(Fundamental) Physics

of Elementary Particles
Covariant derivative & the Christoffel symbol
Spacetime Curvature; Mattergravity coupling;
Special Solutions (Intro)

Tristan Hbsch
Department of Physics and Astronomy
Howard University, Washington DC
Prirodno-Matematiki Fakultet
Univerzitet u Novom Sadu

Wednesday, February 29, 12

 Fundamental Physics of Elementary Particles
Program
The$Christoffel$Symbol$&$the$Covariant$Derivative
Coordinate$Bases
Covariant$Derivative
Metricity$of$the$Christoffel$Symbol
Spacetime$Curvature
The$Curvature$Tensor
Conditions$&$Contractions
The$Einstein=Hilbert$Action
MatterGravity$Coupling
Covariantizing$Lagrangians
Einstein$Equations
Two$Oblique$Parallels
Special$Solutions
2
Wednesday, February 29, 12
 Christoffel Symbol & Covariant Derivative
Coordinate Bases an$echo
Basis$vectors:
~x := (~r ) and ~x := gn(x) ~xn ,
so
~
A := ~x A, ~
A := ~x A, and ~ = A~x = A~x ,
A

and
~x ~xn = gn (x) and ~x ~x n = gn(x).

Then
r r
Gn : (n~x ) = Gn ~xr b/c$basis$completeness
Straightforwardly,
r r
Gn~xr := (~xn ) = ( n~r ) = (n ~r ) = (n~x ) = Gn~xr .
Also r
r
(~x ) = Gn~x n b/c ~x ~x n = dn = 0.

3
Wednesday, February 29, 12
 Christoffel Symbol & Covariant Derivative
Covariant Derivative
It$then$follows:
r r
~ := A ~xr & (~xn ) =: Gn~xr ) ( A
A r ~ ) = ( A ) + Gn A ~xr ;
r n

r r n
~B := Br~x r
& (~x ) =:
r
Gn~x n ) ( ~B) = ( Bn ) Gn Br ~x .
DeOine: )
r r
D A := ( A
r r
) + Gn An and D Bn := ( Bn ) Gn Br .
Owing$to$Weyls$construction,
w

T ( p, q; w) := C Y S A A B B
| {z } | {z }
p q
it$then$follows$(product$rule)$that:
p q
n1 np n1 np n1 si np n1 np

ni si
(D T )r1 rq = ( Tr1 rq ) + Gsi Tr1 rq Gri Tr1 si rq .
i =1 i =1

4
Wednesday, February 29, 12
 Christoffel Symbol & Covariant Derivative
Covariant Derivative
More$to$the$point,
n1 np n1 np
Xr1 rq ; := (D T )r1 rq
transforms$as$a$type=(p,$q+1)$tensor$density$of$weight$w.
And,$since$a$partial$derivative$doesnt$(verify),$the$=symbol$
cannot$eitherso$as$to$compensate:
x r yk yl x r 2 y s
r s
Gn (x) = s n Gkl (y) + s n ,
y x x y x x
| {z } | {z }
tensorial inhomogeneous

is$tensorial$if$and$only$if$the$transformation$x$$y$is$linear.
In$which$case,$no$$is$needed$in$the$Oirst$place.$
True$of$Cartesian$$Cartesian$rotations$&$translations.
5
Wednesday, February 29, 12
 Christoffel Symbol & Covariant Derivative
Covariant Derivative
Thus,$the$$looks$awfully$like$a$gauge$potential$4=vector,
except$for$the$extra$transformation$matrix:
1 1
IG0 = [U ] n U IGn U + U U
Oh,$and$one$more$thing:
a a b r r
[A Y ] = [A ] b Y $ [IG V ] = G n Vn.
no$relation symmetric
This$is$a$reOlection$of$the$conceptual$non=linearity:
The$transformation$of$phases$is$spacetime=dependent
The$transformation$of$spacetime$coordinates$is$spacetime=dependent
X
Yang=Mills$$is$a$spacetime$4=vector$of$color=space$matrices.
! !
The$=symbol$is$a$spacetime$4=vector$of$spacetime$matrices.

6
Wednesday, February 29, 12
 Christoffel Symbol & Covariant Derivative
Metricity of the Christoffel Symbol
Given$the$relations
r
: (n~x ) = Gn ~xr and ~x ~xn = gn (x)
a$relation$between$the$=symbol$and$the$metric$must$exist.$
Indeed,
( gnr ) = (~xn ~xr ) = Gsn~xs ~xr + ~xn Gsr~xs = gsr Gsn + gsn Gsr
produces
r 1 rs

Gn = 2g ( gns ) + (n gs ) (s gn ) ()
which$satisOies
D gnr = 0 = D gnr . covariantly$constant
and$vice$versa:$D! g"# = 0$with$D! = ! + !$implies$Eq.$().
This$(Christoffel)$=symbol$is$thus$metric. adj.$derived$from$g!"
7
Wednesday, February 29, 12
 Spacetime Curvature
The Curvature Tensor
h c

Just$like F n := D , Dn
igc
we$deOine a a
s :
s s s l
s s l

Rnr = D , D n r = d l n + Gnl Gr d l + Gl Gnr ,
= n Gsr Gsnr + Gsnl Glr Gsl Glnr .
Geometric$interpretation: Rnr s :

D ,

, Dn , Dn

D ,

8
Wednesday, February 29, 12
 Spacetime Curvature
Conditions & Contractions
DeOine Rn rs := Rnr l gls (no$such$thing$for$$!)
The$Riemann$tensor$satisOies$the$following$identities:
Rnr r = 0, (non=abelian) Tr[F n ] = 0
Rn rs = Rn rs , F n = F n
Rn rs = Rn sr ,
Rn rs = + Rrs n ,
#lnrs Rn rs = 0, 1st Bianchi identity
(7.42e)
kln
# D l Rn rs = 0. 2nd Bianchi identity (7.42f)
#kln D l F n = 0
The$Riemann$tensor$is$part$1st$derivative,$part$quadratic$in$
just$as$!$is$part$1st$derivative,$part$quadratic$in$
of$2nd$order$in$derivatives$of$the$metric,$g!",$&$homogeneous!
It$also$involves$g!",$which$is$very$non=linear$in$g!"!
9
Wednesday, February 29, 12
 contractions
then
Also, plays
for that
the
Yang-Mills can
role be
of
gaugeperformed
gls .fields The unitary
[ F ] b ,groups
there (such
is no as SU
way to )c SU(the
(3perform 2)w )con
h
ever, the
However, metric tensor
the metric transforms
tensor
T contact directly Tristan Hubsch, thubsch@howard.edu, with
tensor, and for them
there is under
transforms
nothing
n general
a under
analogous coordinate
general
to transformations
coordinate
definition (7.42a). transform as a
Thus,
ween one of the matrix indices
Spacetime Curvature
or
Tr [ F ] = a
[ F b
] aand = if0,one of special
for the tensor
semisimple indices
Lie groups, oraren.
type-
g (and
gauge
n 0, 2 ) tensor,
type-
groups
0, ( 0, and
2 )
there it
tensor,
are is not
n
no and clear
it
analogues is a not
n priori
a
of clear
relationsa priori
these if these
(7.42c)(7.42e). places
special are indeed
places si
any comments / suggestions / corrections; thank you! DRAFT

F
contractions that canisbe [performed
n
As theties. metric As the tensormetric Tr Fn ] (is0,
oftensor
type =of 2F)type
, this
n , (transformation
0, 2), this fortransformation
U(1)has factors,
the form has[+ thedefinit
form
Also, for Yang-Mills
Conditions & Contractions gauge fields a[F n ]a , there is no way to perform the
b
36] np. 336] Tr[F ] owing= [F nto ]a the 0, for
= facts semisimple Liebutgroups,
trivial:
gbetween The
F n one first equality
0, r of the matrix holds
n indices a or b and one ofnthe tensor that g = + g n indices
F n = o
Tr 0 forfor U(1) factors,
rFs ] = z F s,
ondthe follows from the fact [ that Tr
For$the$Yang=Mills$type$Oield$strength$tensor,
contractions z that can be performed
z z n [ Q a 6 = 0 only
]
n TU(1)0 factors.
gn (x ) = gn(gx rs )= (z ) sgrs (z )()s g() = P g Pg =(inP Tmatrix g P (in form),
matrix for
x x
x x for
trivial: The
The situation n
first isequality
however holds Tr [ Fowing
different n ] = to [ Fthe
then a] facts
Riemann
a = 0, thatfor tensor: = + gn but
gnsemisimple LieFgroups,
n =
ond g F 0,
h is follows
not
which from
is not the
a similarity n fact that
a transformation.
similarity Tr Tr [Q] a ]Thus,
transformation.
[ F =6= F0nonlyneither
, for the
Thus, Un(neither
) factors.
1for
characteristic
U ( the
1 ) polynomial,
characteristic
factors, po
Ricci tensor: n Rr := Rnr ,
norThe the
l1 ],eigenvalues
situationnor the is however of thedifferent
eigenvalues matrixof the $ are
gfor matrix
the invariants.
g are invariants.
Riemann The only The
tensor: invariantonly invathat
are trivial:Since$all$four$indices$in$R
The first equality holds!"# r owing $are$of$the$same$type,$we$can$deOine:
to rnrthe facts that gn = + gn but F n =
tructed
ot trivial, from
constructednor the
is metric
itsfrom
trace, thetensormetric is dtensor
= gn is gd ,=which gn g produces
rn , which no informatio
produces no i
second follows fromRicci the fact that Tr [ Q a ] 6=: 0 only for n U(1) factors.
possible singularities. tensor:
ible singularities. Rr = Rnr , invariant
The situation scalar is however
curvature: different for: the
R = gcurvature rRiemann
Rr also tensor:
r
g contains
= tensor Rnr n
. informatio
However, recall
However,
ot trivial, nor is its trace, that the
recall Riemann
that the curvature
Riemann tensor also contains i
(non)analyticity
any It$is$then$possible$to$deOine:
(non)analyticityof the
also useful to know that, following conclusion metric of the
Ricci tensor,
metric
tensor: and one
tensor,R only
and
: =
r 7.2, p. Rneeds
one
nr
n
344, towe
,only find
needs
have a wayto
that to
findtheextr
adif
w
mation
orm 12 in
information an
S !"#$invariant
in
scalaran fashion.
invariant
curvature:
,$the$pure$trace$part,$=$"# The
fashion. scalar RR(gThe
: curvature
=!# "$g
gscalar
r
R
g
r (7.45)
curvature
g
=
!$ "# g
).r is one
R nr .
n such
(7.45) is invari
one s
Riemannis not trivial,
the tensor
Riemann nor
has is
tensor
20 itsindependent
trace,
has 20 degrees ofdegrees
independent freedom s of [+ exercise
freedom n [+ 7.3.1],
sg R.thi
exercise
ER !"#$ : =
D , dx n
,$the$semi=traceless$part,$=$(g
dx D , i.e., S
![# "]$ [R ]g :S=
r"[#344, $]!dx
);$S :=R
dx
!" R
!"nr $ !"
also
isely 19 useful to
independent
precisely know that,
19 independent
following
invariants,invariants,
n conclusion
but an explicit 7.2,
but anlisting p.
explicit of we
such
listinghave that
invariants
of such the dif
rem
invar
o
ormhas 12 values C in
!"#$ ,$the$fully$traceless$part,$Weyl$(conformal$curvature)$tensor.
the algebra scalar of curvature:
the Lorentz group R : =
Spin g (
r
1, R3 )
r . = g r
R nr .
n
n problem open .problem However, there do exist
. However, there two do simple
exist two quadratic invariantsinvariants
simple quadratic
+

Also:
It 2is also useful R : = todx know D invariant
, dx
that,
n
D ,
following i.e.,
conclusion [R ] s :
7.2, =
p. dx
344,

dxwe
n invariant
R
have
s
nrRthats the
Definition (7.40)
2 shows that the n components
2 of the r Riemann
2 tensor nrrg ar
k :=k12
Rn2-form Rn kg := r ns
g RR r
nrsg g and
ns
Rrs k R andnr k :k=
s
Rnrk g:= gRnr
Rnr s s a nb rg
s a
g g sd gRabg nb d
g ,gs
oshasof thevalues second in the algebra
order of
(or arethe Lorentz group
quadratic in derivativesSpin(1, 3of ). the first order) of th
10
sor
uantum components
20 Quantum
theory
13 ,R but
theory
of gravity : =
is of
not dx
contains
gravity

D
a complete , dx
is also
n
D
athe
not theory, ,
n inverse
complete and this i.e.,
theory, metric [R
and this
analysis ] s :
tensor.
isrnot = dx
analysisR
without
sn
dx
is not is R
without
debate.
s
therefor
nrHowe de
Definition (7.40) shows that the components of the Riemann tensor R
Wednesday, February 29, 12
nr s ar
 Spacetime Curvature
The Einstein-Hilbert Action
For$the$Yang=Mills$case,$the$only$way$to$construct$a$Lagrangian$
density$quadratic$in$!!"$is$$ Tr[!!" !!"].
By$the$same$token,$consider:
Z p quadratic$in$R
g d4 x Rnr s gk gnl Rkls r .
Varying$w.r.t.$components$of$!$produces$a$2nd$order$PDE$for$!$
Varying$w.r.t.$components$of$g!"$produces$a$4th$order$PDE$for$g!"$
Unlike$with$Yang=Mills$!!",$we$now$do$have$R,$so:
3 Z p
c 4
g d x R,
16p GN linear$in$R
is$the$Einstein=Hilbert$action.
So$that$the$units$are$ML2/T,$where$[d4x]$=$4$and$[g!"]$=$0
Varying$w.r.t.$components$of$g!"$produces$a$2nd$order$PDE$for$g!".
11
Wednesday, February 29, 12
 MatterGravity Coupling
Covariantizing Lagrangians
Varying$the$Einstein=Hilbert$action$produces
1
Gn := Rn 2 gn R = 0.
This$is$the$2nd$order$PDE$of$motion$for$g!". Empty$spacetime!
R!"#$$and$R!"$and$R are$all$(very)$nonlinear$in$g!",$this$is$a$highly$
non=trivial,$nonlinear$PDE$system.
Coupling$everything$else$to$this$gauge=GCT$theory:
Z
S[fi (x)] =d4 x L (fi , ( fi ), ; x; Ca )
Zp h c3 i
! | g | d4 x R L (fi , (D fi ), ; x; Ca )
16pGN

any$and$all$non=metric/Christoffel$Oields

12
Wednesday, February 29, 12
 D gnr = 0 = D gnr .
MatterGravity
R
Coupling
:=

,

= d s
D Dn rs
s
+ G s
nr l n nl
Einstein Equations s s s sl s ls s s
Rnr = D , D n r = d lnnr+ Gnl Gnrr nl drl +lGG
s : = G s G + G G G
Varying$the$GCT=covariantized$action$w.r.t.$ g !" produces
= n Gsr Gsnr + Gsnl Glr Gsl Glnr .
Tr[F n ] = 0 F n = F n
1 8p GN
Einstein$equations: Rn 2 gn R =
Tr[F n ] = 0
Tn , kln
F n = c F n Gn
4 # := DRlnF n 21=gn
0
Gn := Rn Z 21 gn R = 0.
where 4 p
S[fi (x)] = 2cd dx( L (fgi ,L(M)fi ), ; x;
Energy=momentum:Z Tn := pZ
4
S[fi (x)] = d x L (fi , ( fi ), pg dg
; x; C4a )
nh
c3
! | g| d x R L
Zp
So,$the$presence$of$matter$curves$spacetime. h c3 16pGN
! | g | d4 x R nL (fi , r ; x;
(D fi ),ns
T00:$energy$density 16pGN T := g Trs g D
T0i =$Ti0:$linear$momentum$density
T n := gr Trs gns D T n = 0
Tik =$Tki (i k):$shear$stresses continuity
Tii (no$sum):$normal$stresses, equation
called$pressure$if$all$are$equal Noether$Thm.
13
Wednesday, February 29, 12
 MatterGravity Coupling
Two Oblique Parallels r
By$construction,
r
[A ] a b ! Gn , not$very$useful
[F n ]a b !! Rn r s because
[[ [[ all$indices$mix!
~E = (F0i ), ~B = (Fij ) Cn r s , En r s , Sn r s

While$(!0i)$and$(!ij)$indeed$are$irreducible$representations$of$
SO(0,3)GYM$(i.e.,$rotations$$gauge$group),
(0i)$and$(ij)$are$irreducible$representations$of$neither$SO(0,3)$
(rotations)$nor$SO(1,3)$(full$Lorentz$group).
Although$(! !)$and$(!!" !")$are$conceptually$analogous,$
this$analogy$has$technical$limitations.
Unh $

15
Wednesday, February 29, 12
 [A ] a !t Gt t
n , t
r r
[A[A]a[]Ab b b] b!! G! , r
! Gn ,Gns,
MatterGravity Coupling
n
[F na]a a Rn r
[F[n ]
F n
b b
a[F][ ] !
b ! R! nR r
s s
[ R s
an a n r n r
~
E
Two Oblique Parallels = ( F 0i )[, ~
B =
[ [ ij ( F ) [
[ R ]
[r [
0i
s , [R ] s
ij r
~E ~= (~F0i ), ~B ~= ([~Fij ) [ R ] s ,s [ Rs ] s s
[
E =E(F =0i()F, 0iB),=B(F =ij()Fij ) [0iR0i[]R
r ]
r 0i r, ij
[ R , r ]
[ R
ij r ij r ] s
On$the$other$hand [ [ [ Cn[ r[s , E[n r s , Sn r s
C s, E s, S s s
The$Einstein$equations
n
nC r C s ,
nE s
r , E s ,
n S
n r n r n r n rnor n r
s
r , S s
1 1 rs 8p GN
n n Rnn 2 gn R = 2 g ( r gns + n r gs ) +o. . o . 8p =
o G 4
Tn
Rn 1 1
g R1 = 1 1rs rs1 rs
g ( g + g ) + . . . = 8p c8p
NG
TN GN
R 2Rnngn gR
n =2 R g
= (gr (ns
remind$awfully$much$of$Gauss=Ampre$equations
n n rg
nsr g
+ n rn+
ns s
o
r g
n
s r)g +
s ). .
+ . . . .
= c =
4 T
n n Tn
2 2 2

2
n r 1 4p n
4
c c 4
n n ( n A ) h (
n r A
o o) =
o 1 4p je .
AA)(
(( hn (n n A r r
) = r 4pe
1 04p
1 j c
n 4p
.j n . j n .
)A )h n(hrn (rA
n r ) A =)
4pe = c c ec ee
4pe
0 4pe0 0
So,
je je ! ! Tn ,Tn , A A ! ! gn ,gn ,
both$are$Noether$currents both$are$most$basic$Oields
Just$as$every$4=current$produces$an$EM$Oield
&$every$EM$Oield$speciOies$the$4=current$it$needs$to$support$it,
so$are$the$energy=momentum$tensor$and$spacetime$curvature$
linked and$shalt$not$be$rendered$asunder.
16
Wednesday, February 29, 12
 MatterGravity Coupling
Two Oblique Parallels
To$summarize:

GCT
EM/YM
conceptually engineeringly

g!"

! ! g!"

!!" !" !

! ? T!"

17
Wednesday, February 29, 12
Wednesday, February 29, 12
 Special Solutions: Intro
A Quick Trick
Consider$the$Einstein$equations:
1 8p GN
Rn 2 gn R = 4
Tn ,
! c!
the$trace$of$which$equates
1 8pGN n 8pGN n
R 2 4R = g Tn
n , i.e., R= g Tn
c4 c 4
whereby$the$Einstein$equations$are$equivalent$to
This$is
8pGN h h 1
i tracele $not$$the
ss$part
Rn = 4
Tn 2 gn grs Trs energy
=mome $of$the
c c ntum$t
ensor!
So,
Rn = 0 () Tn = 0

Ricci=Olat$spacetimes$require/imply$no$material$support
Absence$of$matter$implies/requires$Ricci=Olat$spacetimes

19
Wednesday, February 29, 12
 Special Solutions: Intro
A Quick Trick
Why$is$Ricci=Olatness$so$important?
Well,$construct$R$:=$dx!dx"R!".$This$is$a$2=form.
Taken$modulo$total$derivatives,$this$deOines$the$1st$Chern$class.
Integrals$over$2=dimensional$submanifolds$X$are$invariants$of$
continuous$deformations$of$X,$within$the$spacetime
More$importantly,$RR = d4x %!"#$R!"R#$$is$a$4=form
and$may$be$integrated$over$the$whole$spacetime$manifold
and$is$a$topological$invariant$(1st$Chern$number,$C1)
of$the$whole$spacetime$manifold.
Ricci=Olatness$implies$that$C1(spacetime)$=$0.

Ill be back.
20
Wednesday, February 29, 12
 3.1 The Schwarzschild Solution
Special Solutions: Intro
he Schwarzschild Solution
nly a month after the publication of Einsteins theory of general relativity and g
month after
1915,Immaterial the publication
Karl Schwarzschild of Einsteins
published
(Ricci-flat) the theory
first and
Solutions ofbest generalknown relativity and gravitat
exact solution to th
Karl Schwarzschild
quations. Six years later, published the first and best
the mathematician knownDavid
George exact Birkhoff
solution to the Eins
proved a
ns.
hereby Six any Consider$empty$space.
years later, the symmetric
spherically mathematician solution George of theDavid Einstein Birkhoff proved
equations a theore
without ma
yust
anybespherically
stationary symmetric
and asymptotically
That$is,$space$with$no$matter. solution flat, of the i.e.,Einstein
the geometry
(immaterial) equations without
of the outermatter
region (7
of
stationary
ust be described and asymptotically
by the flat, i.e., the
Schwarzschild metricgeometry tensor of(see
the outer
Refs. region217,
[298, of spacet
79,
In$1915,$Karl$Schwatzschild,$while$at$the$Russian$front$as$a$
nd described
also [102, by the
475, Schwarzschild
101]), given metric
here in
German$soldier,$found$the$Oirst$and$best=known$Ricci=Olat$ tensor
spherical (see Refs.
coordinates: [298, 217, 79, 440, 1
[102, 475, 101]), given here in spherical coordinates:
solution$to$Einsteins$equations.
[ g ] = diag f (r ), He$died$within$a$year. 1
, r 2 , r2 sin2 ( q ) ,
n S f S (r2)

Schwarzschild:[ gn ] = diag f ( r ) , 1
, r 2 , r sin 2
(2q ) , 2
2 S f2 r 2 1 2 + sin2 ( q ) dj2 ,
arzschild: ds = f S ( r ) c Sdt +
( )
f ( r )
dr + r dq (7.6
S
ds2 = f S (r ) c2 dt2 + f 1(r) dr2 + r2 dq 2 + sin2 (q ) dj2 ,
S
here rS 2GN M
f S (r ) := r 1 , 2GrS =M 2 .
f S (r ) := 1
S
, r rS =
N
. c (7.6
s the metric But,$if$there$was$no$matter$to$begin$with,$whose$mass$is$M?
tensor (7.61) satisfiesr the Einstein equations c 2
with Tn = 0, it fo
metric tensor
e Schwarzschild (7.61) satisfies the Einstein empty equations
It$is$the$mass$of$the$singularitya$defect$in$spacetimeat$the$
solution describes spacetime,with in the = 0,that
Tnsense it follows
this is
2r
warzschild
eometry origin.
of spacetime in absenceempty of anyspacetime,
solutionEmpty$spacetime$can$have$mass,$even$classically!
describes matter. The in mass
the senseM2 :=that c
2G N
S this is a poss
that may be a
c rS
ye of spacetime
point-like objectin absence of anyof
at the origin matter. The21masssystem
the coordinate M := 2G thenN
that
does may
not be ascribe
represen
t-like
matter object
Wednesday, that
February
at the origin of the coordinate system then does not represent a par
29, 12 is placed there, but is a characteristic of spacetime itself [+ digre
 Special Solutions: Intro
Immaterial (Ricci-flat) Solutions
Singularity??
rS
[g ] = diag f S (r ), 1
, r 2 , r2 sin2 ( q ) , f S (r ) := 1 ,
n f S (r ) r
1
ds2 = rS$and$r
At$both$r f r= c20,$a$metric$component$blows$up.
dt2 dr r d 2 2 2

At$r = rS,$$fS(r) = 0,$the$dt2=term$vanishes$&$the$dr2=terms$blows$up.

At$r = 0,$$fS(r) = ,$the$dr2=term$vanishes$&$the$dt2=terms$blows$up.
But,$that$may$well$be$an$artifact$of$bad$coordinates!$Metric$
components$are$not$invariants;$they$form$a$type=(0,2)$tensor!
Indeed,$in$1933,$Georges$Lematre$realized$that$a$coordinate$
system$introduced$by$Arthur$Eddington$in$1924$proves$that$the$
r = rS$location$is$perfectly$uneventful.
In$turn,$the$Kretschmann$curvature$invariant$is K @$r = 0:
2 a#blo
s 2 48GN M 2 oey!
k Rnr k = , (a$technic
c4 r 6 al$term)
22
Wednesday, February 29, 12
 Special Solutions: Intro
Immaterial (Ricci-flat) Solutions
Unh$the$r = rS$location$is$perfectly$uneventful$is$a$bit$of$an$
understatement.
Actually,$something$does$happen$there:
r
2GN M
v1 = .
r
()
is$the$escape$speed$from$a$gravitational$source$of$mass$M.
s
c 2r r
2GN M 2
c rS 2GN 2GN S
rS
rS = 2
) M= ) v1 = =c
c 2GN r r
r
so$the$escape$speed$becomes$unattainable. Event$horizon.
Location$of$no4return.
Oh,$and$one$more$thing!$Within$the$event$horizon,
2 2 2 1
ds = + f S (r ) c dt dr2 + r2 dq 2 + sin2 (q ) dj2
| f S (r )|
the$physical$meaning$of$r$&$t$is$swapped.
23
Wednesday, February 29, 12
 Special Solutions: Intro
Immaterial (Ricci-flat) Solutions
When$discussing$Yang=Mills$(EM,$Strong,$Weak)$interactions,$we$
assumed$a$Olat,$1,3=like$spacetime.$Even$the$topologically$non=
trivial$solutions$do$not$change$the$spacetime. Its$an$arena.
In$general$relativity,$non=trivial$spacetimes$are$not$1,3=like.
In$so=modeling$gravity,$we$can$excise$portions$of$spacetime
though$that$may$render$the$spacetime$somehow$incomplete.
Spacetime$(non=)singularity$may$well$thus$be$a$subtle$issue.
Geodesically.complete;$reOine:$time=like,$null,$space=like.
Metrically.complete:$convergence$of$all$Cauchy$sequences.
B#complete:$if$every$C1=curve$of$Oinite$length$is$contained.
Curvature.invariants:$R!"#$$has$20$independent$DoFs;$no$known$list.
B=completeness$implies$geodesic$completeness,$and$coincides$
with$metric$completenessonly$for$g!" 0,$not$for$spacetime.
24
Wednesday, February 29, 12
 Thanks!

Tristan Hubsch
Department of Physics and Astronomy
Howard University, Washington DC
Prirodno-Matematiki Fakultet
Univerzitet u Novom Sadu

http://homepage.mac.com/thubsch/

Wednesday, February 29, 12