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ABSTRACT: It is widely accepted that soil investigation conducted in construction projects is limited. The scope of
soil investigation is dictated by budget allocation rather than the proper need of characterizing soil properties. The
budget allocated for soil investigation ranges from 0.1% to3% of the construction budget. Poor soil investigation can
result in foundation failure leading to construction delay or even structural damage with live loss. Otherwise, it can
cause over-design of foundation with consequence of high project cost. This paper investigated the effect of limited
soil investigation on the cost of foundation work in a building construction project. Case study was undertaken on the
project of Engineering Faculty New Campus in Gowa South Sulawesi Indonesia, located in the sedimentary deposit of
River Jeneberang. To characterize the soil properties of the Geology Building with the area of 200116 m 2, soil
investigations were conducted with limited amount, consisting of 4 CPTs and 2 SPTs. The limited site investigation
was found to increase additional cost of pile foundation, accounted for 21% of the total pile foundation cost.
Therefore, Geostatistical methods including Kriging and Inverse Distance were employed to estimate bearing stratum
of pile foundation with limited site investigation. The use of Geostatistical methods was found to reduce the additional
cost to be 7.14% and 6.21% for Kriging and Inverse Distance respectively. The addition of 3 CPTs into the existing
site investigation conducted was also found to reduce additional cost of pile foundation to be 4.93%. The results
suggested that sufficient amount of site investigation with the use of Geostatistical method could enhance the design
of pile foundation and reduce unpredicted cost of pile foundation during construction.
Keywords: Soil Variability, Pile Foundation, Limited Soil Investigation, Construction Cost.
S42
S45
B17
B18
GeologyB
GeologyA
S43
S44
Figure1.PlannedGeologyBuildingandDistributionsofCPTsandSPTBoreholes
estimated as the difference between planned and It is contours. Second is the addition of more 3 CPTs into the
It is shown by Figure 3, the difference between existing CPTs and SPTs to achieve more accurate
designed pile and driven pile is so significant. The estimated bearing stratum.
project must extend the length of pile driven. The piles
need extension is about 35% of the total piles. The Geostatistical Method
bearing stratum seems to be underestimated. It is around Kriging and Inverse Distance methods were
17% of the total piles, the pile had to be cut since the employed to estimate the contour of bearing stratum.
bearing stratum was overestimated. Only 48% of the Kriging (1951), is a geostatistical estimator used to
total piles were well estimated length. If the cost of pile estimate a value of a random field at empty soil data,
extension was quantified, in which the construction cost whereas inverse distance is multivariate interpolation for
of pile with 500 mm diameter is assumed to be 1.5 a known scattered set of soil data points. In this study, by
million rupiahs per meter, it was found that the extension using Kriging and later compared with Inverse Distance
of pile has led to additional cost, about 21% of the total Methods, we estimated bearing stratum depths at
budget allocated (Table 1). locations where CPTs and SPTs do not exist. It can be
seen in Figure 4 that the bearing stratum contours
Table 1. Estimated and Real Cost of Pile Foundations generated using Kriging Method is different than that
generated using Inverse Distance Method. Kriging
Configurations Estimated Real Cost Additional Method indicates one spot in the site with the depth over
of pile Cost (in million cost (in -12.5 m while Inverse Distance shows two spots with the
foundations (in million rupiahs) million depth over -12.5 m.
rupiahs) rupiahs)
45 10 m 675 828 153 1 2 .5
12
3612 m 648 756 108 S42 S45 1 1 .5
78 m 84 84 0 11
1 0 .5
86 m 72 126 54 10
S44 7 .5
7
6 .5
6
5 .5
1 2 .5
12
1 1 .5
11
1 0 .5
10
9 .5
9
8 .5
8
7 .5
7
6 .5
Figure3.DifferencebetweenPlannedPileLengthsand 6
PlantedPileLengths 5 .5
(a)
PROPOSED METHOD OF ENHANCING S45
S42 (b)
ESTIMATEDBEARINGSTRATUM
Figure 4. Bearing Stratum Contours drawn using (a)
In order to achieve a reliable estimation of bearing Kriging and (b) Inverse Distance Methods.
B17
stratum of pile foundation designed for Geology B18
Building, two techniques can be implemented. First is These contours were evaluated by comparing them
the use of Geostatistical method including Kriging and S43stratum contours generated using the
with the bearing
S44construction. The real
data of driven piles during the
Inverse Distance methods to draw bearing stratum
bearing stratum contour indicates two spots with depth
about -15 m lying at the center, northern side and
western side of the field (Figure 5). It was also
observed that the contour generated using Inverse
Distance shows more similarity to the real bearing
stratum. However, both Kriging and Inverse Distance
methods infer such lack of accurate estimation
particularly the maximum depth of bearing stratum. In
this case, either Kriging or Inverse Distance suggested
-12.5 m as maximum depth while the existing bearing
stratum suggested -15 m.
15
1 4 .5
14
1 3 .5
13
1 2 .5
12
1 1 .5
11
1 0 .5
10
9 .5
9
8 .5
8
7 .5
7
6 .5
6
(a)
(b)
Figure 5. Bearing Stratum Contour Generated based Figure 6. Comparison between Designed Pile
on Data of Driven Piles during the Construction. Lengths and Constructed Pile Lengths Generated by (a)
Kriging and (b) Inverse Distance
Figure 6 presents the comparison between planned Addition of more 3 CPTs
pile and planted pile using Kriging and Inverse Distance. Even though Geostatistical methods was performed,
Both Kriging and Inverse Distance are able to reduce the the gap between designed pile and constructed pile
gap between the planned (designed) and planted lengths was still found. Therefore, we added more 3
(constructed) pile. The Inverse Distance shows more CPTs and evaluated its effect on the estimation of
significant effect of reducing the gap compared to the bearing stratum under the Geology Building. In this
Kriging method. way, 3 CPTs were added to the existing 4 CPTs and 2
SPTs. The additional CPTs were located at the west and
south corners (SA-1, SA-2) and the centers (SA-3) of the
Building Geology A (Figure 7). SA-1 identifies the
bearing stratum at -9 m, while SA-2 indicates the bearing
stratum at -8.8 and SA-3 at -13 m. The additional CPTs
appears to enhance the contour of bearing stratum
(Figure 8). The contour becomes more similar to the real
bearing stratum contour. The additional CPTs also can
improve the designed pile lengths and its gap to the
constructed pile lengths lessen. As we can see in Figure
9, the gap between the designed and constructed pile
lengths becoming smaller.
Table 2 shows the effect of using geostatistical
method and additional SI on the discrepancy between
estimated cost and real cost. The additional CPTs was
found to improve the reliability of designed pile lengths
and estimated cost of the pile foundation. The project
just bears the additional cost, accounted for 4.93% of the
total project budget. On the other hand, the use of
Geostatistical method can reduce additional cost to be
SA3
SA1
SA2
7.14% and 6.21% for Kriging and Inverse Distance Additional 1,705.0 1,794 88.5 (4.93%)
respectively. CPTs
CONCLUSSIONS
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The authors would like to thank to the Project
Implemented Unit (PIU) of New Campus of Engineering
Faculty Hasanuddin University for sharing the data of
the project.
REFERENCES
Figure 8. Gap between Designed and Constructed
Pile Lengths due to the additional 3 CPTs. ASFE. (1996). Case Histories of Professional Liability
Losses: ASFE Case Histories, ASFE: Professional
Firms Practicing in the Geosciences, Maryland, USA.
Table 2. Estimated and Real Cost due the use of Institution of Civil Engineers. 1991. Inadequate site
Geostatistical Method and additional CPTs investigation, Thomas Telford, London.
Krige D G. (1951). "A Statistical Approach to Some
Estimated Real Cost Additional
Mine Valuations and Allied Problems at the
Cost (in million cost (in million
Witwatersrand," unpublished Master's Thesis,
(in million rupiahs) rupiahs)
University of Witwatersrand.
rupiahs)
Littlejohn, G. S., Cole, K. W., and Mellors, T. W. (1994).
"Without Site Investigation Ground is a Hazard."
Kriging 1,665.9 1,794 128.1 (7.14%)
Proceeding of Institution of Civil Engineers, 102.,
Inverse 1,682.55 1,794 111.45
pp.72-78.
Distance (6.21%)
Moh, Z.C. (2004). Site investigation and geotechnical
failures. International Conference on Structural and
Foundation Failures, Singapore.