Additional Mathematics SPM Chapter 15

Vectors

15
1. (a)
(b)
(c)
(d)

Scalar
Vector
Scalar
Vector

6.
u
~

3 u
~
2

1 u
~
2
(a)

2. (a)
A
5 cm

(b)

1 cm : 10 N
(b)

5 cm
2u

v
~

1 cm : 20 m s1
3. (a) (i)

(c)

7. (a) AB = 2u~

RS = 4u~
= 2(2u~ )

= 2AB

Therefore, AB and RS are parallel.

(b) RS = 4u~

= 4(3PQ )

= 12PQ

Therefore, RS and PQ are parallel.

u~
= 5 10
= 50 m s1
u
to
~ the east

(ii)
v
~
= 5 10 1
= 50 m s
v
to
~ the west
(b) (i)

u~
= 50 m s1
u~ to the west

1
(ii)
v
~
= 50 m s
v
to
the
east
~

4. (a) No
(b) Yes
(c) No

8. AB = 3u~ , BC = 7u~

1 BC
AB = 3
7

3
AB = BC
7
Therefore, A, B and C are collinear.

5. PQ = 2u~

RS = u~

1u
AB = 1
2~

1u
CD =
2~

1 h)v
9. (a) (2k 1)u~ = (2 +
3 ~
2k 1 = 0 and 2 +
1
k=
2

1h=0

3
1 h = 2

3
h = 6

Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd.

Additional Mathematics SPM Chapter 15

1 k + 2 u (3h 2)v = 0
(b) 6
~
~ ~
3
1 k + 2 = 0 and 3h 2 =
6
3
1 k = 2
h=

3
k = 6

(b)
BC + DE
=
10v~

= 10
v~

= 10 5
= 50 units

0
2

15. (a)

Q
B

10. 2a + 3b 1 = 0 ................................... 
2 4a + b = 0 ................................... 

 2, 4a + 6b 2 = 0 ..................... 
 + ,

2u

7b = 0
b= 0

PQ AB
(i)

Substitute b = 0 into ,
2a + 3(0) 1 = 0
1
a=
2
1 and b = 0.
Therefore, a =
2

AB PQ
(ii)

PQ AB = (AB PQ )
(b)

D
v

~
R

11. (a) AB = DC , DA = CB

(b) SR = PQ , SP = RQ

(c) HE = GF , FE = GH

S
1 v
~
2

CD RS
(i)

RS CD
(ii)

CD RS = (RS CD )

12.

16. (a) (i)

~
(ii)
a+b
~
~

b+a

~ ~
(iii)

a~ + b~ = b~ + a~

13. (a) 2PQ + 3RS = 2(3u~ ) + 3(5u~ )

= 6u~ + 15u~
= 21u~

(b) (i)

(b)
2PQ + 3RS
=
21u~

= 21
u~

= 21 2
= 42 units

(ii)

2 BC
14. (a) BC + DE = 6v
~+
3
2 (6v )
= 6v~ +
3 ~
= 6v~ + 4v~
= 10v~

Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd.

(iii)

AB CD = 5r~ 3r~
= 2r~

CD AB = 3r~ 5r~
= 2r~

AB 2CD = 5r~ 2(3r~ )

= 5r~ 6r~
= r~


AB CD
=
2r~

= 2
r~

=22
= 4 units


CD AB
=
2r~

= 2
r~

=22
= 4 units

AB 2CD
=
r~

=
r~

= 2 units

Additional Mathematics SPM Chapter 15

(iii) CB + BA = CA

= CD + DA
= p + q
~ ~

22. (a) ~r + ~s = AB + BC

= AC

(b) AC = AD + DC

1 (A
B)
= ~t +
2
1r
= ~t +
2~

1r =B
C + CD
(c) ~s
2~
= BD

3 BC
17. (a) AD =
2
3s
=
2~

3s s
(b) AD BC =
2~ ~
1s
=
2~

1s
(c)
BC AD
=
2~
1
=
s~

2
1 (5)
=
2
5 units
=
2

23.

18.

~ ~

1 p
q
2~

~ ~
(b)

p+r+s

~ ~ ~

(c)

19.

~
~

p+q

~
(a)

~
(b)

p+r+s+q

(b)

pq+r

~ ~ ~

1p
q
~ 2~

pq

1
p
2~

s
~
~
r

~ ~ ~ ~

(a)
r

r
~

pq

(a)

1
p
2~
q

~ ~

~
p+q

(c)

(c)

20. (a) AB = ~r ~s

(b) PQ = ~r + ~s

(c) UV = ~s + 2r
~

24. (a) RQ = RS + SQ
= 4v
~ + 5u~

PQ SQ = 2v~ 5u~

(ii) RS QS = 4v
~ (5u~ )
= 5u~ 4v~

(b) (i)

21. (a) p + q = BD + DA
~ ~
= BA

(c) PM = PQ + QM

= 2v
~ + QS + SM
1
SR
= 2v
~ + (5u~ ) +
4
1 (4v )
= 2v
~ 5u~ +
4 ~
= 3v

5u
~
~

(b) (i) AC + CD = AD
= q
~

(ii) BA + AC = BC
= 2p
~

Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd.

Additional Mathematics SPM Chapter 15

(c) AD = AB + BD
1v u
= 2u~ +
2~ ~
1
= u~ + ~v
2

25. (a) AB = 3AP

= 3(2r
~)
= 6r~

(b) BC = BA + AC
= 6r~ + 4s
~

OR = OQ + QR

1Q
=q +
P
~ 3

1 (Q
O + OP )
=q +
~ 3
1 (q + p )
=q +
~ 3 ~ ~
1p
1q +
=q
~ 3~ 3~
1p +
2q
=
3~ 3~

(ii) RS = RP + PS

2Q
=
P + 2q
~
3
2 (q + p ) + 2q
=
~
3 ~ ~
2
2
= q + p + 2q
~
3~ 3~
4
2
= p + q
3~ 3~

28. (a) (i)

(c) PC = PA + AC
= 2r~ + 4s
~

(d) PQ = PB + BQ
1 BC
= 4r~ +
4
1 (6r + 4s )
= 4r~ +
~
4 ~
3
= 4r~ ~r + ~s
2
5
= ~s + ~r
2

(e) AQ = AB + BQ
1 BC
= 6r
~+
4
1 (6r + 4s )
= 6r~ +
~
4 ~
3
= 6r~ ~r + ~s
2
9
= ~r + ~s
2

26. (a) RT = QT QR
= 4a~ + hb~ (2a~ + b~ )
= 2a~ + (h 1)b~

2p +
(b) RS =
3~
1p
=2
3~

= 2OR

ST = SR + RT
= (a~ b~ ) + 2a~ + (h 1)b~
= 3a~ + (h 2)b~
(b)

Therefore, O, R and S are collinear.

29. (a) i~ 3j
~
(b) 4i~ + 5j
~
(c) 6i~ 5j
~

QT = kRT
4a~ + hb~ = k[2a~ + (h 1)b~ ]
4a~ + hb~ = 2ka~ + k(h 1)b~
2k = 4 and h = k(h 1)
k= 2
= 2(h 1)
= 2h 2
h= 2

30. (a)






1
3

(b)

4
5

27. (a) ED = EB + BD
1v u
= u~ +
2~ ~
1v
=
2~
1 AC
=
2
Therefore, AC is parallel to DE.

(c)

31. (a)

(b)

(b) DE : AC = 1 : 2

Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd.

4q

3~
2q
+
3~


(1)2 + (3)2
= 
10 units

42 + 52
= 
41 units

Additional Mathematics SPM Chapter 15

(c)


(6)2+ (5)2
= 
61 units

1 a 3b
(b)
~
2~




1 4
=
2 5

1 (i 3j )
32. (a)
~ ~

10
1 (4i + 5j )
(b)
~ ~

41
1 (6i 5j )
(c)
~ ~

61

33. (a) a~ + b~ = (2i~ + 3j ) + (4i~ + 5j )

~
~
= 6i~ + 8j
~


3

37. (a) ~r ~s + ~t =
=





1









1 0

2 4

20+3

4 2 5

1
5

11

38. (a)







h
3









35. (a) 2a~ b~

4
3
=2

5
1
10

1 0 + 3

15

1 s + t = 2 1
(b) 2r~
2~ ~
2










6









245

1r +q
(b) 2p +
~ 2~ ~
3
1 0
+
=2
2 4
4

1 (2i + 5j )
1 s = 4(3i 4j )
(b) 4r~
~ ~
3 ~ ~
3~
5j
2i
= 12i~ 16j
~ 3 ~ 3~
53 j
34 i
=
3~
3~

1 d + c + 2a
(c)
~
2~ ~
1
= ( 4j ) + 3i~ + 2(2i~ + 3j )
~
~
2
= 2j + 3i~ + 4i~ + 6j
~
~
= 7i~ + 4j
~




5

2
11

36. (a) ~r ~s = (3i~ 4j ) (2i~ + 5j )

~
~
= 3i~ 4j 2i~ 5j
~
~
= ~i 9j
~

(b) 2a~ + ~c = 2(2i~ + 3j ) + 3i~

~
= 4i~ + 6j + 3i~
~
= 7i~ + 6j
~

34. (a) p + q
~ ~
3
=
+
4

h+1

3+k

h+1=4
h =3

4
8

and

3+k=8
k=5

11
9

Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd.

Additional Mathematics SPM Chapter 15








(b) 2

41. a~ b~ =

2h 4

10 + 0

2h 4 = 6 and
2h = 10
h=5
3

10 = k
k = 10

=2

2
5
3
2
h 6

5 3 = 2k

h 3 = kh

2k

and

h 6 = 2

2
h =4

2
h=8




1

= 2

= 2RS

Therefore, PQ and RS are parallel.

43. PQ = PO + OQ
1
2
=
+
2
4
=





3

QR = QO + OR
2
4
=
+
4
8



a







6

12

2 = 2k
k = 1

=6

1
2

Substitute k = 1 into 1 = ka,

1 = ka
1 = (1)(a)
a=1

Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd.

5 = 4k
5
k=
4

2
42. PQ =
4

40. Given p // q
~ ~
Let p = kq
~
~

and

and

5 into h 3 = kh,
Substitute k =
4
5h
h 3=
4
5h= 3
h
4
1h= 3

4
h = 12

(c) a~ 2b~ = 6i~ + 8j 2(3i~ 4j )

~
~
= 6i~ + 8j 6i~ + 8j
~
~
= 16j
~
162

a~ 2b~
= 
= 16 units

1 = ka

h3




(b) a~ + b~ = 6i~ + 8j + 3i~ 4j

~
~
= 9i~ + 4j
~
92 + 42

a~ + b~
= 
= 
97 units

Let a~ b~ = ka~
h
h3
=k
4
5

39. (a)
a~
+
b~
= 

62 + 82 + 
32 + ( 4)2
= 
100 + 
25
= 10 + 5
= 15 units

=k

1
2k =
2
1
k=
4








1 5
(c)
2 h






Additional Mathematics SPM Chapter 15





a~ 2b~
= 

112 + (13)2
= 
290 units

3
PQ =
6

1 (11i 13j )
Unit vector =
~
~

290

= 3

1
= 3 QR
6
1 QR
=
2

(c) Let
b~ = mc~
4i~ + 5j = m(hi~ + 7j )
~
~
= mhi~ + 7mj
~
mh = 4.......................... 

Therefore, P, Q and R are collinear.

7m = 5
5 .......................... 
m=
7
Substitute  into ,
5 h = 4

7
7
h = 4
5
28
=
5
(d)
a~ = b~ ~c
3i~ + (1 k)j = 4i~ + 5j hi~ 7j
~
~
~
= ( 4 h)i~ 2j
~
4 h = 3
and
1 k = 2
h = 4 3
k = 1 (2)
= 7
k=3












2
PQ =
1

44.

2
PO + OQ =
1


1



2
+ OQ =
1

2
OQ =
1
=

4
Therefore, the coordinates of Q are (1, 4).

45. (a) PQ SR
1
5

=
2
3
=

(e) a~ 2b~ = 3i~ + (1 k)j 2( 4i~ + 5j )

~
~
= 3i~ + 8i~ + (k 9)j
~
= 11i~ + (1 9)j
~
= 11i~ 10j
~





4

112 + (10)2

a~ 2b~
= 
= 
221 units

(b)
PQ SR
= 
42 + (1)2
= 
17 units
4
1
(c) Unit vector =

17 1

(f)
a~
= 

32 + (1 k)2 = 5
32 + (1 k)2 = 25
(1 k)2 = 16
1 k = 4
k=14
= 3, 5



46. (a)

2a~ 3b~ + ~c = 0~
2[3i~ + (1 k)j ] 3( 4i~ + 5j ) + hi~ + 7j = 0~
~
~
~
6i~ + 2(1 k)j + 12i~ 15j + hi~ + 7j = 0~
~
~
~
(18 + h)i~ + [2 2k 15 + 7] j = 0~
~
(18 + h)i~ + [2k 6] j = 0~
~
18 + h = 0
and
2k 6 = 0
h = 18
k = 3

(g) 2b~ ~c = 2( 4i~ + 5j ) (hi~ + 7j )

~
~
= 8i~ + 10j hi~ 7j
~
~
= (8 h)i~ + 3j
~
(8 h)2 + 32 = 
298

2b~ ~c
= 
(8 h)2 + 32 = 298
(8 h)2 = 298 9
= 289
8 h = 17
h + 8 = 17
h = 25, 9

(b) a~ 2b~ = 3i~ + (1 k)j 2( 4i~ + 5j )

~
~
= 3i~ + (1 4)j + 8i~ 10j
~
~
= 11i~ 13j
~

Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd.

Additional Mathematics SPM Chapter 15

47.

2a~ = 3b~



m

=3

n1

n+2

1 m

PS = PQ + QS

1 QR
= PQ +
3

1Q
= 2a
+

~ 3 R
1 RQ
= 2a~
3
1
= 2a~ (6b
~ + 2a~)
3
2a
= 2a~ + 2b~
3~
4
= a~ + 2b~
3

2m = 3n + 6
2m 3n = 6 ......................... 
2(n 1)
2n 2
2n
2n + 3m

= 3(1 m)
= 3 3m
= 1 3m
= 1 ....................... 

 2, 4m 6n = 12............ 
 3, 6n + 9m = 3 ........... 
 + , 13m = 9
9
m =
13

3. (a) OA = 8i~ 6j
~

(b) AB = AO + OB

= OA + OB
= (8i~ + 6j ) + 10j
~
~
= 8i~ + 16j
~
8
=
16

9 into ,
Substitute m =
13
9 = 1
2n + 3
13
27
2n = 1
13
40
=
13
20
n =
13
9
20 .
Therefore, m = and n =
13
13





4. AC = AB + BC

1
=
+ AO
2
=







1

1. (2h 3)p + (k 4)q = 0

~
~
Since p and q are non-parallel and non-zero. Therefore,
~
~
the coefficient of p and q are 0 value.
~
~
Thus, 2h 3 = 0
3
h=
2
and

5.

k4=0
k=4

3 and k = 4.
Hence, h =
2

2. (a) RQ = RP + PQ

= PR + PQ
= 6b~ + 2a~

6. (a) PR = PO + OR

= OP + OR
= (3i~ 4j ) + 6i~
~
= 3i~ + 4j + 6i~
~
= 3i~ + 4j
~

(b) Given QS : SR = 1 : 2
1 QR
QS =
3

Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd.

PR + 2QR = 5i~ 7j
~

PO + OR + 2[QO + OR ] = 5i~ 7j
~

OP + OR + 2QO + 2OR = 5i~ 7j

~

OP + 3OR 2OQ = 5i~ 7j

~
( 4i~ + 5j ) + 3(7i~ + 2j ) 2(hi~ + kj ) = 5i~ 7j
~
~
~
~
4i~ 5j + 21i~ + 6j 2hi~ 2kj = 5i~ 7j
~
~
~
~
(25 2h)i~ + (1 2k)j = 5i~ 7j
~
~
25 2h = 5
and
1 2k = 7
2h = 20
2k = 8
h = 10
k =4

Additional Mathematics SPM Chapter 15

(c) Let AB = kPQ

4
4
=k
h
6

(b)
PR
= 

32 + 42
= 5 units
1 (3i + 4j )
Unit vector =
5 ~ ~
7.




4k = 4
k= 1

~r = 2p~ 3q~
(h + k)a~ hb~ = 2(4a~ b~ ) 3(2a~ + 3b~ )
= 8a~ 2b~ + 6a~ 9b~
= 14a~ 11b~
h = 11, h + k = 14
11 + k = 14
k= 3

(b) DA = DB + BA
1 CB + ( 4p )
=
~
3
1
= (4p 8q ) 4p
~
~
3 ~
8
4
= p q 4p
~
3~ 3~
8
8
= p q
3~ 3~

AC = AB + BC

= BA + BC
= (4x~ + 8y ) + 6x~
~
= 2x
~ 8y~

(ii) AE = AB + BE
1 (6x )
= (4x~ + 8y ) +
~
2 ~
= 4x
~ 8y~ + 3x~
= x
~ 8y~

(iii) BD = BE + ED

1E
A
= 3x
~+
3
1 (x + 8y )
= 3x
~+
~
3 ~
8
1
x + y
= 3x
~+
3~ 3~
8y
10 x +
=
3 ~ 3~

(b) BF = BC + CF
1 CA
= 6x
~+
2
1 (2x + 8y )
= 6x
~
~+
~
2
= 6x

x
+
4y
~ ~
~
= 5x
~ + 4y~

8y
10 x +
BD =
3 ~ 3~
2 (5x + 4y )
=
~
3 ~

2
= BF
3
Therefore, B, D and F are collinear.

1 into m(1 k) = 3,
Substitute m =
2
1 (1 k) = 3

2
1 k = 6
k=7

1 BC
(b)
AB =
2
1 BC
AB =
2
AB = 1

BC
2
AB : BC = 1 : 2
9. (a)

11. (a) (i)

PQ = PO + OQ

= OP + OQ

4
2
=
+ OQ
6
5









4
OQ =
6
=

h = 6k
= 6(1)
=6

10. (a) BC = BA + AC
= 4p + 8q
~
~

8. (a) Let AB = mBC

3p 2q = m[(1 k)p + 4q ]
~
~
~
~
= m(1 k)p + 4mq
~
~
4m = 2 and m(1 k) = 3
1
m=
2

and

2
5

11

Therefore, Q = (6, 11).

(b)
OQ
= 

62 + 112

= 
157 units
1 (6i + 11j )
Unit vector =
~
~

157

Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd.

Additional Mathematics SPM Chapter 15

(c) AC = 2x~ 8y
~

2x~
= 2
x~

=23
= 6 units

2 (9x + 3y )
= 9x~ +
~
~
3
= 9x~ 6x~ + 2y
~
= 3x~ + 2y
~

(ii) QR = QP + PR

1P
O
= (9x~ 3y ) +
~
3
1 (9x )
= 9x~ 3y +
~
~ 3
= 9x~ 3y 3x~
~
= 6x~ 3y
~

(b) (i) QT = nQR

= n(6x~ 3y )
~
= 6nx~ 3ny
~

(ii) TS = mOS
= m(3x~ + 2y )
~
= 3mx~ + 2my
~

(c) QS = QT + TS
= 6nx~ 3ny + 3mx~ + 2my
~
~
= (6n + 3m)x~ + (2m 3n)y
~
1
Also QS = QP
3

1
= (QO + OP )
3
1 (3y + 9x )
=
~
~
3
= y + 3x~
~
3x~ y = (6n + 3m)x~ + (2m 3n)y
~
~
6n + 3m = 3
2n + m = 1................................. 

8y
= 8
y

~
~
=82
= 16 units

62 + 162

AC
= 

= 292 units

12. (a) PR = PS + SR
= 3y + 6x~
~

(b) Given ST = 2TR

2
SR
ST =
3
2 (6x )
=
3 ~
= 4x
~

3 PQ
Given SR =
2

2
PQ =
SR
3
2 (6x )
=
3 ~
= 4x~

Since S T = P Q , therefore PQTS is a

parallelogram.
(c) (i)

PA = PQ + QA

2
SR + nQT
=
3
2 (6x ) + n(3y )
=
~
3 ~
= 4x
~ 3ny~

2m 3n = 1 ............................... 
 2, 4n + 2m = 2 ................... 

(ii) Given P, A and R are collinear.

Let PA = kPR
4x~ 3ny = k(3y + 6x
~)
~
~
= 3ky + 6kx
~
~
6k = 4 and 3k = 3n
2
k=
3

13. (a) (i)

 , 7n = 3
3
n=
7
3
Substitute n = into ,
7
3
2 +m=1
7
6
m=1
7
1
=
7
3.
1 and n =
Therefore, m =
7
7





2
3n = 3
3
=2
2
n=
3

OS = OP + PS
2 PQ
= 9x~ +
3
2 (PO + OQ )
= 9x
~+
3

Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd.

10

Additional Mathematics SPM Chapter 15

122 + (5)2
(b)
AB
= 
= 13 units
1 (12i 5j )
Unit vector =
13 ~ ~

4.

CD
= 12

1. (a) OB = 4i~ + 3j
~

(b)
OB
= 

42 + 32
= 5 units
1 (4i + 3j )
Unit vector =
5 ~ ~


42 + (k)2 = 12

16 + k2 = 144
k2 = 128
k = 
128














2
BC =
1

(c)

k2 + ( 4)2
5.
PQ
= 

2
BO + OC =
1


k2 + 16 = 3k
k2 + 16 = 9k2
8k2 = 16
k2 = 2
2
k = 

2
OB + OC =
1

2
OC =
+ OB
1
=

6.

4
3

2
2

2p q
~ ~
2(ni~ + 4j ) (6i~ mj)
~
~
2ni~ + 8j 6i~ + mj
~
~
(2n 6)i~ + (8 + m)j
~
2n 6 = 4
and
n=5

= 4i~ +
= 4i~ +
= 4i~ +

5j
~
5j
~
5j
~
= 4i~ + 5j
~
8+m=5
m = 3

Therefore, C = (2, 2).

2. (a)

7. (a) p + q = (5i~ 7j ) + (4i~ + 3j )

~ ~
~
~
= 9i~ 4j
~
92 + ( 4)2

p + q
= 
~ ~
= 
97 units

A
5

(b)

k=4

(b) AB = AO + OB

= OA + OB
3
2
+
=
4
0
=





5

kp = (m + 1)q
~
~
k(5i~ 7j ) = (m + 1)(4i~ + 3j )
~
~
5ki~ 7kj = 4(m + 1)i~ + 3(m + 1)j
~
~
5k = 4(m + 1)
= 4m + 4
5k 4m = 4 ................................. 
7k = 3(m + 1)
= 3m + 3
7k 3m = 3 ............................... 

3. (a)
AB = 12i~ 5j
~

AO + OB = 12i~ 5j
~

AO = (12i~ 5j ) OB
~
= 12i~ 5j ( 4i~ + 3j )
~
~
= 16i~ 8j
~

OA = 16i~ + 8j
~
Therefore, A = (16, 8).

 7, 35k 28m = 28 ............. 

 5, 35k 15m = 15 ........... 
 + , 43m = 43
m = 1
Substitute m = 1 into ,
5k 4(1) = 4
5k = 0
k=0
Therefore, k = 0 and m = 1.

11

Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd.

Additional Mathematics SPM Chapter 15

8. (a)

k2 + 32 = 
k2 + 9
(b)
p
= 
~
32 + ( 4)2 = 5

q
= 
~
Given
p
+ 2
q
= 15
~
~

k2 + 9 + 2 5 = 15

k2 + 9 = 5
k2 + 9 = 25
k2 = 16
k = 4

~r + ~s = 2r~
k
k
4
+
=2
3
n
3







k+4

3+n
k + 4 = 2k
k= 4

2k

6
and

3+n=6
n=3

(b) Let ~r + ~s = mr~

k
k+4
=m
3
3+n




11. (a) BC =
=

BA + AC
x~ + y
~

(b) AD = AB + BD
2
= ~x + (BC )
3
2
= ~x + (x~ + y )
~
3
2
2
= ~x ~x + y
3
3~
1
2
= ~x + y
3
3~

k + 4 = mk ................................... 
3 + n = 3m
3+n
m = ............................. 
3
Substitute  into ,
3+n
k + 4 = k
3
3k + 12 = 3k + nk
nk = 12
12
k =
n

12. (a) PT = PQ + QT
3
= 2x~ + QR
4
3
= 2x~ + (4y )
4 ~
= 2x~ + 3y
~

(b) PT = 2(2i~ + 3j ) + 3(~i 4j )

~
~
= 4i~ + 6j + 3i~ 12j
~
~
= 7i~ 6j
~

72 + ( 6)2

PT
= 
= 
85 units

9.
2a~ 3b~
=
4c~

k
2
2a~ 3b~ = 2
3
h
3
=





4 3k

6 3h

2a~ 3b~
= 

(4 3k)2 + (6 3h)2

4c~
= 4
c
~

( 4)2 + 32
= 4
=45
= 20

13. (a) BD = BA + AD
2
= 4x~ + AC
3
2
= 4x~ + (AB + BC )
3
2
= 4x~ + (4x~ + 12y )
~
3
8

= 4x~ + ~x + 8y
~
3
4
= ~x + 8y
~
3

(b)
AB
=
4x~

= 4
x~

=43
= 12 units


(4 3k)2 + (6 3h)2 = 20
(4 3k)2 + (6 3h)2 = 400
16 24k + 9k2 + 36 36h + 9h2 = 400
9k2 + 9h2 24k 36h 348 = 0
3k2 + 3h2 8k 12h 116 = 0
10. (a) p + 2q = ki~ + 3j + 2(3i~ 4j )
~
~
~
~
= (k + 6)i~ 5j
~
(k + 6)2 + (5)2 = 
125

p + 2q
= 
~
~
(k + 6)2 + 25 = 125
(k + 6)2 = 100
k + 6 = 10
k = 10 6
= 4, 16

Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd.

12

Additional Mathematics SPM Chapter 15

BC
=
12y

~
= 12
y

~
= 12 2
= 24 units

(b)
AF
= 4
x~

FB
= 2
x~

Area of ACF = 2 Area of BCF
= 2 12
= 24 unit2

24 units

AC
= 
242 122
= 
432 units

15. (a) PT = PS + ST
= (2x~ 4y ) + (8x~ + 4y )
~
~
= 6x
~

12 units

PT
m
(b) =
TQ
1

PT

m =

TQ

6
x~

=
2
x~

3
=
1
=3

2

AD
=
AC

3
2
432 units
= 
3



(c) TR = TS + SR
= 8x
~ 4y~ + 8x~
= 4y
~

(d) SP = 2x~ + 4y
~

4
(432) + 122

BD
=
9
= 
336 units
14. (a) (i)

2
AF = AB
3

3
AB = AF
2
3
= (4x
)
2 ~
= 6x~

4y

2
(ii) DC = AB
3
2

= (6x
)
3 ~
= 4x
~

S
2x

SO
=
2x
~

= 2
x
~

=23
= 6 units

PO
= 4
y

~
=44
= 16 units

SP
= 
162 + 62
= 
292 units

AC = AD + DC
= 3y + 4x
~
~

1
AE = AC
2
1
= (3y + 4x~ )
2 ~
3
= 2x~ + y
2~

(iii) DF = DA + AF
= 3y + 4x
~
~
= 4x
~ 3y
~

16. (a) (i)

B
b

13

~a

A
x

Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd.

Additional Mathematics SPM Chapter 15

1
ON = OB
2
1
= b~
2

(ii) OM = OA + AM
1
= a~ + AB
2

1
= a~ + (AO + OB )
2
1
= a~ + (a~ + b~ )
2
1
1
= a~ a~ + b~
2
2
1
1
= a~ + b~
2
2

(b) (i) OL = hOM

1
1
= h a~ + b~
2
2
1
1
= ha~ + hb~
2
2

(ii)
AL = kAN

AO + OL = k(AO + ON )

1
a~ + OL = k a~ + b~
2

OL = ka
~ + 2 kb~ + a~
1
= (1 k)a~ + kb~
2

1
1
= u~ u~ + ~v
2
2
1
1
= u~ + ~v
2
2

1
(ii) AT = AB
4
1
= (u~ + ~v )
4
1
1
= u~ + ~v
4
4
(b) Since AOT and AOB has the base ratio
AT : AB = 1 : 4 with O as the vertex, therefore
the area of AOT
1
= Area of AOB
4
1
= 24
4
= 6 unit2

(c) u~ ~v = BA

u~ ~v
=
BA

M
1 (u v)

2 ~ ~

B
30
O

10

BM
sin 30 =
10
BM = 5

Compare (i) and (ii),

1

h=1k
2
h = 2 2k ....................... 

u~ ~v
= 2 5
= 10 units

1
1

k = h
2
2
k = h ............................... 

17. (a) (i)

Substitute  into ,
h = 2 2h
3h = 2
2
h=
3
2
From , k =
3
2
2
Therefore, h = and k = .
3
3

OM = OA + AM
1
= u~ + AB
2

1
= u~ + (AO + OB )
2
1
= u~ + (u~ + ~v )
2

Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd.

1. (a)
C

5 cm

b
~

a
~
6 cm

AC = AB + BC

= (AO + OB ) + (a~)
= a~ + b~ a~
= b~ 2a~

14

Additional Mathematics SPM Chapter 15

(b) OE =
=

OA + AE
a~ + b~

p2 + q2 = 5 ............................... 
3 + 2p
u~ + 2v~ =
2

|a~ + b~| = 

OP2 + PE2
= 
122 + 52
= 13 units




3

2. Let AB = kAC where k is a constant

AO + OB = k(AO + OC )
~i + (2i~ + 3j ) = k[~i + 3i~ 4j ]
~
~
~i + 2i~ + 3j = k~i + 3ki~ 4kj
~
~
( + 2)i~ + 3j = (k + 3k)i~ 4kj
~
~
+ 2 = k + 3k ....................
and
3 = 4k
3
k=
4
3
Substitute k = into ,
4
3
3
+ 2 = + 3
4
4
3
9
=
4
4
3
9
+ = 2 +
4
4
7
17

=
4
4
7 = 17

5
|v~| = 

p2 + q2 = 
5

4.

+2

3 + 2p




2 + 2q = 2
2q = 4
q=2
Substitute q = 2 into ,
p2 + 22 = 5
p2 = 1
p = 1, p = 1 is ignored since p 0.
Hence, p = 1, q = 2.
5. (a)

(b)

17
=
7

AP = kAB

AO + OP = k(AO + OB )
2
1
a~ + a~ + b~ = k(a~ + b~)
3
3
1
1

a~ + b~ = ka~ + kb~
3
3
1
1
k = and k =
3
3
1
k=
3

1
Since k are the same, then AP = AB .
3
Therefore, APB is a straight line.

3. Let

6. (a)

AB = 2i~ + 3j
~

AO + OB = 2i~ + 3j
~

AO + (i~ + 5j ) = 2i~ + 3j
~
~

AO = i~ 2j
~

OA = ~i + 2j
~
A(1, 2)

AC = AB + BC
= (2i~ + 3j ) + (3i~ 4j )
~
~
= ~i j
~

|AC | = 
12 + (1)2
= 
2 units

AC = AO + OC
= (2i~ 3j ) + (i~ + 5j )..................
~
~
= 2i~ 3j ~i + 5j
~
~
= (2 )i~ + (5 3)j
~

2
(2 ) + (5 3)2
|AC | = 
= 
4 + 4 + 2 + 252 30 + 9
= 
262 26 + 13

15

Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd.

Additional Mathematics SPM Chapter 15

(b) AB = AO + OB
= (2i~ 3j ) + ( 4i~ + 20j ) .................
~
~

Given |AB | = |AC |

From  and ,
(i~ + 5j ) = 4i~ + 20j
~
~
and
= 4
=4

7
Substitute p = into ,
4
7
1
k =
4
4
1
k=
7

(b) Since AB = pAD

7
= AD
4
4
AD
=
7
AB
Therefore, AD : AB = 4 : 7

5 = 20
20
=
5
=4

2 = 42 4
= 12
8.

7. (a)

A
a
~

O
M

b
~ M

a
~

b B
~

3b
~

A, B and D are collinear, therefore AB = pAD

where p is a constant.

AO + OB = p(AM + MD )

1
a~ + b~ = p a~ + kMC )
2

1
= pa
+ pkMC
2 ~

1
= pa~ + pk(MO + OC )
2

23 h 1b~ + 13 ha~ = 12 kb~ + ka~

1
1
= p pk a~ + 4pkb~
2
2

2
1
1
h 1 = k and h = k
3
2
3
h = 3k

1
1
p pk = 1
2
2
1
1
p + pk = 1
2
2
p + pk = 2 .......................... 

2
1
Substitute h = 3k into h 1 = k,
3
2
2
1

(3k) 1 = k
3
2
1
2k + k = 1
2
5

k =1
2
2
k =
5

and 4pk = 1
1
pk = .................................... 
4
Substitute  into ,
1
p+=2
4
7
p=
4

Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd.

1
1
= pa~ + pk a~ + 4b~
2
2
1
1

= pa~ pka~ + 4pkb~

2
2

Given OD = hOC and BD = kMA

BD = kMA

BO + OD = k(MO + OA )

1
b~ + hOC = k b~ + a~
2

1
b~ + h(OA + AC ) = kb~ + ka
~
2

2
1
b~ + h a~ + AB = kb~ + ka
~
3
2

2
1
b~ + h a~ + (AO + OB ) = kb~ + ka
~
3
2
2
1
b~ + h a~ + (a~ + b~) = kb~ + ka
~
3
2
2
2
1
b~ + ha~ ha~ + hb~ = kb~ + ka
~
3
3
2
2
2
1

h 1 b~ + h h a~ = kb~ + ka
~
3
3
2

16

Additional Mathematics SPM Chapter 15

OA = 6x~, OB = 4y , BT = kBP , OT = hOQ

~

2BO + 1BA
(a) BP =
2+1

2( 4y ) + (BO + OA )
~
=
3
8y + [( 4y ) + 6x~]
~
~
=
3
8y 4y + 6x~
~
~
=
3
= 2x~ 4y
~

1OB + 3OA
OQ =
1+3

2
Substitute k = into h = 3k,
5



2
h=3
5
6
=
5

2
6
Therefore, k = , h =
5
5
9. (a)
D

2a
~

6a
~

4b
~

4y + 3(6x~)
~
=
4
9

= y + ~x
~ 2

(b) BT = kBP
= k(2x~ 4y )
~
= 2kx~ 4ky
~

CA = CB + BA
= 6a~ + 4b~

BD = BA + AD
= 4b~ + 2a~

Given CT = hCA
= h(6a~ + 4b~)
= 6ha~ + 4hb~

and
BT = kBD

BC + CT = k(4b~ + 2a~)
6a~ + (6ha~ + 4hb~) = 4kb
~ + 2ka
~
6a~ 6ha~ + 4hb~ = 4kb~ + 2ka
~
(6 6h)a~ + 4hb~ = 4kb~ + 2ka
~ ......................

(c) BT = BO + OT

= 4y + hOQ
~
9
= 4y + h y + ~x
~
~ 2
9
= 4y + hy + hx~
~
~ 2
9
= (h 4)y + hx~
~ 2

Compare BT = 2kx~ 4ky and

~

9
BT = (h 4)y + hx~
~ 2
h 4 = 4k
h = 4 4k ............................... 
9
2k = h ................................... 
2

Equating coefficient of b~,

4h = 4k
h= k
(b) For coefficient of a~ in ,
6 6h = 2k
6 6k = 2k
8k = 6
3
k=
4
10.

Substitute  into ,
9
2k = (4 4k)
2
= 18 18k
20k = 18
18
k =
20
9
=
10

3
4y
~
T
O

1 P

6x
~
2

Q
1
A

17

Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd.

Additional Mathematics SPM Chapter 15

1 2b~ + a~
b~ +
= ha~
3
k
2
1
b~ + b~ + a~ = ha~
3k
3k
2
1
1 + b~ + a~ = ha~
3k
3k

9
Substitute k = into ,
10
9
h = 4 4
10
18
= 4
5
2
=
5



8
(ii) tan OAB =
6
8
OAB = tan1 ,
6
= 538



2
1
Substitute k = into = h,
3
3k
1
h =
2
3
3
1
=
2
2
1
Therefore, k = , h =
3
2



11. (a) DM = DC + CM

1
= AB + CB
2
1
= u~ + ( 4v
~)
2
= u~ 2v
~

13.
D

4
(b) DN = DA
5
4
= CB
5
4
= ( 4v~)
5
16
= ~v
5

(c) MN = MD + DN

E
4b
~
3
12a
~
A

(b) BC = BD + DC

X
M
1
b
~

4
= (4b~ 12a~) + AB
3
4
= 4b~ 12a~ + (12a~)
3
= 4b~ 12a~ + 16a~
= 4b~ + 4a~

AE = 3(a~ + b~) and BC = 4(a~ + b~)

3
AE
=
4
BC
AE : BC = 3 : 4

2
a
~

(a) DB = DA + AB
= 4b~ + 12a~

1 AB + 3 AD
AE =
1+3
12a~ + 12b~
=
4
= 3a~ + 3b~

12.

Given BX = hOA , OM = kOX

BX = hOA

BO + OX = ha~
1
b~ + OM = ha~
k

Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd.

4
1

16
v
= (u~ 2v
~) +
5 ~
16
= u~ + 2v~ ~v
5
6

= u~ ~v
5

2
1
1 + = 0 and = h
3k
3k
2

=1
3k
3k = 2
2
k=
3

|AB | = 
82 + 62
= 
100
= 10 units

(d) (i)

18

Additional Mathematics SPM Chapter 15

14. OA = 12a~, OB = 12b~

AQ = AO + OQ
= 12a~ + 4b~

8b
~

= 4(3a~ + b~)
1
= 4 AR
3

4
= AR
3
Therefore, A, R and Q are collinear.

R
4b
~
O

1
4a
~

8a
~

AR = AP + PR
1
= 8a~ + PB
4

= 8a~ + (PO + OB )
4
1
= 8a~ + ( 4a~ + 12b~)
4
= 8a~ a~ + 3b~
= 9a~ + 3b~
= 3(3a~ + b~)

19

Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd.