ld it 15 s


th at

it 15 s u
as m ed
:
( A d a p t
o rs
)
, , , ,
k in d o f s o r t o f a il t t l e b i t so e s o e w h a t
rn m
, , , ,
v e r y q u ite a t eo o n in a
ln os m m ly
, :
ss

s e n se rn o r e o r le
( A ppr o x im a to r s
)
:
( R o u n de rs
)
, , , ,
a bo u t o u n d a P Pro x im a te ly ro u g h ly o v e r
ar


s o e t h in g bet w e e n x a n d y
m

, ,


, , ,
;
( 1 2 )
, , , ,


:
( 13 )

.
-

( 12 ) An d 1 th in k w e
ca n pr o b a b ly ju s t slo w h im do w n to a il t t l e o v e r
m ia n te

,
n a n e e s in e e e o u t u n e r th e h e ,s u n e r th e a rm e r w h ie h w il in c e e
h d
,
d w
.
r as h im

Bu t as af r
as 1 e a n t e l r ig h t n o w h e
yo u e a n w e a n h im
: a n
( 13 )A Wh y w a
s h e lo s in g w e ig h t 50 b a d ly ? C
u p u t t ha t to g e th e r in a n y w a y

?
.
, ,
B :v e ll m o th e : s a
t ha t he
he h a
s a
in a w ve
r y if n ie k y e a te r
(
. .
, ,

P ri n e e e t ia 19 80 )


, , :
( 1 4 ) ( 1 5 )

:
( 14) A Wh a t a b o u t h is e a rs
? 15 h e s t
l
i- d r ai n i n g fl u id ?

,
(

: o r e s t s o r t e ru s t th an u r a i n in g
B U h it 5
1 m ju o f ed h n o t

r
ea l y d
. .
, ,
P r in e t al
ce 19 8 0 )
.
e u in a bo u t so e th in g be tw e e n if f t y a n s ix ty m e te r s
( 15 ) T h b ik
l g 15 m d h ig h

21
) 1 1
( ) (

, , ,


, .


, ,


. ,


, , ,

i( dn ef in t en )
e s s


. .
,

H G r ie ( e i p
e o o pe r a tiv e P rin e e
P )

. .

L eee h e s s

o e n rin e
G N
( P l i t f, i p le )



( )

, , ,


. .
. ,

H P G icr
e


1 9 6 7
, :

:
( m ax irn of a nt it y )
qu ;
:

( m ax i m of q
.
;
2 u ial yt )
.
:
( m ax im of
r el e e : ;
3 va cn )
.
: , ,

4 ( m ax itn of m an en r
)

, , ,


:

, , ,

( 1 6 ) ( 1 7 )
,


, .

Th e n 15 m a de o f s o m e s o r t o f r k
(16 ) m o oc
.

1 th in k th a t Pr o a o u n e
(17 ) h e 15 b b ly w d d

, , ,

( 18) B A

. .
,

B
e
oS m et im
,

B
l

S g T


.
,
7 G N

eL ce h
, ,

,


, :
(L e ch 19 83)

, :
1( x im )
1) a e t ;
T Ma

1
, :
2 ) 1( e
,
n e r o sit y a x im , ;
G M )
, :
J( A
ppr o b a tio n ;
3) x im )
Ma
,

:
J( M es ty a x i rn ;
4) M )
, :
5 ) 1( A g r e e
m e n t
Ma
x im ) ;

, :

J(
a
6) s
p
t hy
Ma x im )


, ,

, ,
a
( F ce T hr ea t en i gn A ct )
s

, ,


, , , ,

o u r e a li t t l e b i t d i r t y
( 19) Y oa t w a
s

,
t he r e r a e
( 2 0 ) W ia fo w h ile P et a
s

, ,
( 1 9) ilt t l b it
a e

,
a , , ,

lt lt ib t
e

, ,


, ,
( 2 0)
Y r c t w d irt
ou oa as y

r a , , ,

hil
e
o
f w

( co st )
,

, .

o u a re r o n it s e e s to
(21 ) Y w g m m e

, , ,

e
s m
, ,

23
} ( )
J! 19 9 5 l ( 55 )


.

. . .
, ,

G
N h H P ic e
eL ce r
G
,
; ,


. .
, :
(P
n e o n
B or w & 5 L vi sn 197 8)

l) 1 th
i kn r ap
eP h s
yo
u

s ho u ld ic a v e he r e n o w ;

,
2) e o u
u
m a k e t h is o o p y rn o re o : le ss n a l?
, ,
3 ) Y o u l e n o t e x a e t
y th r
y
u s e e

w h a t 1 m e a n


a t 5
1 s t a
ba or of
, ,
a
ibr d ( ) ba 5 a
t 1
r
ib d

, ,


, , ,


, ,


, , , s s o

tI u e r t
e m q it m fo ab le
, ,


, ,


, , ,


9 7 8 1 , z
p ,
G Ky ( e
n
,` a e l e :

. . . . . .
, rio n s a n te -
B ro
w n
P 5 L e
o n

, p h sn E d ) Q u se d p
ol
JI

cs :s et S l
J

`
1 9 7 5 ) a , a h ct
:

C M,
. .

) S r a &
,
G r
H P d C ,
, , t o
( s
an d s e r n r sc
s , A ae d e m se p re s s
, x an SP

, `
d ` h e

e s :
f l

n a n

H e ij s h e n
s 19 9 2 o n
Hedg A C a ,
d o
U n pu b h ed M A t h es ls
G IF L

1973 H e s c
. . . .
e r
. . .
, a in
aD d l ( d )
o n e a s
La
k f G d Mm R 1 M e


h E Z
.
r a


s


, `a

,
1983 o l Lo n gma n
L
h G H P
le J P
` ,
d P h , P h
, : :

i
. . .
e r
. .
r
.
, , s tl
P rn
i c
e E F al 1980 0 e D i n
Ror J D P ie t ro
( ed ) L ,n s u
cs a n d
~ ~
(` s s
.

Pr io sn


: , ,
1988

:
( )

You might also like