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7.1
7.2. Meiosis
While mitosis produces two daughter cells identical to parent, meiosis
produces two haploid cells from a diploid
Males spermatogonia undergoes meiosis produces haploid sperm
Females oogonia undergoes meiosis produces haploid ova
Prophase I
Chromosomes condense, nuclear envelope breaks down
Synapsis = homologous chromosomes pair, two copies of each gene on
each chromosome aligned closely
o Paired homologous chromosomes = tetrad/bivalent
o Precision is crucial, so synapsis regulated by synaptonemal
complex (SC), working like a zipper to connect homologous
chromosomes accurately
Crossing over/recombination = generic material exchanged between
homologous chromosomes in pair, allowing for genetic variation
SC formation and homologous recombination are interdependent, one
cannot occur without other
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Metaphase I
Tetrads instead of sister chromatids aligned at center
Anaphase I
Homologous chromosomes separate, sister chromatids remain
together
Telophase I
Cytokinesis occurs, cells considered haploid each cell with a single
set of homologous chromosomes
Meiosis II
No further DNA replication between Meiosis I and II
Same shit, separates the sister chromatids so each cell has a single set
of unreplicated chromosomes
Results in 4 haploid cells
Nondisjunction
Failure of homologous chromosomes to separate during meiosis I, or
failure of sister chromatids to separate during meiosis II
Results in one gamete having 2 copies, and the other having no copies
of the given chromosome
Gamete with 2 copies of a chromosome + normal gamete = trisomy
Gamete with no copies of a chromosome + normal gamete =
monosomy
Law of segregation two alleles are separated and passed onto next
generation singly (occurs during meiosis I when homologous
chromosomes separate)
Law of independent assortment alleles of one gene separate into
gametes independently of alleles for another gene
o Color of peas does not influence or depend on whether its
wrinkled
o One trait does not influence the occurrence of the other in this
case
Pure-breeding strain consistently produces progeny with same
phenotype
E.g. G = green, g = yellow
o If a green plant is encountered, we can testcross it with a gg
(yellow plant) to determine its genotype
o Testcross = crossing with a homozygous recessive individual
(pure breeding individual)
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Punnet Square
Refer to pg. 238
Place one individual on each axis
Label possible gametes on margins
If results dont agree exactly with ratios predicted by Punnett square,
its because sample size is too small
Rules of Probability
P (A and B) = P(A)P(B)
o Given that A and B are independent events
P(A or B) = P(A) + P(B) P(A and B)
Incomplete Dominance
Heterozygote phenotype is a blended mix of both alleles
E.g. RW results in pink phenotype
Codominance
Both alleles are expressed phenotypically, but not blended
E.g. AB blood type has both type A and B antigens on surface of RBCs
o Expression of Rh antigen follows classically dominant pattern
Other shit
Pleiotropism gene alters many different seemingly unrelated aspects
of total phenotype
Polygenism trait influenced by many different genes
Penetrance likelihood that a person with a genotype will express
expected phenotype
Epistasis expression of alleles for one gene dependant on a different
gene (e.g. curly hair cannot be expressed if another gene causes
baldness)
Recessive Lethal Alleles recessive allele that cause death when
homozygous
Sex Chromosomes
Female gametes only have X chromosomes
Male gametes have X or Y chromosome, so sperm determines gender
of embryo
Sex-linked traits = traits determined by genes on sex chromosomes
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7.5 Linkage
7.10 Taxonomy