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Delayed Chromosomal Inheritance
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Criteria for Extrachromosomal Inheritance
genetics but are sidetracked by the ties of the parent The ties are usually between the maternal parent and the offspring
The colors of the larval skin and eye of this moth are controlled by the gene A, where A is pigmented and a is not pigmented The allele A, controls the production of kynurenin, involved in pigment synthesis while a,does not elaborate kynurenin
a A a Aa aa
a Aa aa
Pigmented
Non Pigmented
A a a Aa Aa
a aa aa
Pigmented
Pigmented
individuals developed pigments as larvae in their skin and eyes. The pigment fades and disappear as they grow older These results are explained by the fact the Aa mother includes in her eggs some of the A hormones elaborated in her own body
offspring to develop some pigment. But the aa individuals, being unable to elaborate a continuing supply of the hormone themselves, dilute and use up supply that was transmitted by the mother, the effect therefore is transient
handed
Dextral or sinistral, respectively Determined by cleavage pattern of egg after fertilization
Dextral orientation is more
Dextral x sinistral dextral offspring Reciprocal cross sinistral offspring Contradict a Mendelian pattern of inheritance
and F3 generations Dextral (D) is dominant to sinistral (d) Phenotype of offspring is determined by genotype of mother
EXTRACHROMOSOMAL INHERITANCE
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Some maternal inheritance indicates cytoplasmic influence which is independent of
the nucleus. But this is not self perpetuating and disappears in the subsequent generations Plasmids / Plasmagenes / cytogens or plasmons however are capable of self perpetuation and independent transmission and may therefore be considered as genetic units fully equal to those in the chromosomes
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Extrachromosomal inheritance or inheritance through plasmids tends to be maternal because
most of the zygotes cytoplasm is derived from the egg. Therefore reciprocal crosses give different results, a situation similar to delayed chromosomal inheritance
3. Chloroplast
4. Mitochondria
Cytoplasmic Inheritance
In Chlamydomonas ( a single celled green
alga) for example, streptomycin resistance (sr) or sensitivity (ss) appears to be inherited in a regular Mendelian fashion so that srxss produces sr and ss offspring.
Cytoplasmic Inheritance
One resistant strain, sr-500 acts diferently, If sr-500 is mt+ and I ss is mt- all offspring
are sr However on a reciprocal cross ss mt- x ss mt+ all offspring are ss.
Cytoplasmic Inheritance
Since such result cannot be explained on
the basis of chromosomal segregation, in which 1 sr: 1 ss ratio is expected, they are ascribed to an extrachromosomal factor transmitted only through the plus mating type
Cytoplasmic Particles
Sonneborn in 1943 studied the inheritance of the killer vs sensitive trait in paramecium aurelia.
To be a killer, paramecium must have the gene K and a complement of cytoplasmic particulate material called kappa. Sensitive animals are those that lacks kappa.
Genotype kk cannot produce kappa, only the genotype KK and Kk can
Cytoplasmic Particles
For example: conjugation of killer (KK) and
sensitive (kk) strains produces exconjugants, with very little or no exchange of cytoplasm. Separate killer and sensitive clones are produced depending on the parent from whom they were derived Induces autogamy or self fertilization of the killer exconjugant will produce the homozygotes KK and kk which will give rise to killer and sensitive clones respectively
Cytoplasmic Inheritance
Autogamy of the sensitive exconjugant
gives rise to sensitive clones only, in spite of the segregation of KK and kk.
Chloroplast
Chloroplast
The structure of this organelles, the pigment
contained and their enzymes systems can all be affected by mutations indicating that chloroplasts are not free from chromosomal genetic apparatus control Mature plastids arise from pro-plastids, which are capable of dividing and thereby increase in number Since plastids arise from pre-existing structures they are capable of self replication Moreover plastids are not transmitted along chromosomal lines
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Example in four o clock plant
Male parent Pale Female Parent Pale Green Variegated Pale Green Variegated Pale Green Variegated Progeny Pale Green Pale, Green & Variegated Pale Green Pale, Green & Variegated Pale Green Pale, Green & Variegated
Green
Varieted
the pale plastid type: those from green, only green; those from variegated, either pale, green or mixture of the two types. Neither the genotype of the male gametophyte nor the nuclear genetic constitution of the fertilized egg would be involved in the control of this variation
Mitochondria
In bakers yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae,
Ephrussi and his co-workers wre able to identify in 1951 three petite varieties.
1. Segregational (nuclear) petites
2. Neutral Petites
3. Suppressive petites
Mitochondria
1. Segregational (nuclear) petites when crossed with the wild type, produce
ascospores which segregate in the ratio 1 petite : 1 normal. This petite characteristic is chromosomally determined trait
Mitochondria
Neutral petites when mated with normal strains, will produce only normal or wild type ascospores and colonies. In further generations, the petite characteristic never reappears and seems to have been lost This behavior indicates an extrachromosomal inheritance
Mitochondria
Suppressive petites suppress normal respiratory behavior in crosses with the normal strains so that most of the diploid cells derived from a zygote petites Suppressive factor therefore acts as a dominant trait
Mitochondria
The petite characteristic of yeast has been attributed to the deficiencies of cytochromes b,c and cytochrome oxidase a, a3 that are normally found in the inner membrane of mitochondria
The mitochondria also have their own DNA and they have been known to divide or reproduce by themselves This continuity of the mitochondria and the mitochondrial DNA explains the cytoplasmic continuity of the neutral and suppressive petites
characteristics based on chromosomal heredity, the reciprocal crosses are ordinarily identical, except in the case of sex-linked genes
Non Mappability
If the chromosomes of an organism are well mapped,
a characteristic based on chromosomal heredity should show linkages and should be mapped in reference to the other gene controlled characteristics
reciprocal crosses is maternal inheritance, where the progenies show the characteristics of their female parent. If chromosomal differences can be ruled out, maternal inheritance can be usually implies transmission through the cytoplasm. This is because the female gamete ordinarily provides more cytoplasm to the zygote than the male gamete does.
inconsistent with chromosome segregation, nonchromosomal factors might have accounted for the phenotypic variations
presence of nuclei known to have been associated with alternative characteristics, the control of the nuclear genetic material over the characteristic may be ruled out
Infection-like transmission
When a heritable phenotype is transmitted
without nuclear transmission, it seems unlikely that chromosomes control that phenotype