PE-05 整流器

Uncontrolled AC-DC Converters
DSP
Power Electronics IC Design & DSP Control Lab., NCTU, Taiwan
http://powerlab.cn.nctu.edu.tw/

2005412
DSP
Power Electronics IC Design & DSP Control Lab.
POWERLAB
NCTU
Filename: \PEMC-03\A01 ()\PE-05..ppt page 1
1. Introduction
2. Basic Rectifier Concepts
3. Single-Phase Diode Bridge Rectifiers
4. Voltage Doubler (Single-Phase) Rectifiers
5. Neutral Currents in 3-Phase, 4-Wire Systems
6. 3-Phase, Full-Bridge Rectifiers
7. Comparison of 1-Phase and 3-Phase Rectifiers
8. Inrush Current and Overvoltages at Turn-ON
9. Disadvantages of Uncontrolled Rectifiers
page 2
NCTU 2005 Power Electronics Course Notes 1

Power Electronics IC Design and DSP Control Lab., NCTU, Taiwan
Introduction
DSP
Power Electronics IC Design & DSP Control Lab.
page 3
Introduction
id
is
+
vs ~ vd

Line Frequency (50/60 Hz) Rectifier

Uncontrolled/Controlled Rectifier
Phase/PWM Controlled Rectifier
Harmonic Analysis of Rectifier (Low PF)
Voltage Ripple and Voltage Regulation
Inrush Current and Soft Start
Line Harmonics and EMI Filter
page 4

Classification of Rectifiers
Uncontrolled Rectifier
Phase-Controlled Rectifier
Single-Phase PFC AC/DC Converter
Single-Phase Single-Stage PFC AC/DC Converter
Single-Phase Bidirectional AC/DC Converter
PWM Synchronous Rectifier
Three-Phase PFC AC/DC Converter
Three-Phase Bidirectional AC/DC Converter
page 5
Basic Rectifier Concepts
~ ~
Pure resistive load Capacitive load
~ ~ ~
Inductive load Pure inductor load with Inductive load with

an internal voltage an internal voltage
Inductive load with diode

page 6

Analysis of Rectifier
Average Output Voltage

Output Ripple Voltage
Average Diode Current
Peak Diode Current
RMS Diode Current
Analysis Factors Diode Conduction Angle
Crest Factor
Form Factor
Ripple Factor
Power Factor
Line Voltage and Current THD
page 7
Half-Wave Rectifier with Pure Resistive Load
v diode i
+
+ + +
vs = 2Vs sin t v s ~ vd R v o

vs
(a)
2Vs
vs , vd
i
vd , i
0 t
v diode
v s , v diode
(b)
Basic rectifier with a load resistance.

page 8

Crest Factor, Form Factor, and Ripple Factor
The crest factor for the diode current (Id) is defined as:
I d ( peak )
Crest Factor =
I d (rms )
The form factor for the diode current (Id) is defined as:
I d (rms)
Form Factor =
I d (average)
The rms value of the harmonic components of the output voltage is defined as the
ripple voltage (Vr) and the ripple factor of the output voltage is defined as:
Vr
Ripple Factor =
Vo ( average)
page 9
Crest Factor and Form Factors of Typical Waveforms
F ( sqr ) AVG = A A F ( sqr )RMS = A

2
F (sin) AVG = A A
F (sin)RMS =
2
A
F (tri ) AVG = A
2 F (tri ) RMS =
3
Crest Factor Form Factor
Square wave 1 1
SIN wave 1.414 1.11
Triangular wave 1.732 1.15
A period sinusoidal waveform with amplitude of A, its half

period average value is 2A/ and RMS value is A / 2 .
page 10

Review of Triangular Functions
y
sin cos
R tan = , cot = ,
Ry cos sin
1 1
sec = , csc = .
cos sin

Rx x sin 2 + cos2 = 1
tan 2 + 1 = sec2
sin( ) = sin cos cos sin
cos( ) = cos cos m sin sin
tan tan
tan( ) =
Rx Ry R y sin 1 m tan tan
cos = , sin = , tan = =
R R Rx cos
Re j = R(cos + j sin )
page 11
Crest Factor of a Half-Wave Rectifier
2Vs
id = sin t
R
2Vs i
= sin 2 ft
R
=
2Vs
sin 120t
t
R
2Vs I d ( peak )
I d ( peak ) =
R Crest Factor = =2
I d (rms )
1 T 2 1 2 2
T 0
I d ( rms ) = i s dt = i d t
2 0 s
1 2 2Vs 1 2 2Vs
=
2 0
(
R
sin t )2 d t =
2
0
(
R
sin t ) 2 d t
Vs 1 2 V 1 1 cos 2 t
=
R
0
(sin t )2 d t =
R
0 2
d t
Vs 1 1 1 V 1 Vs 1
= sin 2 = s =
R 2 2 = 0 , R 2 R 2
Note: The crest factor of a full-wave rectified sinusoidal current is 1.414.

page 12

Form Factor of a Half-Wave Rectifier
2V s 2V s 2V s
id = sin t = sin 2 ft = sin 120 t
R R R
i
1 T 1 2
I d ( average ) =
T 0
is dt =
2 0 s
i d t
1 Vs
1 2Vs
I d ( rms) 2 R
2 0 R =
= sin td t Form Factor = =
I d ( average) 2 Vs 2

1 2Vs R
= ( cos ) =0 ,
2 R
1 2Vs 2 Vs
= 2=
2 R R
page 13
Ripple Factor of a Half-Wave Rectifier
v o = 2V s sin t = 2V s sin 2ft = 2Vs sin 120t
1 2
Vo (average ) = Vdc =
2 0
2V s sin td t =

Vs
( )
1/ 2
1 2 1
V o ( rms ) = 2V s sin t d t = Vs
2 0
2
1/ 2
2
[ ]
V r = Vo2( rms ) V dc2 = V dc

1 = 1 . 211Vdc
4
Vr
Ripple Factor = = 1.21
Vo ( average )
page 14

Crest Factor, Form Factor, and Ripple Factor of a Half-Wave

Rectifier
vdiode i
+
+ + + I d ( peak )
Crest Factor = =2
vs = 2Vs sin t vs ~ vd R vo I d ( rms )

v o = 2Vs sint = 2Vs sin 2ft = 2Vs sin120t 1 Vs

I d ( rms) 2 R
Form Factor = = =
I d ( average ) 2 Vs 2

t R

2V s 2V s 2V s
id = sin t = sin 2ft = sin 120 t
R R R
Vr
i Ripple Factor = = 1.21
Vo ( average )
t
page 15
Half-Wave Rectifier with Capacitive Load
sw vdiode vc When the switch SW is closed and the diode

+ + is conducting, then
+ + i
vR vC + v R = v o = v s = 2Vs sin t
vs ~ vo R

or
1 t
v s = 2Vs sin t C idt + v

0
C ( 0 ) + iR = 2V s sin t
The diode current can be decomposed as: i = iF + iN
Forced component Natural component

(steady-state response) (transient response)
t
2Vs 1
iF = sin( t + ) where = tan 1 i N = Ae RC
Z CR
1/ 2
1
2
Z = R 2 +
C
t
2Vs
i= sin( t + ) + Ae RC
Z
page 16

Waveform Analysis
Determination of A using initial condition: vs
If at t=0, the beginning of the first conducting 2Vs

cycle, v c(0) = 0 and i (0) = 0, then
0 0 2 t
0=
2Vs
sin(0 + ) + Ae RC

Z
ic
2Vs
A= sin
Z ic(max)
2Vs
t

i= sin( t + ) e sin
RC 0
Z 2 t

Charging of the capacitor: vc
2Vs
1 t
t

C 0
vC = idt = 2V s sin cos e RC
cos( t + )

0 2 t
At t= , the current comes to zero!
1 t

vC ( ) = 2V s sin =
C idt = 2V s sin cos e 2 fRC cos( + )

0
page 17
Half-Wave Rectifier with Inductive Load
vs
sw v diode vL i
t2 t3
+ +
+ + L + 2Vs
vR
vs ~ vo R vR
i
0 t
2
vd vo vs
vL i v diode i = 0
+ + Area A vL
+ L
+ + + +
vs ~ vd R vR vs ~ vd = 0 0 t
t1
Area B
0 t
Basic rectifier with an inductive load. v diode
When the switch SW is closed and the diode

is conducting, then
vo
vL + v R = v o = v s = 2Vs sin t
or t
di
L + iR = 2Vs sin t
dt
page 18

Waveform Analysis

2V s L
t
iF = sin(t ) where = tan 1 iN = Ae L/ R
Z R
[
Z = R 2 + ( L ) ]
2 1 2
t
2Vs
i= sin(t ) + Ae L / R
Z
Determination of A using initial condition:
0
2V s
If at t = 0, the beginning of the first conducting cycle, i (0)=0, then 0 = sin( 0 ) + Ae L / R
Z
2V s 2Vs
t

i= sin( t ) + e sin
L/ R
A= sin
Z Z
page 19
Determination of Extinction Angle
Inductive load L
= tan 1
R
100
Determination of the extinction angle :
90
At t = , the current comes to zero!
80
/
2V s
i( ) = sin( ) + e L/R
sin = 0 70
Z 60
50
/

sin( ) + e L /R
sin = 0 40
30
20
The extinction angle can be solved numerically
for given values of , L, and R. 10
Resistive load 0
180 200 240 280 320 360
versus page 20

Extinction Angle from Capacitive to Inductive
L
Inductive 90 = tan 1
R
80
sw v diode vL i 70
+ + 60
+ + L + 50
vs ~ vo R vR
40

30
20
Resistive 10
0 20 60 100 140
0
180 200 240 280 320 360

-20
-30
sw v diode vc
-40 + +
-50
+ + i
-60
vs ~ vo vR R
-70

-80
Capacitive 1
-90 = tan 1
CR
page 21
Average Output Current and Voltage
The instantaneous current can be expressed as: 2 Vs

Io = (1 cos )
di
L + iR = vs 2R
dt
vs L di Since the average voltage across the inductor is
i= zero, it follows:
R R dt
2Vs L di
= sint
R R d ( t ) 2 Vs
Vo = RI o = (1 cos )
2
The average current can be obtained by:
1
Io =
2 0
id (t ) 0
1 2Vs L di
=
2 0

R
sin t d (t )
R d (t )
1 2Vs
=
2 0 R
sint d (t )
page 22

Normalized Average Rectifier Current
2Vs
If we define a normalized current as: I N =
Z
then, the normalized value of the average rectifier current is:
2 Vs Z (1 cos ) Z
Io = (1 cos ) = I N (1 cos ) = I N
2R 2R 2 R
(1 cos ) R2 + (L )2
= IN
2 R2
(1 cos )
= IN 1 + tan 2
2
(1 cos ) 1 1 cos
= IN sec = I N
2 2 cos
Io 1 1 cos
I oN = =
I N 2 cos
page 23
Normalized RMS Rectifier Current
1
I rms =
2 0
i 2 d ( t )
1/ 2
1 2Vs L di
2

=
2
0

R
sin t d (t )
R d ( t )
V 1 cos 2 t
1/ 2
Vs 2 1/ 2

= sin t d (t ) = s d (t )

R 0
R 0 2
1/ 2 1/ 2
Vs 1
sin 2
1 2Vs 1 Z 1
=
R 2 2
=
Z 2R 2 sin 2
1/ 2
1 Z 1
= IN
2R 2 sin 2
The normalized value of the rms rectifier current is:

1/2 1/2
I rms 1 Z 1 1 1 1
I rms ( N ) = =
IN 2 R 2 sin 2 =
2 cos 2 sin 2
page 24

Normalized Curves for Irms(N) and Io(N)
1.4
1.2
1.0
0.8
Irms(N)
0.6
Io(N)
0.4
0.2
L
= tan R
1
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
1/2
2Vs 1 1 cos 1 1 1
IN = I o( N ) =
2 cos
I rms ( N ) =
2 cos 2 sin 2
Z
page 25
VoltsxSeconds Balance of the Inductor
vs t1 t2 t3
vs

2Vs vR
i
0 t
2
Area A
vL
0 t
Area B
t3 t1 t3
v L dt = 0 v L dt + v L dt = 0 Area A Area B = 0
0 0 t1
page 26

Peak Rectifier Current
I peak 2V s
t

i= sin(t ) + e sin
L/R
vs t1 t2 t3 Z
vs
di d 2V s
t

2Vs vR
| t = = sin( t ) + e
L / R sin
=0
d t d t Z
i
0 At t = , the differential of current comes to zero!
t
/
R L /R
Area A cos( ) e sin = 0
vL L
0 The extinction angle can be solved numerically

for given values of , L, and R.
t
The peak rectifier occurs at t1= :
Area B
2Vs
I peak = sin
R
page 27
RMS Output Voltage
vs The rms value of the output voltage is:

t2 t3
2Vs
vR
1
V o ( rms ) = v s d ( t )
2
i
0 t 2 0
2
vd vo
[ ]
vs 1/ 2
1
2V s sin t d ( t )
2
=
Area A v L
2 0
0 t
V 1/ 2
t1 = s sin 2 t d ( t )
0
Area B t 0
V s 1 cos 2 t
1/2
v diode
0
= d ( t )
2
vo Vs
1/ 2
1 1
=
2 2 sin 2
t
page 28

If the Load Becomes Pure Inductive
i 0 v
sw v diode vL
+ + 2Vs
+ + L +
vs ~ vo R vR
0 t
2
i
If L >> R, then the current is 2 2Vs

L
Io
2Vs
i= (1 cos t )
L t
0 2
2Vs
Io =
L
page 29
Load with an Internal DC Voltage
= t1 = t 3
v diode vL i vs
+ +
+ + L + vs
vs ~ Ed i Ed
vd
0 t
t1 t2 t3
Basic rectifier with an A

internal dc voltage.
vL B
0 t
0 t
v diode
page 30

Single-Phase Full-Wave Bridge Rectifier
Practical Diode-Bridge Rectifier

id iload
id
+
+
D1 D3
Ls Ls Rs
+
is Cd vd
+ is
vs ~ vs ~ Cd vd Rload

Model of the D4 D2
utility supply
The utility supply can be modeled as a sinusoidal source with its internal
impedance, which in practice is primarily inductive.
The output of the bridge rectifier is usually a bulky capacitor.
page 31
Full-Wave Bridge Rectifier
Idealized diode bridge rectifiers with negligible source inductance Ls = 0.

id id
P
P + +
D1 D3 D1 D3
+ + is
vs ~ is vd R vs ~ vd id

D4 D2 D4 D2
N N
(a) (b)
This represents the idea case for power factor correction!
This represents the rectifier be connected with a large inductor!

page 32

Another Thinking of the Full-Wave Rectifier
id
is
P +
D1 D3 + D1 P
vs ~
D3 +
+ id
vs ~ is vd R vd
id
D4
D4 D2 D2 N
N
A combination of two half-wave rectifier.
page 33
Waveforms in the Rectifiers
vs i if v s > 0
id is = d
is id if vs < 0
P + 0 t
D1 D3
+
vs is vd R v d (t) = vs
~

vd
D4 D2 id
N 0 t
t=0 Id (average current)
id vs
is
P + 0 t
D1 D3 Id
+ is
vs ~ vd id

vd
D4 D2 id=Id
N
0 t
t=0 page 34

Average Voltage
vd 2Vs
Vdo=0.9Vs
0 t
t=0
1
The average (Vdo) of the of the dc output voltage is: Vdo = 2Vs = 0.9Vs

1 T /2
V do =
(T / 2 ) o
2V s sin t dt
1 0 2
= ( 2V s cos t ) = 2V s
T /2 t/2
page 35
Harmonic Analysis of Square Line Current
vs = 2V s sin t
is1
I s1 = 1.273 I d
Is = Id
is
0 t
1=0
t=0
The line current has both odd-function symmetry, f(t) = -f(-t), and half-wave symmetry,
f(t) = -f(t + ), is said to be odd quad symmetric, and its Fourier series contain odd
harmonic of sine terms only.
f ( t ) = A0 + A1 sin t + A2 sin 2 t + A3 sin 3 t + L
B1 cos t + B2 cos 2 t + B3 cos 3 t + L

= A0 + ( An sin n t + Bn cos n t )
n=1
i s (t ) = A1 sin t + A3 sin 3t + A5 sin 5 t + L

page 36

Harmonic Spectrum of Square Line Current
2 T
An =
T f (t ) sin n t dt
0 1.0
1 2
I d sin n t d ( t ) + I d sin n t d ( t )
0
An =

I sn
=
Id
n
[
cos n t 0 + cos n t 2 ] I s1 1
3 1
5 1
I 1
= d [ (cos n cos 0 ) + (cos n 2 cos n ) ]
1 1
7
9
n 11 13
n
I d [2 cos 0 2 cos n ]
4 1 0
= 1 3 5 7 9 11 13
n
4 1 1 1 1
i ( t ) = I d (sin t + sin 3t + sin 5 t + sin 7t + cos9 t + L)
3 5 7 9
4 4 Id 0 for even values of n

I s1( peak ) = I d = 1.273I d I s1( rms ) = = 0.9 I d I sn =
2 I 1 /n for odd values of n
page 37
THD, DPF, and PF for Square Line Current
I
n =3, 5 ,..
2
sn
I 2 I s21
1(
4 1 2
2
)
1 0. 81
%(THD) = 100 = 100 rms = = = 48. 43%
I s1 I s1 4 1 0. 9
2

2 2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1 1
Id + + + + +L
4 3 5 7 9 11
%(THD) = 100 = 48. 43%

Id
4
THD = 48.43%
DPF = 1.0
I s1
PF = DPF = 0 .9
Is
page 38

Line Inductance Ls on Full-Wave Rectifier
vs = 2Vs sin t
+
D1 D3
is1
Ls I s1 = 1.273 I d
Is = Id
+ is is
vs ~ vd id 0 t

1=0
t=0
D4 D2

Single-Phase Rectifier with Ls waveforms without Ls
What is the effect of Ls on is ?
page 39
Effect of Ls on Current Commutation
vL D1 v s ,vd is
+
+ Ls is +
vd
vs ~ D2 vd id 0 t
vs
(a) (b)
(a) Basic circuit to illustrate current commutation. (b) Waveforms assume Ls = 0.
vL iD1 D1 v L= 0
+ + D1
+ Ls id + + Ls +
is=id
vs ~ D2 v d=0 id vs ~ D2 v d= v s id
is
iD2

(c) circuit during the commutation (d) circuit after the current commutation is completed
page 40

Calculation of the Commutation Interval
vd di s
vL = 2Vs sin t = Ls 0 < t < u
dt
v d=0
0 t
0 di s di
vL = 2Vs sin t = Ls = Ls s
Area Au vs dt d t
vL
2Vs sin t d (t ) = Ls di s
0 t
u Id
Id

0
2V s sin t d ( t ) = Ls di s = Ls I d
0
is
u
0 t Au = 2V s sin t d (t ) = 2Vs (1 cos u )
0 u 0
Au = 2V s (1 cos u ) = Ls I d
Current commutation time
Ls I d
cos u = 1
2Vs
page 41
Current Commutation of the Full-Wave Rectifier
+
D1 D3
Ls
A vs vd
is Au
vs +
vd id
0 t
B vs
D4 D2
Au vL
t
(a) Single-phase diode rectifier with Ls 0
Id is
+
D1 iu D3 0 t
-Id
vd=0
A + ~ B id 0 u
is vs
(c) Waveforms
D4 iu D2 id
2 L s
cos u = 1 Id
2Vs
(b) current commutation

The commutation interval has been doubled! page 42

Average Voltage Reduction by Ls
vs vd 1 2 2
Au
Vdo =
0
2V s sin t d ( t ) =

Vs = 0 .9V s
0 t
1
vs Vd =
u
2Vs sin t d ( t )
Au vL
1 1 u
0 t
Vd =
0
2V s sin t d ( t )
0
2Vs sin t d (t )
area Au 2L s
is Vd = 0 .9V s = 0 .9V s Id

0 t
= V do Vd
area Au 2 Ls
Voltage Reduction by Line Inductance Ls Vd = = Id

page 43
Constant DC-Side Voltage vd(t) = Vd
id This is an approximation of a large capacitor!

D1 D3
Ls |v s|
vd
+ is +
vs ~ vd

id Id
D4 D2
0
t
(a) Rectifier with a constant b p f + b
DC-side voltage
vL
Ls id
0 t
+ Area A
|v s| + vd Area B

(c) Waveforms
(b) Equivalent circuit
page 44

Average Value of the Rectifier Current
1. Calculation of b
Vd = 2V s sin b
2. Calculation of p : The inductor voltage starts at zero at b and becomes zero at p

prior to become negative. From voltage symmetry in the Fig. (c).
p = b
3. The diode current i d() (b< < f ): When the current is flowing, the inductor voltage
vL is given by
di d
v L = Ls = 2Vs sin(t ) Vd
dt

Ls di d = ( 2V s sin t V d ) d ( t ) > b
b b
1 f
Q id ( b ) = 0 i d ( ) =
Ls b
( 2V s sin t V d )d (t )
page 45
Average Value of the Rectifier Current
4. Calculation of f :
f
0 = ( 2V s sin t V d )d ( t )
b
Vd
cos b cos f = ( f b )
2V s
The extinction angle f can be solved numerically for given values of b , Vs, and Vd.
5. The average rectifier current Id

f
Id =
b
id ( ) d

page 46

Normalization of the Average Rectifier Current
D1 D3 id
Ls
Id
0.12 Vs + is +
I short current ( = ) vs ~ vd
Ls

0.10
0.08 D4 D2
0.06
Normalization base value:
0.04
Vd Vdo
0.02 2 2
Vdo = V s = 0 .9V s

0
1.20 1.25 1.30 1.35 1.40 1.45 1.50 1.55 1.60 I d Ishortcircuit
Vd 2
= 1.57 Vs
Vdo (= 0.9Vs ) 0.9 I short circuit =
L s
page 47
THD, DPF, and PF as Functions of Normalized Average Rectifier

Current
1.3
1.2
1.1 THDi
1.0 DPF
0.9
0.8 PF
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.12
Id
I shortcurrent
page 48

Normalized Vd and Crest Factor as Functions of Normalized

Average Rectifier Current
Vd
Ido (= 0.9Vs )
1.50 3.0
1.45 2.8
Vd/Vdo
1.40 2.6
1.35 2.4 Crest

Crest factor
factor
1.30 2.2
1.25 2.0
1.20 1.8
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.12
Id
I shortcurrent
page 49
Practical Diode Bridge Rectifiers
id
+ Ls Rs id
D1 D3
Ls Rs
+
+ is
vs ~ Cd vd Rload
|v s|
+ Cd vd Rload

D4 D2

(a) Practical diode-bridge rectifier with a filter (b) Equivalent circuit
page 50

Waveform Analysis When the Diode is Conducting
vd
is vs
is1
0 t
b p f
tb tp tf
I. When the diode is conducting: (b< < f ) di d Rs 1

dt Ls Ls id 1
dv = 1 + Ls v s
v s = R s id + Ls
di d
+ vd (using KVL) d
1 vd 0
dt C d C d Rload
dt
dv d v
id = C d + d (using KCL) Rs 1
dt Rload L 1
Ls b = Ls
A= s
1 1
0
C d C d Rload
page 51
Numerical Computation of x& ( t ) = Ax ( t ) + b u (t )
x& ( t ) = Ax ( t ) + b u ( t )
Using the trapezoidal rule of integration:
x (t ) = Mx (t t ) + N [ v s ( t ) v s ( t t ) ]
where
t t
M = I A I+ A
2 2
1
t t
N = I A b
2 2
Give an initial guess of tb and adjust it according to simulated results in the next half cycle!
page 52

Waveform Analysis When the Diode is Blocking
vd
is vs
is1
0 t
b p f
tb tp tf
II. When the diode is blocking: (f < < + b )
id = 0
tt f

dv d 1
= vd vd (t ) = vd (t f )e RloadCd
dt C d Rload
page 53
Example 5.1: MATLAB Simulation
Example 5.1
Simulate the following full-bridge rectifier using MATLAB with the following parameters: Vs =
120V at 60Hz, Ls = 1mH, Rs = 1m, Cd = 1000F, and Rload = 20. Assume the diode to be
ideal and choose a time step t = 25s.
id
Ls =1mH +
D1 D3
Rs =1m
+ is
v s = 120 2 sin 120 t ~ Cd vd Rload = 20

D4 D2

Cd = 1000F
page 54

Solution of Example 5.1
Solution
The MATLAB program listing is shown in the following next page, and the results with the
correct initial value of vd(tb) are shown in the following.
200
vd
150
100
|v s|
50
id
-50
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
tb tf T (ms)
T
2
page 55
MATLAB Program Listing for Example
% Signal- Phase, Diode- Rectifier Bridge %

clc, clg, clear time1=time(k);
% Data il1=0;
Ls=1e-3; Rs=0.001; Cd=1000e-6; Rload=20; deltat=25e-6; vc1=vc(k);
freq=60; thalf=1/(2*freq); ampl=170; w =2*pi*freq; %
% Matrix A, see Eq. 5-45, vector b, see Eq. 5-46 while vc(k) > ampl*abs(sin(W*time(k)))
A=[-Rs/Ls -1/Ls; 1/Cd -1/(Cd*Rload)]; k=k+1
b=[1/Ls; 0]; time(k)=time(k-1)+deltat;
% vc(k)=ycl*exp(-(time(k)-time1)/(cd*rload)); % see Eq. 5-51
M=inv(eye(2)-deltat/2*A)*(eye(2)+delta/2*A); % see Eq. 5-48 vs(k)=ampl*(sin(W*time(k)));
N=deltat/2 * inv (eye(2) - deltat/2 * A) * b; % see Eq. 5-48 il(k)=0
% end
for alf a0=55:0.5:75 if (abs (time(k)-thalf-time(1)) <= 2*deltat), break, end
alfa0 end
% Initial Conditions polt (time(1:k), il(1:k), time(1:k), vs(1:k), time(1:k), vc(1:k))
vc0=ampl*sin (alfa0*pi/180);
il 0=0;k=1; time(1)=alfa0/(360*freq);
il(1)=il0;vc(1)=vc0; vs(1)=vc0;
x=[il(1) vc(1)];
%
while il(k) >= 0
k=k+1
time(k)=time(k-1)+deltat;
y=M*x + N*(ampl*sin(W*time(k))+ampl*sin(W*time(k-1))); % see Eq. 5-47
il(k)=y(1);
vc(k)=y(2)
vs(k)=ampl*sin(W*time( k));
x=y
end page 56

Example 5.2: PSPICE Simulation
Example 5.2
Simulate the following circuit using PSPICE with parameter values: Vs = 120V at 60Hz, Ls =
1mH, Rs = 1m, Cd = 1000F, and Rload = 20. Perform a Fourier analysis on the input
current and the output DC voltage.
id
Ls =1mH +
D1 D3
Rs =1m
+ is

D4 D2

Cd = 1000F
page 57
Solution
The PSpice network with node numbers and the input data file is shown in the following page.
The results are plotted as the following, where is1 (the fundamental-frequency component of
the input current is) has an rms value of 10.86 A that lags vs by an angle 1 = 10. The harmonic
components in the line current are listed in the Pspice output file in the shown next slide. Also
from the output listing, the average values are Vd = 158.45 V and Id = 7.93 A.
vd
is vs
is1
0 t
1 = 10
page 58

Line-Current Distortion
idis is
Is,peak
is1 is3
t
0
page 59
PSPICE Input Circuit File for Example 5.2
id iload
* Signal- Phase, Diode-Bridge Rectifier 4 5
LS 1 2 1mH
RS 2 3 1m rdc =1 +
* XD1 XD3
rdc 4 5 1u 1 Ls 2 Rs
RLOAD 5 6 20.0 3
CD 5 6 1000uF IC=160V + is
* vs ~ Cd vd Rload
XD1
XD3
3
0
4
4
DIODE_WITH_SNUB
DIODE_WITH_SNUB

XD2 6 0 DIODE_WITH_SNUB 0
XD4 6 3 DIODE_WITH_SNUB
XD4 XD2
*
VS 1 0 SIN(0 170V 60.0 0 0 0 0)

* 6
.TRAN 50us 50ms 0s 50us UIC
.PROBE (a) PSpice input circuit
.FOUR 60.0 v(1) i(LS) i(rdc) v(5,6)
.SUBCKT DIODE_WITH_SNUB 101 102

*Pow er Electronics: Simulation, Analysis Education..by N. Mohan. 101 102
DX 101 102 POWER_DIODE
RSNUB 102 103 1000.0
CSNUB 103 101 0.1uF
.MODEL POWER_DOIDE D(RS=0.01, CJ0=100pF)
.ENDS 0.1F 1k
103
.END
(b) Subcircuit diode_with_snub

page 60

PSPICE Output File of Example 5.2
FOURIER COMPONENTS OF TRANSIENT RESPONSE V(1)

HARMONIC FREQUENCY FOURIER NORMALIZED PHASE NORMALIZED
NO (Hz) COMPONENT COMPONENT (DEG) PHASE (DEG)
1 6.000E+01 1.700E+02 1.000E+00 -1.266E-04 0.000E+00
FOURIER COMPONENTS OF TRANSIENT RESPONSE I(LS)

HARMONIC FREQUENCY FOURIER NORMALIZED PHASE NORMALIZED
NO (Hz) COMPONENT COMPONENT (DEG) PHASE (DEG)
1 6.000E+01 1.536E+01 1.000E+00 -1.003E+01 0.000E+00

2 1.200E+02 6.405E-02 4.171E-03 -9.138E+01 -8.135E+01
3 1.800E+02 1.174E+01 7.648E-01 1.489E+02 1.589E+02
4 2.400E+02 4.198E-02 2.734E-03 8.531E+01 9.534E+01
5 3.000E+02 6.487E+00 4.224E-01 -5.632E+01 -4.629E+01
6 3.600E+02 1.585E-02 1.032E-03 -1.028E+02 -9.275E+01
7 4.200E+02 2.207E+00 1.438E+01 8.025E+01 9.055E+01
8 4.800E+02 2.778E-03 1.809E-04 -8.191E+01 -7.187E+01
9 5.400E+02 1.032E+00 6.724E-02 1.535E+02 1.636E+02
TOTAL HARMONIC DISTORTION = 8.879830E+01 PERCENT

FOURIER COMPONENTS OF TRANSIENT RESPONSE I(rdc)
DC COMPONENT = 7.931217E+00
FOURIER COMPONENTS OF TRANSIENT RESPONSE V(5, 6)

DC COMPONENT = 1.584512E+02
page 61
Example 5.3
Example 5.3
Calculate THDi and the crest factor in the input current, the DPF, the PF, the average output
voltage Vd, and Id/Ishort circuit.
id
Ls =1mH +
D1 D3
Rs =1m
+ is

D4 D2

Cd = 1000F
page 62

Solution
Based on the Fourier analysis using PSpice, THDi= 88.8%.

Is1=10.86A.
Is = 14.52 A.
Is,peak = 34.7 A.
Crest factor = Is,peak / Is = 34.7/14.52 =2.39.
Since 1 = -10 by the Fourier analysis, DPF = cos(1)=0.985 (lagging).
PF = (Is1/ Is) cos(1) = (10.86/14.52) 0.985 = 0.74.
Id =7.93 A
Ishort circuit = 318.3 A.
Id/Ishort circuit = 0.025.
The average output voltage Vd = 158.45 V (Vd/Vdo = 1.467).
page 63
Example 5.4
Example 5.4
In example 5.3, Id/Ishort circuit = 0.025, For the same value of Id/Ishort circuit , assuming Cpu,
calculate THDi, DPF, PF, the crest factor, and Vd (nomalized). Compare the results with those
in Example 5-3.
page 64

Solution
Vd Crest
I do (= 0.9Vs ) factor
1.3
1.50 3.0
1.2
THDi Vd/Vdo
1.1 1.45 2.8
1.0
0.935 DPF 1.40 2.6
0.9 1.384
Crest 2.4
79% 0.8 PF 1.35 factor
2.25
0.73 0.7
1.30 2.2
0.6
0.5
1.25 2.0
0.4 1.20 1.8
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10 0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.12
Id Id
Ishortcurrent I shortcurrent
Id/Ishort circuit = 0.025 Id/Ishort circuit = 0.025

page 65
THDi = 79%
crest factor = 2.25
DPF = 0.935
PF = 0.735
Vd/Vdo = 1.384.
Before comparing with the results in Example 3, we should note that the power in these two
cases is not the same, since a finite value of the filter capacitance in Example 5-3 results in
a higher value of Vd and hence a higher power.
In spite of this difference, the results are close, and the normalized diagram of Fig. 5-18 and
5-19 can be used for approximate calculations.
page 66

Line Voltage Distortion
Distorted currents drawn by loads such as the diode

bridge rectifiers can result in distortion in the utility
voltage waveform.
Line Current Distortion Line Voltage Distortion
page 67
Line Voltage Distortion by Distorted Line Current
inductance diode resistance

internal impedance of id
the utility source
Ls 1 Ls 2
+
Rs
+ +
vs ~ vPCC is vd
Cd Rload

vs is sinusoidal
Other equipment
Line-voltage notching and distortion.
The voltage across other equipment at the point of common coupling (PCC) is:
di
v PCC = v s L s1 s
dt
page 68

Line Voltage Distortion at the Common Coupling Point
Expressing the is in terms of its fundamental and harmonic components yields:
di s di
v PCC = ( v s Ls 1 ) Ls 1 sn
dt n 1 dt
di s 1
( v PCC )1 = v s Ls 1 di sn
dt ( v PCC ) dis = Ls 1
n 1 dt
Fundamental component
Voltage distortion due to current harmonics.
page 69
Example 5.5: Line Voltage Distortion
Example 5.5
Using the parameters values: Vs = 120V at 60Hz, Ls = 1mH, Rs = 1m, Cd = 1000F, and Rload
= 20 and splitting Ls, for example, such that Ls1= Ls2 = 0.5mH, obtain the voltage waveform
at the point of common coupling in the following circuit.
id
Ls1 Ls2 Rs +
+ +
vs ~ vPCC is Cd vd Rload

Other
equipment
page 70

Solution
The Pspice simulation results of the voltage and the current waveforms are shown in the
following.
The total harmonic distortion THDv in the voltage at the point of common coupling is
computed to be approximately 5.7%
Distorted Line Voltage
is
vPCC
0
t
page 71
Voltage Doubler (Single-Phase) Rectifiers
+ +
230-V
position C1
D1
vd
D2 115-V +
position
115V/230V C2
ac input
Voltage-doubler rectifier.
page 72

Voltage Ripple of a Full-Wave Rectifier
Vmin
id =
Vmax
D1 D3
is +
Eo Vmax
cos 1
2
C vd Vmin RC =
1
~ R
ln
1 2f

t
D4 D2 -T/4 0 T/4 T/2 3T/4 T
Half-wave Rectifier
t t x = = 2 f
x
Eo
Vmin = Vmax e RC
cos 1
1
Vmax RC =
1
Vmin = Vmax cos2ft x Vmin ln
1 2f

t
-T/4 0 T/4 T/2 3T/4 T
Full-wave Rectifier
page 73
Ripple Voltage and RC Time Constant
RC
50Hz
60Hz
50Hz
0.06775 60Hz
Half-wave Rectifier
Full-wave Rectifier
1
0.1 0.5 0.9
page 74

Em 1 2
E rms = Em E mv = Em
2 2 2
2
Em
Erms = Em Emv = Em 1
T

Em
2 2 T
Erms = Em Emv = Em
T T 2
T
page 75

VDC VDC = Em
VAC T
IAC Em
IDC R Em
I DC =
T T R
IDC V AC =
2
Em 2
T VDC = Em
VAC VDC T
IAC
Em
2 Em
I AC =
R T R
I DC =
2 E m

T =
T
I T R
2 DC
2 2
VDC V AC = Em
T VDC = Em
VAC Em T
IDC
R Em
I AC =
V T T R
I DC =
2 E m

AC =
T I DC
T R
2

page 76

Three-Phase, Four-Wire Systems
ia
208V
ic
a
c Single-phase
~ ~ 120V rectifier system
n
in
~
ib
Three-Phase, Four-Wire System
page 77
Impact of Nonlinear Loads on the Neutral Current
For the three-phase, four-wire system, assuming a balanced three-phase utility supply
and identical single-phase diode rectifier, its phase current can be expressed as:

ia = ia 1 + i ah
= 2 I s1 sin( 1t 1 ) + 2 I sh sin( h t h )
h = 2 k +1 h = 2 k +1

ib = 2 I s1 sin( 1t 1 120 ) + 2 I sh sin( h t h 120 h )
h = 2 k +1

ic = 2 I s1 sin( 1t 1 240 ) + 2 I sh sin( h t h 240 h )
h = 2 k +1
The neutral current i n is: in = ia + ib + ic
The addition of all the nontriplen harmonics and the fundamental frequency components are
zero!
Therefore, the neutral current is: in = 3 2 I sh sin( h t h )
h= 3( 2 k 1)
page 78

Neutral Current is Dominated by Third Harmonics
The rms value of the neutral current is:

I n = 3( I 2 1/ 2
sh
h = 3( 2 k 1)
) = 3 I s23 + I s29 + I s215 + L
The neutral current is dominated by its third harmonics:
I n 3 I s3
In a three-phase, four-wire system, if all single-phase rectifier loads are identical and each
line current flows less than 60 during each half-cycle of the line-to-line voltage, then the
rms value of the neutral current is:
I n = 3I line
page 79
Example 5.6: Neutral Current
Example 5.6
Assume that each nonlinear load in Fig. (a) can be represented by the signal-phase load of Fig.
(b). Obtain the neutral-wire current waveform and its rms value for the same per-phase voltage
and the ac-side impedance as in Example 5-1.
ia id
Ls =1mH +
208V i
Single-phase D1 D3
c rectifier system Rs =1m
a
c
120V + is Cd
~ ~ ~ vd Rload = 20
n
in
~ vs = 120 2 sin 120 t
D4 D2
ib
b Cd = 1000F
(a) Three-phase, four-wire system (b) single-phase, full-wave rectifier
page 80

Solution
Using PSpice, the neutral-wire current is plotted as below and its rms value is calculated to be
approximately 25A. It is almost 3 as large as the line current of 14.52 (rms).
va
in
0 t
Neutral-wire current in .
page 81
Three-Phase, Full-Bridge Rectifiers
id
Ls D1 D3 D5 +
+ a
~
ia
n + b Cd vd Rload
~
+ c
~
D4 D6 D2
page 82

Three-Phase Rectifier with a Constant DC Current
D1
P
ia id
ia + D3
D1 D3 D5

~+ a ~+ a + +
D5 v Pn
~ +
n ~ + b vd Id n b n vd
D2 +
~ + ~ +
c c v Nn
D4 D6 D2 D6
N
id
D4
Id when diode 1 is conducting

ia = -Id when diode 4 is conducting
0 when neither diode 1 or 4 is conducting
page 83
Commutation and Waveforms
t = 0 v Pn
v an v bn v cn
(a) 0 t
vd = vab = 2V LL cos t
2vLL 1 1
< t <
/6
v Nn v d = vPn v Nn
A= 2V LL cos t d (t ) 6 6
/ 6
Vd0
= 2V LL Area A
(b) Vd0
0 0 t
6 6
1 /6 ia
/ 3 / 6
Vd 0 = 2V LL cos t d ( t )
120 D4 D4
3 0
D1 D1 t
= 2V LL 60 120

= 1 .35V LL
ib
D6 D6
(c) 0
D3 t
D3
ic
D2 D2
0 D D5 D5 t
5
page 84

RMS of Line Current Harmonics
vs
is1
Id
is
0 t
5
6 6
Line current in a three-phase rectifier in the idealized case with Ls = 0 and a constant dc current.
2
The rms value of the line current is is: Is = D Id = I d = 0 .816 I d
3
4 4 3
The amplitude of the fundamental component i s1 is: Is1 = I d sin D 2 = 2 I d = 1 .103 I d
Is 1 6
The rms of the fundamental component i s1 is: I s1 = = I d = 0.78 I d
2
page 85
Power Factor
1.0
The harmonic current Isn can be expressed as:
I s1 I sh
I sn = I s1
n
1
where n = 5, 7, 11, 13, ... 1
5
7 1 1
11 13

0 h
1 5 7 11 13
Power Factor
Since i s1 is in phase with its utility phase voltage, therefore: DPF=1.0
I s1 3
PF = DPF = = 0.955
Is
The three-phase rectifier has a higher power factor than the single-phase one!
page 86

Effect of Line Inductance on Current Commutation
The current commutation will not be instantaneous when there is a line inductance!
id
Ls D1 D3 D5 +
a
~ +
b ia
n ~ + vd Id
~ + c
D4 D6 D2
Three-phase rectifier with a finite Ls and a constant dc current.
page 87
Current Commutation Process
ia= iu
v comm = van v cn u ic= id + iu
ic ia
a + v La 1 Id Id

~+ Ls
+
v comm id P 0 t
0 u
c 5 (b)
n ~ +c +
+ v Lc ic v Pn
vd id =Id v cn v an v bn
Id
+ b Area Au
~
Ls id 6 N
0 t
u
0 u
Au
(a)
v Nn
(c)
page 88

Waveform Analysis
di a di
v La = L s = Ls u
dt dt
vcn vPn van di a di

v Lc = L s = Ls u
dt dt
Area Au di u
v comm = v an v cn = v La v Lc = 2 Ls
dt
u di u v an v cn
t Ls =
dt 2
Id u v an v cn
Ls di u = d ( t )
0 0 2
v an v cn = 2VLL sin t
Id 2V LL (1 cos u )
Ls di u = Ls I d =
0 2
page 89
Reduction of Average Voltage
2 Ls I d
cos u = 1
2V LL
di u v an + vcn
v Pn = L s =
dt 2
Au = Ls I d
Ls I d 3
Vd = = Ls I d
/3
3
V d = V do Vd = 1.35V LL Ls I d

Vdo is the average voltage with an instantaneous commutation due to Ls = 0.

page 90

Three-Phase Rectifier with Constant DC-Side Voltage
P id
ia
+ Ls
+ a P
~
b Ls + DP +
n ~ + v d v in ~ vd
Ls DN
c
~ + N

N (b)
(a)
v ab v ac v in vd
v an
ia
0 t
(c)
(a) Three-phase rectifier with a finite Ls and constant dc voltage. (b) Equivalent circuit. (c) Waveforms.
page 91
THD, PDF, and PF
DPF
1.0
Normalization base value:
1.9 PF
1.8 Vd Vdo
0.7 3 2
Vdo = VLL = 1. 35VLL
0.6
THDi
0.5 I d Ishort circuit
0.4 VLL / 3
I short circuit =
0.3 1L s
0.2 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10
0
Id
I short current
Total harmonic distortion, DPF, and PF for a three-phase rectifier with an input line
inductance and a constant dc voltage.
page 92

Normalized Vd and Crest Factor
1.005 2.1
1.000
2.0
0.995
0.990 1.9
Vd /Vdo
Vd 0.985
1.8
0.980 CF
Vdo 1.7
0.975
CF
0.970 1.6
0.965
0.960 1.5
0.955 1.4
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10
Id
I short current
Normalized Vd and crest factor for a three-phase rectifier with an input line inductance
and a constant dc voltage.
page 93
Example 5.7: Practical 3-Phase Diode Bridge Rectifier
Example 5.7
The three-phase diode rectifier circuit of the following is supplying approximately 2.2 kW
load with VLL = 208 V at 60 Hz, Ls = 1mH, and Cd = 1100 F. The load can be represented
by an equivalent resistance of 35.0 . Obtain the circuit waveforms by means of PSpice
simulation.
id
Ls D1 D3 D5 +
+ a
~
ia
n
+ b Cd vd Rload
~
+ c
~
D4 D6 D2
page 94

Solution
The PSpice network with node numbers and the input data file are shown in the
following slides. The voltage and current waveforms are shown as following.
v an
ia
v bc v ba v ca v cb
vd
v ac
id
0 t
page 95
Waveform Analysis
The average DC voltage is 278.0 V.

The peak-to-peak voltage ripple is 4.2 V.
The percentage of average DC voltage is 1.5%.
The input current has a THD of 54.9%.
Th DPF is 0.97 (leading)
The PF is 0.85.
The average dc current is 7.94 A.
page 96

PSPICE Input Circuit of Example 5.7
id iload
4 6
Ld 5 Rd
XD5
+
XD1 XD3
Ls 11
Rs
1
12
is
Cd vd Rload
2 21
22
+

3 31
32
+

+ XD4 XD6 XD2

0 7
page 97
PSPICE Input Circuit File for Example 5.7
* Three-Phase, Diode-Bridge Rectifier

LSA 1 11 1mH
LSB 2 21 1mH
LSC 3 31 1mH
RSA 11 12 1m
RSB 21 22 1m
RSC 31 32 1m
*
LD 4 5 1uH
RD 5 6 1u
RLOAD 6 7 35.0
CD 6 7 1100uF IC=276V
*
*
VSA 1 0 SIN(0 170 60.0 0 0 0)
VSB 2 0 SIN(0 170 60.0 0 0 0 -120)
VSC 3 0 SIN(0 170 60.0 0 0 0 -240)
*
.TRAN 50us 100ms 0s 50us UIC
.PROBE
.FOUR 60.0 I(LSA) v (6, 7) i(LD)
.SUBCKT DIODE_WITH_SNUB 101 102
DX 101 102 POWER_DIODE
RSNUB 102 103 1000.0
CSNUB 103 101 0.1uF
.MODEL POWER_DIODE D(RS=0.01, CJO=100pF)
.ENDS
page 98
.END

Example 5.8: Nomogram for Example 5.7
Example 5.8
In Example 5-7, the DC side has a filter capacitor of 1100F with an average value of 278.0 V
and a small, superimposed ripple voltage. The results in Figs. (a) and (b) are obtained by
assuming a DC-side voltage of a constant DC value. The objective of this example is to
illustrate the effect of assuming a constant DC voltage of 278.0 V.
1.005 2.1
DPF 1.000
1.0
2.0
0.995
1.9
PF
0.990 1.9
1.8 Vd /Vdo
Vd 0.985
0.7 1.8
I do 0.980 CF
0.6
THDi 0.975 1.7
0.5 CF
0.970 1.6
0.4
0.965
0.3 1.5
0.960
0.2
0 0.955 1.4
0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10 0 0.06 0.08 0.10
0.02 0.04
Id Id
(a) I short current (b) I shortcurrent
page 99
Solution
With Vd = 278.0 V, Vd/Vdo = 0.9907.

From Fig. (b), this corresponds to Id/Ishort circuit = 0.025. This value in Fig. (a)
approximately corresponds to
THD = 50%,
DPF = 0.98,
PF = 0.87.
All these values are very close to those calculated in Example 5-7 with a DC-side filter
capacitor of 1100 F .
page 100

Comparison of 1-Phase and 3-Phase Rectifiers
3-phase rectifier can achieve:
Higher Power Factor

Smaller Ripple Current and Voltage
Better Voltage Regulation
3-phase rectifier is better!

However, its power network distribution cost higher!
page 101
Inrush Current at Turn-on
Maximum voltage across the capacitor at turn-on

Vd , max = 2 2Vs (single-phase)
Vd , max = 2 2VLL (three-phase)
Large inrush current may damage the diode

Large inrush current may damage the load
Start-up current surge limiter (thermister)
Soft-start control current
page 102

Calculation of Inrush Current
sw v diode i When the switch SW is closed and the diode

+ is conducting, then
+ +
vR RESR vC + v R = v o = v s = 2Vs sin t
vs ~ vo +
vc

or
1 t
v s = 2Vs sin t C idt + v

0
C ( 0 ) + iR = 2V s sin t

t
2V s 1
iF = sin( t + ) where = tan 1 iN = Ae RC
Z CR
1/ 2
1
2
Z = R 2 +
C
t
2V s
i= sin( t + ) + Ae RC
Z
page 103
Calculation of Ic(max)
vs
Determination of A using initial condition: 2Vs
If at t=0, the beginning of the first conducting
cycle, v c(0) = 0 and i (0) = 0, then 0
2 t
0
2Vs
ic
0= sin( 0 + ) + Ae RC
Z ic(max)
2V s
A= sin
Z
2V s
t

i(t ) = sin( t + ) e sin
RC
Z
0 2 t
vc
2Vs
0 2 t
page 104

References
[1] Abraham l. Pressman, Chap. 5: Elements of Rectifier Design, Switching and Linear Power Supply, Power Converter
Design, 1977.
[2] P. M. Camp, Input current analysis of motor drives with rectifier converters, IEEE IAS Conf. Rec., pp. 672-675,
1985.
[3] B. Brakus, 100 Amp switched mode charging rectifier for three-phase mains, IEEE Intelec Conf. Rec., pp. 72-78,
1984.
[4] T. M. Undeland and N. Mohan, Overmodulation and loss considerations in high frequency modulated transistorized
inductor motor drives, IEEE Trans. on Power Electronics, vol. 3, no. 4, pp. 447-452, Oct. 1988.
[5] M. Grotzbach and B. Draxler, Line side behavior of uncontrolled rectifier bridge with capacitive dc smoothing, EPE
Conf. Rec., pp. 761-764, Aachen, 1988.
[6] W. F. Ray, The effect of supply reactance on regulation and power factor for and uncontrolled 3-phase bridge
rectifier with a capacitive load, IEE Conference Publication, no. 234, pp. 111-114, 1984.
[7] W. F. Ray, R. M. Davis, and I. D. Weatherhog, The three-phase bridge rectifier with a capacitive load, IEE
Conference Publication, no. 291, pp. 153-156, 1988.
[8] R. Gretsch, Harmonic Distortion of the mains voltage by switched-mode power supplies-assessment of the future
development and possible mitigation measures, EPE Conf. Rec., Aachen, pp. 1255-1260, 1989.
page 105
HW1: Single-Phase Bridge Rectifier Design
Home Work 1
A full-bridge rectifier is given with the following parameters:
Vs = 220V at 60Hz, Ls = 100H, Rs = 1m, Cd = 660F, where the Rs and Ls are the equivalent
line resistance and line inductance, respectively. The diode and capacitor are assumed to be
ideal.
1. For an output rated resistive load of Po = 750W, what is the equivalent load resistance
Rload=? What is the average dc-link voltage and its ripple voltage factor? What is the ripple
current i c(RMS) of the capacitor? What is the current crest factor and input power factor?
What is the input line current i s(RMS) ? What are the RMS and peak current of the diode
current i d? Make a computer simulation to verify your calculations.
2. Make a selection of the dc-link capacitor from available components. What is the ESR of
your selected capacitor (read from the data sheet)? At an environment temperature of 40C,
what is the internal temperature of the capacitor at rated load?
3. If the circuit is switched from a cold start, what is the peak value of the inruch current?
Make a selection of the bridge rectifier from available catalog.
page 106

Fig. 1. Home work 1
id
Rs =1m
Ls =1H id +
Ls Rs S2
ic
+
v s = 220 2 sin 120 t ~ is Cd vc Rload = ?

Cd = 2000F
Rs =1m (a)
S1
Ls =1H Ls id +
Rs
ic
+
v s = 220 2 sin 120 t ~ is Cd vc Rload = ?

Cd = 2000F
(b) page 107
Voltage Transients at Load Variations
4. When operating in steady-state, make a simulation of the step load change as the load is
switched from no load to full load and then switched back to the no load. What is the
maximum and minimum output voltage during such a step load transient?
page 108

HW2: Bridge Rectifier Design
Home Work 2
1. A 60 Hz, single-phase, center-tap rectifier output is to supply 5 V average output with a

peak-to-peak ripple voltage of 10% of its average value. Assuming a capacitive filter, what
is the required capacitance to achieve this ripple for an output load resistance of 10 ohms?
2. A 60 Hz, single-phase bridge rectifier is to have an average output voltage of 30 V when
loaded with 15 ohms. What is the required filter capacitance for a peak-to-peak ripple
output of 4 V?
3. What is the transformer's required nominal rms voltage either side of center tap and what is
the maximum reverse voltage stress for the rectifier diodes of Prob. 1? Assume the supply is
subjected to a +20% line transient lasting 2 sec if the ac voltage immediately prior to the
transient was + 10% high.
4. Repeat the exercise in Prob. 3 for Prob. 2.
5. A bridge rectifier operating directly off the 115 V ac line delivers an output power of 200
W. With a capacitive filter, what size must the capacitor be for the output ripple to be 4-V
peak to peak?
page 109
HW4: SPICE Simulation of Line Distortion
Home Work 4
A full-bridge rectifier is given with the following parameters:
Vs = 110V at 60Hz, Ls1 = 1mH, Ls2 = 1mH, Rs = 1m, Cd = 2000F, and Rload = 10.
The diode is assumed to be ideal.
Ls2 =1mH
Rs =1m
Ls1 =1mH id +
Ls 2 Rs
ic
+ +
~ vPCC is vc Rload = 10
Cd

v s = 110 2 sin 120 t
Other equipment Cd = 2000F
page 110

ISPICE
1. vs , is , vPCC , vc , ic .
2. vPCC THD = ?
3. PF = ?
4. is crest factor = ?
5. id (form factor) = ?
6. (ripple factor) = ?
7. (peak-to-peak ) = ?
page 111

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NCTU 2005 Power Electronics Course Notes 1

Power Electronics IC Design and DSP Control Lab., NCTU, Taiwan

Line Frequency (50/60 Hz) Rectifier

NCTU 2005 Power Electronics Course Notes 2

Basic Rectifier Concepts

Pure resistive load Capacitive load

Inductive load Pure inductor load with Inductive load with

Inductive load with diode

NCTU 2005 Power Electronics Course Notes 3

Average Output Voltage

Half-Wave Rectifier with Pure Resistive Load

Basic rectifier with a load resistance.

NCTU 2005 Power Electronics Course Notes 4

Crest Factor, Form Factor, and Ripple Factor

Crest Factor and Form Factors of Typical Waveforms

F ( sqr ) AVG = A A F ( sqr )RMS = A

Crest Factor Form Factor

SIN wave 1.414 1.11

Triangular wave 1.732 1.15

A period sinusoidal waveform with amplitude of A, its half

NCTU 2005 Power Electronics Course Notes 5

Review of Triangular Functions

Crest Factor of a Half-Wave Rectifier

Note: The crest factor of a full-wave rectified sinusoidal current is 1.414.

NCTU 2005 Power Electronics Course Notes 6

Form Factor of a Half-Wave Rectifier

Ripple Factor of a Half-Wave Rectifier

v o = 2V s sin t = 2V s sin 2ft = 2Vs sin 120t

NCTU 2005 Power Electronics Course Notes 7

Crest Factor, Form Factor, and Ripple Factor of a Half-Wave

v o = 2Vs sint = 2Vs sin 2ft = 2Vs sin120t 1 Vs

Half-Wave Rectifier with Capacitive Load

sw vdiode vc When the switch SW is closed and the diode

v s = 2Vs sin t C idt + v

The diode current can be decomposed as: i = iF + iN

Forced component Natural component

NCTU 2005 Power Electronics Course Notes 8

Determination of A using initial condition: vs

If at t=0, the beginning of the first conducting 2Vs

Half-Wave Rectifier with Inductive Load

When the switch SW is closed and the diode

NCTU 2005 Power Electronics Course Notes 9

The diode current can be decomposed as: i = iF + iN

Forced component Natural component

Determination of Extinction Angle

NCTU 2005 Power Electronics Course Notes 10

Extinction Angle from Capacitive to Inductive

Average Output Current and Voltage

The instantaneous current can be expressed as: 2 Vs

NCTU 2005 Power Electronics Course Notes 11

Normalized Average Rectifier Current

then, the normalized value of the average rectifier current is:

Normalized RMS Rectifier Current

The normalized value of the rms rectifier current is:

NCTU 2005 Power Electronics Course Notes 12

Normalized Curves for Irms(N) and Io(N)

VoltsxSeconds Balance of the Inductor

NCTU 2005 Power Electronics Course Notes 13

Peak Rectifier Current