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    Semester 4th FM Practical File

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    Semester 4th FM Practical File

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    9 views27 pages

    Fluid Mechanics Experiments

    Uploaded by

    Edwin
    Semester 4th FM Practical File

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    of 27
    “c “RN LIST OF EXPERIMENTS i ce BVUVELLECLDEUE LECCE Ee Name of the Experiment ao) Semoulll's theorem, e | 2) To calibrate a Venturi meter and to determine its coefficient aie | To veri [7p calibrate an Orifice meter and sody the variation of tie woeticient of | Ta | J° Gischange ith dhe Reynolds number a | Ta Sa eT Vth (a RERGIETHOH aC THE | TI) their Co eiticient of discharge. | 5 To determine the Meta cenirie height ofa ship model, ine the friction 6 | Tode efficients for pipes of diffe ‘due to sudden expar [To cetrmine te headToss ina pipe | sudden conaction/ ben. 3 To determine the velocity distribution for pipelire flow with a pitot static | 27 —_—| probe To find the co-elficient of pitot tube 7 Experimental evaluation of free and forced vortex flow. LULLELLUUUUeC eee lite bY Experiment No.t ‘Nim of the Experiment: - To verify Bernoulli's theorem serra PE at ue TH couectes ey easing Terk Bernoulli's Apparatus, Apparatus Used: A supply tank of water, tapered inclined pipe fied with no. of pizeometric ubes point measuring tank, scale, stop watch. Variable area duet with minimum area at the ‘mule with connections to pizeometrc teat diferent sections Theory:- ‘Bemoulli’s theorem states that when there is continues connection between the Panicle of flowing mass liquid, the total energy of any sector of flow will remain same provided ‘There is no reduction or addition at any point. Formals Used:- Pipg + 2g +Z1 = Constant Where pv zrefert the pressure, velocity, and position of the liquid relation will be same datum any section 3 Real liquid are viscous and flows ae always accompanied by energy loses even through in some cases they may be neglected Procedure ‘Open the inlet valve slowly and allow te water fo flow fom the supply tank in the supply tank to make flow in and out Now adjust the flow to get a constant head Flow equal. Under this condition the pressure head wil become constant inthe pizeometric tubes, 44. Note down the quantity of water colleted inthe measuring tank fora given interval of sime, ‘5. Compute the area of cross-section under the pizeometrc tube. 6. Compute the area of eross- section under the tube 7. Change the inlet and outlet supply and note the reading, 8. Take at least three readings as described in the above steps. Standard Data: ‘Area of measuring tank: - length Breadth i.e. 900m” Distance between pizeometric tube = 4em beny ofp Prantl) ened = (00 Het Observation table S| Presare Head em | Elevation [Area oF Cross] Voosiy at [Velocity [Total Head No Head, Zem | Sesion of rious points | Head pet atious points ont 7 a z 7 7 3 z 7 1 7 7 Total energy Head pipe + ¥2g +21 = Constant Velocity of fuid= Qi asthe where we have to find ou the velocity of uid. Discharge = = Q=—Vodtime Volume = AHL we aassspio} « A Areaofth@tank = = 900em Rise in waterlevelperunittime =H pire. = H(pressure Head) Discharge Table SN6 ba Resng ial waag WY Rls i wale co level (Fla Equation of Continuity eos at > ae ow ow = Qa known, so velocity at section can be calculated. The nthe pizeometrie tbe at connected seetion zontal, o datury head Z will remain constant E Sioce Q and area of Cross Section is essere head P pe will det red fom ‘Sve the contra line of water flow channel is hori stall poms a5 139104 2 m oe , bese uuees 96 2405104 2 a7 agosto 2 a sanasnto4 2 9 -os7ssto Results:- Precautions:- 1 \When fluid is flowing, ther isa fluctuation inthe height of piezometric Thbes, note the mean position carefully, *he Lack exe woh getting Stable cf epsom evel of Mid inne nd ley ak epat Use clean water Dain the water if the apparatus isnot in use for more than one month, Ue cotting ooh OLAS LL eda ae ¥ HEH ECC EXPERIMENT No.2 Alan of the Experi To caliate a Venturi meter nd o determine its colTiciem of discharge. Apparatus Used Vertusinter installed on the pipe, arrangement of varying flow rte, U- tube manometer, soles tbe tank, CCL ete Venu Construction enlrinter is essentially a short pipe consisting of two conical pats with e shor form eoss-ection in between. Ths short porticn hus the minimum area and is he throat. The two conical portions have the same base diameter, but one is having a th with larger cone angle while the other i having a lager length with a smaller onion Known stove | fone ange Dissioe of Flow Venturi meter -Venturimeter are depending on Bernoulli's equation, Venturimeter is devive used uring the rte of fui flowing through a pipe. The consist of thee prt in shor 1. Converging area part 2. Throat 3. Diverging part 10 PU we ti ll lls oe ou z »eUS Procedur 1. Set the manometer pressure tothe atmosphere pressure by opening the upper valve, 2. Now Switch onthe power supply and epulate the flow by controling discharge and by pass valve late the pressure taps and sr release valves manually so that eel4 of manometer tube could not blow ut 4. One ofthe valves of any one of the pipe open Venturi meter) and close all other of three. 4, “Take the discharge reading forthe particular ow. 5, Take the reading forthe pressure head on from the vtube manometer for corresponding reading of discharge 6. Now take tree readings for this pipe and caloulate the Ca for that instrument using formula, 1 When the experiment is over, close all manometer pressure lps fist 2. Switch off the pump. 3. Switch off power supply to panel. Standard Datar 1. Area of measuring tank = Fro a 2. Specific Gravity of CCL4 1543 3 Rebieweig 5 ganns Veatarinente 1. Dia of Iniet of venturi meter dl = 28mm = 0.028 2. Dia of throat off the venturi meter d2= Mims =, 01L4 ve | 3. Areaatinlet of venti meteral = 6.1575x10"4 m?Cat") 44, Ait toa of ventures = 1.599104,2 (<2) Formulue:- 1, Theoretical Discharge (Q1) = ai1az J2gh Vat?—a2" 2. Actual Discharge (Qa) = Axl Where As the area of measuring Tank His the rise in water level ‘Tis the time taken for H bb O OOO LLLS S: Coveffcient of Discharge Cd ea . aay, md s Where height his 7 Density of manometer hid) he +2 Det omer yt Aca heihtin manometer Densiy of water dl 7 - 9 ‘rea of measuring tak = 9o0em : Time then forthe Rise in waterlevel = n | Cieaaion Damar a “| ‘Vox | Tata | Fea] Time] OT eadg | nes bl ain new |e [AR 4) CCL LOSS SS Result: - Co-effcient of Discharge is. Precautions:~ 1. Keep the other valve closed while taking reading through one pipe. 2. The intial error in the manometer should be subtracted final eading, 3. The parallax error should be avoided, 4. Maintain a constant discharge foreach reading, bEEEES ve SUL LLLSEUTUVUUE ET EXPERIMENT No.3 Aim of the Experinent:- Toca an Osis meter nthe vation fe oc of discharge Apparatus Used: An orifice meter consists ofa flat circular plate with circular hoe called which is concentric with the pipe axis Vena Contracta —| ab Orifice meter Procedu 1 Sot the manometer pressure to the atmospheric pressure by opening the upper valve: 2 Now Switch on the power supply and regulate the flow by controlling discharge and by pass valve 3, Regulate the pressure taps and air release valves mantally so that cel of manometer tube ‘could not blow out. 5. One ofthe valves of any one ofthe pipe open( Orifice meter) and close all other of three 4, Take the discharge reading for the particular flow: 1s » » - “ps » ~ re ~~ > Be ULE — Mio = 5. ‘Take the reading forthe pressure head on from the utube manometer for corresponding euding of discharge (6. Naw ake three readings fr this pipe and calculate the Cs Closing Procedure: 4. When the experiment i over, close all manometer pressure ps fis 5. Switch off the pump, Switch off power supply to panel Standard Dat 4. Area of measuring tank 006m? 5. Specie Gravity of CCLA Ave Due to Gravity - ; Orficemter 3. Disofinlet of orifice meterdl = 28mm 4 Dia of throat offthe orifice meter €2 = 14m 5 Aveaatinlet of orifice meteral = 6.1575x10°* > ‘Area atthe throat of orifice meter a2 = 1.539 «10-4 2 Formulae: 5, Theoretical Discharge (QU) = aia2 J2gh Vate—az? 6, Actual Discharge (Qa) = AXH fy 16 Where A isthe area of measuring Tank is the rise in water level Tis the time taken for H Coefficient of Diseharge Cd ca Where height his ( Density of manometer fuid Density of water ayo, ‘Actual height in manometer tube Reading | Reading Area of measuring tank = 900en” ‘Time taken for the Rise in water level = Calculation table [____Biseharge Reading Wanomeer a Taal [Fiat [Difrence [Time JQ [M2 WoT | Uti 7 ‘Result: - The Co-efficient of discharge is... Precautions:~ 1. Keep the other valve closed while taking reading through one pipe. 2. The intial error in the manometer should be subtracted final reading, 3. The parallax error should be avoided. 44, Maintain a constant discharge for each reading. EXPERIMENT No “To study the flow over V notch (cit) and Rectangular notch and to find their Coefficient of discharge ‘Aim ofthe Experimes Apparatus Used:~ ‘Arrangement for finding the coefficient of discharge inclusive of supply tank, collecting tank, pointer. scale & different type of notches. “Theoey:= Notehes are overflow structure where length of erst slong the flow of water is securely shaped to calculate discharge Formula Used: | For V noteh the discharge coetticient C=__Q s/15 V2gH* tano/2 For Rectangular notch c= __Q 23 V2g BH Wher Q= Discharge Hi “Height above crest level = Angle of notch Width of notch Procedure:- 1. The notch under tests positioned atthe end of tank with vertical sharp edge on the upstream side 2, Open the inlet valve and fill water until the crest of notch, 5, Note down the height of crest level by pointer esuge. 4 Change the inlet supply and note the height ofthis level in the tank ‘Note the volume of wate collected in collecting tank fora particular time and find ‘ut the cischarge. 6. Height and discharge readings for different flow rate are noted Observations: BreaDih of tank Length of tank = Height of water to crest evel for rectangular notch is = Height ot water to crest level for V notch = Height of water to crest level for Trapezoidal notch = Angle of Heo tne ‘conten | Ca Precaution: 1. Make the water level surface stl, before takings the reading, 2. Reading noted shouldbe free from parallax error. 3. The time of discharge is noted carefully. ‘4 Only the internal dimension: of collecting tank should be taken for consideration and calculation 20 TE Seovuveee cctLUVTUTTIirrIEE ———————— — EXPERIMENT No Aim ofthe Experiment: - To determine the Metacentric height ofa ship model Apparatus Used- 1. Take tank 2 full of water, A Ship Model A pointer t measure the angle of heel up to 10degree 5, A crossbar arrangement withthe provision of hanging mevable weight at known distance fiom the vertical axis through Centre of gravity Metacentric Height (Basic Components) ‘The Metacentrie height (GM) is a measurement of the initial atic stability of a floating body Its calculated asthe distance between the centre of gravity of aship and its metacente Metacentre, also spelled metacenter, in fluid mechanics, the theoretical point at which an imaginary vertical line passing through the centre of buovancy and centre of gravity intersects the imaginary vertical line through a new centre of buoyancy created when the Body is displaced. ‘or tipped. in the water, however litle “The centre of buoyancy of a floating body is the point about which all the body parts exactly ‘buoy each other—in other words, the effective centre of the displaced water. The metacentre remains sireetly above the centre of buoyancy regardless of ths tilt ofa floating body. such a & ‘hip. When at rest on even Keel, the vessel's centre of buoyarcy is directly below the eentre of fravity as well a below the metacentre. (The centre of gravity is the point in a body about which all pars ofthe body balance each other.) When a vessel tis, ene side displaces more water than does the other, and the eentre of buoyancy moves and is no longer directly under the cents of travity, but, regardless of the amount of the tilt, the eentre o the metacentre, Ifthe metacentre is above the centre of gravity the ship tilts. The stability increases with the distance betweer metacentre an called the melacentric height, If the metacentre is below the centre of Britt: unstable, and a tilt results in eapsizing. buoyancy remains dreetiy below ‘puovaney restores stability when 1d centre of gravity the boat is 2 Procedu Case A Unloaded Condition:- Fill the tank abou two third fall of water and note down the height of level of water in te piezometer, lett be HL Pathe ship nodel in the tank and not the level again, Lett be F2, the increase in the level of water is H2-H1 5, Knowing the eross sectional ares ofthe tank. A and the nerease in the level of water the ‘.Zhaht ofthe water displaced bythe vassel ean be obtained which isthe same as the ‘vet ofthe ship model W so equal t0 aD Aw ‘weight ofthe ship model w ‘weight per unit ofthe luid_ 4. Adjust the pointer to zero reading for the initial condition as to when no tilting movement is being applied to the ship model 5. Apply the tilting movement to the ship with the help ofthe movable weight {6 Comessponding tothe applied tilting moment note the reading of the pointer indicating, the angle of heel @ . 7. Repeat steps 5 and 6 for the different positions of the movable weights. 8. The metacentric height is given by. 5. GmeWhetWoeatwrmn 2 Ud tam an w bof conte Dhak we Hrigetollr aware WE yaynt of tage sit ee Loading Condon 4 detowve ch msoealle A gly ef cupeunble PT he ine earaiweigh at the base of the ship model symmétically. gh: @ospetave 3 Follow tee afer the same procedure Le. seps 1-7 ashave been outlines above forthe unloaded condition 3, Determine the Metaentic eight by using the equation sing CM = Wha -W2x2Wan0 \W as the total weight of ship model and weight placed at the base Wot the ship model = 1s8 kg. Woof the hanging movable Wt 7 Observation 1, Area of the tank 40em60em = 240m sqauare Initial water level (without Model) = ot ‘Water level for unloaded condition n Water level for loaded con B a fel Gael [SANG |W) [RI [WaPo fended nal “ Cenaton Result; - The Metacentric height of a ship (model) i... Precautions: ~ 1. Ensure thatthe pendulum moves freely about the pivot and there is no fection, 1. The reading taking carefully without parallax error. 2. Put the weight on the hanger one by one. 3. Wait for pontoon tobe stable before taking readings. 44 Reading of angle to tlt isto be taken when pendulum becomes steady and doesnot usta LPP Inn wewveeu OLULLVULU SEU Experiment No.7 Aim of the Experiment: - To determine the head loss ina pipe line due to sudden expansion’ sudden contractiow end, Apparatus Used A flow circuit of G. 1 pipes of different pipe fittings viz. Large bend, Small bend, Elbow, Sullen enlargement fom 25 mm dia to 50 mm dia, Sudden centration from 30 mm dia to 25 mi dia, Utube differential manometer, collecting tank ‘Theory: Minor Losses: The local oF minor head losses are caused by certain local features or disturbances The Aistarhances may be eaused inthe size or shape ofthe pipe. This deformation afects the velocity

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