in trc s & cc gii php tit kim nng lng

Trong nhng nm gn y, th gii ang ln "cn st" v vn

nng lng. Ngun nng lng ha thch d s dng nht
nh du m, than , kh t ngy cng cn kit trong khi
cc ngun nng lng ti to nh nng lng mt tri, gi,
nccha c pht trin mnh, nguyn nhn l do hiu
qu cha cao, cch thc s dng cn kh phc tp v chi ph
t . Trong khi ch i nhng gii php hiu qu hn cho
vic s dng ngun nng lng ti to, vic tit kim nng
lng (TKNL) c xem nh l bin php quan trng v cn
thit trong giai on hin nay.

Thng k cho thy, cc cng trnh xy dng tiu th

n gn mt na ngun nng lng ton cu. V vy,
TKNL trong cc cng trnh xy dng gp phn ng k
vo vic hn ch tiu th nng lng ca c tri t.
Vit Nam cng bc u tham gia vo phong tro
TKNL ca th gii. Cc quy nh ca Chnh ph v
TKNL gn y cho cc cng trnh xy dng l mt
trong nhng bc i u tin cho qu trnh ny.

Trong cng trnh xy dng ti Vit Nam, cc gii php

TKNL ph bin hin nay tp trung 3 h thng k
thut: H thng chiu sng nhn to, cp thot nc
v iu ha khng kh. Trong khun kh bi vit ny
ch cp n nhng h thng TKNL c nh hng
n gii php kin trc m cc KTS cn quan tm.

H THNG CHIU SNG NHN TO

Vic thay th cc thit b chiu sng thng thng bng thit b TKNL hn nh n LED,
n Compact, n hunh quang hiu sut cao (n T5 + chn lu in t) l nhng gii
php kh n gin, d thc hin nht v kh nng tit kim c n 40% tng nng lng
chiu sng. y l gii php TKNL d thuyt phc ch u t thc hin do thi gian thu hi
vn nhanh (khong 1 n 2 nm). i xa hn vo k thut, c th s dng h thng iu khin
thng minh gip gim hoc ct hn lng chiu sng khi khng cn thit bng cc sensor,
iu khin t ng sng ca n theo nh sng ngoi tri hoc t tt n khi khng c
ngi s dng.

Thng thng, KTS khng tham gia trc tip vo vic quyt nh chn la thit b chiu sng.
Tuy nhin, gii php kin trc li gp phn ln vo vic gim thiu tng cng sut chiu sng
ton cng trnh. B sung nh sng t nhin qua cc gii php b tr hng ta nh hp l, b
tr ca s kt hp lam chn nng hiu qu, tn dng cc mt phn x a nh sng ngoi tri
vo su bn trong cng trnh cng gip gim bt lng in tiu th cho chiu sng. Vic xc
nh yu cu sng chnh xc cho tng khu vc cng gp phn gim nhu cu chiu sng,
gip gim tng cng sut tiu th.

Bn cnh , KTS cng cn phi cn nhc khi chn la gii php chiu sng tit kim sao cho
mang li hiu qu cao nht. Th d gii php s dng lam chn nng khng hp l s va tn
km, li va khng mang li hiu qu TKNL chiu sng cho cng trnh; cc gii php tit kim
in cho h thng chiu sng ni tht khng kho c khi khng p ng c yu cu cng
nng. Th d mt trung tm thng mi TP.HCM s dng ton b n LED chiu sng
khu vc bn hng, d hiu qu TKNL cao nhng kt qu l cc sn phm trng by khng bt
mt (do nh sng n LED khng lm cho sn phm p ln) khin cc mt hng bn khng
chy. Sau , phi iu chnh b sung thm mt s n halogen tng cng v hiu qu
TKNL khng cn na.

H THNG CP THOT NC

Vic u tin i vi TKNL cho h thng ny l l tit kim nc. Vic tit kim nc gip
gim nhu cu cp nc t thy cc, gim cng sut nh my lc nc cng nh cc trm
bm, gp phn TKNL ngun nc chung cho thnh ph. Vic la chn thit b v sinh v
cng quan trng. Nu bit chn la thit b v sinh th h mi th c th tit kim c 20%
lng nc s dng. Bn cnh , vic tn dng nc ma v nc thi xm - nc thi t
vi sen, vi ra tay, my git c x l v ti s dng - cng gp phn tit kim thm 20%-
30%.
Trong h thng cp thot nc, h thng cung cp nc nng l loi thit b tiu tn nhiu
nng lng nht v c hiu sut rt thp. Bnh nc nng dng in c hiu sut ch khong
10%-20%. Hin nay, h thng bnh nc nng s dng nng lng mt tri ang dn thay th
loi dng in v c nh gi l h thng dng nng lng ti to hiu qu, n gin v t
tn tht nng lng nht. Tuy nhin, nhc im ca h thng ny l l thuc vo thi tit.
Nhng ngy ma bo hoc tri nhiu my th h thng khng th hot ng hoc hot ng
vi hiu sut rt thp. gii quyt tr ngi ny ngi ta thng kt hp thm h thng un
nng dng in (hot ng khi tri khng nng).
 Ta nh "in gi v mt tri" Trung tm thng mi quc t Bahrain

Bn cnh h thng nc nng bng nng lng mt tri, mt loi h thng nc nng khc
cng c s dng kh ph bin l bm nhit (heat pump), lm vic trn nguyn l ca iu
ha nhit 2 chiu, nhng ngc vi quy trnh lm lnh. H thng ny c th hot ng hiu
qu nhit trn 150 C c ngy ln m. Hiu sut ca h thng ny c th cao gp 4 ln
h thng nc nng s dng in thng thng, nhng c nhc im l thi gian h
thng lm nng nc c th n nhiu gi thay v vi pht nh h thng dng in, do vy
thit b cn c bnh tr nc nng tng i ln so vi h thng thng thng, i hi mt
khng gian rng b tr lp t.
Ngi thit k kin trc khi tnh ton hiu qu cho h thng nc nng cn ch n v tr lp
t sao cho thit b nng lng mt tri c th thu c nng nhiu nht trong nm. Mt lu
khc l do h thng bnh nc nng nng lng mt tri thng c t v tr trn nc
cng trnh nn s tham gia vo mt ng ca cng trnh v tr cao nht, nh hng n b
cc hnh khi cng trnh, l iu KTS cn chun b trc cc gii php khc phc. Ngoi
ra, vic tn dng nc ma cng i hi KTS suy ngh cc gii php mi sao cho ph hp vi
yu cu ny.

H THNG IU HA KHNG KH

iu ha khng kh l h thng tiu tn nng lng nhiu nht trong cc cng trnh xy dng.
Ging nh h thng chiu sng, i vi h thng iu ha khng kh th vic chn la thit b
l mt bc quan trng trong TKNL. Ngi ta thng ch n h s COP (Coefficient Of
Performance) l h s th hin hiu qu nng lng ca thit b. Vi thit b th h c COP
thng <2.5, cn cc thit b th h mi tit kim in nng hn th COP s khong >3.

Gn y cc thit b iu ha khng kh theo cng ngh bin tn inverter sut hin nhiu
trn th trng Vit Nam c COP >4, gip tit kim n khong 40% in nng tiu th. Thit b
theo cng ngh ny cn gip n nh nhit trong phng hn, dao ng trong khong 1-20 C
so vi thit b c l 2-40 C. Nu xt n tnh hiu qu, gi cc loi my inverter cao hn 3-4
triu ng cho my 2 Hp so vi my bnh thng cng cng sut v c s dng 8 gi/ngy
th sau 1,5 nm s c th thu hi vn nh tit kim in nng tiu th. Tuy vy, cn hiu rng
h thng iu ha khng kh ny ch hiu qu khi v bao che cng trnh c thit k ng
chun mc - s dng vt liu cch nhit tt, chng tht thot nng lng qua khe ca, hnh
lang

Thit b iu ha khng kh bng nng lng mt tri cng bt u xut hin ti Vit Nam.
Thit b ny s dng trc tip nng lng nh sng lm mt khng kh gip tit kim n
50% lng in tiu th vi iu kin tri c nng nhng khng hot ng khi tri ma bo
hay nhiu my. Do vy thit b ny hin ch ph hp cho cc vn phng lm vic (hot ng
ban ngy) v phi kt hp vi s dng in li khi tri ma.

Trong cc d n ln, h thng iu ha khng kh trung tm i hi mt gii php phc tp

hn do cc khu vc trong ta nh khng s dng h thng iu ha khng kh ng thi. Hin
nay, h thng iu ha khng kh VRV (Variable Refrigerant Volume: my iu ha khng kh
c th thay i cng sut, cn c gi l loi my 1 m nhiu con) c s dng kh ph
bin do d dng thay i cng sut ty theo nhu cu s dng, nh vy trnh c lng ph khi
nhu cu thp m h thng trung tm vn phi hot ng vi cng sut cao.

cc cng trnh s dng h thng Water Chiller (loi my iu ha khng kh trung tm dn

lnh bng nc) nu kt hp thm h thng VAV (Variable Air Volume) t ng iu khin lu
lng gi theo lp trnh (c th lp trnh theo gi trong ngy, theo ma trong nm) s gip
phn phi gi hp l n tng khu vc nh, tit kim kh nhiu nng lng in. H thng ny
cn c u im l c th kt hp chung 2 h thng lm lnh v si m, thch hp vi khu vc
c kh hu nng vo ma h v lnh vo ma ng nh cc tnh pha Bc.
i vi cc h thng lnh ln nh cc trung tm mua sm, siu th... ; h thng bnh tr lnh
c xem l gii php em li hiu qu cao. Nguyn tc ca h thng ny khng phi l gim
lng in tiu th m l phn b li lng in tiu th khng tp trung vo gi cao im,
phn bt li vo gi thp im. H thng s hot ng vo ban m v tch tr lnh vo mt
bn cha. Sau vo ban ngy bn tr lnh ny s cung cp nhit cho h thng iu ha
khng kh lm gim lng in tiu th gi cao im. Vi gi in gi cao im hin nay ang
gp 3 ln so gi gi thp im th h thng ny gip tit kim ng k chi ph in cho h
thng iu ha khng kh. Do cc h thng thy in hot ng 24/24 nhng nhu cu dng
in th li tp trung vo gi cao im nn thc t c mt lng in tha kh nhiu vo
gi thp im (ban m). Nh vy h thng tr lnh tn dng c lng in tha ny v
gim bt c nhu cu dng in vo gi cao im (ban ngy), c ngha tit kim c mt
lng du ng k cho cc nh my nhit in b sung. Nhc im ca h thng ny l h
thng vn hnh phc tp hn v gi thnh u t cng cao hn. Ngoi ra, h thng cn chim
mt khng gian kh ln cho bn tr lnh i hi ngi thit k phi tnh ton v tr lp t sao
cho khng nh hng n b cc chung ca cng trnh.

Trong cc gii php TKNL t h thng iu ha khng kh th nhim v ca KTS l lm sao

gim bt tng cng sut ca h thng bng cch gim tng ti nhit ca cng trnh. l cc
gii php kin trc hp l cho hng ca cng trnh, cho v bao che sao cho t c gi tr
tng lng nhit hp th trn m2 qua v bao che cng trnh (OTTV) nm trong gii hn cho
php theo quy chun. OTTV (Overal Thermal Transfer Value) l mt h s khng mi nhng
rt t c KTS quan tm. Gi tr ny lin quan rt nhiu n gii php kin trc, gii php
cch nhit v chn la vt liu cho v bao che cng trnh ng thi cng quyt nh n tng
ti nhit cho ta nh.
Ngoi ra, cc thit b gii nhit ca h thng iu ha khng kh thng c b tr trn nc
ta nh v cng l mt tr ngi cho KTS trong vic hon chnh mt ng cng trnh.

M rng din tch ca knh, tn dng nh sng t nhin

mt gc khc, TKNL bng cch s dng ngun nng lng ti to - nh pin mt tri,
tuabin gi (v mt s ngun nng lng sch khc cha ph bin ti Vit Nam) cng l nhng
gii php thn thin mi trng. H thng tua-bin gi thng c ting n ln nn khng ph
hp khi lp t trong cng trnh m ch thch hp cho cc d n cp in quc gia quy m ln.
H thng pin mt tri c xem l d p dng cho cc cng trnh kin trc, va gip gim bc
x nhit trn mi va cung cp ngun nng lng sch cho cng trnh. Tuy nhin, h thng
ny cng i hi vic bo tr thng xuyn nu khng s rt d h hng. Vic tr in thu
c s dng vo ban m cng kh khn v h thng lu in c tui th khng cao.
Theo tnh ton th thi gian thu hi vn cho h thng pin mt tri thng ko di trn 10 nm
n 20 nm, v vy rt kh thuyt phc khch hng u t h thng ny nu nh khng c s
h tr kinh ph t pha Chnh ph (nh mt s nc trn th gii ang p dng).
Nu h thng pin mt tri c p dng cho d n th c l y l h thng c th nh hng
nhiu nht n hnh khi cng trnh. Cc tm pin mt tri cn c lp t sao cho nhn c
nhiu nng nht trong nm, i hi KTS phi tnh ton chnh xc hng, gc nghing ca mi,
vch. Mt s tm pin mt tri th h mi cho php ch thu 50% nh nng, phn cn li cho nh
sng xuyn qua nn c th p dng cho cc vch knh mt ng hng nng.

Nhn chung, qua kho st mt s cng trnh thc t th gii php TKNL cho h thng chiu
sng v iu ha khng kh l c ng dng nhiu nht ti Vit Nam c l do ch u t nhn
thy hiu qu r rt nh thi gian thu hi vn nhanh. Tuy nhin cc gii php ny tp trung vo
vic chn la thit b TKNL nhiu hn l ch n cc gii php hiu qu nng lng t v
bao che cng trnh. Nguyn nhn c th do cc KTS tp trung vo tnh thm m ca cng trnh
nhiu hn l hiu qu nng lng v nh u t cng cha nhn thc r vn ny.

Nu nhn gc thit k th c th thy cc gii php TKNL hin nay thc ra khng lm i
mi thit k kin trc, nhng n lm thay i suy ngh ca ngi thit k. Cc KTS s phi cn
nhc gia mt gii php hnh khi t do, mt ng ton knh theo th hiu hin nay hay mt
gii php kin trc thch ng vi kh hu a phng, ph hp vi vic hn ch hp thu nhit
t bu tri TKNL. Ni cch khc cc gii php TKNL cho cng trnh c v nh khin cc
KTS phi quay li vi phong cch kin trc truyn thng thch ng vi kh hu nhit i m cc
th h KTS tin bi p dng Vit Nam t vi mi nm trc. Tuy nhin vi s pht trin
lin tc ca xu hng kin trc ng i, cc KTS tr Vit Nam chc chn s tm ra nhng
gii php kin trc va hin i, mi m nhng cng va p ng cc yu cu v hiu qu
nng lng.

Mt iu cn lu l cc gii php TKNL nu trn cho cc cng trnh xy dng tuy khng mi,
nhng vn dng mt cch hp l gia thit k v k thut, i hi ngi KTS phi c kin
thc nht nh v h thng k thut v p dng vo cng vic thit k ca mnh sao cho em
li hiu qu tt nht.

KTS. Trn KHnh Trung - Cng ty thit k TTT Architects,

KTS. L Thy Hng - Trung tm Tit kim Nng lng - ECC, TP.HCM

Ngun nh: ni tht do TTT Architects thit k

Theo Tp Ch Kin Trc Vit Nam s 6/2012