Digitally signed by Ramanathan

DN: cn=Ramanathan, c=IN, o=Commercial Taxed

Ramanathan
Dept Staff Training Institute,, ou=Computer Lecturer,,
email=ctdsti@gmail.com
Location: Commercial Taxes Staff Training Institute,
Computer Lecturer,Ph:9442282076
Date: 2008.03.12 07:32:54 +05'30'

- 3
EPJ

3.1 EPJ
F
3.1.1. P
EP Q H. ,
, , I ,
GML
.
Q , , , ,
, A. J
A A. H GM
A. Q
A.
EPJ A.
, Q .
G . G
(CPU - Central Pro-
cessing Unit).

3.1.2. EPJ
EP
, ,
. k, Of ,
, G . GO
O .
3.1.3. EPJ
EP M
. EPJ
JP , F
J
58
 .
EP
.
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GM ,
.
GL PH, F,
.
, F
HK. -
k
Of

G
I L I H .

. H 3.1 MA

O
k f

3.1 EPJ

k
, G KI , E
PJ . M, ,
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59
Of
EP OJ , Q
J P Of . F
, P K Of
.
(CPU - Central Processing Unit)

E,

F

3.2

EPJ .
F E ,
(logical operations) F .
E ( ALU - Arithmetic Logic Unit)
. , E ,
AND, OR .

F, G k, O
f F, ,
L F .
(Control Unit) .
FO PL
H
F. HO (BUS)
. , I
QQ .
G
E , ,
G, EPJ GF
60
. EP M .
G, I G
GM . I GM
G . P H G
A A.
G (Secondary Storage) .
I F, M .
3.1.4 G
(John Von Neumann) K .
A :
n EH , G GF
.
n E A, GL
F .
n QK f
.
n G GF
FJ P .
3.2
3.2.1. F E
EPJ .
A.
n EPJ F F
A.
n E A.
YdM K F . -
n E (ALU- Arithmetic Logic Unit)
n (Control Unit)
n F (Register)
61
 E F, ,
E , AND, OR, <=
A. G
FL , F F
GF . A
F, M F FO .
e GF .
EPJ FO
A. GL
A. F
I H A.
F F A, GL E .

k Of

3.3 YdM E

62
3.2.2 YdM E
G, Yd A
.
G, , P
OJ. F
1. a F ( M N).
2. b F ( M N).
3. = a + b
4. J F FJ OJ
G F G .
1 . L G EPJ A.
E F F
A.
2. K A.
M HHA.
3. a FH M N
A.
4. GF, a K
F
HHA. G
A.
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b P A.
6. E .
, a, b F G F
O I H
HA. a, b F FO GA.
, M A.
7. F , M
F A. , ,
GF FH
63
 I A.
GF A.
8. , F G
MF HHA. G
F , F FJ H
A.
9. GL G,
G A.
F ,
3.4 A.

a K a F
b K b F
J K J F

k /
OJ
F
F

3.4 YdM

64
3.3. E -
EH E , N,
, ,
C Pf H, AND,
OR, NOT F .

,
E
bQ, HH
.
3.3.1. E
E ,
PH FO .
I ,
F ,
P N . P M M
F . , , Q
Q .
F G W
.
1. ( 5, 8 ) GF
O .
2. , O
, FO A.
3. ,
A.
4. M (13) GMF (memory buffer)
A.
5. M, GM
F F A

65
 3.5 E

3.3.2.
H , CP, K
, AND, OR, NOT F .
3.3.3 E M
, , AND
.
F (AREG), O F
(ACCUM - ) F .
K M e
A.

3.6 M E M.
66
 3.6 M E H
HA. E
I A.
FO , E
, (enable) I KMA.
HJ 1 H H, E
A.
3.4 G
GO . -
G (Random Access Memory - RAM) G
(Read Only Memory - ROM), G G (Pro-
grammable Read Only Memory - PROM), I N G
G (Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only
Memory - EEPROM).

3.7 G
G (RAM)
EPO G
. P , G F
A. , FL M
. I G, F
N M.
G (ROM)
F , CL F
. . I
F N. EP
67
 G
O A.
G G (PROM)
N G. F
. CL
F. Q
G .
N G G (EPROM)
CL, GA
N . ( ) O
NA. N G.
I N G G
(EEPROM)

N G. N
O J. I F N
M. N G. Hw G (flash
memory) . G
.
G G
F G.
K . MFJ
, O C
. P .
P .
K JL
K .
PH K J F
. ,
F .
GF , (write)
, FL , (Read) P
H. G
G A.
68
 EPJ G, ROM
G.

8 H F (Byte) . G
O .
EPO 4MB ( ) , K
EPO GB (A ) G A
. GF (access time)
C (cycle time) MO .
G
.
C .
G GO HK.
F M F. E
A .
A.
GJ w (cash) G.
F . , F
M . G M
F. Yd
G A.
GJ RAM
G.
C F G .
G G, N . C
N (I G). EP
H O A. E
, , G, O GFL
GF .
O GF I F. , M
I . GO F M
. , F, w, G, O
G KJ P M .
69
3.5 k, Of
E
PJ A . EP
J k, M OJ
Of A. P
.
3.5.1. k
, EP
A. EP k
. , EP K
MF H .
M
O F M
. F J M
. A , , O
G Pf, C
M . F M
vA Pf (ASCII) EP A.

3.8 M

L , AF Mouse
A. FJ
(cursor) A. J C
. J e . , .
70
 , I EP H
.
, e ,
J .
AO .
e .

3.9

(Scanner)
, O . e
AF EP
. F ,
, P C
(OCR - Optical Character Recognition software) .

3.10
71
 Pf (Bar Code Reader)
P (, M
) O J M
O F C.
Pf . , Q .
, O , M
EP . C O K
A. EO I
A

3.11 Pf,

, EP .
.
. EP F
.

3.12
72
F (Touch Sensitive Screen)
FJ H P P ,
M e M . F ,
EP .

3.13 F

(Magnetic Ink Character Recognition MICR)

3.14 C

C AO K A.
F A
, J C. F
, . IA.
.
73
O N (OCR - Optical Character Recognition)

3.15 O

C ,
J ,
ON .
C J. .
C O N K, PH H
C .
P M
K . A, I N
K . K
, P .
O N Pf (Optical Mark Recognition - OMR)

3.16
74
 C C O
C . P C
J G . , -
G EP K-
M. J C E -
F O . K M
FK FHA. NO F
.
O (Light Pen)
M F
. FJ e ,
O A, P.
O F. F
F. FJ
C.

3.17 O
(Magnetic Reader)
, .
(credit card), (ATM card),
(petro card) LP K M
.

3.18
75
 (Smart Card)
J C LJ
F . P . H
EP .
J, A F F A.

3.19

P (Notes Taker)
F , P F
A. P F
OJ. F, H (clip) F
J . FL EP .
, LP O,
K AA. FL P
Q . ,
I P A.

3.20 P
76
 C (Micro Phone)
L EP
. C,
P . M,
K
. I .
N
F G M. C
O C G .

3.21 C
3.5.2. Of
EPJL O OJ
EP . P
F, P A.
F (Monitor)
F M Of . C
F A. EP
F, C
.

3.22 F
77
 F F (Monochrome)
F P.
. A. FJ
O O ,
. O H (pixel - picture element) .
OO E 640 x 480, 800 x 600, 1024
x 768 MO . F
OO E. W
OO E. 4 : 3 MAF
. MA (aspect ratio)
. OO E F F
L K
P (printer)
(hard copy) ,
C EPJL
P. , P
. P HK
. (Inpact), (non-inpact) .
P

K d
O E
P P
P
P P
3.23 P

J, C H AF e
O .
. , AF M
78
(ribbon) . FL F
.
O E (Dot Matrix) J 14 8 C
H , , .
K PJ, F
K .
PO
J AF e O/
A.
M, C I F
CF K A.
F .
F.
,
.
O O C .
J, O, , ,
O, d A.
PO
, F.
.
O OF .
F .
O O C .
. F
A.
K P (Line Printer)
I M, F K C F
. , GIF 150 3,000 K
79
C. P . -
M C


F
, F , I O
F .

3.24 K P

O E P (Dot Matrix Printer)

C H O , ,
. I .
, ,
P F M . M
300 C.

3.25 O E P
80
 P (Thermal Printer)
O F I F
KA. C ,
, O O A. L
(Fax), E (calculator) P
A. K O, O
F. C O F C
A M. I

3.26 P

P (Laser Printer)
O,
. I CP O F
. F C.
, F O .
A 300 2,400 J O O
F .

3.27 P
81
d P (Inkjet Printer)
F J I C O O dC
A. I K J H
A. O AF e
A. (cyan),
(magenta), (yellow) G A.
G .
G Q HJ (catridge) .

3.28 d P

LA (Speaker)
L J, OJ
LA. JL Q
. Of, M G,
A, Q P A.

3.29 LA
82
M (Plotter)
i , P
O K
M .
3.5.3 (Storage Devices)
F , F F A F,
EP
. (backup storage)
.
, A , , Y (CD ROM)
. K , I
M I F P PF
.
(Hard Disk)
F O .
.
(track) .
HK (sector) HK.
F F . GIF 3,600
. , I A
() . L F
G. H F HKM
. .
.
? O (
), PH
. 0 ,
F 0 A.
, , O .
, ,
0, 1 A A.

83
 3.30 F HK

, PH F G CP
. H, , HK,
J . (Rotational Latency)
. K F
F. HK /
. HK
A MM .
. L
. O .
F QQ / .
C O O
F.

3.31 A
84
 M A.
O E x O E x
F HKO E x HKM
O E. A M .
, HK (for-
matting) .

(magnetic tape)
Hv M e
. P M 7 9 O
. K , M
. OJ
, 0 1
. 9 O , F O,
eF OO 0 ( 1)
J P. O
J HM.

3.32
F M K F .
F / .
F. W . ,
M M ,
. K (sequential)
A. F ,
K .
, A
. - Q . ,
I A.
85
A (floppy disk)

3.33 A

A L Hv O O
. .
, F G.
F .
HK HK.
C, ,
.
. GIF 360 .
8' F A, H 51/4' A, 31/2'
AM. 1.44 H (MB).
FF e e F
N M , .
J C F, A
C F . A
.
A


M L
O

86
 (Compact Disk)

3.34

Y (CD ROM) Compact Disk- Read Only Memory

. F A O
FL C .
F 0, 1 , , .
O . A
O A.
Y HK.
K - . F .
- F . E
P . F N
. J EPJ .
F N, F e .
F (650 MB, 700 MB), I
M P FK.

, A , GML
, C , EP
Q H.
EP
, .
k, Of, , G
O .
87
 G,

O .
k N, EP
A.
EPO, F, P

M Of.
Yd EPJ A.
F E , , G
(F) .
k, Of, G, E

F GA F

, , E

, E
.
GF G,

A. EP G J
A. P .
CP H . 0 1
F . Binary Digit FL .

, I A

G G G .
I k M
.
J .
F F M Of.
- , A ,
.

88
 JC
I. G.
1. EP ________
, ________
A.
2. ________ EP O
A.
3. Yd ________ .
4. ________ .
5. (RAM) ________ .
6. (ROM) ________ .
7. G A ________.
8. G ________ A.
9. GF F ________ , ________
PHA.
10. GF ________.
11. FJ ,
________.
12 . O ________.
13. FF ________.
14. FJ C O ________
A.
15. P ________, ________
HK.
II. W K .
1. .
2. M Of .
3. F k.
89
 4. G N G.
5. E .
6. F G G.
7. Pf k .
8. O k .
9. d P P.
10. Y Compact Disk - Read Only Memory
.
III. W M MO.
1. EP Q ?
2. EPJ A F ?
3. EPJ F ?
4. G J A ?
5. F A ?
6. GF ?
7. GF ,
M.
8. G ?
9. EPROM M EEPROM J C?
10. ROM A?
11. k ?
1 2 . k ?
13. Of ?
14. C Of .
15. ?
16. F C .
17. M E ?
90
 18. F E ?
19. F MK.
2 0 . (BUS) ?
IV W M MK MO.
1. F HK MK M.
2. YdM (CPU)
M.
3. G P .
4. C k/Of P .
V FE
1. W GL E
KF .
(i) a FH
(ii) b FH
(iii) c = a + b

(iv) c FH OJ.
2. k, Of, G,
EPJ H F, P
.

91