Additional Mathematics SPM Chapter 1

Functions
1

1. Diagram (i): Arrow diagram 10. Given f (x) = 2x 5 and f (x) = 10.
Diagram (ii): Ordered pairs 2x 5 = 10
Diagram (iii): Graph 15
x =
2. (a) 3 2
15
(b) 2 Therefore, the object is .
2
(c) (i) {2, 1, 1}
(ii) {3, 3, 6} 11. h(x) = sin x
(iii) {3, 3, 6} h(90) = sin 90
(d) one-to-one =1
3. (a) many-to-one x7
(b) (i) {8, 9, 16} 12. g(x) =
5  
(ii) {9, 16}
27
4. Since x-coordinate is one more than y, then
(a) g(2) =
5  
(a) x = 12, = |1|
(b) y = 14. =1

5. (a) one-to-many (b) g(x) = 4

x7
(b) Since image in set B is the square root of object
in set A, 
= 4
5 
then y =
 9 x7
= 4 or
x7
= 4
= 3 5 5
x 7 = 20 x 7 = 20
6. (a) many-to-many x = 27 x = 13
(b) Range = {d, e, f}
13. f (x) = |x 5|
7. Diagram (i): one-to-one
When x = 2,
Diagram (ii): one-to-one
f (x) = |2 5|
Diagram (iii): is not a function because object c has
= |7|
no image.
=7
Diagram (iv): is not a function because it is
one-to-many relation. When x = 7,
Diagram (v): many-to-one f (x) = |7 5|
=2
8. (a) 5 When x 5 = 0
(b) 4 x=5
(c) f : x x + 3 or f (x) = x + 3
When x = 0,
(d) (i) {2, 4, 5}
f (x) = 0 5
(ii) {5, 7, 8}
=  5
9. f (x) = 3x2 =5
Image for object 1 = f (1)
= 3(1)2
=3

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 Additional Mathematics SPM Chapter 1

x 2 0 5 7 When x = 3,
f (3) = 6 1
f (x) 7 5 0 2 = 5
When 2x 1 = 0,
f (x)
1
x=
7 2
5
1
x 0 3
2 2
x
f (x) 1 0 5
2 0 5 7
f (x)
Range = 0 f (x) 7 0 x
1 1 3
14. (a)
2
f (x)

5
f(x) = cos x f(x) = 2x 1
1
Therefore, the range of f (x) is 5 f (x) 0.
0 x
90 180 270 360 17. (a) f (7) = 3(7) 1
= 20
(b) When x = 120 3
(b) f (3) = 5 +
f (120) = cos 120 3
1 =6
=
2  
1 18. Since the graph is a straight line,
= 30 3
2 the gradient = = , f (x)-intercept = 3
Hence, the range of f (x) is 0 f (x) 1. 0 (2) 2
3
Therefore, the equation is f (x) = x + 3.
15. (a) (i) f (x) = x2 4 2
Image for object 3 = f (3) 19. (a) fg(x) = f (1 6x)
= 32 4 = 3(1 6x)
=5 = 3 18x
(ii) Image for object 4 = f ( 4)
= ( 4)2 4 (b) gf (x) = g(3x)
= 12 = 1 6(3x)
(b) (i) = 1 18x
f (x)
(c) f 2(x) = ff (x)
12
= f (3x)
= 3(3x)
5 = 9x
4 (d) g2(x) = gg(x)
0
x = g(1 6x)
4 2 2 3
= 1 6(1 6x)
Hence, the range of f (x) is 0 f (x) 12. = 1 6 + 36x
(ii) f (x) = 5 = 36x 5
x2 4 = 5
x2 = 9 20. (a) hp(x) = h(x2 2x)
x =
9 = 2(x2 2x) + 3
= 3 = 2x2 4x + 3
(b) ph(x) = p(2x + 3)
16. f (x) = 2x 1
= (2x + 3)2 2(2x + 3)
When x = 0,
= (2x + 3)(2x + 3 2)
f (0) = 1
= (2x + 3)(2x + 1)
= 1

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 Additional Mathematics SPM Chapter 1

21. (a) fg(2) = f [1 4(2)2] y2

= + 1
= f [1 16] 10
= f (15) y+8
=
15 10
= + 3
2 x+8
9 Therefore, g(x) =
= 10
2
2 25. (a) f (x) = 2x + 1


(b) gf (2) = g + 3
2  f (2) = t
= g(2) 2(2) + 1 = t
= 1 4(2)2 t=5
= 15 (b) f 1(t) = 2

22. (a) fg(x) = 4 26. (a) g1(5) = 0

f (1 3x) = 4 (b) g(r) = 8
5(1 3x) = 4 5 + 2r = 8
5 15x = 4 2r = 3
15x = 1 3
1 r=
x = 2
15 (c) Let g1(7) = x,
(b) gf (x) = 3 + x then 7 = g(x)
g(5x) = 3 + x = 5 + 2x
1 3(5x) = 3 + x 2x = 2
1 15x = 3 + x x=1
16x =4 Hence, g1(7) = 1
4
x =
16 27. (a) Let f 1(x) = y,
1 then x = f (y)
=
4 = 2y
(c) f 2(x) =
8x + 1 x
y =
ff (x) =
8x + 1 2
x
f (5x) =
8x + 1 Hence, f 1(x) =
5(5x) =
8x + 1 2
25x =
8x + 1 (b) Let g1(x) = y,
17x =
1 then x = g(y)
1 y
x = =
17 5
y = 5x
23. hg(x) = 4x2 2x + 5 Hence, g1(x) = 5x
3g(x) 1 = 4x2 2x + 5
3g(x) = 4x2 2x + 6 (c) Let h1(x) = y,
2 then x = h(y)
g(x) = (2x2 x + 3) = 3y + 1
3
3y = x 1
x x1
24. gh(x) = + 1 y =
2 3
x x1
g(2 + 5x) = + 1........................ Hence, h (x) =
1
2 3
Let 2 + 5x = y (d) Let p (x) = y,
1

y2 then x = p(y)
x =
5 y
=+1
From , 2
y
y2 =x1


5 
2
y = 2(x 1)
g(y) = + 1
2
Hence, p1(x) = 2(x 1)
= 2x 2

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 Additional Mathematics SPM Chapter 1

28. (a) t 3 = 0 8
n=4+
t=3 3
(b) Let f 1(x) = y, 20
then x = f ( y) =
3
2
= 6. (a) fg(x) = 5x
y3
2 4g(x) 1 = 5x
y3= x 4g(x) = 5x + 1
2 1
y= x +3 g(x) = (5x + 1)
4
2
Therefore, f 1(x) =
x + 3, x 0 (b) gf (x) = 9
g(4x 1) = 9
(c) Let g 1(x) = y,
1
then x = g(y) [5(4x 1) + 1] =9
4
y
= 5(4x 1) + 1 = 36
y+1
5(4x 1) = 35
x(y + 1) = y 4x 1 =7
xy + x = y 8
y xy = x x =
4
y(1 x) = x =2
x
y =
1x 7. (a) hf (3) = 2
x (b) h1(2) = 6
Therefore, g1(x) = , x 1
1x
8. Let f 1(x) = y,
29. (a) The inverse function of f, f 1, does not exist then x = f (y)
for the domain 5 x 5 because f 1 is a = 3 4y
many-to-one type of relation. 4y = 3 x
(b) The inverse function of f, f 1, exists because f 1 3x
is a one-to-one type of relation. y =
4
3x
Therefore, f 1(x) =
4
Hence, f 1g(x) = f 1(1 + 2x)
3 (1 + 2x)
1. (a) a =
4
(b) r
3 1 2x
(c) one-to-one =
4
2. (a) f (2) = 1 2 2x
=
(b) g(1) = 3 4
(c) gf (2) = g(1) 2(1 x)
=3 =
4
3. (a) The objects of 5 are 0 and 1. 1x
=
(b) The images of 2 are 9 and 13. 2
9. f 2(x) = ff (x)
4. (a) one-to-one = f (p qx)
(b) f : x x2 or f (x) = x2 = p q(p qx)
xn = p pq + q2x
5. f (x) =
x f 2(x) = q2x + p pq ................
2 Compare  to the f 2(x) = x + 2.
f (4) =
3 Therefore, q2 = 1
4 n 2 q = 1
=
4 3 and p pq = 2
8
4n=
3 When q = 1, p p(1) = 2
0 2
Therefore, q = 1 is rejected.

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 Additional Mathematics SPM Chapter 1

When q = 1, p p(1) =2 (c) hg(x) = 6 5x

p+p =2 x
2p =2
2 
h 1 = 6 5x ................
p =1 x
Let 1 = y,
Hence, p = 1 and q = 1. 2
x
then =1+y
10. (a) Let p1(x) = y, 2
then x = p(y) x = 2 + 2y...............
4 Therefore,  becomes h(y) = 6 5(2 + 2y)
=
y+1 = 6 10 10y
x(y + 1) = 4 = 4 10y
4 Hence, h(x) = 4 10x
y+1= x
4
y= x 1
4
Hence, p1(x) = 1, x 0
x
1
4 1. (a)
(b) p1(5) = 1 2
5
1 (b) x = 12 since element in set B is half of set A.
=
5
2. (a) f 1(15) = 3
11. Let f 1(x) = y, (b) codomain = {10, 15, 20, 30}
then x = f (y)
= p 3y 3. Let f (x) = y,
3y = x + p then x = f 1(y)
p y+1
x x =
y=+ 4
3 3
x p y + 1 = 4x
f (x) = + .....................
1
y = 4x 1
3 3
q 2 Hence, f (x) = 4x 1
Compare  to the f 1(x) = x +
2 3
q x
Therefore, =
2
1
3 2

4. fg(x) = f + 3 
2 x
q=
3
=1+5+3
2

and p=2 5
= 1 + x + 15
2
12. (a) Let f 1(x) = y, 5
= x + 16
then x = f (y) 2
= 4 + 5y 5. gf (3) = g(5)
x4 =6
y =
5
x4 6. (a) many-to-one
Hence, f (x) =
1
5
(b) f : x x2 or f (x) = x2
x4


(b) gf 1(x) = g
5  7. f (x) = 2x 2
x 4 f (2) = 2(2) 2


5  = 6
= 1 =6
2
x4 Therefore, the range is 2 f (x) 6.
= 1
10
x 4 10
=
10
x 14
=
10

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 Additional Mathematics SPM Chapter 1

x+5 (ii) Let g1(x) = y,

8. h(x) =
2 then x = g(y)
h(q) = 8 y
=1
q+5 2
= 8 y
2 =1x
q + 5 = 16 2
y = 2 2x
q = 11
g1(x) = 2 2x
x hg1(x) = h(2 2x)
9. fg(x) = + 7
4 = 4(2 2x) 3
x = 8 8x 3
3g(x) 1 = + 7
4 = 5 8x
x
3g(x) = + 8 (b) gh(x) = g(4x 3)
4
x 8 4x 3
= 1
g(x) = + 2
12 3
3
10. h2(x) = hh(x)


= 1 2x
2 
= h(ax + b) 3
= 1 2x +
= a(ax + b) + b 2
5
= a2x + ab + b ..................................  = 2x
2
Compare  with h2(x) = 4x + 9 5 4x
= ........................... 
Therefore, a2 = 4 2
a= 2 m nx
and ab + b = 9 ......................................  Compare gh(x) = with ,
2
Since a 0, Hence, m = 5 and n = 4.
hence a = 2
13.
Substitute a = 2 into , 2
x 1 0 4
2b + b = 9 3
3b = 9 f (x) 5 2 0 10
b= 3
f (x) = 2 3x
Hence, a = 2 and b = 3.
When x = 1,
x f (1) = 2 3(1)
11. hg(x) = h
2
 = 2 + 3
x =5
=3 1
2
 When x = 4,
3 f (4) = 2 12
= x 1
2 = 10
Hence, p(x) = hg(x) = 10
12. (a) (i) Let h1(x) = y, When f (x) = 0,
then x = h(y) 2 3x = 0
= 4y 3 2
x=
x+3 3
y =
4 When x = 0,
x + 3 f (0) = 2 0
h (x) =
1
4 =2
2 f (x)

h1g(2) = h1 1
2  10
= h1(0)
0+3 5
=
4 2
x
3 1 0 2
=
4
4 3

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 Additional Mathematics SPM Chapter 1

(a) The range for 0 x 4 is 0 f (x) 10. Therefore,  becomes f (y) = 4(y + 3) 7
(b) When f (x) = 5 = 4y + 12 7
2 3x = 5 or 2 3x = 5 = 4y + 5
3x = 3 7 Hence, f (x) = 4x + 5
x=
x = 1 3
(b) Let f 1(5) = p,
7
Therefore, the domain is 1 x . then 5 = f (p)
3
= 4p + 5
14. (a) f (2) = 7 p= 0
2
a + b = 7 ................................... 
Therefore, gf 1(5) = g(0)
=03
f (2) = 2 = 3
2
+ b = 2..................................  (c) Let g1(x) = y, and Let f 1(x) = y,
a
then x = g(y) then x = f (y)
 + , 2b = 9
=y3 = 4y + 5
9
b= y= x + 3 x5
2 y =
g 1(x) = x + 3 4
9 x5
Substitute b = into , f 1(x) =
2 4
2 9 f 1g1(x) = 2x 9
+ = 7 f 1(x + 3) = 2x 9
a 2
2 9 (x + 3) 5

a =7 2 4
= 2x 9
14 9 x2 = 8x 36
=
2 7x = 34
5 34
= x =
2 7
5a = 4
16. (a) f 2(x) = ff (x)
4
a= x
5

= f
x+2 
x 9 x
(b) f (x) = +
4 2


x+2 
5 =
x
5x 9
= +


x+2 +2 
4 2 x

Let f 1(4) = p, x+2
=
then 4 = f (p) x + 2(x + 2)

5 9 x+2
= p +
4 2 x

5 9 x+2
p = 4 =
4 2 3x + 4
1
= x+2
2 x 4
= ,x
1 4 3x + 4 3


p=
2 5 

(b) Let f 1(x) = y,
2
= then x = f (y)
5
y
2
Hence, f (4) =
1 =
5 y+2
x(y + 2) = y
15. (a) fg(x) = 4x 7 xy + 2x = y
f (x 3) = 4x 7 ..........................  y xy = 2x
Let x 3 = y, y(1 x) = 2x
then x= y + 3 2x
y =
1x
2x
Hence, f 1(x) = , x 1
1x
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 Additional Mathematics SPM Chapter 1

17. (a) f (x) = x Hence, f 30(x) = x 2 30

x2 3x = x = x 60
x2 4x = 0
x(x 4) = 0
x = 0, 4
(b) f (x) = 2g(x)
1. f (x) = |1 x|, 0 x 2
x2 3x = 2x2 + 2
x2 + 3x + 2 = 0 x 0 1 2
(x + 1)(x + 2) = 0 f (x) 1 0 1
x = 1, 2
f(x)
x+1
18. (a) f (x) =
2
f (r) =4
r + 1 1
=4
2
r+1 =8 0
x
1 2
r =7
(b) g(4) = p
4 = g1(p) f (x) = 7 3x, 2 x 3
p
4= + 5 x
7
3
4
p 3
= 1 f (x) 0 2
4
p = 4
f(x)
(c) Let g(x) = y,
then x = g1(y) x
y 0 7 3
= 4 +5

3
y 2
=x5
4
y = 4x 20
g(x) = 4x 20
When f (x) = 0,
x+1 7 3x = 0


gf (x) = g
2  x=
7
x+1 3


= 4 20
2  The graph of the function is
= 2(x + 1) 20 f(x)
= 2x + 2 20
= 2x 18 1

x
19. (a) f (x) 8 0 1 27 3

x 5 + 1 8 1 3
x 5 7 2
7 x57
7 + 5 x 7+5 Therefore, the range is 2 f (x) 1.
2 x 12
(b) (i) f 2(x) = ff (x) 2. f (x) = 2x + 1
= f (x 2) f 2(x) = ff (x)
= (x 2) 2 = f (2x + 1)
=x4 = 2(2x + 1) + 1
= 4x + 3
(ii) f 3(x) = f 2f (x)
= f 2(x 2) f 3(x) = ff 2(x)
= (x 2) 4 = f (4x + 3)
=x6 = 2(4x + 3) + 1
= 8x + 7

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 Additional Mathematics SPM Chapter 1

f 4(x) = f 2f 2(x) 4x 3
Compare to f 1(x) =
= f 2(4x + 3) x2
= 4(4x + 3) + 3 (4x + 3)
=
= 16x + 15 (2 x)
Therefore, f n(x) = 2nx + 2n 1 4x + 3
=
2x
3. Since f 2(x) = 4x + 9 is a linear function. Hence, a = 2, b = 3

Let f (x) = ax + b, where a and b are constants. f (x) = 3x

f (x) = ff (x)
2 2x 3
= 3x
= f (ax + b) x+4
= a(ax + b) + b = 3x2 + 12x
2x 3
= a2x + ab + b 3x2 + 10x + 3=0
(3x + 1)(x + 3)
=0
Compare to f 2(x) = 4x + 9 3x + 1=0 or x + 3= 0
a2 = 4 and ab + b = 9 1 or
x= x = 3
a = 2 3
When a = 2, 2b + b = 9 6. g(1) = 5
3b = 9 5
= 5
b=3 1 b(1)
When a = 2, 2b + b = 9 5 = 5(1 b)
b = 9 1 b = 1
b = 9 b=2

Therefore, the possible expressions are f (x) = 2x + 3 f (1) = 5

or f (x) = 2x 9. a(1) + b = 5
a + 2= 5
4. f (x) = px q a= 3
Given f (4) = 5 5
4p q = 5.....................................  Therefore, g(y) = and f (y) = 3y + 2
1 2y
Given f 1(9) =6 Function which maps z onto x is
9 = f (6) z2
9 = 6p q

gf 1(z) = g
3  z2
f 1(z) =
3
6p q = 9 ................................ 
5
=
 , 2p = 4 z2
p=2

1 2
3 
5
Substitute p = 2 into , =
6(2) q = 9 3 2z + 4

q = 12 9 3
=3 15 7
= , z
7 2z 2
5. Let f 1(x) = y,
then x = f (y) 7. (a) f (x) = 1 2x
ay b x1
= f (x) =
1

y+4 2
xy + 4x = ay b 1x
=
ay xy = 4x + b 2
y(a x) = 4x + b g(x) = 4 + x
4x + b g1(x) = x 4
y = ax
4x + b
Therefore, f (x) =
1
ax

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 Additional Mathematics SPM Chapter 1

1x When fg = gf


g1f 1(x) = g1
2  2a + abx 1 = 2 + abx b
1x 2a 1 + abx = 2 b + abx
= 4 2a 1 = 2 b
2
1x8 2a + b = 3
=
2
12. f 2(x) = ff (x)
x 7
= x
2

= f
x3 
(b) g f (x) = g(1 2x) x

= 4 + (1 2x) x3
=
x
= 5 2x 3
Let (gf )1(x) = y, x3
x
then gf (y) = x
x3
5 2y = x =
2y = x 5 x 3(x 3)

5x x3
y = x
2
5x x3
Therefore, (gf )1(x) = =
2 x 3x + 9

x3
8. hg(x2) = 41 x
=
h(3x2 2) = 41 9 2x
4(3x2 2) + 1 = 41 Let f 1(x) = y,
4(3x2 2) = 40 then x = f (y)
3x2 2 = 10 y
3x2 = 12 =
y3
x2 = 4 xy 3x = y
x = 2 xy y = 3x
y(x 1) = 3x
9. gf (x) = g(x 3) 3x
= a(x 3)2 b y =
x1
= a(x2 6x + 9) b 3x
= ax2 6ax + 9a b Therefore, f 1(x) =
x1
Given gf (x) = 2x2 12x + 13 When f 2(x) = f 1(x)
Therefore, a = 2 x 3x
=
9a b = 13 9 2x x1
9(2) b = 13 x(x 1) = 3x(9 2x)
18 b = 13 x2 x = 27x 6x2
b= 5 7x 28x
2
=0
7x(x 4) =0
10. gf (x) = x2 4x + 8 x = 0 or x 4 = 0
g(x 2) = x2 4x + 8 x= 4
= (x 2)2 4 + 8
g(y) = y2 + 4 13. f (x) = x
Therefore, g(x) = x2 + 4 2x 1
= x
x+3
11. fg(x) = f (2 + bx) 2x 1 = x2 + 3x
= a(2 + bx) 1 x + x + 1= 0
2

= 2a + abx 1
b2 4ac = (1)2 4(1)(1)
g f (x) = g(ax 1) =14
= 2 + b(ax 1) = 3 0
= 2 + abx b Hence, f (x) = x has no real root.

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 Additional Mathematics SPM Chapter 1

14. gf (x) = g(2x 1) y

4
= y = g(x)
a(2x 1) b 7
11
4 y = f(x)
= 2
2ax a b 7

2
4
2
2 1
= x
2ax a b 3 0 1 4

2 2
2
= x 7
(b) + = 1 2x
ax

a+b
2  2 2
x + 7 = 2 4x
2 5x = 5
Compare to given gf (x) = ,
3x 1 x = 1
a = 3 and a+b =1
x 7
2 + = (1 2x)
3 + b =1 2 2
= 1 + 2x
2
x + 7 = 2 + 4x
3 + b= 2
3x = 9
b = 1
x= 3
15. y = h(x) x 7
For + |1 2x|, 1 x 3.
y = x2 + 3 2 2
y = fg(x)
= f(x + 1) 17. (a) y = f (x)
= 3(x + 1) = |x2 4|
= 3x + 3 x 4 2 0 2 4
y
f (x) 12 0 4 0 12
y = fg(x)
f(x)
y = h(x)
3
y = f(x)
x 12
1 0

The number of solutions for h(x) = fg(x) is two.

4
16. (a) y = f (x) 1 y = g(x)
x 7 x
=+ 4 2 0 2 4
2 2
x 3 0 4
7 11 (b) |x2 4| 1 0
f (x) 2 |x2 4| 1
2 2
x2 4 = 1
y = g(x)
x2 = 5
= |1 2x|
x =

5
1
x 3 0 4 x2 4 = 1
2
x2 = 3
g(x) 7 1 0 7
x =
3
For |x2 4| 1 < 0,


5 x

3,

3 x

5

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