18 January 2001

Physics Letters B 498 (2001) 74–82

www.elsevier.nl/locate/npe

Gauge and Einstein gravity from non-abelian gauge models

on noncommutative spaces
Sergiu I. Vacaru a,b
a Fachbereich Physik, Universitat Konstanz, Postfach M638, D-78457, Konstanz, Germany
b Institute of Applied Physics, Academy of Sciences, 5 Academy str., Chişinǎu MD2028, Moldova

Received 10 June 2000; accepted 30 November 2000

Editor: R. Gatto

Abstract

Following the formalism of enveloping algebras and star product calculus we formulate and analyze a model of gauge gravity
on noncommutative spaces and examine the conditions of its equivalence to the general relativity theory. The corresponding
Seiberg–Witten maps are established which allow the definition of respective dynamics for a finite number of gravitational
gauge field components on noncommutative spaces.  2001 Published by Elsevier Science B.V.

PACS: 11.15.-q; 04.50.+h; 04.60.-m; 02.30.-sa

1991 MSC: 83E99; 81T13; 46L89
Keywords: Gauge and Einstein gravity; Noncommutative spaces

1. Introduction valued gauge fields and their spacetime derivatives

In the last years much work has been made in
noncommutative extensions of physical theories. It
was not possible to formulate gauge theories on
noncommutative spaces [1–4] with Lie algebra valued
infinitesimal transformations and with Lie algebra
valued gauge fields. In order to avoid the problem the
authors of [5] suggested to use enveloping algebras
of the Lie algebras for setting this type of gauge
theories and showed that in spite of the fact that such
enveloping algebras are infinite-dimensional one can
restrict them in a way that it would be a dependence
on the Lie algebra valued parameters, the Lie algebra
E-mail address: svacaru@phys.asm.md, vacaru@lises.asm.md
(S.I. Vacaru).
only.
A still presented drawback of noncommutative ge-
ometry and physics is that there is not yet formulated
a generally accepted approach to interactions of el-
ementary particles coupled to gravity. There are im-
proved Connes–Lott and Chamsedine–Connes models
of noncommutative geometry [6] which yielded ac-
tion functionals typing together the gravitational and
Yang–Mills interactions and gauge bosons the Higgs
sector (see also the approaches [7] and, for an outline
of recent results, [8]).
In this Letter we follow the method of restricted
enveloping algebras [3,5] and construct gauge grav-
itational theories by stating corresponding structures
with semisimple or nonsemisimple Lie algebras and
their extensions. We consider power series of gen-
erators for the affine and nonlinear realized de Sit-
ter gauge groups and compute the coefficient func-

0370-2693/01/$ – see front matter  2001 Published by Elsevier Science B.V.

PII: S 0 3 7 0 - 2 6 9 3 ( 0 0 ) 0 1 3 6 9 - 1
 S.I. Vacaru / Physics Letters B 498 (2001) 74–82 75

tions of all the higher powers of the generators of order i1 6 i2 6 . . . 6 iL , or, another example, are
the gauge group which are functions of the coeffi- totally symmetric). The algebraic properties are all
cients of the first power. Such constructions are based encoded in the so-called diamond () product which
on the Seiberg–Witten map [2] and on the formalism is defined by
of ∗-product formulation of the algebra [9] when for
functional objects, being functions of commuting vari- fˆĝ = ĥ ∼ {fi }  {gi } = {hi }.
ables, there are associated some algebraic noncommu- In the mentioned approach to every function f (u) =
tative properties encoded in the ∗-product. f (u1 , . . . , uN ) of commuting variables u1 , . . . , uN
The concept of gauge theory on noncommutative one associates an element of algebra fˆ when the com-
spaces was introduced in a geometric manner [4] by muting variables are substituted by anticommuting
defining the covariant coordinates without speaking ones,
about derivatives and this formalism was developed X
for quantum planes [10]. In this Letter we shall prove f (u) = fi1 ...iL u1 · · · uN
the existence for noncommutative spaces of gauge ∞
X
models of gravity which agrees with usual gauge → fˆ = fi1 ,...,iL : ûi1 . . . ûiL :
gravity theories being equivalent, or extending, the L=0
general relativity theory (see works [11,12] for locally
when the -product leads to a bilinear ∗-product of
isotropic spaces and corresponding reformulations and
functions (see details in [4]):
generalizations respectively for anholonomic frames
[13] and locally anisotropic (super) spaces [14]) in the {fi }  {gi } = {hi } ∼ (f ∗ g)(u) = h(u).
limit of commuting spaces.
The ∗-product is defined respectively for the cases
(1)
2. Star-products and enveloping algebras in   

 i ∂ ij ∂
noncommutative spaces 
 exp θ f (u)g(u0 )|u0 →u ,

 2 ∂u i
∂u 0j

   


For a noncommutative space, the coordinates ûi 
 i k ∂ ∂

 exp 2 u gk i ∂u0 , i ∂u00
(i = 1, ..., N) satisfy some noncommutative relations
 ij f ∗g= 0
f (u0 )g(u00 )|uu00→u

 →u ,

 iθ , θ ij ∈ C, 
  
 i j  

canonical structure, 

1
q2 −u 0v 0 ∂ ∂
+u v 0
∂ 0 ∂
û , û = if ij ûk , 

fk ∈ C, Lie structure, (1)
ij

 
 ∂u ∂v ∂u ∂v
 kij k l ij 
 0 →u
iCkl û û , Ckl ∈ C, quantum plane, f (u, v)g(u0 , v 0 )|vu0 →v ,
where C denotes the complex number field. where there are considered values of type
The noncommutative space is modeled as the as-
eikn û eipnl û = ei{kn +pn + 2 gn (k,p)}û ,
n n 1 n
sociative algebra of C; this algebra is freely gener-
ated by the coordinates modulo ideal R generated by gn (k, p) = − ki pj f n
ij

the relations (one accepts formal power series) Au = 1 ij

C[[û1 , ..., ûN ]]/R. One restricts attention [5] to al- + ki pj (pk − kk )f m f mk n + ··· ,
6
gebras having the (so-called, Poincaré–Birkhoff–Witt)
eA eB = eA+B+ 2 [A,B]+ 12 ([A,[A,B]]+[B,[B,A]])
1 1
property that any element of Au is defined by its coef-
ficient function and vice versa, + ··· , (2)
∞
X and for the coordinates on quantum (Manin) planes
fˆ = fi1 ,...,iL : ûi1 . . . ûiL : when fˆ ∼ {fi },
one holds the relation uv = qvu.
L=0
A non-abelian gauge theory on a noncommutative
where : ûi1 . . . ûiL : denotes that the basis elements space is given by two algebraic structures, the algebra
satisfy some prescribed order (for instance, the normal Au and a non-abelian Lie algebra AI of the gauge
76 S.I. Vacaru / Physics Letters B 498 (2001) 74–82

group with generators I 1 , . . . , I S and the relations stein equations for general relativity [11]. A varia-
 s p sp tional gauge gravitational theory can be also formu-
I , I = ift I t . (3) lated by using a minimal extension of the affine struc-
In this case both algebras are treated on the same tural group Af 3+1 (R) to the de Sitter gauge group
footing and one denotes the generating elements of the S10 = SO(4 + 1) acting on R4+1 space.
big algebra by ûi ,
 3.1. Nonlinear gauge theories of de Sitter group in
ẑi = û1 , . . . , ûN , I 1 , . . . , I S , commutative spaces
 
Az = C û1 , . . . , ûN+S /R,
Let us consider the de Sitter space Σ 4 as a hy-
and the ∗-product formalism is to be applied for the
persurface given by the equations ηAB uA uB = −l 2 in
whole algebra Az when there are considered functions
the four-dimensional flat space enabled with diagonal
of the commuting variables ui (i, j, k, . . . = 1, . . . , N)
metric ηAB , ηAA = ±1 (in this section A, B, C, . . . =
and I s (s, p, . . . = 1, . . . , S).
1, 2, . . . , 5), where {uA } are global Cartesian coordi-
For instance, in the case of a canonical structure for
nates in R5 ; l > 0 is the curvature of de Sitter space.
the space variables ui we have
The de Sitter group S(η) = SO(η) (5) is defined as the



i
θ ij ∂ ∂
+t s gs i ∂t∂ 0 ,i ∂t∂00 isometry group of Σ 5 -space with 6 generators of Lie
(F ∗ G)(u) = e 2 ∂u0i ∂u00j


u0 →u,u00 →u algebra so(η) (5) satisfying the commutation relations
× F u0 , t 0 G u00 , t 00 t 0 →t,t 00 →t . (4)
[MAB , MCD ] = ηAC MBD − ηBC MAD
This formalism was developed in [5] for general Lie
algebras. In this Letter we shall consider those cases − ηAD MBC + ηBD MAC . (5)
when in the commuting limit one obtains the gauge
Decomposing indices A, B, . . . as A = ( α, 5), B =
gravity and general relativity theories.
(β, 5), . . . , the metric ηAB as ηAB = (ηαβ , η55 ), and
operators MAB as Mαβ = Fαβ and Pα = l −1 M5α , we
3. Enveloping algebras for gravitational gauge can write (5) as
connections  
Fαβ , Fγ δ = ηαγ Fβδ − ηβγ Fαδ + ηβδ Fαγ
To define gauge gravity theories on noncommuta- − ηαδ Fβγ ,
tive space we first introduce gauge fields as elements  
the algebra Au that form representation of the gener- Pα , Pβ = −l −2 Fαβ ,
 
ator I -algebra for the de Sitter gauge group. For com- Pα , Fβγ = ηαβ Pγ − ηαγ Pβ , (6)
mutative spaces it is known [11,12,14] that an equiv-
alent reexpression of the Einstein theory as a gauge where we decompose the Lie algebra so(η) (5) into
like theory implies, for both locally isotropic and a direct sum, so(η) (5) = so(η) (4) ⊕ V4 , where V4 is
anisotropic spacetimes, the nonsemisimplicity of the the vector space stretched on vectors Pα . We remark
gauge group, which leads to a nonvariational theory in that Σ 4 = S(η) /L(η) , where L(η) = SO(η) (4). For
the total space of the bundle of locally adapted affine ηAB = diag(1, −1, −1, −1) and S10 = SO(1, 4), L6 =
frames (to this class one belong the gauge Poincaré SO(1, 3) is the group of Lorentz rotations.
theories; on metric-affine and gauge gravity models In this Letter the generators I a and structure con-
sp
see original results and reviews in [15]). By using aux- stants f t from (3) are parameterized just to obtain de
iliary bilinear forms, instead of degenerated Killing Sitter generators and commutations (6).
form for the affine structural group, on fiber spaces, The action of the group S(η) can be realized by using
the gauge models of gravity can be formulated to be 4 × 4 matrices with a parametrization distinguishing
variational. After projection on the base spacetime, the subgroup L(η) :
for the so-called Cartan connection form, the Yang–
Mills equations transforms equivalently into the Ein- B = bBL , (7)
 S.I. Vacaru / Physics Letters B 498 (2001) 74–82 77

where 3.2. Enveloping nonlinear de Sitter algebra valued

  connection
L 0
BL = ,
0 1
Let now us consider a noncommutative space. In
L ∈ L(η) is the de Sitter bust matrix transform- this case the gauge fields are elements of the algebra
ing the vector (0, 0, . . . , ρ) ∈ R5 into the arbitrary b ∈ A(dS) that form the nonlinear representation
ψ
point (V 1 , V 2 , . . . , V 5 ) ∈ Σρ5 ⊂ R5 with curvature ρ, I
of the de Sitter algebra so(η) (5) when the whole
(VA V A = −ρ 2 , V A = t A ρ). Matrix b can be ex-
algebra is denoted A(dS)
z . Under a nonlinear de Sitter
pressed as
  transformation the elements transform as follows:
t α tβ
α +
δ t α
b = iγ̂ ψ
b, b ∈ Au , γ̂ ∈ A(dS)
b =  β (1 + t 5 ) . δψ ψ z .
tβ t 5
So, the action of the generators (6) on ψ b is defined
The de Sitter gauge field is associated with a so(η) (5)- as this element is supposed to form a nonlinear
valued connection 1-form representation of A(dS) b ∈ Au
and, in consequence, δ ψ
I
 α  (dS)
ω β θ̃ α despite γ̂ ∈ Az . It should be emphasized that
e=
 , (8)
θ̃β 0 independent of a representation the object γ̂ takes
values in enveloping de Sitter algebra and not in a Lie
where ωα β ∈ so(4)(η) , θ̃ α ∈ R4 , θ̃β ∈ ηβα θ̃ α . algebra as would be for commuting spaces. The same
Because S(η) -transforms mix the components of the holds for the connections that we introduce (similarly
α
matrix ω β and θ̃ α fields in (8) (the introduced para- to [4]) in order to define covariant coordinates
metrization is invariant on action on SO(η) (4) group
bν = ûv + Γbν ,
U Γbν ∈ A(dS)
z .
we cannot identify ωα β and θ̃ α , respectively, with
the connection Γ αβγ and the fundamental form χ α bν ψ
The values U b transforms covariantly,
in a metric-affine spacetime. To avoid this difficulty
bν ψ
δU bν ψ,
b = iγ̂ U b
we consider [12] a nonlinear gauge realization of
the de Sitter group S(η) , namely, we introduce into if and only if the connection Γbν satisfies the trans-
consideration the nonlinear gauge field formation law of the enveloping nonlinear realized de
 α 
α Sitter algebra,
eb + b−1 db = Γ β θ
Γ = b −1  , (9)
θβ 0    
b = −i ûv , γ̂ + i γ̂ , Γbν ,
δ Γbν ψ
where


where δ Γbν ∈ A(dS)z . The enveloping algebra-valued
Γ β = ω β − t Dtβ − tβ Dt / 1 + t 5 ,
α α α α
connection has infinitely many component fields. Nev-


ertheless, it was shown that all the component fields
θ α = t 5 θ̃ α + Dt α − t α dt 5 + θ̃γ t γ / 1 + t 5 ,
can be induced from a Lie algebra-valued connection
Dt α = dt α + ωα β t β . by a Seiberg–Witten map ([2,3,5] and [16] for SO(n)
The action of the group S(η) is nonlinear, yielding and Sp(n)). In this subsection we show that similar
transforms constructions could be proposed for nonlinear realiza-
tions of de Sitter algebra when the transformation of
Γ 0 = L0 Γ (L0 )−1 + L0 d(L0 )−1 , θ 0 = Lθ, the connection is considered
where the nonlinear matrix-valued function    
δ Γbν = −i uν ,∗ γ̂ + i γ̂ ,∗ Γbν .


L0 = L0 t α , b, BT For simplicity, we treat in more detail the canonical
is defined from Bb = b0 BL0 (see the parametriza- case with the star product (4). The first term in the
tion (7)). The de Sitter algebra with generators (6) variation δ Γbν gives
and nonlinear gauge transforms of type (9) is de-   ∂
(dS)
noted AI . −i uν ,∗ γ̂ = θ νµ µ γ .
∂u
78 S.I. Vacaru / Physics Letters B 498 (2001) 74–82

Assuming that the variation of Γbν = θ νµ Qµ starts where

with a linear term in θ, we have ec
Rτ1µ,b = ∂τ qµ,b
1
− ∂µ qτ,b
1
+ fd qτ,e
1 1
qµ,e
δ Γbν = θ νµ δQµ ,
could be identified with the coefficients Rα βµν of
∂
δQµ = µ γ + i[γ̂ ,∗ Qµ ]. de Sitter nonlinear gauge gravity curvature (see for-
∂u mula (A.2) from Appendix A) if in the commutative
We follow the method of calculation from the papers limit
 α 
[4,5] and expand the star product (4) in θ but not in ga Γ β l0−1 χ α
and find to first order in θ , qµ,b ' −1
1
l0 χβ 0
γ =γa1 I a + γab I I + ···,
1 a b
(10) (see (A.1)).
Qµ =qµ,a
1
Ia + qµ,ab
2
IaIb + ···, The below presented procedure can be generalized
to all the higher powers of θ [5].
where γa1 and qµ,a 1 are of order zero in θ and γab 1
2
and qµ,ab are of second order in θ . The expansion in
4. Noncommutative gauge gravity covariant
I b leads to an expansion in ga of the ∗-product be-
dynamics
cause the higher-order I b -derivatives vanish. For de
Sitter case as I b we take the generators (6), see com-
4.1. First-order corrections to gravitational
mutators (3), with the corresponding de Sitter struc-
bc αβ curvature
ture constants fd ' fβ (in our further identifica-
tions with spacetime objects like frames and connec- The constructions from the previous section are
tions we shall use Greek indices). summarized by the conclusion that the de Sitter
The result of calculation of variations of (10), by algebra valued object ε = γa1 (u)I a determines all the
using ga to the order given in (2), is terms in the enveloping algebra
∂γa1 1

1
δqµ,a =
bc
− fa γb1 qµ,c
1
, γ = γa1 I a + θ νµ ∂ν γa1 qµ,b
1
I aI b + I bI a + · · ·
∂uµ 4
δQτ = θ µν ∂µ γa1 ∂ν qτ,b I I + ···,
1 a b and the gauge transformations are defined by γa1 (u)
1 (u), when
and qµ,b
2
δqµ,ab = ∂µ γab
2
− θ ντ ∂ν γa1 ∂τ qµ,b
1



bc
− 2fa γb1 qµ,cd 2
+ γbd2 1
qµ,c . δγ 1 ψ = iγ γ 1 , qµ1 ∗ ψ.

Next, we introduce the objects ε, taking the values For de Sitter enveloping algebras one holds the general
in de Sitter Lie algebra and Wµ , being enveloping de formula for compositions of two transformations
Sitter algebra valued, δγ δς − δς δγ = δi(ς∗γ −γ ∗ς)
ε = γa1 I a and Wµ = qµ,ab
2
I a I b, which is also true for the restricted transformations
with the variation δWµ satisfying the equation [4,5] defined by γ 1 ,

1 δγ 1 δς 1 − δς 1 δγ 1 = δi(ς 1 ∗γ 1 −γ 1 ∗ς 1 ) .
δWµ = ∂µ γab I I − θ τ λ {∂τ ε, ∂λ qµ }
2 a b
2 Applying the formula (4) we calculate
 2 a b

+ i[ε, Wµ ] + i γab I I , qν . (11)
[γ ,∗ ζ ] = iγa1 ζb1 fc I c
ab
Eq. (11) has the solution (found in [2,4])
i  ab

1
1 + θ νµ ∂v γa1 ζb1 fc qµ,c
2
γab = θ νµ ∂ν γa1 qµ,b , 2
ab
2 + γa1 ∂v ζb1 − ζa1 ∂v γb1 qµ,b fc
1

2
qµ,ab = − θ ντ qν,a
1 1
∂τ qµ,b + Rτ1µ,b , + 2∂v γa1 ∂µ ζb1 I d I c .
2
 S.I. Vacaru / Physics Letters B 498 (2001) 74–82 79

µσ = δσ δµ are chosen to have

where the coefficients dντ
Such commutators could be used for definition of ν τ

tensors [4] not new relations when ∂ˆµ acts again to the right-
 µ ν hand side. In consequence one holds the ∗-derivative
b
S µν = Ub ,Ub − iθ̂ µν , (12)
formulas
where θ̂ µν is respectively stated for the canonical, ∂
Lie and quantum plane structures. Under the general ∂τ ∗ f = f + f ∗ ∂τ ,
∂uτ
enveloping algebra one holds the transform


  [∂l ,∗ (f ∗ g)] = [∂l ,∗ f ] ∗ g + f ∗ [∂l ,∗ g]
S µν = i γ̂ , b
δb S µν .
and the Stokes theorem
For instance, the canonical case is characterized by Z Z Z
∂
[∂l , f ] = dN u [∂l ,∗ f ] = dN u l f = 0,
S µν = iθ µτ ∂τ Γ ν − iθ ντ ∂τ Γ µ + Γ µ ∗ Γ ν − Γ ν ∗ Γ µ ∂u
= θ µτ θ νλ {∂τ Qλ − ∂λ Qτ + Qτ ∗ Qλ − Qλ ∗ Qτ }. where, for the canonical structure, the integral is
By introducing the gravitational gauge strength (cur- defined,
Z Z
vature)

fˆ = dN u f u1 , . . . , uN .
Rτ λ = ∂τ Qλ − ∂λ Qτ + Qτ ∗ Qλ − Qλ ∗ Qτ , (13)
which could be treated as a noncommutative extension An action can be introduced by using such integrals.
of de Sitter nonlinear gauge gravitational curvature For instance, for a tensor of type (12), when
(A.2), we calculate  
b = i γ̂ , b
δL L ,

Rτ λ,a = Rτ1λ,a + θ µν Rτ1µ,a Rλν,b
1
we can define a gauge invariant action
1 1 
 Z
− qµ,a Dν Rτ1λ,b + ∂ν Rτ1λ,b I b ,
2 W = dN u Tr L, b δW = 0,
where the gauge gravitation covariant derivative is
introduced, were the trace has to be taken for the group generators.

cd For the nonlinear de Sitter gauge gravity a proper
Dν Rτ1λ,b = ∂ν Rτ1λ,b + qν,c Rτ1λ,d f b . action is
Following the gauge transformation laws for γ and q 1 1
L = Rτ λ R τ λ ,
we find 4
 
δγ 1 Rτ1λ = i γ ,∗ Rτ1λ where Rτ λ is defined by (13) (in the commutative
limit we shall obtain the connection (A.1)). In this
with the restricted form of γ . case the dynamic of noncommutative space is entirely
Such formulas were proved in Refs. [2,5] for usual formulated in the framework of quantum field theory
gauge (nongravitational) fields. Here we reconsidered of gauge fields. The method works for matter fields as
them for gravitational gauge fields. well to restrictions to the general relativity theory (see
Refs. [11,12] and Appendix A).
4.2. Gauge covariant gravitational dynamics

Following the nonlinear realization of de Sitter

algebra and the ∗-formalism we can formulate a
dynamics of noncommutative spaces. Derivatives can
be introduced in such a way that one does not obtain
new relations for the coordinates. In this case a
Leibnitz rule can be defined [5] that
∂ˆµ ûν = δµν + dντ σ ˆ
µσ û ∂τ ,
Acknowledgements
The author is grateful to the Directors (J. Wess and
S. Duplij) of the NATO Advanced Research Work-
shop “Noncommutative Structures in Mathematics
and Physics” (Kiev, Ukraine, September 24–27, 2000)
for hospitality and support.
80 S.I. Vacaru / Physics Letters B 498 (2001) 74–82

Appendix A. De Sitter nonlinear gauge gravity δ 4 u being the volume element, T α µν = χ α α T α µν

and general relativity (the gravitational constant l 2 satisfies the relations
l 2 = 2l02 λ, λ1 = −3/ l0 ), Tr denotes the trace on α, β
Let us consider the de Sitter nonlinear gauge gravi- indices, and the matter field Lagrangian is defined
tational connection (9) rewritten in the form
 α  1
Γ β l0−1 χ α L(m) = −1 Tr(Γ ∧ ∗G I) = L(m) |G|1/2δ n u,
Γ = −1 , (A.1) 2
l0 χβ 0
where
where
1
Γ α β = Γ α βµ δuµ , L(m) = Γ α βµ S β α µ − t µ α l α µ .
2
Γ α βµ = χ α α χ β β Γ α βγ + χ α α δµ χ α β , The matter field source J is obtained as a variational
χ =χα α µ derivation of L(m) on Γ and is parametrized as
µ δu ,
 α 
and S β −l0 t α
J= ,
−l0 tβ 0
Gαβ = χ α α χ β β ηαβ ,
with t α = t α µ δuµ and S α β = S α βµ δuµ being respec-
ηαβ = (1, −1, . . ., −1) and l0 is a dimensional con-
tively the canonical tensors of energy-momentum and
stant.
spin density.
The curvature of (A.1), R(Γ ) = dΓ + Γ ∧ Γ , can
Varying the action
be written
 α  Z
R β + l0−1 πβ l0−1 T α
α

R =
(Γ )
, (A.2) S = δ 4 u L(G) + L(m)
l0−1 T β 0
where on the Γ -variables (A.1), we obtain the gauge–gravi-
tational field equations:
α
πβ = χ α ∧ χβ ,



d ∗R(Γ ) + Γ ∧ ∗R(Γ ) − ∗R(Γ ) ∧ Γ
1
Rα β = Rα βµν δuµ ∧ δuν , = −λ(∗J ), (A.3)
2
and were the Hodge operator ∗ is used.
R α
= χβ χα R
β α α Specifying the variations on Γ α β and χ -variables,
βµν βµν ,
we rewrite (A.3)
with Rα
βµν being the metric-affine (for Einstein–Car-



tan–Weyl spaces), or (pseudo) Riemannian curvature. b ∗R(Γ ) + 2λ D(∗π)
D b + χ ∧ ∗T T
2
The de Sitter gauge group is semisimple and we l

are able to construct a variational gauge gravitational − (∗T ) ∧ χ T = −λ(∗S),
theory with the Lagrangian
2λ
b
D(∗T ) − ∗R(Γ ) ∧ χ − 2 (∗π) ∧ χ
L = L(G) + L(m) , l
 
l2 1
where the gauge gravitational Lagrangian is defined = ∗t + ∗ τ ,
2 λ
1

L(G) = Tr R(Γ ) ∧ ∗G R(Γ ) = L(G) |G|1/2δ 4 u, where
4π  
with 1
T t = Tα = ηαβ T β , T β = T β µν δuµ ∧ δuν ,
1 α 1 2
L(G) = T µν Tα µν + Rα βµν Rβ α µν 
2l 2 8λ χ T = χα = ηαβ χ β , χ β = χ β̂ µ δuµ ,
1 ←
−

− 2 R(Γ ) − 2λ1 , b = d + Γb
D
l
 S.I. Vacaru / Physics Letters B 498 (2001) 74–82
(Γb acts as Γ α βµ on indices γ , δ, . . . and as Γ α βµ
on indices γ , δ, . . .). The value τ defines the energy-
momentum tensor of the gauge gravitational field Γb:
 

1 1 [4] J. Madore, S. Schraml, P. Schupp, J. Wess, Gauge theory
τµν Γb = Tr Rµα Rα ν − Rαβ Rαβ Gµν .
2 4
Equations (A.3) make up the complete system
of variational field equations for nonlinear de Sitter
gauge gravity.
We note that we can obtain a nonvariational Poincaré
gauge gravitational theory if we consider the contrac-
tion of the gauge potential (A.1) to a potential with
values in the Poincaré-Lie algebra
 b α
Γ α β̂ l0−1 χ b
Γ = −1
l0 χβ̂ 0 G. Landi, N.A. Viet, K.C. Wali, Phys. Lett. B 326 (1994) 45,
 b 
Γ β̂ l0−1 χ b
α α
→ Γ = . (A.4)
0 0
A similar gauge potential was considered in the
formalism of linear and affine frame bundles on
curved spacetimes by Popov and Dikhin [11]. They
treated (A.4) as the Cartan connection form for affine
gauge like gravity and by using ‘pure’ geometric
methods proved that the Yang–Mills equations of their
theory are equivalent, after projection on the base, to
the Einstein equations. The main conclusion for a such
approach to Einstein gravity is that this theory admits
an equivalent formulation as a gauge model but with
a nonsemisimple structural gauge group. In order to
have a variational theory on the total bundle space it
is necessary to introduce an auxiliary bilinear form
on the typical fiber, instead of degenerated Killing
form; the coefficients of auxiliary form disappear
after projection on the base. An alternative variant
is to consider a gauge gravitational theory when
the gauge group was minimally extended to the de
Sitter one with nondegenerated Killing form. The
nonlinear realizations have to be introduced if we
wont to consider in a common fashion both the frame
(tetradic) and connection components included as the
coefficients of the potential (A.1).
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