108 Chapter 7 Integration Techniques, LHpitals Rule, and Improper Integrals

83. For n  1,

I1   

0 
x2
x
 14
dx  lim
1
b  2

0
b
x2  142x dx  lim  1
b  
1
6 x2  13 
b

0
1
 .
6
For n > 1,

In   

0
x2n1
x  1
2 n3 dx  b
lim
x2n2
 2n  2x  1
2 
n  2 
b

0

n1
n2 
0

x2n3
x  1n2
2 dx  0 
n1
I 
n  2 n1
x 1
u  x 2n2, du  2n  2x 2n3 dx, dv  dx, v 
x2  1n3 2n  2x2  1n2

(a)  

0
x
x2  14
dx  lim  2
b 
1
6x  13  
b

0

1
6

(b)  0

x
x2  15
3
dx 
1
4 
0

x
x2  14
dx 
1 1
4 6
 
1
24

(c)  

0
x5

x  16 5
2
2



0
x3
x  15
2 dx 
2 1
5 24

1
60  

85. False. f x  1x  1 is continuous on

0, , lim 1x  1  0, but
x 
0

1
x1
dx  lim ln x  1
b   0  .
b

Diverges

87. True

Review Exercises for Chapter 7

1.  xx2  1 dx 
1
2
x2  1122x dx 3.  x
x2  1
dx 
1 2x
2 x2  1
dx
1 x2  132 1

2 32
C 
2
ln x2  1  C

1
 x2  132  C
3

5.  ln2x
x
dx 
ln 2x2
2
C 7.  16
16  x2
dx  16 arcsin 4x   C

9.  1
e2x sin 3x dx   e2x cos 3x 
3
2
3  e2x cos 3x dx

1
  e2x cos 3x 
3
2 1 2x
3 3
e sin 3x 2
3  e2x sin 3x dx 
13
9  1 2
e2x sin 3x dx   e2x cos 3x  e2x sin 3x
3 9

e2x sin 3x dx 
e2x
13
2 sin 3x  3 cos 3x  C

1 1
(1) dv  sin 3x dx v   cos 3x (2) dv  cos 3x dx v sin 3x
3 3
u  e2x du  2e2x dx u  e2x du  2e2x dx
 Review Exercises for Chapter 7 109

2
11. u  x, du  dx, dv  x  512 dx, v  x  532
3
13.  1
x2 sin 2x dx   x2 cos 2x 
2 
x cos 2x dx

 2
xx  5 dx  xx  532 
3  2
3
x  532 dx
1 1
  x2 cos 2x  x sin 2x 
2 2
1
2 
sin 2x dx

2 4 1 x 1
 xx  532  x  552  C   x2 cos 2x  sin 2x  cos 2x  C
3 15 2 2 4

 23x  15 x  5  C
4 1
 x  532 (1) dv  sin 2x dx v   cos 2x
2
du  2x dx
 x  532  156 x  34  C u  x2

1
2 (2) dv  cos 2x dx v sin 2x
 x  532
3x  10  C 2
15
ux du  dx

15.  x arcsin 2x dx 
x2
2
arcsin 2x   1  4x2
x2
dx


x2
2
arcsin 2x 
1
8  22x2
1  2x2
dx


x2
2
arcsin 2x 
1 1
8 2 

 2x1  4x2  arcsin 2x  C (by Formula 43 of Integration Tables)


1
16

8x2  1 arcsin 2x  2x1  4x2  C
x2
dv  x dx v
2
2
u  arcsin 2x du  dx
1  4x2

17.  cos3 x  1 dx  
1  sin2 x  1 cos x  1 dx

 
1 1
 sin x  1  sin3 x  1  C
 3
1
 sin x  1
3  sin2 x  1  C
3
1
 sin x  1
3  1  cos 2 x  1  C
3
1
 sin x  1
2  cos 2 x  1  C
3

19.  sec4 2x  dx  tan 2x   1 sec 2x  dx

2 2

  tan2 2x  sec 2x  dx  sec 2x  dx

2 2


2 3 x
3
tan
2 
 2 tan
x
2
2
 C  tan3
3 
x
2
 3 tan
x
2      C

21.  1
1  sin 
d   1  sin 
cos2 
d   sec2   sec  tan  d  tan   sec   C
110 Chapter 7 Integration Techniques, LHpitals Rule, and Improper Integrals

23.  12
x24  x2
dx   24 cos  d
4 sin2 2 cos  2


x

 3 csc2  d

4 x2
 3 cot   C
34  x2
 C
x
x  2 sin , dx  2 cos  d, 4  x2  2 cos 

25. x  2 tan 
x2 + 4
dx  2 sec2  d x

4  x2  4 sec2 

 
2
x3 8 tan3 
dx  2 sec2  d
4  x2 2 sec 


 8 tan3  sec  d


 8 sec2   1tan  sec  d

 sec3   sec   C
3
8

8
 x2  432 x2  4
24

2
C 
 x2  4  13 x2

 4  4  C

1 8
 x2x2  4  x2  4  C
3 3
1
 x2  412x2  8  C
3

27.  4  x2 dx   2 cos 2 cos  d

2


x

 2 1  cos 2 d

4 x2

1
 2   sin 2  C
2 
 2  sin  cos   C


 2 arcsin 2x   2x
4  x2
2   C

1
2 
4 arcsin
x
2 
 x4  x2  C 
x  2 sin , dx  2 cos  d, 4  x2  2 cos 
 Review Exercises for Chapter 7 111

29. (a)  x3
4  x2
dx  8  sin3 
cos4 
d (b)  x3
4  x2
dx  u2  4 du


 8 cos4   cos2  sin  d
1
 u3  4u  C
3
8 u
 sec sec2   3  C  u2  12  C
3 3
4  x2 4  x2
 x2  8  C  x2  8  C
3 3
x  2 tan , dx  2 sec2  d u2  4  x2, 2u du  2x dx

(c)  x3
4  x2
dx  x24  x2   2x4  x2 dx

2 4  x2 2
 x24  x2  4  x232  C  x  8  C
3 3
x
dv  dx v  4  x2
4  x2

u  x2 du  2x dx

x  28 A B
31.  
x2  x  6 x  3 x  2
x  28  Ax  2  Bx  3
x  2 30  B5 B  6
x3 25  A5 A  5

 x  28
x2  6  6
dx   5

6
x3 x2 
dx  5 ln x  3  6 ln x  2  C

x2  2x A Bx  C
33.   2
x  1x2  1 x  1 x 1
x2  2x  Ax2  1  Bx  Cx  1
3
Let x  1: 3  2A A 
2
3
Let x  0: 0  A  C C 
2
1
Let x  2: 8  5A  2B  C B  
2

 x2  2x
x  x2  x  1
3 dx 
3
2  1
x1
dx 
1
2  x3
x2  1
dx


3
2  1
x1
dx 
1
4  2x
x2  1
dx 
3
2  1
x2  1
dx

3 1 3

2
ln x  1  ln x2  1  arctan x  C
4 2
1


6 ln x  1  lnx2  1  6 arctan x  C
4
112 Chapter 7 Integration Techniques, LHpitals Rule, and Improper Integrals

x2 15  2x
35. 1 2
x2  2x  15 x  2x  15
15  2x A B
 
x  3x  5 x  3 x  5
15  2x  Ax  5  Bx  3
9
Let x  3: 9  8A A 
8
25
Let x  5: 25  8B B  
8

 x2
x2  2x  15
dx   dx 
9
8  1
x3
dx 
25
8  1
x5
dx

9 25
x
8
ln x  3 
8
ln x  5  C

37.  x
2  3x2
dx 
1

2
9 2  3x
 ln 2  3x  C  39.  x
1  sin x2
dx 
1
 1
2 1  sin u
du u  x2

(Formula 4) 1

tan u  sec u  C (Formula 56)
2
1

tan x2  sec x2  C
2

41.  x
x2  4x  8
1

dx  ln x2  4x  8  4 2
2
1
x  4x  8
dx   (Formula 15)

1


ln x2  4x  8  2
2
2
32  16
arctan
2x  4
32  16     C (Formula 14)


1
2
ln x2  4x  8  arctan 1 
x
2
C  

43.  1
sin x cos x
dx 
1
 1
 sin x cos x
 dx u  x 45. dv  dx vx
1
1 u  ln xn du  nln xn1 dx


ln tan x  C (Formula 58) x

 
ln xn dx  xln xn  n ln xn1 d x

47.  sin  cos  d 

1
2  sin 2 d

1
   cos 2 
4
1
4  1 1 1
cos 2 d    cos 2  sin 2  C  sin 2  2 cos 2  C
4 8 8
1
dv  sin 2 d v   cos 2
2
u du  d
 Review Exercises for Chapter 7 113

49.  x14
1  x12
dx  4
uu3
1  u2
du  51. 1  cos x dx   sin x
1  cos x
dx

4  u2  1 
1
u2  1
du  
1  cos x12sin x dx

 21  cos x  C
4 13 u 3
 u  arctan u  C  u  1  cos x, du  sin x dx
4

x34  3x14  3 arctanx14  C
3
y 
4
x , x  u4, dx  4u3 du

53. cos x lnsin x dx  sin x lnsin x   cos x dx 55. y  

9
x2  9
3 x3
dx  ln
2 x3
C
(by Formula 24 of Integration Tables)

 sin x lnsin x  sin x  C
dv  cos x dx v  sin x
cos x
u  lnsin x du  dx
sin x

  
5
2x2  x 5

 15 x 
1
57. y  lnx2  xdx  x ln x2  x  x2  x
dx 59.
2
xx2  432 dx  2  452
2

5

 x ln x 2  x   2x  1
x1
dx

 x ln x2  x  
2dx   1
x1
dx

 x ln x2  x  2x  ln x  1  C
dv  dx vx
2x  1
u  lnx2  x du  dx
x2  x

61. 4

1
ln x
x
1
dx  ln x2
2  
4

1
1
 ln 42  2ln 22  0.961
2
63. 

0

x sin x dx  x cos x  sin x


0


65. A  0
4
x4  x dx   0

2
4  u2u2u du
1
67. By symmetry, x  0, A  .
2

  
0 1

 
1
2 1 1 1 4
 2u4  4u2 du y
 2
 1  x22 dx 

x  x3
3 1

3
2 1

 u5  4u3   
5 3 0 4
128
 2  x, y  0,
2 15 3
u  4  x, x  4  u2, dx  2u du

69. s  
0

1  cos2 x dx  3.82 71. lim
x 1
ln x2
 x  1   lim  x 1
21xln x
1
0 
e2x 2e2x 4e2x
73. lim 2
 lim  lim  75. y  lim ln x2x
x  x x  2x x  2 x 

2 lnln x 2x ln x
ln y  lim
x  x
 lim
x  1
0  
Since ln y  0, y  1.
114 Chapter 7 Integration Techniques, LHpitals Rule, and Improper Integrals

  1  0.09
n 
n n
0.09
77. lim 1000 1   1000 lim
n  n n 

1  0.09
n 
n
Let y  lim .
n 

 
0.09n2

ln 1 
0.09
 1  0.09n
ln y  lim n ln 1 
0.09
 lim  n
 lim  lim
0.09
 0.09
 
n  n n  1 n  1 n  0.09
 2 1
n n n

 
n
0.09
Thus, ln y  0.09 y  e0.09 and lim 1000 1   1000e0.09  1094.17.
n  n

79. 16

0
1
4 x
dx  lim
b0
3 x 
4 34
16

b

32
3
81. 

1
x2 ln x dx  lim
b 
9 1  3 ln x
x3 b

1


Converges Diverges

83. t0

0
500,000e0.05t dt 
500,000
0.05
e 0.05t

t0

500,000 0.05t0
 e  1
0.05
 10,000,0001  e0.05t0
(a) t0  20: $6,321,205.59
(b) t0 : $10,000,000

85. (a) P13 x <  

1
0.95 2


13
ex12.9 20.95 dx  0.4581
2 2

(b) P15 x < 20 

1
0.95 2


15
ex12.9 20.95 dx  0.0135
2 2

Problem Solving for Chapter 7


1

  
x3 1 1 4
1. (a) 1  x2 dx  x  2 1 
1 3 1 3 3

1

1
1  x22 dx   1

1
1  2x2  x4 dx  x 
2x3 x5
3

5 
1

1
2 1  2 1

3 5
 
16
15
(b) Let x  sin u, dx  cos u du, 1  x2  1  sin2 u  cos2 u.

1

1
1  x2n dx   2

2
cos2 un cos u du

  2

2
cos2n1 u du

2n

3  5  7 . . . 2n  1
2 4 6
2 (Walliss Formula)

2  3  4  5. . . 2n2n  1
22 42 62 . . . 2n2
2

222nn!2 22n1n!2
 
2n  1! 2n  1!
 Problem Solving for Chapter 7 115

xx  cc
x
3. lim 9
x 

lim x ln
x  xx  cc  ln 9
lnx  c  lnx  c
lim  ln 9
x  1x
1 1

xc xc
lim  ln 9
x  1
 2
x
2c
lim x2  ln 9
x  x  cx  c

x 2cx c   ln 9
2
lim 2 2
x 

2c  ln 9
2c  2 ln 3
c  ln 3

PB
5. sin    PB, cos   OB
OP
 
AQ  AP
BR  OR  OB  OR  cos 
The triangles AQR and BPR are similar:
AR BR OR  1 OR  cos 
 
AQ BP  sin 
sin OR  sin   OR   cos 
 cos   sin 
OR  y
sin   
Q
 cos   sin  P
lim OR  lim
 0  0 sin   
  sin   cos   cos 
 lim x
 0 cos   1 R O B A (1, 0)

  sin 
 lim
 0 cos   1
sin    cos 
 lim
 0 sin 
cos   cos    sin 
 lim
 0 cos 
2
116 Chapter 7 Integration Techniques, LHpitals Rule, and Improper Integrals

7. (a) 0.2 Area  0.2986

0 4
0

(b) Let x  3 tan , dx  3 sec2  d, x2  9  9 sec2 .

 x2
  9
x2
dx   9 tan2 
9 sec2 32
3 sec2  d
x2 + 9


x
tan2 
 d
sec 


3
sin2 
 d
cos 

  1  cos2 
cos 
d

 
 ln sec   tan   sin   C

Area  4

0 
x2
x2
 9 32

dx  ln sec   tan   sin  
tan14 3

0

  
4
x2 9 x x
 ln  
3 3 x2  9
0

5 4
 ln 
3 3
4

  ln 3 
5
4
5
(c) x  3 sinh u, dx  3 cosh u du, x2  9  9 sinh2 u  9  9 cosh2 u

A 0
4
x2
x  932
2 dx   0
sin14 3
9 sinh2 u
9 cosh2 u32
3 cosh u du

  0
sinh14 3
tanh2 u du

  0
sinh14 3
1  sech2 u du
sinh14 3

 u  tanh u 0

 sinh1 4
3
 tanh sinh1
4
3   
 ln 43  169  1   tanh
ln43  169  1 
 ln 43  35  tanhln43  35
 ln 3  tanhln 3
3  13
 ln 3 
3  13
4
 ln 3 
5
 Problem Solving for Chapter 7 117

2x
9. y  ln1  x2, y

1  x2
1  2x2  x4  4x2 1  x2
 
2
4x2
1  y
2  1   
1  x22 1  x22 1  x2

Arc length  0
12
1  y
2 dx

  12

0
11  xx  dx
2

  12

0
1  1 2 x  dx2

  12

1  x 1 1  1 1 x dx
0


x  ln1  x  ln1  x
12

1
 3
   ln  ln
2 2
1
2 
1
   ln 3  ln 2  ln 2
2

1
 ln 3   0.5986
2

11. Consider  1
ln x
dx.

Let u  ln x, du 
1
dx
dx, x  eu. Then  1
ln x
dx   1 u
u
e du   eu
u
du.

If  1
ln x
dx were elementary, then  eu
u
du would be too, which is false.

Hence,  1
ln x
dx is not elementary.

13. x4  1  x2  ax  bx2  cx  d

 x4  a  cx3  ac  b  dx2  ad  bcx  bd
a  c, b  d  1, a  2
x4  1  x2  2 x  1x2  2x  1

 0
1
1
x4  1
dx  
0
1
Ax  B
x2  2x  1
dx  0
1
Cx  D
x2  2 x  1
dx

1 2 1 2

 
1  x 1   x
2 4 2 4
 dx  dx
0 x  2 x  1 x2  2 x  1
2
0

2 2

arctan 2x  1  arctan 2x  1
lnx 
1 1
  2
 2x  1  lnx2  2x  1
4 0 8 0

2 2 2   2

4
arctan 2  1  arctan 2  1  8
ln2  2  ln2  2  4
4  4  8
0

 0.5554  0.3116
 0.8670
118 Chapter 7 Integration Techniques, LHpitals Rule, and Improper Integrals

15. Using a graphing utility,


(a) lim cot x 
x0
1
x


(b) lim cot x 
x0
1
x
0

(c) lim cot x 
x0
1
x cot x  1x    32.
Analytically,


(a) lim cot x 
x0
1
x 


x cot x  1 x cos x  sin x

x0 
(b) lim cot x 
1
x 
 lim
x0 x
 lim
x0 x sin x
cos x  x sin x  cos x x sin x
 lim  lim
x0 sin x  x cos x x0 sin x  x cos x

sin x  x cos x
 lim  0.
x0 cos x  cos x  x sin x

(c) cot x  1x cot x  1x   cot 2 x

1
x2
x2 cot2 x  1

x2
x2 cot2 x  1 2x cot2 x  2x2 cot x csc2 x
lim 2
 lim
x0 x x0 2x
cot2 x  x cot x csc2 x
 lim
x0 1
cos2 x sin x  x cos x
 lim
x0 sin3 x
1  sin2 xsin x  x cos x
 lim
x0 sin3 x
sin x  x cos x
 lim 1
x0 sin3 x
sin x  x cos x cos x  cos x  x sin x
Now, lim  lim
x0 sin3 x x0 3 sin2 x cos x
x
 lim
x0 3 sin x  cos x

 lim
x0 sinx x3 cos1 x  31.

Thus, lim cot x 
x0
1
x cot x  1x   31  1   32.
The form 0   is indeterminant.
 Problem Solving for Chapter 7 119

x3  3x2  1 P1 P2 P3 P4
17.     c1  0, c2  1, c3  4, c4  3
x  13x  12x
4 2
x x1 x4 x3
Nx  x3  3x2  1
D
x  4x3  26x  12

N0 1
P1  
D
0 12
N1 1 1
P2   
D
1 10 10
N4 111 111
P3   
D
4 140 140
N3 1
P4  
D
3 42

x3  3x2  1 112 110 111140 142

Thus,     .
x  13x2  12x
4
x x1 x4 x3

19. By parts,

a
b

f xg x dx  f xg

x 
b

a
  f
xg
x dx

  b

a
f
xg
x dx

 f
xgx 
b

a
 b

a
gx f  x dx

 
a
b
f xgx dx.