‘hier. Peaing ‘THE IMAGE OF THE CITY Kevin Lynch ‘What docs the ct’ form actully mean tothe people who lve there? ‘what can the ity planner Jo to make the city's image more vivid and memorable to the cty dwelle? To answer thse questions, Me. Lynch, ‘Sippdrted by studies of Lat Angeles, Boston, and Jersey City, Forme Inte anew extern — inageabilty and shows is potential value a 1 guide for the building an rebuilding of cities ‘The wide Scope of this stuly lads to an original and vital method forthe evaluation of city fonn. The architect, the planver, and certainly the ety dweller wll ll want to read this book What the resewers have sid “Kevin Lynch has come up with a readable, tautly oxganized, sutharitative volume that may prove as important to ety bulking as Camilo Site The Art of Bulding Clee” Architectural Forum ‘City planners and urban designers everywhere will be taking account of he work for yens to come. «The importunce ofthis back nthe Iersture of urbaniem is obvious’ |. we nave lacked «theory of the citys visa perception based on ‘objective enter. For sme erage Feason, nthe period ating from the late 19th Century in Germany find Tasting unt Lynch's forts "there was no experimentation in the matter of how es aye perceived, All of us can be grateful forthe fesumption of this ine of thought. The impact of this volume should be enormous" —-Leonatd K. Eaton, Progressive Architecture “Thi mall and readable book makes one of the most important moder contributions to'urgeseale design theory = To understand Lynch's ‘nudity, one must go. back to. 1955, the year when he began bis Studies perception with a travel period in Italy. This was several years before al the ‘urban design conferences, before the coining ofthe phrase, ind at atime when vespectable planners were concerned with anything but the eplortion of urban frm I took rebellions young teacher - eed ty the snspiration of F.L- Wright (his sometime mento), to arm the tables on thirty years of ‘planners! neglect” — Devid A. Crane, Journal ofthe Amicon Institute of Plennare WM HEM 27 PRESS RLKevin Lynch The Image of the City ‘The M.LT. Press Marrachuset 5 Technalegy Cambridge, Mairacbretn and London, BlendPunLicaTion oF THe Jour CENTER FoR Uneaw Srunres This book one of trier published under the anpicer of the Joint Center for Urban Stair, a cooperative vente of the Masacbusers naire of Tecbnology and Harvard Univeriy. The Joint Center wat founded in 1959 10 or anise and enconrage research am urbon and regional pro leon, Pertcpants bore inaded icholart from the fede of lntbropology,archtectae, bine, city planning, teonom lex education, eginering, tory lew, phiterop, polite ence, and sociology The fadings and conclsions of thi book are, a with all Joint Center publications rlely the responibity af the bor. Coptght © 1960 by the Magshuses Insite of Technology tnd ike President nd Fellows of Haraed Cllege Pet nti ISAM 0 262 12008 6 (tacos) ISBN 0 262 6200 {papertuck) Liteary of Congress Catalog Card No: 60-7362 Printed inthe United States of America PREFACE Tris bok abr se lok of ie nd wheter i lnk is of say inpoaee, and whether ican be changed The ban lansage, among is my is, als something Be Seen be remeber an nd ning vl or She chy he peced nda ia role selene ew oe see In he cue of examining ti new problem, se bok ks a deee Aeveen cher: Bowen, Jrmy Ci, and a Angle icsugpes + med whey weigh beg to del wit dna foum athe aan ale ad fer some pices of iy dese. The wok cnt Us bed sis sly ws done under she vein of Poferor Gyorgy Kepes and yea he Cate for Uran and Regina Stier of the Masachuerlaiae of Teeholgy. mas pneouiy pce ober sever yrs ty tends fram he Reieler Fowndutn. The boo ial x ing bled as one of sees of woumes of he Ju Center for Ueton Ste of she Masaces Inne of Techology teu Harel Universi, am agency shich an gowe oo of he Sinn search aie of tee to ina ‘A in any inl woe, the convene dts from many source dtr ce. Seve roche onto ‘lewly othe developmen of thst: David Gane, BerardFrieden, Wiliam Alonso, Fak Hovis, Richaed Dobe, Maty lea Pees (0ow Mis. Alonso). am very grateful ther al (One name shouldbe o hese page with my ow if oly Be ‘would tereby aot be made responsible forthe shortcomings of the Book. ‘That name is Gyorgy Kepes. The deiled develop- ment and concete sedis are my ova, but the andeling eon ope were generated ia many exchanges mith Professor Kepes Tiroald beat ins o dena any ideas Hom his For me ‘hese have been. good yee of association. enn Lyweit Decor 1959 CONTENTS 1 The Image of the Environmene 1 eal, 2 Buiding the tag, 6; Sevrue and bmg; image, 9. HW Theee Cities “4 ovis, 6 Jerse Gig, 23; Los Angle, 32; Coraron ‘Themes 45 TIE The City image and Is Elements 4 Pah 9, Edges, OP; Dini, 66 Node, 7; Land sau, 7; Ekim ncn, 83, The Sos, ‘age #9; Image Qual, 8 IV. Ciy Form o ‘sighing he Pas, 93; Design of Over Elmers, 99, Fo ia 0h; The we fe Wile nS V ANew Seale ne Appendices ‘A. Some References 19 Orientation 123 "Types af Relrence Syeana,128- Forman of che Image 31, The Role of Form 138; Dadra Img, 138 B The Use of the Method 140 "The Method the Bana for Dain 153: Dizeions for atte Resch 136. C Two Examples of Analysis 160 enon Hh, 166; Sey Seer, 173. Bibliography 182 Index 187‘THE IMAGE OF THE ENVIRONMENT Lesting a sie an gv spc pesae, were coxnmonplic he ight ay be Likes pce ofrecer fy it conacion in mace, bor ene Of vat sae 4 thing tered on inte cone of lng spans of tne Ci dxgn i iberfve + eemgoraebticam ry Se he cone tnd ‘Utd squece of ter tempor aie mae On Semen xnsne sed for difeonpropl te squenes se tevemed, incre abandoned, cos soa. Ie item inl Ugh ae al went "A ery ln, tere & eae tan the ee cn me, are stant er on Beata seing 4 ew wig be epore [Noming i experince by et bot sisi eon ri tnt, oe aque of een lending op 10 he te tay of per teenies Wathlapon Senet ln lamers Seld might lok ike te shopping se: in the het of exo, tnd yer would em wy irene Every een bat had tong svocos with sme part fis iy, a hi image soaked conn ad nesrngMoving clemens in a city, and in patie the people and thee aces. areas importa asthe saint physical pas ‘We are noe simply observers ofthis spec, br are curves 2 par of on the sage with he oer pacipace "Mat oem, ‘our perepion af the iy 2 00 sustained, but rather puta, frapentny ned with eter cocere. Neatly evry seoe is Jn operation, andthe image is ze composite of ter al [Nor ony i he cyan objet hich le perceived Cand perhaps enjoyed) by milion of people of widely diver dss aad ct ‘ze, but It the produc of many builders who are constanly ‘modlying the arscrore for reasons of thee own. While cay be suble in generat cuties for sometime, ei ever changing in deait Only puta coal can be exercised over its growth ‘nd fora There is no fal real, only 9 coinoosssucresion Of phates No wonder, then, thatthe art of shaping cities foe ‘entuous enjoyment ean at gute separate fom zchiecare ot ‘use or lertue. Te may learn «gest de rom these ober sr, ba ie cannot imitate them, “A besutifl and deipeel cy envionment tan ody, some ‘would sey an impos. Not one American city args ean 1 iage ts of cocitenely fine quality, although a few twas have tome plant fapmens cis hardly surprising, den, hac mest ‘Ameren have ie ex of wha it an teas live in such an fevironment. ‘They are cleat enough aboot the uplies ofthe Sword they live in, and they ate ite veal shout che di, the smoke, the ea, and dhe congestion, the coe and ye he manat ny of ie Bue they are hardly aware of the potential vale of Irmoaioos surounding, + word which they may have briey limped only as ours oF 2s exaped vacationers. They ext Ive lide sense of what 2 sting can mean in tems of daly eligi, ora 2 comings anchor fo tet Lives, of a8 28 exe sion of the measngfulnes and tices of the word. ‘This book will consider the viel quality of the American «iy by saying the mena inage of that cry whic is eld by is idee “Temi conezene especialy on one pavialt wi tal aly: the appre cy a egiliy” of che cycpe ‘By sis we mean the ens with whichis pare canbe ecogined ‘and can be organized into a coherent pattern, “Just as this printed Fear pean be sly pel at alae sera come symbol, 2 + lie wold be one hore thicker hero ry ar ety eae oot sip weeped ica oval rer, “Te bout wil sae crcl inte cy sein. wl on in ome dt and wil ey 9 sow Sow ‘sconcp night be don ang or Geel tip Scone spars so rede dr sy» pee My Senns=f word nor two tn steer ‘Spies ad ogee Bow they might be develope a ‘cic Irene wll bese snd perp lie eps Se aconce env sod pepe Te fecal Arco soe of tebe Wo er dpe wil py ee te mveel nian ida aed deus Har ones fr stten dpe ‘Aibooph cy ey i by oo mene he ely ipo same popery of eu cy, ofc inporance hen Couliciancovonment a he uten ak of eine tnd enpleiy’ To snderand th we ma comer not fhe yuna ng inl te Cy bang poe by ha Sercring and ening the ena i val by anno sil oie animal." Many Ke of cca ed: the ial toto, tape to, of plat of igh deel ahr ser ih et ne, ner, Seam of goin, and peraps of cic or agp fei Thee eget of ezrin, rm the oe ig fro te pacing of mp ve the miosopphy of + Sek se dibed and hr tporane sere! oi ee Sve lneatae!® 931.9 "Peon hve ao aed thi {Sy int, ough her hey ove ed kor eam iticatosee pases een Fie ro mainly ta ney mca Swap edig. Rehr hrs cote ot doin OF “eke say ene fan he exer envunnee This Sip, fdamenal rth eens aod the very inl of teeming ie‘To become completly lest i pechaps x ether rae experience for mase people ithe modera ci. We ae supported bythe presence Of others and by special wayfnding devices: maps, Sereec umber. rote sigs, bes placards But Ic the mishap of Aisoienaron nce occu, andthe sense of anxery and even tr tor sha actompeies teens ro ws how cy ic linked to tut sees of tlance and wellbeing. The vty word “on” in ‘ur langage means moch moce dan simple geographical unce- ‘ain; i eater overtones of ue die, Te te pret af way Siding, he sag nk i he environ mental image, he geneiiaed mena pice of ee exec phys Seal wold dae shld by a didn. This images he peo ‘ct both of immediate senation and of the memory of past ‘experience and iis sed to ivepeet information and vo guide seton. ‘The need to tcogize and pera ou standings is ‘0 eri, and has sch long zoo fa the pas, ena thi age has wide praca and emeriona imporance 1 the individual. ‘Obviusy a cleat image enables one to move about exily and sucky fod» Inds hone or policeman or «buon toe But an odeted environment can do moe than thi it may seve 8 brosd frame of telerenc, a organizer of atv or bei (of hrowledge. On the bass of a stuctuta understanding of ‘Mashoza, for example one can order a substantial quant of {ce and fancies about the saute Of the word we lve in. Like ny good famevork, sues 4 sete gives the idiidal a pos iby of choice ond 2 seatingpoie for the acquison of fr ther infooation. A cent image of the soroundings is hor x teeta bat for fadvidel growth "A vivid and incgrted pal seting, capable of predating 1 sharp image, pay soil fleas wel een fenith ther mae fr the sys and collective memories of group cm ‘munication A skin landscape isthe skeletoa upon which many primitive race erst the scl importene myths. Com: ‘non mereoties of the “home tows” were often the ot and ‘sit poine of contact between lonely solders dating the wi. ‘A good envicnmentl image gives it posesor an imporane sens’ of emotional scuriy. He can ezablish an hanmenioas ‘ebionsip beeen hil and the ouside wos. Thi the bere ofthe fen that comes with dioriemation; i ans that the sweet sense of home i strongest when home is nor only familiar bor diinsve at wll Indeed, a distinctive and legible envizonment aot enly oes secutty Bar aso eigen che potential depeh and eters of human experince, Although life ifr from imposible ie he inal chaos ofthe modern cy, the sme dy action could ke fon new meaning if eed nt in a more vivid seing Pen ly, the ty 8 in lua ee powefal symbol of 2 complee Sexier. If visually well eft, ican alo have tong expres Te may be srgued arise she imporaace of physi lei thse the hamaa bran is marvelously adap hat with some fexpetience one cn lente © pick ones way though the mast ‘diorered or feces suroundinge ‘There are abundant fxamples of preie anvigain over the “racket” wanes of ser, sind, oc, oe shrough a angled maze of jungle "Yer even the et as the sin ad sa he winds, caren, itd and se-cloe witht which uosded navigation would be Inmposible "The face that cay shied professional could [te among te Plyaesin nan, and eis ony afer extensive (taining indices the dices imposed by this pateular fnizcament. Sula apd sexiey companied even the best. reputed expeditions Im out own world, we might sy that amos everyone ca, if stent. lees to aavigate in Jersey Ci, bat ony a che cn of Some efor and woceraigy.Moteover, dhe postive values of legible surroundings are mising: dhe emotional saisfution, che framework Tor commnieaton or coneepeol organisation, the new depths coat it may bring co everyday experince. These tre plates welch evea our presen city environments ot {0 dordeed str impone an inclerabe sain onthe who are familias with Te mis be gremed tae there is some value in mytication, labyrinth, or surprie inthe environment May ef coy ‘the Hous of Miro and there s+ cerun hae i he cooked sures of Boson. This is 50, however, only vader ewo cond Vion Fist, where mus be no danger of losing basi fuss of Jerey ts deYS Thon pot ‘svomdse cvicoraton, of never coming out The spive must acer in a0 ‘overall femewock; the confsions muse be sal eons ia a ible whole,” Fortesmors the lbyindh or eptery ea in Inelf have some foun dat ca be explored and in time be appe- ended. Complete chaoe without hine of connection is never pleerble Bas these second shoughes pont to an lnpotna qulfction. “Te observer himself shuld ply a active ole in perceiving che sword and have 2 creative pat in developing his image. He Heald have the power to change cnt dame 10 fr Cenging feeds. An enviroment whith i ordered ia precise and eal eal muy lahibie new puceens of scsi. A lundeape whose very rock tells «sory may mae difcal he creation of fs ‘roviee Although tht may not seem 0 be seal nein oot pesen ueban chaos, yeti ladies that wha we sek snot 3 Frat bur an open-ended ovr, capable of cominvous further developmen. Building the Image Enviromental images are che rele of s ewo-may proces beeween the abserer and his envionment. The enironment sugges distinctions and elaons, and the cbserver—with gest ‘dapailiy snd inthe ight of his own purposes—seles, organ ine, and endows wih meaning what he tee The image 30 developed now Unis and emphusives what & seta, while the lege sll 5 being tested paint the ered pereeptal input {na constaneimeacing process. Thos the icage of & given seainy may vatysignileaniy berveen diferoe cbecvets “The coherence ofthe image may aise in several ways There ‘may belie inthe tel objet hati oxdeted or remathabl, tnd ye ies mene plete bas gained idemtiey and oxgninaion ‘hough long faiiay. One man may nd objects easly on ‘hac seem fo anyone eee be» col diordered work ble ‘Aeenaively am object seen fo the Bs ene may be denied and reed noe becuse ei ndividealy familar bue becuse i ‘conforms 1 ereope area conscucted by the observer. An “Ameen can always spo the comes dugsre, however indi: tinglsable ie might Beto 2 Bushman. Aga, « ew object ony em «0 have song structure orient Because of sk tng physical fees which sugges or impose thir own pate. ‘Thos the actor rene mountain can sve ce atenion of ane ening fmm te lepine of te inerie even if hei 0 young ‘rao Foch att have no name for thx prea phenorena. As nanipuloss of te physial envionment, cy phones ce lial intereed in the exeral agen inte itection Thich producer the envtnmencl image. Diferet emiron: ‘nena resistor facie che proces of image-making. Any ven form, a fine vase or 2 lp of clay, wll ave a high of low prcbabilicy of evoking » song image among various ober ‘ex Prwmably this probsblry can be sated with greater and renee precision asthe observers te grouped ia move snd mare Raomogeneous cies of age, se, cule, occupation, eempeet- mentor familia Each individual rests and bets hit wn image, bue tere sums ro be mbstanil agreement among er ‘bas of the same group. Tes hese group images exhibing con seasus wong sigaifeae numbers, that intrest iy planets ‘who aspire ro made an environment that mil be sed by many pele. ‘Thecefore chs sudy wil vend co pass over individual dfee- ences ineesting a they ght be v0 a pspclogs. The Bet fonder of busines will be whar might be called the "public fage” the common mena plete ced by luge oumbers of 1 iy’ inhabitants: areas of agteement which might be ‘expected to appeae inthe fenton 2 singe sal tay, + common cle, tad 3 base physologcl acre “The aysems of venation whic have been wed vary widely dwouphout he woe, changing fom culture co cle and rom Tandsape to landsape. Appendix A gives amples of rany af thers the absrce and Exe dizcioal ems, the moving ye tens, and those tht ate dzced othe pena the home, o he sen The world may be organized around ase of focal pins, fF be broken in mamed regions or be linked by remembered routes. Varied as these methods ae, and inexhasble a8 seem fo be che potential clos whi + man may pick out co difeen- tte his word hey cn inceretigsdedighs on the meas hat ‘we wsevoday 10 lose ouricves in our own city worl. Foc themow part these examples seem 0 echo, crouly enough she fecal eypes of image slemens into which we ean convenicly divide the cey image: path, landmark, ce, node, and dist. “Thee element willbe defined and dics in Chapeer 3. Structure and Identity ‘An environmen inage may be analyaed into chee compo nent int, serie ad meaning Tee wef w abaract these for arly ii remembered ha ia sels shey aly appear together workable image request he ides: Ho ofan objec, which plist disinton Fram ober higs, is tecogntion as sepuable ec. This sealed identi, noe in the sense of equality with rmething ee, but with the mean ing of indviduaity or oneness. Second the image mus include ‘he spatial pate elation of te objet tthe abserver snd 0 ther objet. Fly, his object must have some mesg for ‘he oberer, wheter practi oF emotions Meaning i 0 ‘elation, but gute = ferent one From spat or pacer elation ‘Ths an iape seul for eaking an xi voc the rece’ tion of + door a + disince ent, of i spud reltion othe byerves, and its meaning a» hale for geting out These ae not uly separable. The visual recognition of door is mated topeter with ts mensing a» done.” I is posible, however, 0 stalyze the dooe in ters of is identigy of form and ely af postion, conered a8 they weve pre cos meaning ‘Such an nate fea night be poitess in the stay of «doo, bur notin ehe tly of te urban environment. To begin with, the question of meaning inthe ci sx complied ones Gro ‘mages of meaning ae les lkly co be cnet at eh level than are the pecepins of exy and reaionship Mean ‘moreover, aoe 20 esl nflenced by pial manipaion st ate thee other two component. Fi is out purpose ro build ies for the enjoyment of vase aambers of people of widely diverse background—and cli which will aso be sdepable to frare purpses—ve may even be wise 10 concenteate on the pyre clanty of the image and «0 allow meaning co develop Tithe our direc gidance ‘The image ofthe Manhavan sk line my stand for vial, power, decadence, nyse, cong tion, greatness, oF what you wll, But in each case tae sharp pitre eqralies and reinforerehe meaning, So vious a the individal evenings of sy even wiles fcr may be easy communieable, tha appears possible to separate meaning from for, least in che ently sages of analysis This study sil eertore concert on the Sent and sues of iy ages. an image ier have vale for rican in the living space, ic mon have sever) ques te mon be scien, te in 9 pragmatic see, allowing the ladvidual co operate within is frvlonment ro the extent deed, The map, wheter exact fx, must be goad enough 10 get one home. It mus be su Cen clent and well icepated to be economical of metal (fu! the map most be eeaable Te sould bese, witha sue Ps of clues thar erative neson ae posible sad che isk ‘fle tno oo high. If Blaking igh be only sig foe 2 cial wa, a power hia my exusediaser The age ‘hould prefersbly be open ended, adapable 0 change, allowing the individu v9 continue © investigate and organize reali ‘ere shld be blank spaces where be can extend the rowing forhimsll Final, shoul ia some mesure be cormunicable vo cher individals The tlatve importance ofthese cetera fora “good” image will vty with diferent persons in diferent tnions one wil prise am economia and slfilene str, sorher an open-ended and cornonicable One Sine the emphasis hese wil be on dat ppl emvconent the independent varable, this sady wil look for physic ‘eiles which relate co the acibtes of Hen and strate in the mencl image. Tht las 0 the defnicon of wha ight beveled smopeabily: that uly in 2 physi eect which is ic + high probabil of evoking 4 stong inage ia any |gven observer. Tt is tat shape, color, or azangement whieh faces the making of vividly hence, powerfly rated, ighlywiefal mena image of the enviroment. Kt might a0 be eae ep, or perhaps ibility in beighened sease Imageability10 where objet ate noe only able 10 be see, bur are presened Sharply and inesely wo the sees if» entry a0 Sten discussed tis aibae of an artic object and ele it appreney°+ Whe aris oe Leo this tage end, he fee tat one of it two busi Functions wat “eo reste images which by clrgy and hateoay of fotm fulfil the eed for vividly comprehensible apparnce” In is ind, this ‘san eset fs step tomad the expression of inner meaning "A bighyimagesble (apparent, leper vibe) city in is peculiar sense would stem wel formed, dic, remarkable; ‘ould inte the eye sad the eat 19 geste attention ad pac prson. ‘The sensuous grasp upon sich surroundings would oot merely be simplified, bat nso extended and deepened. Such 2 ry would be one tat could be appehended overtime 2 +p. ter of high eonimaty with may dtineive pares lel fae ‘onneced. The perepive abd familie obervee could sbsoeb ‘new sensuous impacts withou ditupion of his basic image, aad ‘ch new impact would ouch ypon many previous elements He ‘would be well ecened nd he could move eay. He would be ighly swace of his environment The cy of Venice might be fn example of such a highly imageale eavicament. In he Unie Sates, one is tempred co cite pas of Manhatas, San Francia, Bosron, or perhaps the ike front of Chicago “Thee are cheracerinstins tae How fom ove defnions. The concep af imagesbiliy does noe necezriy connote something xed, limited, pee, wife or regully ordered although 1 may sometimes have these qualities. Not doce t mean apparent at ghnce, obvious, pent or plain, The cul envionment «© ‘be pared is highly comple, while re obvious lage is soon boring and can point co only 2 few fener ofthe living world "The inageabilty of iy form wil be ohe center ofthe sad co fallow. "There te other base properties in a bevel eni- ronment: meaning oF expeesivnes, sensuous delight, yeh, Stimuls, choice. Our eoncenation or imageabily does not deny hee imporance. Our purpose is simp r0 consider the need for ideminy and strucrre in oot peeps worl, and 10 Glan the special televance ofthis quality 10 the parol ‘ase of the comple shiing ethan envtoament Since image development it 4 owo-may proces berween server and observed, i is posible xo arengthen the image ithe by symbolic devices, by the reining of the perceiver, by reshaping one's surroundings. You en provide the viewer ‘witha aymbole diagram of how the wot hs rogeier: sap fra set of weiveninsevctons AS log a6 be can Bt reli 0 the dag, he ha le othe telteder of things. You an ven inall 1 machine for giving dreions, as has recently been done ia New York®? ‘While such devices are exremaly fol for providing condensed dats on inerconnecins, ey ela precious, sce oremation fle che vie it and the device elf must constantly be refered and ited 0 cel. ‘The cases of brain injury mowed io Appendix A illesete the txiegy and flor hat attend comple elince on such meas ‘Moreover, the complee experience of intconnetion, the fll depth of vivid image, i acing "You may alo usin the observe. Brown terms tha mae ‘rough which bjs were sted ro move blindfolded seme {0 them a fist ro be one unbroken prebiem. On repetition, pars of the patter, particulary the begining and end, became Filer and etumed the character of loses” Fea, when they coud ead the mse without ero, the whole system seemed. to fave Become one local? DeSiva describes the cae of & boy who seemed co have “aromatic” dicetonalexenation, bat proved to fave been ened fom infancy (by 2 mother who ould aoe distinguish righe fom lef) co respond tO "whe east tide ofthe pots” of “the south end ofthe deewee"7 ‘Shipton’ necoun of the eeconmaisance forthe ascent of vet ct offers deamatic case of sch Inning, Approching Everest. from a new dietion, Shipton immediatly ceognied the main pests and adler char he Knew from the sor ride Bur te Sherpa guide secompanying hr, 10 whom bah sides were long familia, had never ceaied that shee wete the sume fete, ‘and he greed the revelation with surprise and delight? ‘ilpaik decibes the process of pereeptal learning freed ‘on an observer by new ul that no longer fr into previous Images" Tebepins wih hypotheal forms tha explain he nem ‘ima concep, whe the ison of de od forms persion 0‘The pecsnal experience of ost of us wil tesily co this per cece of an Tory image log afer is inadequacy i concep- fealyreaiand, We sae ine the jungle and see oly he sn Tigh on she green Icaes, bo 2 nazning noise elt we tar an nial ie hidden there. ‘The oberer then learns terre the Scene by singling out “veaway” cues and by eeweighing pee ious signals The camoutagel animal may now be picked up bythe cefection of bs eyes Fall by eepented experience the ‘env pauer of perception i changes andthe obierver ned a0 longer consily search for giveaways, oe add new daa co 2m ‘ld framework. He bas achieved an iage which wil operte Success io the new station, seeming twa ad igh ‘Quite suddenly the hidden animal appears among the leaves, "s sie at dey” Tn the sme way, ne mt ltr ose he hidden forme inthe vast spree of oor cen We are aor sctomed ro organising tad imagiog an aici envcanment on such a Iarge sales yet fue actives 0 pushing us toward shat end. Cut Sachs gives fn example of» flue make connections beyond a certain Tevet The vice and drumber of oe North American Indian fallow entry diferent tempos tbe wo being pectved inde pendently. Searching for musa analogy of eur own, he men Sons cue church series, where we do a0 hink of coordinating, ‘he chit inside withthe bell above, a cur vst meuopotitan areas we donot connect she chat and se bells Tike the Sherpa we se nly the sider of Everex and rot the meurain. To extend ané deepen our perception ofthe fvitonment would be wo concinue 3 long biologie! snd cura Arvelopmene whic al gone fom the COmACt Senses 10 the di tant senge an from the datant senses to symbolic communis ‘ions. Our thesis is hat we ae now able (0 develop our image the environmen by operation en the exeeal pyc! shape 1s wel a by am ineral ening process Indeed, the complexe iy of oor environmen: now compas ww do shaper 4 wll dics how this gh be dove, ‘Primiive san was forced ro prove bis enviconmemal image by adapting his perception co the given landscape. He could ‘fect minor changes fo is environmen with ean, Beacons, ‘oc tee blazes, but sisal modifetons for vin day 0 ‘inal inerconsetion were confine! 10 hove ser of rligiout aclonces. Only pomerflcvlaione can begin 3 on thie feral environment a significant wale. The consious rel fngof the age sale physica envionment has been possible ely recently, and #0 the problem of environmen imagery i few one. Techn, we cn now make comply Rew la {capes in brie tine, os in the Durch poldrs oe the Signes ze aleady at grips withthe question of now 10 fo the tol scene 50 that ts easy for vhe human observer fo Henly it parts and vo stctre the whole? ‘We ae pid building» new functional uni the metropli- ‘an region, bor we bave yet fo grup that this unit, too, sould ave is certesponding image Suzanne Langer se the probler in ber capil definition of atchitecrue “eis the sora environment made visible B4 Il. ‘THREE CITIES To untseand she le of examen image lo cu own ian en a xesary fru sk ally {le cy arta ok with ee nabs “We nde eel and est the eno nage, nd as by 2 compa: ton of image mith vn ein 0 lera what Forms make for Song images sod hs © ugg some pices for scan deign. Toe work was doe ithe conn tor aay of ‘xsi fr ud treet on the cite one of the ound tion toes af chy detig, and in he hope shat some well eh tigus for eld econmiaunce aed cen inervew ight be veld ea bypeoare At lea snl plore the fuse was © devop Ket and mehody ees Gat 0 pve foc t's fa and deen. “sins mere therefore made af the cee tae of hee American ede: Boron, Meneses, Jy iy, New Jee, nt Tee Aageescallola” Boson the cy acy naa, if sige in cater anang Ameen cen, being Nth vid infor and fal of aa ilies Jey Cay wat cen for ies apperentformlesiness for wht seemed, om fe cbse tion, be its exzerely ow order of inagesblny. Las Angeles, (on the other hand is» new iy, of am cel diferent sale and swith» gridiron pan in scene aren. In every east cent sues of appeoximely 2¥4 by 1Y4 ales was ken for sy Inch ofthese cies, two basi nays were eve ow 1. A symeraticSld reconaisance of che ten was made 02 foot by 2 tained observer, who mapped the presence of vious elements, tele visibly, thee inage sengeh of wens, and their connections, diconnetions, and other intecelations, tad ‘who mowed any special sucess oF difclies in the portal Image sractare. These ere subjective judgment based the itnmedineappearioce of thes elements in the ld 2A leat incerview was held with «sell sample of cy esidens 10 eve their own images of their physic environ ‘ment. The interview included requests for destiptions, los tions, and skrces and forthe performance of ininary is ‘The pero icervcmed were people who were lng resident oF employed inthe ares, 0d whe residences of work laces were Alsibiedehroughout the ane in question Some thiay pesos wete thus interviewed ia Boson, ad 6k «een each in Jersey City and Las Angee In Boron the bac fulyes were supplemented by phoropraphic recognision tet by seca rps i the fd, and by numerous requss for dire dons eae of pasetsby in he sree I addon, dered Said econnauance was made of several special elements ofthe Boron scene ‘All hese maths are decribed and eshased in Append B. “The small sae of ehe samples and ebiebie coward the profer sional 20d manager case preven us fom sting thats ee “public inager tas been gained, But the maze i rich ageioo, and hat avicieo inal coniaeney 1 indice far subrancal group images do exit and ate, in prea les, Alucovenble by some sich means. The independent eld analy 4 predicted rather scruaey the group image dvived from the Inerviews snd 2 indiaed the ele af the physi forms them salve Tefoetlie a pon 6Boston 16 Undosbiedy, the common concentrations of eave pts o of wok place tended 0 produce his consitenc of the group image by presenting the sxe element othe view of many individuals. Associatoas of sass or of try, coming tom sonia tourcs, farer reinforce thee Beene But there cn be no doube tne ce farm of the enviconment ielf layed & uemendour roe ja the shaping ofthe image, The ‘eincdences of description of wvidnes, even of confusion white familariy would seem to indicate konoledge, all make chit tle, Ie ison tis telition between image ané physi form isin diferences in the inageailty of che dee cies ppened, eventhough the peso interviewed had all made Some sn of + working scasment thes environment. Cerin Ferrer open space, vegeation, sense of marion onthe px, sul contass—sered to be of panicula imporance ia the Tom the dat provided by che compton of these group ‘rags wh de visual ely, and fram the speculations arin, ‘hereon, mor ofthe remainder of this book dsves. The con ‘eps of imagebliy and ofthe elemenc eypes Chih ill be ized in Cape 3) largely derive fom oe were refined and ‘developed in che analyse ofthis mater While « discosion ofthe srengs and weskoszes ofthe metho ae lel 0 Appt die 8 ei import to understand the bass on which the work “The aces chotn for sy in Boston wa all chat part of the ‘cewralpeniatla within the Boe of Masachosets Avene. ‘Tit isan aret eather woul among. American cies because of es ge, history, and somewhat Euopesn favor. Ic includes the ornmecial core of the mecoplian nes wells Sever high ensity residential dire, ranging from tlom toppers housing. Figure 1182 genesl serial view of she repo Figure 2's an atine map off, and Figure 3 is «diagrammatic eepe- Senution ofits major vu elements as derived feo the eld For slot al the persons interviewed, hit Boson i ey of sexy disintve dies and of crooked, confusing paths I is 1 Gly city, ofr brick building, eymboized bythe ope space Of he Boston Common the State Hause with ts gold dome, aod the view actos the Charles Rive from the Cambidge side, [Mast of them added the eis an old hori lace, fll of ‘wor-out buildings, yx contining fome new srvrses among the olds narrow ares ae cong ith people ad cers there i 0 parking pace, bu here ae srking cones becwees wide main neers and eattow side avec, The ceil cy 84 ‘Peni, surrounded by a wate edge In adn 1 the Com ‘mon, che Charles River, and the Se House here are several ‘ber vivid elemens, parc Beacon Hil, Commonwesth ‘Aveous, the Wathingon Stee shopping end theater dice PL The Boon pele fre the watha ~—-—=—mO « --~—-6e8. Copley Square, she Back Bay, Louiburg Square, che North End, fhe marker die, and Adame Avense bordered by she wharves A substantial Faction added cer chaser boot Boston: thar it leks open of recreational space that itis an dividal” sal oF mediersined cy ha ihas age eas of red wae thai marked by bay windoms, ron Fees, oe brownstone fro ‘The Favorite views were usally the ditane panoramas with the see of water and space. The view fom acrou the Charles River was often cited and thre were mentions ofthe tive view down Pinckney Set, the via from hill in Brighton, ee lok ‘OF Boon fom ies harbor Another fvorke sight was thet of Outing map of te Ban penile 6.8 The ial fr of Bs he ci igs age, om neato fa, when the iy Sem co take oan excitement tat fence lacks. ‘owon has 4 srt which fe undesoad by almost of these people, The Cares River with a bidges makes 9 00g dear edge co which che principal Back Bay sree, paricalrly Beacon Sreee and Commanwesth Avene, are pale. These sures sping fom Masachuees Avenue, fuel perpeadiclae to the Charles, and van 10 the Boson Common and Public Ga den.” Alongside shis sec of Back Bry sucess i Copley Squte {aco which ns Huningron Avene (On the loner sie of the Common ae Tremoat snd Washing: ton Suc, parle co each other and inerannected by sever] sealer sce. Teemone Sree goes afar 36 Sealey Squre, tnd from tis pine or nade Cambridge Suet rune back 10 nother node arth Chases Seer tray which tes the frame ‘work back in othe river agsin. In 9 doing i enous Beacon Fill acter away from eh sve appears another song water telge,Atanic Aves andthe babe fron, hich ey Be ealy a em the old Payee 5 pte 9Fe 3 ane 16 20 etm from 1 th Chet River acertily connected (othe rest Alhough many subject ad 0 ileal conception of Boston 1 « peninsula, they were ‘mabe co make a vital connection bere rivet an harbor Boson sens in sone waye to be 4 “one sided cy mhich net reels and cenrent ws one aves tty From the Charles River edge Tue sample sepecrenttive, alos any Bostonian cn ell you is mach of his iy. Equally Hey, he could wot dese tome other things, sich ts che wiangla aes between the Back Bay and the South End the no-ma's lind sok of North St rion, how Boyton Seret rant into Tremane Seer, or what i the pawern of pats inthe Banca disci ‘One of he mow iteresing dire is one vat is there the triangular region beeen the Back Bay ad te Sth oe. This seas bank area on de map for every peron interviewed, even {he ane who wat buen and eid dre. Its an aen of wba tial see containing some known elements such as Huntagion ‘Avenue and ocisonal nde sich a8 the Chin Science CChareh, bot the matrix in which these might appear is abrene sod nameless Premimly, che blocking by suroonding eirond tracks, tod the concep quecsng out ofthis en becsse the tin ares of Back Bay 20d the South End ae eer be paral [e bath contribute to thie diappenance, mementos Scone amen eo Saree Pare & ate 28 22 wide imporance, the dfcay is compounded. Here they crst 2 rigs anges bur Facer oa they sem 20 be paral, pinging ‘etpediclarly from a common bate line, Mavachusets Avene Tn akin, che canal sopping activity makes an awkwacd Fiheanged ura at this sme Boyton Tremone crossing, weak- ers and then rappers farther up Boyison Steet. All dade Spt al ambi of pe a yc 4 mj 0 ‘Boston i cy of dace dic, and in mast pac ofthe ceo aces one koows where one is simply by te general char fetes of the rrrouning acea_In one orion thee i the uma (ome of + conrinvour monic of ich ctinetive are che sequence Back Bay—Comman—Bcon Hillcents) shopping Here place is aever ia question. Yee tis thematic wiidaess ‘yplalyasocsed with fomlesness or confosingstangemen. 1F Boson disries could be given sctral lay a8 well 5 dis- tinctivechaacer, they would be grealy seengiened. In cis fale, incidenely, Boson is probably quite diferer from many ‘Arerien cies, where areas of formal order have litle cae ‘While the dacs cn 0 be vivid the path sem in Boston 1s generally confused. ‘Nevertheless, c9 ienpoant isthe Fane: tion of ceulation tac dhe pus ae sill dominane ia the toe lnage, jst a8 inthe her cies vested There iso basc cde among these ph, excee forthe hiraialy conditioned pe ponderaace of mia ridait running inwards from ehe base of {he peninsula Through much ofthe cental cy i eset t0 imove ean-wex co and from Masachutans Avene than i sto tmove at igh angles vo this dieton. In thi sense, the iy hat {tor of gran tha ie reeced in the eral cmtortons which tecompany various imaginary tripe. Neverthe, the pach serctre i 24 unusaly dick one, ad its complications have Furmshed much material for the systematic omsideration of paths in Chapter 3. The difety caused bythe righeangled crowing of "pule” Boyivon and Teemonr ees has already been ‘mentioned. The regular Back Bay i, banal eharacrerisie of mos American cis, kes on 2 spec quality in Boson by ‘itor of contrat wit dhe remainder ofthe pen he, & The Bute Commer ‘Two highspeed highways pass though the ceva ae, Soe row Drive and the Cenel Ary. Boch are felt aigaously ther asbaces in reference to movement on the ober sree, fora paths when one imagines oneself to be driving om tem Esch spect ts an entirely free facet when though of fom below, the Arey is 2 massive green-pained wall appearing mgmenaiy 3 cerain sposa At 3 pth it 2 bon rang, Alpping, and trsng, sruded with sign. laa curious way. bath fonds ate fle o be “ouside” the cy, badly teed vo. evea though they penetrate ad there is dein eransion o be ‘made ac each inercange. Soerow Drive, however, is cely related othe Chale Rivet, and ie th ed othe general pa team ofthe ciy. "The Cental Arey, on he her hand, winds Inexplicably chrough the centr, ad breaks che orientation link withthe Norin End by blocking Hanover Sree. Moreover, i ‘rat rometines confsed wih the Castewsy Commercial: Anse Sequence ven though she two pathe ae quite diferes, bea ‘oth may logically be conidered at extensions of Sorow DeveFe Prim of the Barat ame 1 g00d Boson fashion, individual pars of the path syem imag hove stag clase Da this Mghly ieguar ayaa is made up of separnte ements which ae onl Unked one by one, fe steiner nora alle ie 8 dice sytem eo dem, o 10 Image 25 2 whol, and ms usualy be handed by conceneating fn the sequence of pin. These joints oe aodes sve cherlore ‘quite inportae in Boston, and olen rater palid regions like ‘he "Park Square aces” wil be mamed by the coting chat ie thal orpensing for TFigueBis one way of summarising thi naps ofthe Botton Jinage» summary which mig bea fies sep toward the peeps sation of » design plan It is« gaphie compation of whet ‘eer 0 be the mar diccies in he cy image: confsons, ening is we tems ans bls incon ambigsien,brachings, aks of caraer oe ifere Coop with peenaon of the sucnpths and pretalis of eh image, ie carresponds 0 hese analy phase fs pla 00 ‘uma sae. Like ase analysis it does aor derermie a plan but is he background vpon which creative decisions can be ‘made. Since irs made st 2 move comprehnive evel of sy Sie gue astral coins a larger degree of inverpetion han do previous dingrame Jey Ci, New Jere, les berneen Newark and New Yotk Cle, a0 dis Ueinge ares of bab, with lle central activky of jes owe. Ceiscrssed by raitnds and elevated highways, i as the appeneanee of » pacer pss though rather thant ive in. eis divided ico ethic and css neighborhoods, and is ext by ‘he ramparts ofthe Paleses What might have been at shoppiag cere was sed by che arial ceaon of Joural ‘Square oo the uppet Ind, so that the city fas o sale cee, bc ier four or five.” To the uavlfoemesines of space and everogensy of rrvrre thar mack the blghed ates of any American chy it added the complete conftion of an unico foudied sees sysem. "The deabeesy, di, aod smell of she rovaare a fst overpowering. Tis of couse. iste firs sper ure 8 Jeney City ee 9 page 2 aare 12, pte 28 ficial view ofa oer, fe wat inerering vo see how those who had lived there for many yens imaged it for themselves The visual suuctre of Jersey Cy 36 dived fom the Bld econnsitanc ie dawn cote me sale and ses hese y= bots ar ce Boston diagram. ‘The cy ha ile mor shape rd ptr sha an Osler might think, a ned mis ico be habiable a al hea fas eter ie and ats of eany fewer recogrited elemens tan does the seme area of Boson ‘Mach of the aenis droped by rong edges The exes of te sercrre ate Jour Sqste, one of the rw0 main spring covers, wih the Hine of Hudson Boulevard posing *uoaph i Tom Hucdion Boulevard depends the “Bergen Seton” aod the Immporane WestSide Pat. To the eas, thece puke pass down ‘over the lif elge 10 more of ler converge in the lower ex [Newsth, Montgomery, and Commnipan-Grand. On ohe cll sands the Medical Center. Everything nope atthe batt of the reed induseildock area on ese Hodson Thi & the essential patern, and, exepx paps fr oe or emo ofthe tree Alowahit sete, is familar co mast sabjecs “The lack of characteris apparent froma glance when the cor sera of sents thonghe datncive by Jsey Cay people fompured withthe same sisram for Baxon The Jersey City Insp is lox bre. Journal Squae i song becuse ofits inceosive shopping and entertainment acviy, buck ea and ‘paca! chaos are conusng and unsecting. Hudson Boulevard tals the Square for srengohs Went Side Pak is next the only Lage park io the cin, eed agin and again at 2 diincive region relief in ehe general texture The “Bergen Section” stands out pinay 248 date ates. ‘The New Jetey Medial Cece i viswaly unmistakable rising cll and white fom the clge of he cif haphatarly located gins. ele mare cin be cited at diinceive with any wnaniniy, excep forthe awelagpcing sip of the New York Cystine Sees ~---O#- 9. Jer in rom he 1D, The sa form of Joey iy at mS be fd28 in the dizance. The ote diagrams fl out the image ofthe fy, adding in parse tore practi ecesen, the major puts, primary the wel-raficked oner which by thee contin: By vst the exceptions to the major of Jeney Ch ser “There ie 2 peucy of recognizable discs and andes 20d + Tack of commonly known cemert or aol pints The cy i, however, marked bythe pretence of several tong edger of Ining boudares the ovetead lines of rulonde and highway, the Palade, and the roo mater. In sadyng the indvieal shes and inerviews, i became apparent that none of the responders bad anyching Ike a com Pcbemive view of the chy in which they fad Lived for many earn The maps vere often fepmene, with large Bad ares, eoceneating mos often of seal home tectonics The tee uf seme vo be szong ioiing element, sed usually 4 map sowed eter dhe topo tong aod he lowland 8 wrk Orv ‘ern the reo being connected by one ce two prey conceal putt The lower ate, in parce, seemed diel etre ‘When aked for + general characterization ofthe city, one of ‘he mon common emarks wat ha ie was noc whol, hati had ho cemer, uc was ruber a collecion of many bamles. The seenion: “Whar fx comes to mind withthe words “Jersey Giyri i exy 10 newer for Bosoniang proved wo be 3 dict cone. ‘Ago and again, subjects cepted that “ooching spec” fame to ming, tat the cy wat hard 10 symbol, ha i ad 90 ‘latncive sectna. One woo. i This i eal one ofthe mos pul hing about Jerse Ci “Thee en anything tat if someone case ere from 3 ar rl, (har cold my, "Ob wat you os ti, eo ential ™ “The mot common respate to the quesion of symbolism was othing ia the city alba eather the sight ofthe New York (ley shine asa te es" Mach of th carci feeling fo Jerey Cis seemed co be that it wat place 00 the edge of Something ese. One person pu chat his two symbls were ve ‘yline-f New York on she ne sie, and the Palak Skyway, seading for Newatk on the otee. Anotee emphasied the ‘ease of enclosing baci: dat 0 get ou of Jey Cy one mastwo sitter go under the Hinton, or shrogh the confusing Tannebe tafe Gil ‘One could hardly ak for 3 more dramatic. more images bask lcaron and piece of mpography tan Jersey City fn see slew build complely anim, Duw the general environ imene wa pertsernly referred ca with the wont old” “diy “dab” The sete were repentely described a “cor Up" The imerviews were notable fr her pane Of informatan about the envionment, and oe ee conceal rather than percep) ‘once, quai ofthe cy image, Mom sking wat he song teoency 0 desctibe, ot by visa images, but by seeet names tnd the 7p of use Take che flowing part of & ip dexcrip ln ins Faia are, ota example ‘Aer you cost the highs, thas glagup bie; and ster you Come ander the bi the Bs Beet You Bt heres ‘anor poking company, he econ ore al 0g 0 the enor, you a funky a6 exh side sed you come 1 the at cotner teva fio wore nd a hardware noe gb coe {onset oo sou i. On your hit, Iefote yo com hur, St ewtny aateand x ower. You tone on op 0 Th Soe, sd en Th Sue loon facing you 60 ee bln ent, 1 epeable murat onthe ihn! —a guoe sore on the sree 6 See, hers 20 lenin exe Oat You cme {Soe thrrnoad pie, When ou gp ier rou be ‘ew sets Sth Your ihe saloon ere + il the lle h Seer—when you come to eh on the ghand Cornette want oc mex fo hws fot 0008 the rightand tide facing you 3 mew lel place nd on you! ee see From the met pets gt ore The ae E'Scd-youfome up cord an ees drugsore on yur vet, whiskey toe srs fom you om he ae: he es rey {ore ts aon on your he azot from te rey ee The se Tod and tere 3c stop teat nd lon 22 the ee acs from in out rip, befte you Cos the tethers ple where thy ell hotel apne, and then it Sar, shrct» bbe op, meat matt on hee and acre fom ina watt bo dart wid for spartan nour igh i doing sore acid sore 00 et and on. In al his desciion we hve only one oF to vita nager 4 Esiog” edge, 208 perhaps the ralond veer pit Ths suber fit sccm to ae ber environmen when she {esches Hamicon Park, and then tough het eyes ome suey ice line of ee fence opensuse, wth round, om tral bandsand and he srrounding benches ‘Many remaiks came ow abou he indingibilty of the iyi sone es mach he me lors moto eat oman UF ete ste ehing-— News Aveoe, noon Avene, Ber ten Ava T nea, wrtins You cnt dece which ee You want a9 on betue theye more oe ha the ne Care nothing odicreneate he How woul I recone Favew Avenue when I came 10 i? ILas Angeles 2 By che weet sign IS ohe only wap you ea recone any pao haus, hat all on te came 1 hi we wal fd our way toond.Wheve see's wl ‘here's sways cling ames, ou may he some ines ‘sera fod apace, bot J ink evenly You ct where In this eclaivly apdierensaed enviroment shere is» sl ce noon on se octins, but Frequency on grades of we, ‘rf the relive sate of repaiofrrvcrres The ee signe, ‘he ig advertsing sigs of JouralSquate snd shefctovies are the Indmarks. "Any landvaped open space, atch a Haron ‘or Van Vor Patt, or especially te large WestSide Pa, ae ‘ried. On oxo ocson, people used ny gras anges at feria zee inereection at lndmurke Another woman spoke of deving overt 2 sl pack on 3 Sunday 20a abe cou st In the eat and look att. The fac thatthe Media! Cener ba 1 smal landscaped plot ia roe of it ces 9 beat lnporane to ieoiyingchaccrernic a grat Balle and skyline ho: ‘The evident low lnagebiliy of is envionment was refered inthe image held even By its longtine resides and twat maallesed in dsatsfaion, poor orleneion, apd a3 ina Biliy 0 desribe or difference is pars Yer even such @ seemingly cao of suroundings des in ae have some pat. ter, and people seize upon and ebocate his paeen by concen- teton on minor des, a well by sing thei senion Frm phys appearance co oer apes ‘The Los Angeles aren the hear: ofa gret mtropotian region, retent« diferene pitied ene quvediferen fom Bose ‘ vell_The ae, while compernbe insite co tbe Boron end Jeney Ciy tones, cade le more han the ental business ‘inict and ia fioges ‘The abjers were fale withthe tex not tough reidence, Barby reasons of workplace in coe ‘ofthe cena ofiees or ores igue 1d presen the Bel rca raisnce inthe i manner, As the core of » metropoli,cearal Los Angeles is heavily charged with messing and actiny, wich nrg and presumably Gisiove bugs, ad wit a take pauers i alos equa pd of sree, Yer a sumber of factors operate 1 cet in 3 {iets and lass harp, image tha tat of Boston, Fst ecenlition ofthe maropaitan reion, whereby he cera ‘esis all by counesy“dowavown” But there ae several other {asc cores co which people ar oioted.. ‘The cental area hat inrensve shopping, bur i i no Tonge te ben shopping, 20d tree numbers of ckinenr never ener the downtown at fom fre ye 10h nent Second, te gud pater isl an vol feremited mote, within which elemens canoe always be Iocted wih conience. Thi the cenel acvises ae speally fenced and silting, 2 foc which dies thie inact ree ie 1 The wa form of Lat Ae a the Ble 3uenecebuiding prevents the idensiation shat bulds up by ori proeet The elements themes, despite nmes eceue of) Frequnssecnper 3 Bamboys inally faceless. Neverthe, we ate n00 now looking a Snuerehace Jey Cy, Bu rer athe ave and eco filly ordered comer of grex meropoli The accompanying tv progr gives an impreson of his scene” Excep by minute aentiono® plane ype, o 0 the inten backgroonc, I would be hard diingueh thi fom the cee of oany U.S. ces Thee is the seme pliogap Of bok ofc racrares the srs ubiquity of tae ways and asking luz The image mapa however, ate uch mare dense (han those of Jersey Cy “The emeniah areca ofthis image isthe nada pin of Per Shing Squce, which lis inthe rok of the L ford by evo ‘topping seers Broadway and 7 Scene. All thin the pow tral matte of» gd of paths. At heft end of Brondvay th Give Cemer ate, and Seyond thatthe fesimenally importane ode of the PlnsOhers Sues. Alongude Beosy i the fag Sues Goncilcnic and next over i Skid Row (iin Ses Te lemon and tar Feros may te Stal ws bowndng the two ope ses of he L Tee geval Ife’ constable for ka eopeinss ea of Minor La Ange {epee on south ol Sue ext forte exentn ol ening ge The cena sca st ia 3 aan. Tht [oad camer is Iberay spobiied sth ceed led feat ci vem beng the Sate and Bena How, and fam among otra the Rehfsld Balding, the Pac Libary, obo od Bulucs dpernen sen he Fda Savings Eaiding te Pibarmonictdioroy Coy Halted te Union Depo “Dur enly wwe laa were deubed in sy eoeree deat ee oy, Hack and gat Reh Balding sod he Pp tiled tp ofthe Cay Hal36 Other then she Cive Caner sen cecogazable dtc ae iter small and lear, ced othe borders of pa (voc a ‘he Mh Suce shopping tbe Brondwny shopping, Taniporeion Row on Gh Suet the Spin Steet Soci ti, sod Skid Row on Main Serect), ot rlaively were Bunker Hil ise Tolyo. ‘The Cvie Center it srongem, becare of ie obvious faoetion, site, spatial openes, ew bldings, and dee edges ew falco cematk Bunker Hil soot ss arong an image, despite i hitovelconnordany, snd gue 2 few fle tat it \ees"notin the downtown sea” Inder cis surpisnghow the Core, i beding atond this major vopograpic fee, has 0 ede in wal bryng Perhing Square i consis he songet lemen fal 20 xoalylneped open pes in te beat Soweto ae Foved by sea an ovtdone police Forum, camp mesing, and old peop’ ce Alog wih te PiaOlves Seer nade CGvelvng avcter open see), Pershing Square wat the mos sharply deeled lemese with ie immaclce cenal ve [engl fs by banana ter, ten by 2g of people iting in slid etl on eh tne walle he by busy sec 0 Bal'y by the coe filer of doweown bldngt Atbough rematkabl, ie was nc alway er be ples. Sometimes bec showed fea ofthe od and eee people who weit, more often the ‘sgnse was one of patho hephened by the way in wich tae eopl ae confined co the fringing wall and lap off the cer teal grae. Unfaveabe comparisons were zewa wih ee ene, dowd, spec of the Sqn: rove of teen, wih acer ‘ences abd walls The cena ys was rested 90 aly b= ‘Gute of denial othe pack loungers but becuse fe merit impo ocuc ator the pace at pelesszn wold soraly do" Nevers, is highly ideale Sage eng feted by the presence of & domitane admth te reavown ‘tuts he Binoce Heel, which fice ois te deson of te Sqaze or alisimporance ithe iy inage, Pershing Square seems 10 oats lisie Ir sone Hock away fram the two hey sees, “ev and Broadway, and many were ween af specs To Vin, akbough sure ofits geaeral one abject on thei tips tend in hit minds ro pee sideways foe at hey Fase each Iinoe sree ‘This ems bound up wih ir of-ene losin, nd aio with the objec tendency o confound vais ae, noted below ‘Broadway ws perhaps the oly path whch wat vamisakable forall Arte orginal main reer and sl he age app concentration io the downtown ars, athe bythe crowds fn is sidewae, by he length and omit of es shopping, by the argon 2 ctve bac, and by the ate ar (ere ther aves cary ony buses). Albough conceded wo be ee ore, anyeing i yee Bendy wa m0 sopping aes for nos of hse middlcls pesons. Is was ate cowed wich the ethic minories and lowerdacooe. groupe whore Uving yates fing the con] scion, The ees beeviwed ‘gure thi eae crea 8 alin oe king fe wh ay 7{ng depres of avoidance, ctoiy, fet They were quick © esrb the sae ferences beeen the Brose cowl #98 ‘howe co be seen on 7h Sect, which if aoc eke at ler 4 ‘dicks shopping sreee Ta genera eb dick to diferenine the numbered cose acetone from anoter, excep for th, Th and Ie See ‘This confusion of pace war apparen inthe lrvews To 4 tener exe the mmed login ree were 0 ine. Flower, Hope, Grand, and Otve all af which run loro Banker il coded a ney, ite the numbered ree, 1 be coasted one tar aot “Akiough one dowaxow atest may be confounded for snore, few subjects hed dieuy Je maioeaising dean 00 ‘he pind visa, soch arte Sater Hoel on Th Sree, (he Lary on Hope Sue, Bunker Hill on Graod Sree, and slang Beouday, sem Fegoent enough to provide decal Serene.” fae all sree ae vil ned, deape he tepular gid w he cece, whether by topography the freeway ‘Acros the Hliyweod Freeway roe ofthe songen lement ofl the nal comer ofthe Pas: Olver Set, Thi wa ery ‘api deverbed shape, wee beaches, propl; te ey the abled” (aculy eck oved) seth gh spc, he Boas for sl, wfalingy the ame of candles and candy. Not ony i hs pr wl very dining, but is the oly re i ‘nce point in he iy aod seams to generate + ce Depor andthe Cie Cees, sje had pres iy In pick ing he wy, ‘They tha the ol Dad deed tem a8 Byhey were nse where the known sees ura no this aoe Bows tne. Alnneda Sst leds eacheroudy aay the lef Insead of paralleling the sorratudh areeee ‘The lrgescle Cleznce ofthe cnc area seems have ented the Origa (bid and subsitced ele nes ‘The fewoy ins suken bari. In the tk of malking fom Union Dept the Se, he relief wih which mon jee greed the appear of et ‘Set was loos audible ‘When asked eo deeribe or aol the ce a8 2 whe the nbjpcs ied crtin sandard work: "eadont “pce armless" "witowr centers” Lo Angeier eed co be hard vo envision or concepualie a4 whole. An nde spend, tric ny cary plata connor of sce aout the dele Ings or overtones of weareess and dsorention, was the com> spon image Sail one sbjer 0 sae you mr going mene ot ng inea when oo ao hae you donee threw hn the ae a at there was tome erence that exert ot te eon! eile wat aot 0 dice The appa of regional fen fl caded the ocen he mucins sed bls for he ee Aevlopnes dice sich st Beverly Hil the mao Iecwsy ‘nd boulevard eye, and, Kal, cena adie of age ove the whole meeropoliy evidenced in he conn, spe aad type of srucusesappropeate co ech ra Ja the scsi ngs of Bow ‘Below thi rnd sel, Roweve, race and deni seemed robe gute dieu Thee wee no mediamsited dts and us were confsed._ People poke of being lx when off abi Sal roucen of depending hewly on suet signe A the sales Sele there wee cuason!ptkets of high ienty and sean ing” mourn cabin, bench houses, or ares placed with bighly derived vegesion Bat ths was oot univer dan ‘teva Hk ote ature, theirs of sir he mati ale ended 0 be wea Aecrentin she wives of impressions hey apprathed down town New ihe home there es moh deel tbo the slopes ted tens, he wegen tod the people thee was evidence af hy ere ard please fn the sen. Newing the cre, his image geduly teeame gryer, more sbenct ted concept ‘The doweowe aro, ain ese) Cy, was baal» ealion ff eamed wes and woe roee’ Undoubvedly hs was in pot due tothe increasing main of diving on hemo rad, bat sexe to peri even ater leving the ct” viel the inal mace i eof poner sls Pthaps he ictesing Sg lo as see ‘Sag sed hte, inden, were eagerly menined he tormenta he chy delet, They seemed o dul enone Colors thas the overall tne wat rept 10 be whch el Tomi oc gray. Several diver ito he cy cer pred sac Chey regslly checked on sg condos ech nmin. byFw 2, pee a ong the visit of suck dine tower besos asthe Rich fel Building or Cir Mal ‘Auzomobie eee and che highasy tem were dominant themer inthe lrerviews. This mas the daly experienc she hip bate—sometines exciting, wally terse and eshnsing, Top deals were fall of elereces co sal Uihes and igs, lneesecions ad ttsng probems Oe the eeways, dens had wo be made Ta abead of tin: thee were cont lane smaneovers. Tews ke honing rape es bow, wth the sme tcemene ad Yeon, th ete contart eet fo “Keep One Teed” Many sbjecs nord shes Fes on devin new ure forthe fw tne" There were frequen references to Be Ov pastes he Fn of the big iercanges the Kiev senso Of dropping. unig. cimbing Fr some penton, eving mar ‘alleging. Nehspced game, ‘On these fetes, one can ave same sense of the mi copapopty. One tobe fe at camang oe agen hl ech Imoring maled the milpo of Ber jurey and pave shape 0 ie Anoher eed the exertion of she cis tale de 10 te new ron which have changed ber win coneepion of te ‘int of emer. "There ere rfeates foc pours of Imomentay extrait views frm teed prions ofthe fe Sie, vemut dhe corned monoronoutsnation of te embonk mmen ia cur On te her hana n Boon, tev dives cere 0 have dificly in loaing the Ieeway, i yg 0 the re of che iy sree, ‘Thece ws a common experience fof momentary ls of eenaion when coming of a ews) oe “Arties Frequent theme wat chat of elaive age. Perape tecaue # anche of the emiranmest i aew or changing, ere ster evidence of wiespeend, amos poll arachnen nyhing tha bad srived te uphewal Tho he sy Pls (lve Set onde reves the deesped Borel of Banker Hil, chimed the aecion of many sbjeets There was impesion foom thete few inrviews tht ete isan even gree sem smenealanachnt no what i ed than ects fo coca Bono, In Los Angst as well tin Jey Ci, igh Rowers and vegeta, which nde ope took great se the gry of many ofthe een secins ofthe cy. The ety pation, tf tomeso-ork ripe mee fal of iid pices of te Hower ted wees Even a vers moving a highspeed seemed © noe {deny such wan de ur thee remarks did not apply to che area direct under sey. Cel Los Angeles i ft fom the via cao of Josey (Gy, ad its ater Hora umber of single being lad tia” Yee excep for concept and her undllerened fre wae sii oranine or comprehend asa whole. i no wrong gem symbote The rong image, Bray ad Pevsiog Sqae, weet hei roop of subject es ete alien or even mensing. No oe desibed them 1 plese ot Bessel The Lele, neglected Plans ceo te topping or enertainmene ions sled by te Ibadan ep Teh Sree aes wer the oly semen 09 wich any actin wae benowel. One bjt” pa tht by SSyng tht de ld Piss, on one end ad the new Wise Bow lead on the athe, mere the oly things wih chara, rd hat they sumed up Los Angeles The ie seemed to lack oc fof rhe ecognsble curr, bi and pert meaning of ‘coral Boston Common Themes ‘We find, in comparing hee tve ce (if we cn fd any thing in uch smal samplings) that, a might be expec, po ‘eas thee srounings nd exact rcere p eity bu of the material at hac The types of elements sed in che hy mage, nd the qualies hat make hem og ox weak seem ‘gate compare uence te the, abough the proporion of Clement spe may wry with the acta form. Yet athe same ‘in there ne make! diferences Dewees te eves of ens fo ind faction in tes iflerene pays environment ‘Aroag ober tags the tes made cleat the signe af space and bread of view. The domicunce of Bono's Chace, River edge it bud onthe wide val seep i afore on ete. ing the cy from th sie” A large mmber of cy elements fa be seen once i thet relns nes psion tlie © the whole i abundany lene Lae Angles Givi Cater was ed forks spa openes, Frey Ci sje responded 0 a“4 the view blo ther hey descended the Paes ovat the Mashanan sine, “There was an emotion deighr aking from a broad view, ‘which waelered any ties | Woald ibe psable, in ut ‘hie, 9 make tht pooorie experence 4 mare common ots, forthe sousnde wo ps every Say? A broad ew wl sme” times expose chaos o pes characte oelines, bat » wel ‘tanagedpaoramn seems be veh toc supless pce sero be renurhabl, abou ‘petape ot pletion Many pevpecefer tthe lance and ‘eeraan at Dewey Sqnte in Bowen ab + sling spe Undowirey shi ie by cont 1 the eerwie ght aban sacet Bat when the space at ome frm, a edt slog the Chaves Rivero on Carmonmeain Avenve in Pershing Saute ‘or Lovibarg Square ort some enters in Copley Square he pact & much seonger the Fete beones memorable Ih Bono's Say Squce ox Jersey Ci Jour Sqace hd sp tl daracetcommpenaie with tel Tncooal inporsoce, they would ely be ey fees in thei es. “Te unde eres hey the vegan ofthe mate, wee olen noel wah ete and wa pena The Jey ly ‘bjece mere sarply svat of the few gen ones fn heen Foundigs those of Los Angles often stopped 0 dese the roi vriey of lel vegetin.Seveal of them epoed ely outs which lenihened the wip eo work bt alowed the ‘sty sme pailar plating a, or boy of wae Here is Sor unuseal excep coe Las Angles: ‘You co oe Sona pet» Ee pack —1 do's ow wat fe ane of Ts tery ait and oh the arms tee cing ts oom. One hae sou ak above ha hem. (On Sows Canyon anda Ends of pln wees thee be ih Pals tl the lw plead enon dono pve Los Angles, gered 0 he morc, Funishs the mas isd examples of the tesponse othe path sate wo the way ies all pie, eo et setion with oer chy eee, is own intemal Graces of space, view, and mation. Ba the ‘inal domimnce ofthe pth and he key inftence atthe net ‘eck from which ot people experince thee msoondings ace ‘Sho apy anened olathe Bowes Jrtey ly rea (ate sb appre i the conan reference socioeconomic clas the wwouance of “lower clas Beoadry in Las Angles, the recoaion ofthe “upper sa” Bergen Section in Jersey Gry, or the enminakable dvsion of Bosons Bescon Hil to vo dines sides. "The iariewt brought ox anther general repose: 10 the sry in which he pyle spmbles the pase of tine ‘The Bonon loertews were fl of teferocet to age conte the new” Arey eating ough the “ls” masher di, the tow Cartcke Clopel among ie aecen butings en Arch ‘Scent old (irk, ormaeated, fom) Tenky Church sho: ed aguon the new (bright, sar, al) Joho Hancock Bul. ing ant soon Indeed, deeiptios were often mase si tey veces responses cnt in the wba eee: spt Coors Sons comms, we con eave geo copes of cen line or of nndcapingEemens ad seibutes became ena this in erm of her teung in ho whe Tn Lon Angels tee san impesin har the Biiy of che ‘emviromene and the absence of physi laments which anchor {0 the pst ae exciting and sting, Mi descipoos of the scene by established resent, young of, wee sec02- fatid by the ghons of war we wo be there, Changes aah 33 ‘ose weoughe bythe ew jem ae lle ars onthe ea falinage The tervewe eared “Therese bea beri og ong nade bch ‘ould be ramen athe any change ofa aay fe ‘en ew nou lee up wth em. General commens sch a hese uichly become apart on reading the ictevew materi oul, however 10 =) oth inerviews ad Bld sees ove stray nt ash ‘much mre sbow te carne and cat ofthe ba age ‘Tht wl be the bude of the flowing ope, “64% IIL. ‘THE CITY IMAGE AND ITS ELEMENTS “Tere set be pubic image of any given cy stich isthe over af many Invi ages” OF phe there seit of publ ages eich hed by same signif saber of cisens. "Sach poe imoges ae necessary if a nd ida i oper scl win enone an to Coops wih hit fous Eich nd pire ive ‘it sore comet hat ery ov never communi ye {proximate he pb image, which, a dilerenenvinminens, {Phore ortsconpeling. moe or es embrncng "Thales haw te fle of phys, percep jean Thre a er ieee on images, eh he Socal meaning of an test fact oy oreo tare. "These wil be pond over since the objeve here ‘heme tee a farm ie ein hes fr gan hain Seal dein form sou be wed ere mesang am The cot of th cy age fad hich ate ef able py Fama, an amenity be cai in fe topes of lens pat gen diem nd nde Indeed, tes lemenss may be of mace genera applision since ‘hey tom ro esppea in many yes of enone agen 3 maybe sen by reference co Appendix AW These elemens may De defoed fallow 1. Pathe Pas ae he channels along which the observer costa, ocesonal, 0 pote moves ‘They may be Suen, walky, tans es canal aonds For many peo ple, he ae te pedomina’ ements i hair image People ier the chy while moving rough & and slong ese paths the aber covizzmenl lemens ene winged and eceed 1 Riper Edges ate she incr kmnts no aed” cand ed asp by the cere. They ae the bouiaresberween wo phases Unear ben in cotinsy: shoves, ond cat, lps of development, wall They a trl relerecs rather, than coordiare sus. och edges may be barriers more oes pene, which dase one region of fam another: chey ay eves, ier along which wo vegior ate reed ond ned togeber These edge semen anough probsbiy rat dom: inane a pth ate for many people impor oxgising fo. sures, paccdcly in the coe of olin top genersied irene the online oa ty by were wal Diente Dania ae the menage scan ofthe cy, conecived of 3 having rwo dimensional exe, WER the Server menuly ever "isde of and which sre recognise fs hoviag some common, ienlying chaser Always ie fete Fr te inside, hey ate ao aid for ener elrenee isle frm the use. Mos: people suture shi yw some ‘cet in hwy, wth avid lerences m0 whether paths br dsc ate se domiaoe cements Ie ace 0 depend 09¢ ‘ny pon she individual but ako upon the gv cy. 1. Nude. Nodes ae pms, te sree Sai» cy io which a ober ean eter, and which te he intnaive lto fd fram which he eiseing. They may be primary ise Sons, per of bein eaportion, 4 coming o eve ence if pbs. momen of sift fom ove srucure 0 anaher rehe nodes may besimply concentrations, which gin hi i ‘onace fora being te condentnoe of ome ule or ppl ‘hrs abs sresrerne tango ron enone sate Some a