Perfect Gas Expansion SOLTEQ 2

PERFECTGAS EXPANSION REPORT December 4, 2012
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY:
This experiment had been done on 30th November 2012 in the thermodynamics
laboratory. The aim of this experiment is to determine the properties of measurement/PVT.
The equipment that had been used is called Perfect Gas Expansion and by using this kind of
equipment, all 7 experiments were conducted successfully. For the first experiment, we
conducted to show the Boyles Law and to determine the ratio of volume. In this
experiment, the experiment is done for three times from pressurized chamber to vacuum
chamber, from atmospheric chamber to pressurized chamber and increase the gas of both
chamber and let it merge by opening the valve no 2,V02. Next, the second experiment is to
determine the Gay-Lussac Lawand it also done repeatedly for three times to get the average
value of the temperature at pressurize and depressurize vessels. After getting the average
value, the graph of pressure vs temperature is plotted. In the third experiment, we need to
determine the ratio of heat capacity. Only the pressurised chamber and compressive pump
are used during this experiment. The last experiment is to demonstrate the isentropic
expansion process. In this experiment, the pressure and the temperature of pressurised
chamber is taken before and after the expansion occur. Based on all the experiments that
was conducted, all the data which are about the reading before and after the setting are
recorded into the data as below.
INTRODUCTION:
Experiment of measurement properties or PVT deals with ideal gas. An ideal gas is a
gas that obeys the relationship PV=RT. In this definition P and T are the absolute pressure
and absolute temperature respectively and R is the particular gas constant. The particular
gas constant depends on the molecular weight of the gas. The perfect gas expansion which
allow students familiarize with several fundamental thermodynamic processes can be
manipulate by monitored the digital indicator on the control panel. Therefore, this apparatus
should not harm students. However, students should take care about their safety during the
experiment. The most important thing that student should do is open the valve slowly when
releasing the gas inside the vessel to atmosphere because there are high pressure gas inside
the vessel that being released by the valve that can be harm to students. The equipment
that used is such like below:
Gas particles in a box collide with its walls and transfer momentum to them during
each collision. The gas pressure is equal to the momentum delivered to a unit area of a wall,
during a unit time. Ideal gas particles do not collide with each other but only with the walls.
A single particle moves arbitrarily along some direction until it strikes a wall. It then bounces
back, changes direction and speed and moves towards another wall. The gas expansion
equations are derived directly from the law of conservation of linear momentum and the law
of conservation of energy.
AIMS:
For each experiment, they have a different aims and objectives which listed as below:
EXPERIMENT 1:
- To determine the relationship between pressure and volume of an ideal gas
- To compare the experiment result with theoretical result.
EXPERIMENT 2:
- To determine the relationship between pressure and temperature of an ideal gas.
EXPERIMENT3:
- To demonstrate the isentropic expansion process.
EXPERIMENT 4:
- To study the respond of the pressurize vessel following stepwise depressurization.
EXPERIMENT 5:
- To study the response of the pressurized vessel following a brief depressurization.

EXPERIMENT 6:
- To determine the ratio and compares it to the theoretical value.
EXPERIMENT 7:
- To determine the ratio of heat capacity.
THEORY:
Boyles law experiment and determination of volume ratio
Boyle's Law states that the product of the pressure and volume for a gas is a
constant for a fixed amount of gas at a fixed temperature. Written in mathematical terms,
this law is
P x V = constant
A common use for this law is to predict on how a change in pressure will alter the
volume of gas or vice versa. Therefore, for initial values of p1 and V1, which change to final
values of p2 and V2, the following equation applies
P1 x V1 = P2 x V2 (for fixed amount of gas at constant temperature)
The graph shows how the pressure and volume vary according to Boyles Law at two
difference temperatures. Then it can be conclude that, the pressure and volume gas is
indirectly related which is if the pressure of the chamber is increase then the volume of the
gas inside the chamber also decrease.
Besides, it also involves the kinetic energy. If we decrease the volume of a gas, thus
means that the same number of gas particles are now going to come in contact with each
other and with the sides of the container much more often. The pressure is also measure the
frequency of collision of gas particle with each other and with the side of the container they
are in. Thus if the volume decrease, the pressure will naturally increase. The opposite is true
if the volume of the gas is increased, the gas particles collide less frequently and the
pressure will decrease.
.
At lower temperatures the volume and pressure values are lower. Any volume or pressure
units can be used as long as both P's and both V's have the same units. The particle theory
and simple arithmetical values is used to explain Boyles Law.
When the volume of gas is compress into half, the collision of the gas will increase
and thus the pressure will increase double compare to the origin value.
But if the volume of the gas is doubled or increase in the factor of two, the collision
drop and decrease thus the pressure will decrease into half compare to the origin.
Gay-Lussac Law theory
Compare to the Boyles Law, the expression of Gay-Lussacs Law is used for each of
the two relationship named after the French chemist Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac (1778-1850)
and which concern the properties of gases, though it is more usually applied to his law of
combining volumes.
One law relates to volumes before and after chemical reaction while the other
concerns the pressure and temperature relationship for a sample of gas.
According to Gay-Lussacs law, for a given amount of gas held at constant volume,
the pressure is proportional to the absolute temperature. Mathematically,
Where, kG is the appropriate proportionality constant.
Besides, Gay-Lussac law also tells us that it may be dangerous to heat a gas in a
closed container. The increased pressure might cause the container to explode.
Therefore, for initial values of p1 and T1, which change to final values of p2 and T2, the
following equation applies
In all calculations, the absolute or Kelvin scale of temperature must be used for T (K = oC +
273).
The graph shows how the pressure and temperature vary according to Gay-Lussac
Law. Based on Gay-Lussac it stated that the pressure exerted on a containers sides by an
ideal is proportional to the absolute temperature of the gas. This follows from the kinetic
theory which stated that by increasing the temperature of the gas, the molecules speed
increase meaning an increased amount of collisions with the container walls.
Determination of ratio of heat capacity theory
For a perfect gas,
Cp = Cv + R Where, Cp = molar heat capacity at constant pressure, and
Cv = molar heat capacity at constant volume.
For a real gas a relationship may be defined between the heat capacity, which is dependent
on the equation of state, although it is more complex than that for a perfect gas. The heat
capacity ratio may then be determined experimentally using a two step process.
1. An adiabatic reversible expansion from the initial pressure Ps to an intermediate pressure

Pi
{Ps, Vs, Ts} {Pi, Vi, Ti}
2. A return of the temperature to its original value Ts at constant volume Vi
{Pi, Vi, Ti} {Pf, Vi, Ts}
For a reversible adiabatic expression
dq = 0
From the First Law of Thermodynamics,
dU = dq + dW
Therefore during the expansion process
dU = dW or dU = -pdV
At constant volume the heat capacity relates the change in temperature to the change in
internal energy
dU = CvdT
Substituting in to equation x,
CvdT = -pdV
Substituting in the ideal gas law and then integrating gives
T V
Cv ln i R ln i
Ts Vs
Now, for an ideal gas
Ti PV
i i
Ts PsVs
Therefore,
P V V
Cv ln i ln i R ln i
Ps Vs Vs
Rearranging and substituting in from equation x,
Pi C p Vi
ln ln
Ps Cv Vs
During the return of the temperature to the starting value,

Vi P s

Vs Pf
Thus,
Ps C p Ps
ln ln
Pi Cv Pf
Rearranging gives the relationship in its required form:
Cp ln Ps ln Pi

Cv ln Ps ln Pf
Isentropic expansion process theory
In thermodynamics, an isentropic process or can be called isoentropic process is a

process takes place from initiation to completion without an increase or decrease in the
entropy of the system. The entropy of the system remains in constant. Entropy is a type of
energy (like heat, work, and enthalpy) and is by definition energy which is lost in a process
which is characterized by:
S = 0 or S1 = S2
If a process is both reversible and adiabatic, then it is an isentropic process. An

isentropic process is an idealization of an actual process, and serves as a limiting case for an
actual process. For adiabatic, there is no transfer of heat energy.
APPARATUS AND EQUIPMENT:
Perfect gas expansion apparatus, model TH 11

PROCEDURES:
General start-up
1. The equipments are connected to single phase power supply and the unit is switch
on.
2. Then, open all valves and the pressure reading panel. This is to make sure that the
chambers are under atmospheric pressure.
3. After that, close all the valves.
4. Next, connect the pipe from compressive port of the pump to pressure chamber or
connect the pipe from vacuum port of the pump to vacuum chamber. The connect
must not does at the same time.
5. Now, the unit is ready to use.
Experiment 1
1. The general start up procedure is performed. Make sure all valve are fully closed.
2. Compressive pump is switch on and allowed the pressure inside the chamber to
increase up to about 150kPa. Then, switch off the pump and remove the hose from
the chamber.
3. The pressure reading inside the chamber is monitor until the reading stabilizes.
4. The pressure reading for both chambers is recorded before expansion.
5. Open V02 fully and allowed the pressurized air flow into the atmospheric chamber.
6. The pressure reading for both chambers after expansion is recorded.
7. The experiment is repeated under difference condition:
a) From atmospheric chamber to vacuum chamber.
b) From pressurized chamber to vacuum chamber.
8. Then, calculated the PV value and prove the Boyles Law.
Experiment 2
1. Perform the general start up. Make sure all e valves are fully closed.
2. The hose from the compressive pump is connected to pressurized chamber.
3. The compressive pump is switch on and the temperature for every increment of
10kPa I the chamber is recorded. The pump stop went the pressure PT1 reaches about
160kPa.
4. Then, open valve V 01 and allowed the pressurized air to flow out. Recorded the
temperature reading for every decrement of 10kPa.
5. Stop the experiment when the pressure reaches atmospheric pressure.
6. The experiment is repeated for 3 times to get the average value.
7. The graph of the pressure versus temperature Plot.
Experiment 3
1. The general start up is perform make sure all valve are fully closed.
2. The hose form compressive pump is connected to pressurized chamber.
3. The compressive pump is switch on and allowed the pressure inside the chamber to
increase until about 160kPa. Then, switch off the pump and remove the hose from
the chamber.
4. The pressure reading inside is monitor until it is stabilizes. The pressure reading PT1
and temperature reading TT1 are recorded.
5. Then, open the valve V 01 slightly and allow the air flow out slowly until it reach
atmospheric pressure.
6. The pressure of the reading and the temperature reading after the expansion
process are recorded.
7. The isentropic expansion process is discussed.
Experiment 4
1. Perform the general start up procedures. Make sure all valve are fully closed.
2. The hose is connected from the compressive pump to the pressurized chamber.
3. The compressive pump is swatch on and allowed the pressure inside the chamber to
the chamber.
4. The pressure reading is monitor until it is stabilizes. Recorded the pressure reading
PT1.
5. The valves V 01 is open fully and bring it back to the closed position instantly. Monitor
and recorded the pressure reading PT1 until it became stable.
6. Repeated step5 for at least 4 times.
7. The pressure is display on the graph and discuss.
Experiment 5
1. Perform the general start up procedure. Make sure all valve is closed.
2. The compressive pump is connected to the pressurized chamber.

3. The compressive pump is switch on and allows the pressure inside the chamber to
increase until 160kPa. Then, switch off the pump and remove the hose from the
chamber.
4. The reading inside the chamber is monitor until it is stabilizes. The pressure reading
PT1 is recorded.
5. Open valve V 01 fully and bring it back to the closed position after few second.
Monitor and recorded the pressure reading PT1 until it becomes stable.
6. The pressure reading is display on the graph and discuss.
Experiment 6
1. Perform the general start up procedure. Make sure all valve is close
2. The compressive pump is switch on and allows the pressure inside the chamber
increase up to 150kPa. Then, switch off the pump and remove the hose from the
chamber.
3. The pressure reading inside the chamber is monitor until it stabilizes.
4. The pressure reading for both chambers before the expansion is recorded.
5. The V 02 is open and allows the pressure air flow into the atmospheric chamber
slowly.
6. The pressure reading for both chambers after the expansion is recorded.
7. The experiment procedure is repeated for difference condition
a) From atmospheric chamber to vacuum chamber.
b) From pressurized chamber to vacuum chamber.
8. Then, the ratio of the volume is calculated and compare with the theoretical value.
Experiment 7
1. The general start up is performs. Make sure all valve is fully close.
2. The compressive pump is connected to pressurized chamber.
3. The compressive pump is switch on and allows the pressure inside the chamber to
the chamber.
4. The pressure reading inside the chamber is monitor until is stabilized. The recorded
the pressure reading PT1 and temperature TT1.
5. Open the valve V 01 fully and bring it to close until after a few seconds. Monitor and
recorded the reading PT1 and temperature TT1 until it become stable.
6. The ratio of the heat capacity is determines and then compare with the theoretical
value.
RESULTS:
Experiment 1
CONDITIONS PRESSURE, KPa TEMPERATURE, C

Pressure To Atmosphere BEFORE PT1= 147.2 TT1= 30.2
PT2= 101.3 TT2=26.6
AFTER PT1= 131.5 TT1= 28.6

PT2= 131.4 TT2= 28.5
Atmospheric To Vacuum BEFORE PT1= 101.6 TT1= 24.9

PT2= 54.0 TT2= 22.9
AFTER PT1= 87.0 TT1= 25.9

PT2= 86.3 TT2= 25.7
Pressurized To Vacuum BEFORE PT1= 101.6 TT1= 28.7

PT2= 101.8 TT2= 23.7
AFTER PT1= 157.3 TT1= 28.2

PT2= 64.7 TT2= 24.6
Experiment 2
- Increasing pressure
FIRST TRIAL
TEMPERATURE
PRESSURE (kPa)
(C)
101.7 25.4
111.7 26.6
121.7 27.1
131.7 27.8
141.7 29.0
151.7 30.0
161.7 31.0
SECOND TRIAL
TEMPERATURE
PRESSURE (kPa)
(C)
101.6 26.2
111.6 26.3
121.6 26.9
131.6 27.8
141.6 28.6
151.6 29.7
161.6 30.6
THIRD TRIAL
TEMPERATURE
PRESSURE (kPa)
(C)
101.7 26.6
111.7 26.7
121.7 27.2
131.7 28.2
141.7 29.0
151.7 30.1
161.7 31.1
- Decreasing pressure
FIRST TRIAL
TEMPERATURE
PRESSURE (kPa)
(C)
101.7 26.0
111.7 27.2
121.7 28.0
131.7 28.4
141.7 28.8
151.7 29.0
161.7 29.7
SECOND TRIAL
TEMPERATURE
PRESSURE (kPa)
(C)
101.6 26.6
111.6 28.1
121.6 29.1
131.6 30.1
141.6 31.1
151.6 31.9
161.6 32.2
THIRD TRIAL
TEMPERATURE
PRESSURE (kPa)
(C)
101.7 26.5
111.7 28.2
121.7 29.1
131.7 30.3
141.7 31.1
151.7 31.6
161.7 32.0
Experiment 3
BEFORE PT1= 101.6
TT1= 26.6
AFTER COMPRESSION PT1= 164.1
T1 TT1= 29.7
AFTER EXPANSION PT1= 101.6
T2 TT1= 25.7
Experiment 4
PT1 TT1
INITIAL 101.7 25.9
BEFORE 162.1 28.7
OPEN V1 INSTANTLY 131.6 27.0
2ND OPENING 107.6 26.0
3TH OPENING 103.4 26.3
4TH OPENING 102.0 26.6

Experiment 5
PT1 TT1
INITIAL 101.7 25.8
BEFORE 159.7 31.1
OPEN V1 FOR A FEW SECONDS 113.4 27.7
2NDOPENING 103.5 26.9
3RD OPENING 101.8 26.8
Experiment 6
CONDITIONS PRESSURE, KPa TEMPERATURE, C

Pressure To Atmosphere BEFORE PT1= 147.2 TT1= 30.2
PT2= 101.3 TT2=26.6
AFTER PT1= 131.5 TT1= 28.6

PT2= 131.4 TT2= 28.5
Atmospheric To Vacuum BEFORE PT1= 101.6 TT1= 24.9
PT2= 54.0 TT2= 22.9
AFTER PT1= 87.0 TT1= 25.9
PT2= 86.3 TT2= 25.7
Pressurized To Vacuum BEFORE PT1= 101.6 TT1= 28.7
PT2= 101.8 TT2= 23.7
AFTER PT1= 157.3 TT1= 28.2
PT2= 64.7 TT2= 24.6
Experiment 7
CONDITION PT1 (kPa) TT1 (C)

INITIAL 101.8 25.4
BEFORE VALVE OPEN 168.5 30.2
OPEN VALVE FOR 3 SECOND 110.2 27.0
Calculation
Experiment 1: Boyles law
Ideal gas equation, PV=RT. For Boyles law, temperature is constant at room temperature
Hence, R= 8.314 L kPa K-1mol-1, T= 298 @ 25C
i) From atmospheric chamber to pressurized chamber

P1= 147.2kPa, P2= 131.5kPa. Then V1 and V2 is calculated
V1= RT/P1
= (8.314 L kPa K-1mol-1) (298.15 K) / (147.2kPa)
=16.83L
V2 = (8.314 L kPa K-1mol-1) (298.15 K) / (131.5kPa)

=18.84L
According to Boyles law: P1V1=P2V2
P1V1= (147.2kPa) (16.83L) = 2477.38L kPa

P2V2= (131.5kPa) (18.84L) = 2477.46 L kPa
ii) From the atmospheric chamber to vacuum chamber

V1= RT/P1
= (8.314 L kPa K-1mol-1) (298.15 K) / (54kPa)
=45.90L
V2 = (8.314 L kPa K-1mol-1) (298.15 K) / (87.0kPa)

=28.49L
P1V1= (54.0kPa) (45.90L) = 2478.60 L kPa

P2V2= (87.0kPa) (28.49L) = 2478.63 L kPa
iii) From pressure chamber to vacuum chamber

V1= RT/P1
= (8.314 L kPa K-1mol-1) (298.15 K) / (101.6kPa)
=24.39L
V2 = (8.314 L kPa K-1mol-1) (298.15 K) / (157.3kPa)

=15.76L
P1V1= (101.6kPa) (24.39L) = 2478.02 L kPa

P2V2= (157.3kPa) (15.76L) = 2479.05 L kPa
Experiment 2
INCREASING AND DECREASING PRESSURE
Trial 1:
Increase
180.0
160.0
140.0
120.0
pressure
100.0
80.0
gas expansion
60.0
40.0
20.0
0.0
20.0 22.0 24.0 26.0 28.0 30.0 32.0
temperature
Decrease
180.0
160.0
140.0
120.0
pressure
100.0
80.0
gas expansion
60.0
40.0
20.0
0.0
20.0 22.0 24.0 26.0 28.0 30.0 32.0 34.0
temperature
Trial 2:
Increase
180.0
160.0
140.0
120.0
pressure
100.0
80.0
gas expansion
60.0
40.0
20.0
0.0
20.0 22.0 24.0 26.0 28.0 30.0 32.0
temperature
Decrease
180.0
160.0
140.0
120.0
pressure
100.0
80.0
gas expansion
60.0
40.0
20.0
0.0
20.0 22.0 24.0 26.0 28.0 30.0 32.0 34.0
temperature
Trial 3:
Increase
180.0
160.0
140.0
120.0
pressure
100.0
80.0
gas expansion
60.0
40.0
20.0
0.0
20.0 22.0 24.0 26.0 28.0 30.0 32.0
temperature
Decrease
180.0
160.0
140.0
120.0
pressure
100.0
80.0
gas expansion
60.0
40.0
20.0
0.0
20.0 22.0 24.0 26.0 28.0 30.0 32.0
temperature
Experiment 3
T2/T1 = (P2 / P1)(k-1 / k)
(25.7) / (29.7) = [(101.6) / (164.1)](k-1 / k)
0.8653 = (0.619) (k-1 / k)
ln 0.8653 = [ (k-1)/ k] ln 0.619
k = 1.4318
Experiment 4
180.0
160.0
140.0
120.0
pressure
100.0
80.0
pressure
60.0
40.0
20.0
0.0
26.0 27.0 28.0 29.0 30.0 31.0 32.0
temperature
Experiment 5
180.0
160.0
140.0
120.0
pressure
100.0
80.0
gas expansion
60.0
40.0
20.0
0.0
20.0 22.0 24.0 26.0 28.0 30.0 32.0
temperature
Experiment 6
(i)From atmospheric chamber to pressurized chamber
P1V1 = P2V2
V2/ V1 = P1/ P2
V2/ V1 = 147.2 / 131.5
V2/ V1 =1.119
(ii)From atmospheric chamber to vacuum chamber
P1V1 = P2V2
V2/ V1 = P1/ P2
V2/ V1 = 54.0 / 87.0
V2/ V1 = 0.621
(iii)From pressurized chamber to vacuum chamber
P1V1 = P2V2
V2/ V1 = P1/ P2
V2/ V1 = 101.6/ 157.3
V2/ V1 = 0.645
In vacuum chamber:
P1V1 = P2V2
V2/ V1 = P1/ P2
V2/ V1 = 64.7 / 101.8
V2/ V1 = 0.636
Theoretical value
V 2/ V1 = 15 / 25
= 0.6
Experiment 7
The expression of heat capacity ratio is:
2 2
=
1 1
2 1 1
=
1 2 2
300.85 159.7(304.25)
1 1
[ ] = [ ]
8.314 L kPa K mol 304.25 113.4(300.85)
= 261.7836 1 1
= +
= 261.7836 1 1 + 8.314 1 1
270.098 1 1
Ratio:
270.098
= = 1.032
261.7836

Theoretical value of is 1.4

DISCUSSION:
The pressure of the gas is inversely proportional to the volume it occupies according
to Boyles law. From the ideal gas equation, PV=RT the volume is calculated for each of the
pressure of the experiment 1. In first condition, the pressurized to the atmospheric the value
of volume are V1=16.83L then expend V2 =18.84L. In the second condition, atmospheric to
vacuum the volume are V1 =45.90L then expend to V2 =28.49L. For the last condition
pressurized to vacuum, the reading is taken separately for pressure chamber and vacuum
chamber. In pressure chamber, V1= 24.39L before expansion while V2= 15.79L after
expansion..
Follow the Boyles law P1V1=P2V2. From the calculation, we can see that the
P1V1 is near to the value of P2V2 this prove there are same error happened during the
experiment. Hence, we can say that the experiment to prove Boyles law is successful.
The isentropic expansion process happen went both reversible and adiabatic, there
will be no heat transferred within the system, and no energy transformation occurs.
Given that,
Where, k is constant. Given the value of temperature and pressure before and after
expansion, we can find the value of k. Thus, the calculated value of k in this experiment is
1.4318.
In experiment 4, the Stepwise Depressurization show by the graph above shows the
relationship between pressure and temperature. From this graph, we can conclude that the
pressure increase accordingly with temperature. Thus, the pressure is directly relation to the
temperature.
In experiment 5, Brief Depressurization show from this graph, it shows that the gas
expands as the temperature rises. The expansion of gas can only occur when the pressure
increase. Since temperature increases, pressure also increases and therefore gas expansion
takes place. In determination of ratio of volume, the Boyles law equation can be
manipulated to find the volume ratio of gas. From the equation P1V1 = P2V2, the volume ratio
of gas is then: V2/ V1 = P1/P2. There are also three conditions in this experiment. For the first
condition (atmospheric to pressurize) the volume ratio of the gas is 1.119. For second
condition (atmospheric to vacuum), the volume ratio is 0.621 while for the third condition
(pressurized to vacuum), are 0.645 and 0.636 in pressure chamber and vacuum chamber
respectively. The theoretical value for the volume ratio of gas is given as 0.6. Hence, the
percentage errors are calculated as follows:
1st condition:
Error = (1.119 0.6) / 1.119 x 100
= 46.38 %
2nd condition:
Error = (0.621 0.6) / 0.621 x 100
= 3.38 %
3rd condition:
Pressure chamber:
Error = (0.645 0.6) / 0.645 x 100
= 6.98 %
Vacuum chamber:
Error = (0.636 0.6) / 0.636 x 100
= 5.66 % not valid
Since the percentage error is too large (less than 10%), then we conclude that this
experiment is successful.
Experiment 7, the determination of ratio of heat capacity using the expression of the heat
capacity ratio, the heat capacity ratio is calculated to be 1.032. This value deviated a little
from the theoretical value which is 1.4. Hence, the percentage errors calculated are as
follows:
Percentage error = (theoretical value actual value) / theoretical value x 100
= (1.4 1.032) / 1.4 x 100
= 26.29 %
Since the percentage error is too large (more than 10%), this experiment is considered not
successful. This is may be because of the error while handling this kind of equipment.
CONCLUSION:
In the conclusion, we can concluded that the experiment was to determining the properties
measurement/PVT according to Boyles Law, Gay-Lussac Law, heat capacity equation and
isentropic expansion process.. Even we make some parallax error we still manage to get the
result of what we want such as in experiment one which me manage to prove the Boyles
law that is when pressure decrease the volume will increase and vice versa. We also manage
to prove the Gay-Lussac law that is pressure is proportional to temperature.In conclusion,
this experiment is successfully done and the objective of the experiment is achieved.
RECOMMENDATIONS:
There are four experiments must be done under properties measurement/PVT. Each
experiment we must do the start-up and shut-down experiment first in order to make sure
there are no gas are left in the chamber. We must ovoid the parallax error during taking the
reading of pressure and temperature.Repeat the experiment three time to get the average
and more accurate result.Open and close the valve carefully according to the procedure
given.The experiment should be conducted at the stable and unshaken place. All the data
must be recorded into a table.
REFERENCES:
Yusus A. Cengel, M. A. (2011). second low of thermodynamics. In Thermodynamics an engineering

apploach (pp. 274-309). New York: Mc Graw Hill.

Perfect Gas Expansion SOLTEQ 2

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PERFECTGAS EXPANSION REPORT December 4, 2012

- To determine the relationship between pressure and volume of an ideal gas

- To compare the experiment result with theoretical result.

- To determine the relationship between pressure and temperature of an ideal gas.

- To demonstrate the isentropic expansion process.

- To study the respond of the pressurize vessel following stepwise depressurization.

- To study the response of the pressurized vessel following a brief depressurization.

- To determine the ratio and compares it to the theoretical value.

- To determine the ratio of heat capacity.

Boyles law experiment and determination of volume ratio

P1 x V1 = P2 x V2 (for fixed amount of gas at constant temperature)

Gay-Lussac Law theory

Where, kG is the appropriate proportionality constant.

Determination of ratio of heat capacity theory

For a perfect gas,

Cp = Cv + R Where, Cp = molar heat capacity at constant pressure, and

Cv = molar heat capacity at constant volume.

1. An adiabatic reversible expansion from the initial pressure Ps to an intermediate pressure

{Ps, Vs, Ts} {Pi, Vi, Ti}

2. A return of the temperature to its original value Ts at constant volume Vi

{Pi, Vi, Ti} {Pf, Vi, Ts}

For a reversible adiabatic expression

From the First Law of Thermodynamics,

Therefore during the expansion process

Substituting in the ideal gas law and then integrating gives

Now, for an ideal gas

Rearranging and substituting in from equation x,

During the return of the temperature to the starting value,

Rearranging gives the relationship in its required form:

Isentropic expansion process theory

In thermodynamics, an isentropic process or can be called isoentropic process is a

If a process is both reversible and adiabatic, then it is an isentropic process. An

APPARATUS AND EQUIPMENT:

Perfect gas expansion apparatus, model TH 11

2. The compressive pump is connected to the pressurized chamber.

CONDITIONS PRESSURE, KPa TEMPERATURE, C

AFTER PT1= 131.5 TT1= 28.6

Atmospheric To Vacuum BEFORE PT1= 101.6 TT1= 24.9

AFTER PT1= 87.0 TT1= 25.9

Pressurized To Vacuum BEFORE PT1= 101.6 TT1= 28.7

AFTER PT1= 157.3 TT1= 28.2

BEFORE PT1= 101.6

AFTER COMPRESSION PT1= 164.1

AFTER EXPANSION PT1= 101.6

INITIAL 101.7 25.9

BEFORE 162.1 28.7

OPEN V1 INSTANTLY 131.6 27.0

2ND OPENING 107.6 26.0

3TH OPENING 103.4 26.3

4TH OPENING 102.0 26.6

CONDITIONS PRESSURE, KPa TEMPERATURE, C

PT2= 101.3 TT2=26.6

AFTER PT1= 131.5 TT1= 28.6

Atmospheric To Vacuum BEFORE PT1= 101.6 TT1= 24.9

PT2= 54.0 TT2= 22.9

AFTER PT1= 87.0 TT1= 25.9

PT2= 86.3 TT2= 25.7

Pressurized To Vacuum BEFORE PT1= 101.6 TT1= 28.7

PT2= 101.8 TT2= 23.7

AFTER PT1= 157.3 TT1= 28.2

PT2= 64.7 TT2= 24.6

CONDITION PT1 (kPa) TT1 (C)

Experiment 1: Boyles law