CHAPTER 2

CHAPTER 2. LITRETURE REVIEW

There are number of research paper which has been study on metakaolin and nano silica
used in the concrete and change in the mechanical and durability properties are listed
below. This are the various papers who has been conduct the properties, design and use of
silica fume and metakaolin.
1) Name of Authors : Mohamed Amin
Title of Paper : Effect of using different types of Nano materials on mechanical
properties of high strength concrete
Name of journal: international journals of construction and building material available at
Dec. 2014.
He has studied about the effect of different Nano materials like the effect of addition of
Nano silica, Cu-Zn ferrite and Ni ferrite on the flexural strength , splitting tensile strength,
compressive strength of concrete. Nano-silica , was added in five percentages of 1%, 2%,
3%, 4% and 5% of weight of cement materials. It use two types of coarse aggregate and
the study The effect on the mechanical properties of concrete containing nanomaterials.
Results indicated that the optimum dose of nano-silica was 3% by weight and the
optimum dose of Ni ferrite and Cu-Zn ferrite was 2% by weight. The samples of
concrete-containing nano-silica gave better results from samples of concrete-
containing nano ferrite and the approximate rate of about 10%. Also, the samples of
concrete containing granite gave better results than similar-containing dolomite and the
approximate rate of about 10%. From this paper and say that the improving percentage of
compressive strength of concrete when nano silica and nano ferrite was added reaches 21%
and 17%, respectively with respect to the control mixes.
2). Name of Authors: megat johri, j.j.brooks
Title of Paper: Influence of supplementary cementitious materials engineering
properties of high strength concrete
Name of journal: International journals of construction and building materials available
on January 2011

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He has studied the properties of cementitious materials like silica fume, metakaoline,
ground granulated blast furnace slag etc. on high strength concrete. Workability,
compressive strength, elastic modulus, porosity and pore size distribution were assessed in
order to quantify the effects of the materials. The results show that The inclusion of The
different SCMs has considerable influence on The workability of HSC. Silica fume and
metakaolin significantly enhanced the strength of HSC. Fly ash reduced the early age
strength; however, it enhanced the long-term strength of The HSC. Likewise, ground
granulated blast-furnace slag impaired the early-age strength, but marginally improved the
long-term strength at low replacement.

3) Name of Authors: Horia Constantinescu, Oana Gherman

Title of Paper: Mechanical Properties of Hardened High Strength Concrete
Name of journal: journal of procidia technology available at oct 2016
He was studied that the properties of high strength of concrete. The behaviour and
properties of HSC are being studied around The world, but one of The advantages of
concrete, namely that it can be cast using local materials, when dealing with new
concretes can be a disadvantage, because research conducted elsewhere does not
necessarily apply to the materials available near The construction site. The studding in
this was cast using commercially available materials that require no special
investments to procure, Samples were cast according to current standard provisions and
teste at different ages in order to determine the mechanical propertie of the produced
concrete that are of interest to structural engineers and construction professionals. the
samples were cure in different conditions in order to study the influence this has on the
properties of The concrete. The research performed shows that while most of The
mechanical properties of HSC are similar to those of normal strength concrete and current
standard provisions can be successfully applied to its design, in the least, The effect of
inefficient use of material leading to unjustified consumption of resources, and in The
extreme lead to unforeseen behaviour of structures and structural elements. The failure
modes observed during testing mean that any structural designer using this material must
take special care to ensure that failure is warned.
4) Name of Authors: Ahmed Tafraoui
Title of Paper: Durability of the Ultra High Performances Concrete containing
metakaolin

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Name of journal: international journal of construction and building materials available on

Feb 2016
He has studied durability of concrete. The study shows that to determine the durability
performances of the ultra high Performances Concretes containing the silica
fumeinstead of metakaolin. high mechanical performances, reaching a resistance in
compression of 250 MPa, a resistance in Traction by inflection of 45 MPa and a
tensile direct strength of approximately 20 MPa . under a suitable heat treatment mode
by considering the results on durability, it appears that the study present excellent
properties according The penetration resistance to various aggressive agents thus, the
permeability to the air less. the diffusion of the chloride ions, which remain in same
range of measurement of 10-14m2/s associate to a weak water coefficient absorption
less than 0.5 kg/m.
5) Name of Authors: Martin Sedlmajer
Title of Paper: High performance concrete with Czech metakaolin
Experimentalanalysis of strength, toughness and durability characteristics
Name of journal: international journal of construction and building materials available on
Jan 2010
He has study analysis of strength, durability, and toughness of concrete. capability of
metakaolin as pozzolanic material to improve durability and mechnical properties of
concrete. If use as partial replacement of Portland cement is well, its utilization in building
industry was limited to date, mainly due to its high price dictated by the low production
amounts. however, with the current shortage of silica fume and high- quality slag in some
countries the attitude of concrete producers to metakaolin may change in the near
future.The result shows that the measurements of a wide set of properties of high
performance concrete containing 10% of czech metakaolin. as substitute of portland
cement confirm that metakaolin effectively serve as an alternative to silica fume and
ground granulate blast furnace slag in the countries where this is economically
inconvenient.
6) Name of Authors: Abid Nadeem, sazidal meman
Title of Paper: Mechanical performance, durability, qualitative and quantitative
analysis of microstructure of fly ash and Metakaolin
Name of journal: international journal of construction and building materials
available on sept 2012

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He has studied the qualitative and quantative analysis of fly ash and metakaoline. An
experimental investigation was carried out to evaluate the performance of Fly Ash and
Metakaolin mortar at elevate temperatures. variables of the test program include partial
replacement of cement with MK from 5% to 20% FA from 20% to 60% and temperatures
from 27 C to 800 C. The mechanical performance was assess fromcompressive
strength while the durability was assessed from chloride permeability. the charge pass in
mortar specimens increase with the increase in temperature. At normal temperature, all the
specimens allow less amount of charge pass. this is an indication of dense structure of
mortar specimens. MK specimen indicated lower values of charge passed than FA and
OPC specimens at normal temperature. Therefore, MK concrete can be regarded as less
permeable to fluid transport than FA and OPC concrete at normal temperature. at 200 C,
the increase in charge pass was from 2 to 5 times that of charge pass at 27 C while at 400
C, this increase range from 6 to 19 times that of charge passed at 27 C. The same ratios
fo r 600 C and 800C were 21104 and 24112 respectively. This shows that
between 400C and 600C there is a sharp increase in charge. Pass through
mortar specimens. Therefore, 400C can be regarde critical temperature from the
standpoint of durability.
7) Name of Authors: Dinakar, Pradosh K. Sahoo
Title of Paper: Effect of Metakaolin Content on the Properties of high Strength
Concrete
Name of journal: International Journal of Concrete Structures and Materials
This study presents the effect of incorporat metakaolin on the durability and
mechanical properties of high strength concrete for a water ratio of 0.3. the MK
mixtures with cement replacement of 5, 10 and 15 %were design mix for target strength.
From the results, it was observed that 10 % replacement level was the optimum level for
replacing MK of compressive strength. Beyond 10 %replacement levels The strength
was decreased but remained higher than the control mixture.
8) Name of Authors: Susheel S M , Sanjith J
Title of Paper: Effect of Nano Silica on Concrete
Name of journal: International Journal of Innovative Science, Engineering & Technology
In this study ordinary cement concrete mix with an some amount of nano silica Powder
and its show the increased hardend properties of concrete. Base on the experimental study,
the reason leads the shrinkage rate increase of nano silica powder cement concrete.
he conclude that 3.0% of nano silica is the optimum in the high strength concrete mixes

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like M60. The highest compressive strength with 3.0% of nano silica analyzed. Base on
result the compressive strength is increase.
9) Name of Authors: Hong-Sam Kim
Title of Paper: Strength properties and durability aspects of high strength concrete
using Korean metakaolin
Name of journal: Construction and Building Materials
He evaluate and compare the mechanical properties and durability of concrete using
metakaolin the following tests were conduct on concrete specimens using various
replacements of nano silica and metakaolin. mechanical tests such as compressive, tensile
and exural strength tests, durability tests like rapid chloride permeability test, immersion
test in acid solution is done on concrete. strength tests show that the most appropriate
strength was obtaine for a substitution rate of metakaolin to binder ranging between 10%
and 15%. It was observe that the resistance to chloride due nano silica and metakaolin
binders increased.
10) Name of Authors : Ioannis sifikas
Title of Paper : Durability of metakaolin Self-Compacting Concrete
Name of journal: Construction and Building Materials
The aim of this study is to evaluate The durability of Self-Compacting Concrete by adding
metakaolin . For the mixture preparation cement were replaced by metakaolin at different
proportion. The estimate properties were evaluated against a reference control mixture.
The incorporation of metakaolin improved durability of the concrete. He is also
concluded that the strength increasing.

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