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▪ identify the mode of

inheritance of a

PEDIGREE ANALYSIS particular trait given the

pedigree;
▪ predict the genotypes of
parents; and
▪ compute the probability
of occurrence of an
affected offspring in the
given cross.

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Pedigree Pedigree
making use of diagrams showing the ancestral uses of pedigree analysis:
relationships and transmission of genetic traits I. Describe the mode of inheritance of a trait
over several generations in a family II. Calculate the probability of occurrence of
an affected offspring in the given cross

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Mode of Inheritance
the manner in which a genetic trait or disorder
is passed from one generation to the next Proband
Autosomal dominant The individual in the pedigree that led
Autosomal recessive
X-linked dominant to the construction of the pedigree
X-linked recessive
Multifactorial
Probands are usually represented by an arrow on the lower
Mitochondrial inheritance
left corner of the individual’s symbol

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Autosomal Trait Sex-Linked Trait

A trait whose alleles that control it are a trait in which a gene is located on a sex
found in the autosomes (body chromosome. In humans, the term
chromosomes/ non-sex chromosomes) generally refers to traits that
are influenced by genes on the
X chromosome

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Identical Twins Fraternal Twins

or dizygotic twins are derived from
or monozygotic twins, are derived
separate fertilization events (two eggs
from a single fertilization event
fertilized by two sperms) within the fallopian
tube, resulting in two separate zygotes

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Symbols Marriage line

Line of descent

Sibling line

Generation Number
Number of Offspring

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▪ Determine whether the trait is dominant or

recessive.
If the trait is dominant, one of the
▪ Determine if the chart shows an autosomal
parents must have the trait. Dominant traits will
or sex-linked (usually X-linked) trait.
not skip a generation. If the trait is recessive,
neither parent is required to have the trait since
▪ Determine the possible genotype of each
they can be heterozygous.
individual based on their phenotypes

▪ Calculate the probability of occurrence

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▪ The terms dominant and recessive refer to

▪ In X-linked recessive traits, males are much
the way that a trait is expressed, not by how
more commonly affected than females
often it shows up in a family.
▪ In autosomal traits, both males and females
▪ In fact, although it is uncommon, a trait may
are equally likely to be affected (usually in
be recessive but may still show up in all
equal proportions).
generations of a pedigree.

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Autosomal Dominant X-linked Recessive
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▪ Is this trait dominant or recessive?
▪ What are the most probable
genotypes of I-3 and I-4?
▪ What are the most probable
genotypes of II-4 and II-5?
▪ What is the probability that II-4 and II-5
will have another normal offspring?
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This is a pedigree of a rare human skin
disease.
Inheritance of the disease by the II-3
male from his father rules out what
type of inheritance. Explain your
reasoning.
Who in the pedigree has the same Y
chromosome as the II-3 male? Give all
correct answers.
Who in the pedigree has the same mtDNA
as the II-3 male? Give all correct answers.
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Is the trait dominant or recessive?
Is the trait X-linked or Autosomal?
What is the possible genotype of I-2?
What is the possible genotype of I-1?
What is the possible genotype of II-2?
X-linked Dominant
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Look at the family of IV-9 and IV-10.
A. If the trait is dominant, is it possible for them to have an affected offspring?
B. If the trait is recessive, is it also possible for IV-9 and IV-10 to have an unaffected offspring?
C. Based on your answers for a) and b), is the trait dominant or recessive?
D. Give the genotypes of the following: IV-9, IV-10, V-1, I-1, I-2
E. If IV-9 and IV-10 were to have another child, what is the probability that they will have an
affected offspring?
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Chad and Veronica got married and
had Brittany, Kristin, and Harry. It was
discovered that Harry had muscular
dystrophy. Brittany married Larry and
had Stephan and Stephanie. Stephan
also had muscular dystrophy. Larry’s
brother Barry also had muscular
dystrophy but neither of their parents
had the disorder.
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Answer the following questions:

Is this trait dominant or recessive?

Performance Task
What is the mode of inheritance shown in the pedigree? Construct a Pedigree of an authentic family using any of the
following traits:
What are the most probable genotypes of I-3 and I-4?
With (D) or without (r) finger hair
What are the most probable genotypes of I-1 and I-2?
Normal (D) or Hitchhiker’s thumb (r)
What are the most probable genotypes of II-2 and II-3? Widow’s peak (D) or straight hairline (r)
Free (D) or attached (r) earlobe
What is the probability that II-2 and II-3 will have another normal son? Curly (D), Wavy (Hetero), Straight hair (r)

What is the probability that II-2 and II-3 will have another normal daughter? If possible, determine the genotypes of every individual in the family

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Grading Criteria
10 8 6 2 0
Content

(Use of Pedigree
Symbols, Accurate
numbering of
offspring per Presentation thoroughly
generation, correct No content areas were
covers 6 content Presentation covers 3-5 Presentation covers 1-2
union per Presentation covers 5-6 covered in this
requirements. content areas. content areas with
generation, content areas presentation, or all
Information presented is Inaccurate information inaccuracies and a lack
accuracy of the accurately. information presented
accurate and is minimal. of thoroughness.
genotype, was inaccurate.
appropriately related.
accuracy of the
phenotype,
accuracy of the
calculation of
probability)
The student The student
The student
demonstrates good use demonstrates average The student The student shows little
demonstrates superior
of creativity and use of creativity and demonstrates some use evidence of creativity or
Creativity creativity and originality
originality in the originality in the of creativity and originality in the selection
in the selection of the
selection of the visual selection of the visual originality. of the visual components.
visual components.
components. components.
Submitted the activity 6
Submitted the activity on Submitted the activity a Submitted the activity 2 Submitted the activity 3-
Time Management or more days after the
or before the deadline day after the deadline days after the deadline 5 days after the deadline
deadline

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