258

8.3.5

,
,
.
8.3.5.1

.


.
.
() .
,

.

.


:

lr = l1 l 2 (8.9)

l1 l 2
, .



.


, .

,


.
.

,
 259

.

,
.
.

. ,
,


.
,
,
, (6
14) 10-6/C .
,

,
. ,
,
.
.


. ,


.


.

.
,
,

.


( 8.11)
( 8.12).

260

.

.
, , , .,

.

8.11.: -
.

8.12.: - .

() .
,

.
.

U
,
8.13.
 261

8.13.:
.

8.3.5.2
,
.
,
.


, ,

.
.
,
( 8.14)
.

8.14.:
.
262

() .
. , ,

.


,
8.15.
.
( 8.15)
,
,
.
8.15. l

.
,
l .

8.15.: .

() .
,
.

,

. 8.16.

( 8.16),
.

. ,
 263

,
, .

8.16. ,

, ,
.
,

.

() . () .

() .

() .

8.16.: .

8.16
8.16 .
,
.
,
264

8.4

1993, .
39/93.

,
( . 39/99).

. :
()
()
.
. 39/99,
.

23 m, 41 m 23 m, .
B35.
D =
2.00 m L = 11.00 m, ,
.
N = 27792 kN.
13.70 mx0.90 m.

fc = 20 MPa.
6425 S500s
12/20 S500s
. ,
. 39/99,

12/5, .
8.4.1


. ,

tj = 1.0 mm, fuj = 500 MPa uj = 0.012, .
tj = 0.6 mm, fuj =
 265

1000 MPa uj = 0.008.

, 6.
8.4.1.1


y = 0.00215 m-1 c = 2.00 m, .

d = 1.50.* ,
,
,
cd
d, cd = d = 1.50.

**

cd 1
c =1 +
3 (L p L )[1 0.5 (L p L )]
(8.10)

Lp
(8.2). (8.2) Lp = 0.08x11.00 +
0.022x0.025x500 = 1.16 m. , (8.10)

1.50 1
c =1 + = 2 .6
3 (1.16 11.00 )[1 0.5 (1.16 11.00 )]

(8.3)
c

m = 2.6x0.00215 = 0.006 m-1

cm
(8.4)

cm = 0.006x2.00 = 0.012

sj

*
. 39/99.
**
(.3) . 39/99.
266

sj = 0.4 (cm co) fcc / (fuj uj) (8.11)

co
fcc .
,
co
0.0035.
, fcc :

fcc = fc [2.25 (1 + 2.06 sj fuj / fc)1/2 0.52 sj fuj / fc 1.25] (8.12)

tf

tf = sj D / 4 (8.13)

, tf (8.13)
33%

tf = 1.33 tf (8.14)

, n

n = t f / tj (8.15)

(a) . (8.12) sj =
0.019, fcc = 1.67 fc = 33.4 MPa.
(8.11)

sj = 0.4x(0.012 0.0035)x33.4 / (500x0.012) = 0.019

sj ,
. (8.14)
(8.15), tf = 1.33x0.019x2.00 / 4 =
0.0126 m, n = 0.0126 / 0.001 = 13.
() .
(), (8.12) sj =
0.018, fcc = 2.09 fc = 41.7 MPa. (8.11)

 267

sj = 0.4x(0.012 0.0035)x41.7 / (1000x0.008) = 0.018

, tf = 1.33x0.018x2.00 / 4 =
0.012 m, n = 0.012 / 0.0006 = 20.

,
.
2 3
, .

D = 2.0 m 0.20x5.50 = 1.1
m. , n = / (c fc) = 27792 / (3.14x
20000) = 0.44 0.30,
50% 3.0 m.
8.4.1.2

.

Vsj = a fj n tj D (8.16)

= 2.25
fj ,
j = 0.004.

12/20

Vw = (Asw / s) 0.9 d fywd (8.17)

Asw , s
d
. , Vw = (11.30x10-4)x0.9x1.90x
500000 / 1.15 = 840 k.

,
Vmax = 1125 kN
:

Vmax = Vw + Vsj (8.18)

268

(8.16) (8.18),

n = (Vmax - Vw) / (a f j t j D) (8.19)

(a) . ,
fj 120 MPa. ,
(8.19)

n = (1125 - 840) / (2.25x120000x0.001x2.00) = 1

. , 13 3.0 m
, 5.0 m
2 (
8.17).
() . , fj = 240
MPa.

n = (1125 - 840) / (2.25x240000x0.0006x2.00) = 1

,
.
, 20 3.0 m
2
5.0 m ( 8.17).
8.4.2

. fyj = 275 MPa
sm = 0.15.
g = 5
cm.
8.4.2.1
(8.2).
,
,
(8.2),
. , Lp
= 0.05 + 0.044x0.025x500 = 0.60 m. (8.10) Lp = 0.60
 269

m c = 4.14.
m = 0.0089 m-1
cm = 0.0178.

13 3.0m 20 3.0m

2 5.0m 11.0m 2 5.0m 11.0m

13 3.0m 20 3.0m

() ()
8.17.: . ()
. () .

s
D

s = 0.71 (cm co) fcc / (fyj sm) (8.20)

fcc
8.18. s = 0.006
fyh / fc = 275 / 20 = 13.75, fcc = 1.27 fc = 25.4 MPa. ,
(8.20) co = 0.0035

s = 0.71x(0.0178 0.0035)x25.4 / (275x0.15) = 0.0062

nst = sl (fy / fyh) (0.0052 Dsp / dbl) (8.21)

270

sl , Dsp
dbl .
(8.21) fyh = 275 MPa Dsp = 2.00 m

nst = 0.0108x(500 / 275)x(0.0052x2.00 / 0.025) = 0.0082

s
= 0.62%

nst = 0.82%. ,
s = 0.82%.
(8.13), tj = 0.0082x2.0 / 4 =
0.0041 m.
tj = 5 mm.

8.18.: .

8.4.2.2
, (8.16),

Vs = a fyj tj D (8.22)

tj = (Vmax - Vw) / (a fyj D) (8.23)

 271

(8.23) Vmax = 1125 kN Vw = 840 kN

tj = (1125 - 840) / (2.25x275000x2.00) = 0.00023 m

.

,
. ,
5 mm .

8.5

CALTRANS :

1.

.
2.

. ,

.
3. 1 2.
4.
.
5.

/
. 1 5 .

,
8.19.
- .
L = 4 m
Dg = 1 cm. ,
G + 0.3Q, G Q
, , W = 3000
kN
5 cm.
272

8.20

= (80/2) 10 2.5 = 27.5 cm

W = 3000 kN

4 m

8.19.: .

C
2.5 cm (5 cm )

10 cm

27.5 cm
80 cm

8.20.: .

10 cm 8.20
.
.

Dr = Dy + Dg (8.24)

Dy
:

yL
Dy = (8.25)
E
 273

y
. : y
= 1214.21 MPa, E = 68950 MPa.
.

Dy =
yL
=
(1214.21)(4) = 7.044 cm
E 68950

Dr = Dy + Dg = 7.044 + 1 = 8.044 cm

8.044 cm < 27.5 cm

.

,

.
,
. ,
CALTRANS,

.

y Ar nr
Kt = (8.26)
Dr

r nr
. 2
cm r = 1.432 cm2. 5 .
(8.26)

t =
y Ar nr
=
(1214.21 1002 ) (1.432)(5) = 108.103 kN/cm
Dr 8.044

W 3000
= 2 = 2 = 1.057 sec (8.27)
g Kt (9.807 )(10810.3)
274

( 2000)
( . 39/99).
= 0.16g (
: ), = 1.00
( , ),
q = 1.00 ( ),
= 1.00 , : d () = 0.274g.
Dt

d (T ) W (0.274)(3000) = 7.610 cm
Dt = = (8.28)
g Kt 108.103

7.610 cm < 8.044 cm .

5 4 m .

8.6

,

.

,
.



.
,
.
() .

, ,

.
.

(
8.21). ,

 275

.
,
,
, .


.

,

.

.
() .



( 8.21),
.




.

8.21.:
.
276

1. Ermopoulos, J., Spyrakos, C.C. (2004), Validated analysis and

strengthening of a 19th century railway bridge, Engineering Structures,
.
2. , . (2002),
, ,
.
3. Vlassis, A.G., Maragakis, E., Saiidi, M. (2001), Update on analytical and
experimental research on bridge restrainers, Transportation Research
Record, 1770, pp. 132-138.
4. Saiidi, M.S., Sanders, D., Acharya, S. (2001), Seismic retrofit of spread
footings supporting bridge columns with short dowels, Construction and
Building Materials, 15, 4, pp. 177-185.
5. Daudey, X., Filiatrault, A. (2000), Seismic evaluation and retrofit with
steel jackets of reinforced concrete bridge piers detailed with lap-splices,
Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering, 27, 1, pp. 1-16.
6. Ogata, T., Osada, K. (2000), Seismic retrofitting of expressway bridges
in Japan, Cement & Concrete Composites, 22, 1, pp. 17-27.
7. Spyrakos, C.C., Kemp, E.L., Venkatareddy, R. (1999), Validated
analysis of Wheeling suspension bridge, ASCE Journal of Bridge
Engineering, 4, 1, pp. 1-7.
8. Spyrakos, C.C., Kemp, E.L., Venkatareddy, R. (1999), Seismic study of
an historic covered bridge, Engineering Structures, 21, 9, pp. 877-882.
9. , ., , ., , , , .
(1999),

,
, .
10. . 39/99 (1999),
, .
11. Gerolymos, N., Gazetas, G., Mylonakis, G. (1999), Natural period and
damping of bridge piers on piles, Proceedings of 2nd International
Conference on Earthquake Geotechnical Engineering, Earthquake
Geotechnical Engineering, Vols 1-3, pp. 291-296.
12. Sanders, D.H., Saiidi, M.S., Martin, T. (1998), Seismic strengthening of
column-pier-cap connections, Transportation Research Record, 1624, pp.
93-100.
13. Priestley, M.J.N., Seible, F., and Calvi, G.M. (1996), Seismic Design
and Retrofit of Bridges, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York.
14. Xanthakos, P.P. (1996), Bridge Strengthening and Rehabilitation,
Prentice Hall PTR, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey.
 277

15. Saadatmanesh, H., Ehsani, M.R., Jin, L.M. (1996), Seismic

strengthening of circular bridge pier models with fiber composites, ACI
Structural Journal, 93, 6, pp. 639-647.
16. Chai, Y.H. (1996), An analysis of the seismic characteristics of steel-
jacketed circular bridge columns, Earthquake Engineering and Structural
Dynamics, 25, 2, pp. 149-161.
17. State of California (1989), Bridge Design Aids, Equivalent Static
Analysis of Restrainers, 14-11 thru 14-25, California.
 9

9.1


.
1973.

2000,

.

1954 1959.
,
, 225
StIII.
.
, , .
4.30 m,
3.20 m. 3.20 m.
,
.
9.1.

.



( )
.
,
 279

. ,

,

.

9.1.: .

.
.

280

.
x, y z x,
y z, .


.
( - pushover analysis),

(displacement coefficient method).

: .

9.2

:

, 1329, 6-11-2000.
, 2184, 20-12-1999.
, ..
325/31-12-1945.
, 315, 17-4-
1997.
ATC 40: Seismic Evaluation and Retrofit of Concrete Buildings,
Report No. SSC 96-01, Volume 1, 1996.
FEMA 356: Prestandard and Commentary for the Seismic
Rehabilitation of Buildings, Washington D.C., 2000.
, 0, 2002.

9.3
9.3.1
: C16/20
: 120
: StIII
: StI

9.3.2
: C20/25
: Cs30
 281

: S500s

9.4
,
, :

: 25 kN/m3
: 0.8 kN/m2
: 1.5 kN/m2
: 3.6 kN/m2
: 2.1 kN/m2

: 2.0 kN/m2
: 1.5 kN/m2
: 5.0 kN/m2
: 3.5 kN/m2

: 1959
:
: 0.04
: = (G + Q)
:

: = 250 kN/m2

9.5


. ,
:

: ( = 0.16)
282

: 2
:
: = 1.00

,
, .
3,


.

.

.

, ,

.


.
: () ,
() ,
.


. ,
,

9.2.
9.2 . ,

10 cm,
.
 283

3 4

1 2

9.2.: .

9.3 9.4, .
V/W
. V/W
V
W = G +
0.3Q, G Q ,
.
,

.
284

,

.
9.5.1 K


( ),
.
.
9.3.

( x
, . 9.3).

.
3

= 1.60 sec,
= 2.34 sec. ,
max = 14.5 cm
V/W = 0.058.
9.5.2
,
,
2000 2000. ,
.

( x , .
9.4).
.
( ,
. 9.4),
,
,
.
,
, = 1.00 sec
= 1.33 sec , .
,
 285

max = 9.0 cm V/W

0.112.
V/W

T = 1.62

T = 2.34

9.3.: .

2000
: .

.*

*
FEMA 356 .
286

9.6
,
:

1. 9.2
(1, 2, 3, 4, 5 6)
C20/25.
2.
C20/25.
,
,
.
V/W

T = 1.33

9.4.: .
 287

3.
. ,
,
.
, 6,
.
4.

.

.
5. ,


.

( 9.5).

.

9.5.: .

.
288

1. (2002),
, - 0, .
2. Newman, A. (2001), Structural Renovation of Buildings: Methods,
Details, and Design Examples, McGraw-Hill, New York.
3. (2000),
2000, .
4. (2000),
2000, .
5. Federal Emergency Management Agency (2000), FEMA 356:
Prestandard and Commentary for the Seismic Rehabilitation of Buildings,
Chapters 2 and 3, Washington D.C., November.
6. Penelis, G. and Kappos, A. (1997), Earthquake Resistant Concrete
Structures, E and FN Spon.
7. American Technology Council (1996), Seismic Evaluation and Retrofit
of Concrete Buildings, Report No. SSC 96-01, Volume 1, Chapter 8,
November.