UNSTEADY STATE HEAT TRANSFER CLB21003 2013

Objective

1. To determine the heat transfer coefficient of moving water to Aluminium

2. To determine the Biot Number of Aluminium

Summary

The purpose of this experiment is to determine the heat transfer coefficient of moving
water to Aluminium and also determine the Biot Number of Aluminium. Under Steady state
conditions the temperature within the system does not change with time. Conversely, under
unsteady state conditions the temperature within the system does vary with time. The SOLTEQ
Unsteady-state Heat Transfer Unit (HE 178) has been designed to run experiments on unsteady
state heat transfer. The temperature at the centre was determined by referring to Heisler Chart.
The temperature for Sphere is 48.7 C, for slab is 47.4 C and for cylinder is 50.0 C. When
compare the reading for time 70 seconds for both solid, aluminum and stainless steel,
shows that the aluminum is more efficient in heat conduction because the center
temperature is more high than stainless steel especially for cylinder where the center
temperature near to 55 C at 70s. Based from the theory, the higher the center
temperature, the efficiency in heat conduction of the material increased. Finally, the
temperature at the center of sphere by using Heisler Chart at time t = 95s is 51.8 C, for slab
is 49.8 C and for cylinder is 51.7 C. The NBi is calculating to know the assumption is
reasonably accurate or not. The NBi be less than 0.1 shows the experiment is successful.
After calculate, the result shows that the NBi for sphere is 0.002165, for cylinder is
0.002434, and for slab is 0.003245. The NBi for all the shapes are less than 0.1 identified
that the experiment is valid.
 UNSTEADY STATE HEAT TRANSFER CLB21003 2013
Introduction

Heat transfer is the transfer of thermal energy from a body, at a high temperature, to another
at a lower temperature. This transfer of thermal energy may occur under steady or unsteady
state conditions. Under Steady state conditions the temperature within the system does not
change with time. Conversely, under unsteady state conditions the temperature within the
system does vary with time.

Unsteady state conditions are a precursor to steady state conditions. No system exists
initially under steady state conditions. Some time must pass, after heat transfer is initiated,
before the system reaches steady state. During that period of transition the system is under
unsteady state conditions.

Clearly, no system can remain under unsteady state conditions perpetually. The temperature
of the system will eventually reach the temperature of the heat source, and once this happens, the
system will be at steady state. Even if the amount of heat being transferred into the system is
increased, at some point the system reaches its critical temperature and the energy transferred
into it the starts causing phase changes within the system rather than temperatures increases.

The SOLTEQ Unsteady-state Heat Transfer Unit (HE 178) has been designed to run
experiments on unsteady state heat transfer. It supplied with a heated water bath and a set of
solid shapes with built-in temperature sensor to monitor the temperature at the centre of the
shape that allow analyze the heat flow using an appropriate transient temperature of heat flow
chart provided. Basically it consists of two sets of simple shape (solid sphere, rectangular slab
and long solid cylinder) made up of brass and stainless steel. Each of the shape has a built-in
temperature sensor to measure the temperature at the centre of the shape. Measurement taken can
be used to confirm the conductivity of a similar shape with different material.

The water bath has a capacity of 30L and is heated by 3.0kW. The large volume of water in
the bath ensures that change in the temperature of the water, as the measurements are taken is
negligible. The velocity of the water can be varied by adjusting the voltage supplied to the pump.
 UNSTEADY STATE HEAT TRANSFER CLB21003 2013
The heat transfer characteristics and also the water temperature surround the shape remains
constant due to the upward flow of water at constant velocity past the shape.
 UNSTEADY STATE HEAT TRANSFER CLB21003 2013
Results and Discussions

T Slab Sphere Cylinder

Time (s) T(oC) ln (T-T)/(T0-T) T(oC) ln (T-T)/(T0-T) T(oC) ln (T-T)/(T0-T)

0 26.4 0 23.0 0 25.1 0
5 26.4 0 23.0 0 25.1 -0.0116
10 30.9 0 26.2 -0.034 30.7 -0.054
15 34.7 -0.044 30.1 -0.132 34.9 -0.150
20 36.6 -0.078 32.5 -0.242 37.7 -0.264
25 38.8 -0.123 34.7 -0.336 40.4 -0.340
30 42.2 -0.160 37.1 -0.499 44.0 -0.572
35 42.0 -0.182 39.2 -0.621 43.8 -0.563
40 42.9 -0.218 41.1 -0.809 45.2 -0.783
45 43.8 -0.258 43.3 -1.012 46.6 -0.877
50 44.6 -0.291 44.5 -1.193 47.6 -1.265
55 45.4 -0.525 45.6 -1.347 48.3 -1.465
60 46.2 -0.564 46.6 -1.558 49.0 -1.724
65 46.9 -0.739 47.7 -1.801 49.5 -1.958
70 47.4 -0.781 48.7 -2.065 50.0 -2.185
75 48.0 -0.831 49.5 -2.371 50.4 -2.436
80 48.5 -0.971 50.2 -2.742 51.0 -2.912
85 49.0 -1.058 50.9 -3.281 51.1 -3.202
90 49.3 -1.079 51.4 -3.992 51.6 -3.856
95 49.8 -1.147 51.8 -6.016 51.7 -5.590
100 50.2 -1.246 52.3 -4.155 51.9 -4.071
105 50.4 -1.376 52.7 -3.485 52.4 -3.162
110 50.6 -1.481 52.9 -3.253 52.5 -2.860
115 50.9 -1.253 53.2 -2.972 - -
120 51.2 -1.716 53.5 -2.797 - -
125 51.3 -1.855 53.7 -2.689 - -
130 51.6 -1.987 53.8 -2.639 - -
 UNSTEADY STATE HEAT TRANSFER CLB21003 2013

T Slab Sphere Cylinder

Time (s) T(oC) ln (T-T)/(T0-T) T(oC) ln (T-T)/(T0-T) T(oC) ln (T-T)/(T0-T)
135 51.7 -2.381 53.9 -2.587 - -
140 52.2 -2.437 54.2 -2.457 - -
145 52.4 -2.510 54.3 -2.417 - -
150 52.5 -2.721 - - - -

T ( oC) 50.5 51.7 50.6

Table 1: Table for Stainless Steel

Slab : To=22.7oC
Sphere : To=23.0oC
Cylinder : To=26.5oC
To: Temperature at time 0
T: Temperature (water bath)
 UNSTEADY STATE HEAT TRANSFER CLB21003 2013

T Slab Sphere Cylinder

Time (s) T(oC) ln (T-T)/(T0-T) T(oC) ln (T-T)/(T0-T) T(oC) ln (T-T)/(T0-T)
0 24.0 0 22.8 0 28.2 0
5 27.0 -0.134 25.7 -0.1002 27.0 -0.122
10 30.7 -0.350 29.5 -0.2492 30.1 -0.235
15 34.2 -0.673 32.4 -0.3797 34.2 -0.247
20 36.4 -0.758 34.9 -0.5081 37.2 -0.545
25 38.8 -0.910 37.0 -0.6301 40.3 -0.798
30 40.8 -1.065 38.9 -0.7555 42.8 -0.816
35 42.4 -1.087 40.6 -0.8828 44.9 -0.951
40 43.8 -1.106 42.0 -1.0021 46.3 -1.134
45 45.0 -1.230 43.3 -1.1273 47.6 -1.302
50 46.2 -1.379 44.6 -1.2704 48.7 -1.341
55 47.0 -1.601 45.4 -1.3711 49.5 -1.589
60 47.8 -1.799 46.3 -1.4965 50.3 -1.766
65 48.5 -1.995 47.0 -1.6045 50.9 -1.891
70 48.9 -2.147 47.9 -1.7675 51.5 -2.001
75 49.4 -2.342 48.6 -1.9161 52.0 -2.013
80 49.8 -2.550 49.2 -2.0617 52.5 -2.157
85 50.4 -2.674 49.7 -2.2016 52.9 -2.233
90 50.6 -2.734 50.0 -2.2993 53.0 -2.440
95 50.9 -3.465 50.4 -2.4452 53.4 -3.259
100 51.0 -3.743 50.9 -2.6578 53.5 -3.598
105 51.4 -3.987 51.0 -2.7164 53.7 -2.001
110 51.6 -4.901 51.0 -2.7214 53.8 -1.962
115 51.9 -5.675 51.2 -2.8274 - -
120 52.0 -3.224 51.4 -2.9534 - -
125 52.2 -3.012 51.7 -3.1734 - -
130 52.5 -2.344 51.6 -3.0970 - -
 UNSTEADY STATE HEAT TRANSFER CLB21003 2013
T Slab Sphere Cylinder
Time (s) T(oC) ln (T-T)/(T0-T) T(oC) ln (T-T)/(T0-T) T(oC) ln (T-T)/(T0-T)
135 52.6 -1.463 51.7 -3.1814 - -
140 - - 51.8 -3.2735 - -

T 47.2 52.9 50.6

Table 2: Table for Aluminium

Slab : To=24.3oC
Sphere : To=25.0oC
Cylinder : To=24.8oC
To: Temperature at time 0
T: Water bath temperature
 UNSTEADY STATE HEAT TRANSFER CLB21003 2013

ln (T-T/T-T) vs Time (s)

0
-0.5 0 50 100 150 200
-1
-1.5
-2
-2.5
ln (T-T/T-T)

-3
slab stainless steel
-3.5
-4
sphere stainless
-4.5 steel
-5
cylinder stainless
-5.5 steel
-6
-6.5
-7
Time (s)

Figure 1: Graph of ln (T-T)/(T0-T) vs Time (s) for Stainless Steel

 UNSTEADY STATE HEAT TRANSFER CLB21003 2013

ln (T-T/T-T) vs time (s)

0
-0.5 0 50 100 150

-1
-1.5
-2
ln (T-T/T-T)

-2.5
slab aluminium
-3
sphere aluminium
-3.5
cylinder aluminium
-4
-4.5
-5
-5.5
-6
Time (s)

Figure 2: Graph of ln (T-T)/(T0-T) vs Time (s) for Aluminium

Unsteady-state heat transfer is important because of the large number of heating

and cooling problems occurring industrially. Two experiments are conducted to meet the
objectives of each experiment respectively. In experiment one; we used aluminium to
determine the heat transfer coefficient of moving water and to determine the Biot Number
of aluminium whereas for experiment two, we used stainless steel to compare the
experimental and the theoretical center temperatures profile of stainless steel. Three
different shapes consists of sphere, cylinder and the slab are used in both experiments
which to identify good surface area to determine the center temperature of each shapes.
Measurement taken on a shape of a particular material can be used to confirm the
 UNSTEADY STATE HEAT TRANSFER CLB21003 2013
conductivity of a similar shape of different material. Monitoring of temperature at the
center of shape allows analysis of heat flow using the appropriate transient-
temperature/heat flow charts provided.

In experiment one, aluminum is used to determine the heat transfer coefficient (h)
hA
by using the formula m where the value for m is the dimensionless parameters for
C p V

use in Heisler Chart means the slope is get from the graph ln (T- T / To- T) versus t for
each shape. The value of h for sphere is 644.39 W/m2 K, for cylinder is 4327.8 W/m2 K and
for slab is 3568.4 W/m2 K. For this experiment, the heat transfer coefficient of moving
water to aluminium is represented with the value of h. The value of h is determined to
describe the heat leaves a surface, as a function of the temperature difference between the
surface and the ambient. h is the function of the system geometry, fluid properties, and flow
velocity and temperature difference.

The value of h is used in the formula to identify the Biot Number (NBi) by using the
hx1
formula NBi = which is dimensionless. The NBi compares the relative values of internal
k
conduction resistance and surface convective resistance to heat transfer. Theoretically, the
less the NBi means the faster heat conduction inside the body than the heat conduction
away from its surface. The NBi is calculating to know the assumption is reasonably accurate
or not. The NBi be less than 0.1 shows the experiment is successful. After calculate, the
result shows that the NBi for sphere is 0.002165, for cylinder is 0.002434, and for slab is
0.003245. The NBi for all the shapes are less than 0.1 identified that the experiment is valid.

The Biot Number (NBi) for sphere is the lowest among the other shapes. This shows
that the best surface area for aluminum is sphere where the entire surface is joining in the
water bath. So, the temperature is faster heat conduction inside the body than the heat
conduction away from its surface.

The stainless steel is used in experiment two to compare the different result in
experiment one by using aluminum. These experiment used different solution to identify
 UNSTEADY STATE HEAT TRANSFER CLB21003 2013
the temperature at the center where is used Heisler Chart. Initial temperature (To) for
sphere is 23.0c, for slab is 22.7c and for cylinder is 26.5c. The water bath temperature
(T) for sphere is 51.7c, for slab is 50.5c and for cylinder is 50.6c.

After calculate the needed parameters and refer the Heisler Chart, the temperature
at the center was determined. The temperature for Sphere is 48.7 C, for slab is 47.4 C and
for cylinder is 50.0 C. When compare the reading for time 70 seconds for both solid,
aluminum and stainless steel, shows that the aluminum is more efficient in heat conduction
because the center temperature is more high than stainless steel especially for cylinder
where the center temperature near to 55 C at 70s. Based from the theory, the higher the
center temperature, the efficiency in heat conduction of the material increased. Finally, the
temperature at the center of sphere by using Heisler Chart at time t = 95s is 51.8 C, for slab
is 49.8 C and for cylinder is 51.7 C.
 UNSTEADY STATE HEAT TRANSFER CLB21003 2013
Conclusion

In conclusion, for both experiment a different material were used. In experiment

one, the material used was aluminium. The heat transfer coefficient, h of moving water for
shape of sphere was 644.39 W/m2 K, cylinder 4327.8 W/m2 K and slab 3568.4 W/m2 K. The
value of h is determined to describe the heat leaves a surface, as a function of the
temperature difference between the surface and the ambient. h is the function of the
system geometry, fluid properties, and flow velocity and temperature difference. The Biot
Number (NBi) was also calculated for both experiment. The NBi for sphere was 0.002165,
cylinder 0.002434 and slab 0.003245. The NBi for all the shapes are less than 0.1whereby it
showed that the experiment valid. A stainless steel was used in experiment two to compare
the result with aluminium. . The center temperature for sphere was 48.7 C, slab 47.4 C
and cylinder 50.0 C. When compare the reading for time 70 seconds for both solid,
aluminum and stainless steel, it clearly showed that the aluminum is more efficient in heat
conduction because the center temperature is higher than stainless steel.

References

1) Chopey, N.P Handbook of Chemical Engineering Calculations , 2nd Edition, McGraw

Hill, 1994
2) Perry, R.H. Green D.W. and Maloney, J.O Perry`s Chemical Engineering Handbook ,
6th Edition, McGraw Hill, 1984
3) Christi J. Geankoplis, Transport Processes and Unit Operations, 3rd Edition, Prentice
Hall International Edition, 1995, pp 217-219
 UNSTEADY STATE HEAT TRANSFER CLB21003 2013

Appendix

A. Calculation Stainless Steel

1.0 Slab

(2) 2
1 =
4(2)

(20.02)2 (0.001)
=
4(20.02)(0.001)

= 0.01 m

X =
12

2
= (4.201 10 -6 ) (150 s) / (0.01m) 2

= 6.3015

m=
1

= 15.2 / (612 ) (0.01m)
. .

= 2.4837

Graph: 0.13 Y0

1
Y0 =
1
52.5
0.13 =
52.522.7
 UNSTEADY STATE HEAT TRANSFER CLB21003 2013
T = 48.63 C

2.0 Sphere

X =
12

2
= (4.201 10 -6
) (145 s) / (6.667 x 10-3)2

= 13.7044

m=
1

= 15.2 / (473 ) (6.667 10 -3 m)
. .

= 4.82

Graph: 0.0012 Y0

1
Y0 =
1
54.3
0.0012 =
54.323.0

T = 54.20C

3.0 Cylinder

2
X1 =
4

(0.03)2 (0.01)
=
4(0.03)(0.01)
 UNSTEADY STATE HEAT TRANSFER CLB21003 2013
= 7.5 10-3 m

X =
12

2
= (4.201 10 -6
) (110 s) / (7.5 10-3 m)2

= 8.215

m=
1

= 15.2 / (502 ) (7.5 10-3 m)
. .

= 4.0371

Graph: 0.02 Y0

1
Y0 =
1

52.5
0.02 =
52.526.5

T = 51.98 C
 UNSTEADY STATE HEAT TRANSFER CLB21003 2013
B. Calculation for Aluminum

1.0 Slab

m=

-0.0041s = -h (0.0151m2) / (896
.
2707 3 4 (0.02m) 3

h = 66.21
2 .

X1 = 0.01 m

X1 =
12

2
= (8.411 10 -5
) (135 s) / (0.01m) 2

= 113.55

1
Bi =


Bi = (66.21 ) (0.01m) / 204
2 .

= 3.245 10-3

Graph: 0.001 Y0

1
Y0 =
1
53.8
0.001 =
53.823.0

T = 53.77 C
 UNSTEADY STATE HEAT TRANSFER CLB21003 2013
2.0 Sphere

4 3
X1 = =
12 2

= 6.667 10 -3 m

1
Bi =


Bi = (66.21 ) (6.667 10 -3 m) / 204
2 .

= 2.165 10-3

Graph: 0.0013 Y0

1
Y0 =
1
52.6
0.0013 =
52.624.0

T = 51.76 C

3.0 Cylinder

X1 = 7.5 10-3 m

X1 =
12

2
= (8.411 10 -5
) (110 s) / (7.5 10-3 m) 2

= 164.48

1
Bi =

 UNSTEADY STATE HEAT TRANSFER CLB21003 2013

Bi = (66.21 ) (7.5 10-3 m) / 204
2 .

= 2.434 10-3

Graph: 0.002 Y0

1
Y0 =
1
53.8
0.002 =
53.828.2

T = 53.75 C