‘Naser M.APBaddah & Partner General Trading & Contracting Co. w.L. ‘Technical Service/Testing and InspectionDepartment Operating Procedures Doc. Ref. Close Proximity Radiography __| Revision: 0 Procedure Date: 06/11/2014 Page 2 of 13 (o.: NBTC-OP/TS46 B a 1. Scope: This Procedure describes the requirement for Close Proximity Radiography for Butt weld joints with Selenium 75 Isotope . This procedure shall be used in conjunction with NBTC Radiography examination procedure NBTC-OP/TSOS & Code of Practice for Safe use of Industrial Radiographic Equipment (Radiation safety Plan) NBTC-OP/TSO3 & Equate Radiation safety Norms. 2. Purpose This document is prepared to explain the following during radiography No disruption to personnel Maximization of plant and capital equipment Overall reduction in downtime compared with ‘traditional’ radiography Easier to monitor barriers Emergency exits remain accessible Less risk of radiation incidents Improvements in radiographic quality 3. Definitions SAFERAD: Safer Radiography NBTC : Naser Al-Baddah and Partner General Trading and Contracting Co. RPD: Radiation Protection Department. Sievert : Sievert is equal to 100 Rem. Dose Rate : Is the radiation intensity measured in mRem/hr. ( 10uSv/hr) at any distance. When erecting a barricade, the dose rate as measured at any distance must be considered in establishing the length of time it would be permissible for personnel to occupy certain areas.Naser M.AL-Baddah & Partner General Trading & Contracting Co. will ‘Technical Service/Testing and InspectionDepartment Operating Procedures a = Do. Ref Noa NBTC-OP/TS46 T Close Proximity Radiography __| Revision: 0 Cc Procedure Date: 06/11/2014 Page 3 of 13 4. licabl ification: ASME B31.3 Process Piping ASME Sec VIII Rules for Construction of Pressure Vessels ASME Sec.V Non = Destructive Examination Recommended Practice for the Qualification & SNT-TC-1A Certification of Non-Destructive Testing Personnel ‘Written practice for the Qualification and Certification NBTC — OP -TS04 of Non — Destructive Testing Personnel. 5. Personnel Qualification All personnel performing Close Proximity Radiography Testing shall be trained and qualified by the manufacturer of the equipment. Certified RT Lev 1 may operate the equipment and perform radiographic testing under the direct supervision of RT LevII. 6. Equipment ‘The GammaSafe system is a lightweight close proximity radiography system designed to work with the Exertus Selen Circa and EMI RID SE4P (Gammamat SE) isotope projectors. Wherever possible the radiographic techniques specified in this procedure should be practiced in a safe environment to familiarize operating staff before using the Gammasafe system in the field.Naser 1 Baddah & Partner coer Trading & Contracting Co. wll Ted spectionDepartment Operating Procedures Doc. Ref. No: NBTC-OPITS46 Close Proximity Radiography __| Revision: 0 Procedure Date: 06/11/2014 Page 4 of 13 Safe radiography with Se.75 - System Features: Lightweight Se.75 projectors Custom made clamping devics Flexible Lead or Tungsten impregnated mats ‘Tungsten impregnated guide tubes: Moulded Lead or Tungsten impregnated shapes Primary beam safe working distance of 3m This procedure will explain the basic set up for Contact and Ellipse shots. The basic package comprises the Isotope Projector, Snap-on Collimator, Contact Shot Clamping Jig, 3 x Large, 3 x Primary Beam and 3 x Scatter Radstop Flexible Shielding Mats. Radstop Flexible Shielding Mat dimensions: Large ~ (L)900 x (W)300 x (T)9mm Primary Beam ~ (L)300 x (W)300 x (T)9mm Scatter - Various shapes x (T)9mm Note: 9mm Radstop Flexible Shielding Mat is equivalent to 3.3 mm leadNaser M.Al-Baddah & Pariner General Trading & SEA Co. wi g and Insp Doe. Ref. No.: NBTC-OP/TS46 Close Proximity Radiography | Revision: 0 Procedure Date: 06/11/2014 Page 5 of 13, Safe radiography with Se.75 - Shielding Safe radiography with Se.75 - Shielding Optional extras include: Ellipse Shot Bracket and Jig Ellipse Shot Shielding Mat Frame Shielded Guide Tube Directional Collimator Purpose built Shielding Mats x (T)9mm.‘Naser MAPBaddah & Pariner cea Trading & Conran Co. wil ‘Technical Service/Testing and. Procedures Doc, Ref. No NBTC-OP/TS46 Close Proximity Radiography | Revision: 0 Procedure Date: 06/11/2014 Page 6 of 13, Safety is of utmost importance! Whenever Industrial Radiography is performed using the Exertus Selen Circa / EMI RID SE4P range of Isotope Projectors and their accessories, it is strongly advised that all requirements are followed and applied as laid out in the respective Operating Manuals. All regulations regarding Radiation Safety must also be adhered to at all times! Please ensure that the Radiography technician has read and fully understood this procedure before using this equipment Clamping Jig The Contact and Ellipse Shot Clamping Jig was designed to facilitate the effective clamping of the Exertus Selen Circa / EMI RID SE4P range of Isotope Projectors onto pipes in order to perform either Contact Shot or Ellipse Shot Radiography as specified in various Welding Inspection Standards. The aim of this Jig is to enable proper setup of the Projector, with regard to the weld being radiographed, in the least amount of time. Contact Shots The weld is prepared for radiography according to standard procedure. The winding mechanism is connected to the projector as per the relevant Operation Manual. Step 1 - Positioning and strapping of the Contact Shot Jig The Contact Shot Jig (Fig. 1), which incorporates a “v-block system”, ensures that it is perpendicular to the joint to be radiographed. The Jig is then strapped in place using a Chain (Fig. 2) and the Ratchet Chain Tensioner (Fig. 3). jue | rr.Naser MAI-Baddah & Partner General Trading & Contracting Co. w.ld k erating Pi Doe. Ref. No: NBTC-OP/TS46 Close Proximity Radiography _| Revision: 0 Procedure Date: 06/11/2014 Page 7 of 13 Three lengths of chain are supplied with the Jig:-1 1st chain -i-6" 2nd chain - 6"- 12" 3rdchain = - 12"— 20" Select the correct length of chain for the diameter of the pipe being radiographed. Once the chain is selected, insert the threaded bar of the chain through the swivel base of the ratchet mechanism and screw it into the Tube Socket of the ratchet for at least 20mm. Place the Contact Shot Jig parallel on the pipe to be radiographed, leaving sufficient distance from the weld in order to align the centre of the collimator with the weld cap. Wrap the chain around the pipe as tightly as possible and insert the loose end of the chain through the chain guide channel. Tension the chain by hand and then insert the two Chain Locking Pieces (Fig. 10), ensuring that both sets of teeth mesh with the chain into the chain guide channel. Now tension the Chain with the Ratchet Chain Tensioner until sufficient clamping is achieved. Be careful to not over-tension the Chain as this could damage the pipe or Clamping Jig. Step 2 - Inserting of the Projector into the Contact Shot Jig Ensure that the Projector Locking Pins (Fig. 7) are pulled “out” (open) completely. The Locking Pins will clip into place in both the fully “out” and “locked” position. Insert the projector into the Contact Shot Jig. Now lock the projector in place by pressing in both the Locking Pins until they clip into position. Release the chain tension slightly and move the entire assembly to position the collimator aperture over the weld as required. Re-tension the chain.‘Naser MAF Baidah & Parner General Trading & Contraciing Co. will. artment Operating Procedures Doc. Ref. No.: NBTC-OP/TS46 Close Proximity Radiography _| Revision: 0 Procedure Date: 06/11/2014 Page 8 of 13 Step 3 - Applying the Radstop Shielding Mats With the weld properly set up for radiography and the film and projector in place it is necessary to wrap the Jig and Projector assembly and the pipe with the Radstop Shielding Mats to reduce the radiation affected area in the immediate vicinity. The standard Radstop Shielding Mat is 9mm thick which is equivalent to 3.3mm of lead. The distance to the barrier from the point of radiography is a function of the source strength (activity), the direction of the primary beam and the number of Radstop Shielding Mats employed. Actual measurements must be taken at the barrier to confirm radiation levels. Place each Primary Beam Mat on the pipe directly opposite the collimator aperture so that the centre of the Mat is aligned with the centre of the primary beam of radiation. Use the Velcro straps to secure the Mats to the pipe. Place two Large Mats centrally over the Primary Beam Mats so that the ends wrap around the pipe and over the Jig and Projector using the Velcro straps to secure them in place. Place one Large Mat centrally over the Projector so that the ends wrap around the pipe and over the other Large Mats. Place two Scatter Mats at the front of the wrap to cover the gap between the Projector and the pipe. Ensure that the Release Lever assembly on the Projector has been depressed (indicator shows Red) to free the source assembly before placing the Scatter Mat to cover the gap at the rear of the wrap. Proceed with radiography observing all relevant procedures and safety precautions. To set up the weld for the next shot it will be necessary to unwrap the assembly to replace the film. At this point the Jig chain tensioner can be loosened just enough to allow the Jig and Projector to be swivelled around the pipe circumference to the position for the next shot. This can be done by flicking the Ratchet “loosen/tighten” switch and releasing the tension on the chain until sufficient slack is obtained. The chain Is then re-tensioned and the assembly re- wrapped for the next exposure. Be careful not to release too much tension as this can cause the chain locking device to release the chain completely and allow a situation to arise where it would be difficult to control the entire set-up. Ellipse Shots The weld is prepared for radiography according to standard procedure. The winding mechanism is connected to the projector as per the relevant Operation Manual.‘Naser MATBaddah & Parmer General Trading & Contracting Co. w-IL Technical Service/Testing and InspectionDepartment Operating Procedures Doc. Ref. No: NBTC-OP/TS46 | | B Tr Close Proximity Radiography _| Revision: 0 cS Procedure Date: 06/11/2014 Page 9 of 13 Step 1 - Positioning and strapping of the Contact Shot Jig Same procedure as for Contact Shots. In most cases the pipe to be radiographed will be between 1” and 3” in diameter so only the 1% chain 1” - 6” would need to be employed. The Jig would be placed on the pipe at a distance from the weld sufficient to produce an elliptical exposure of the weld. Step 2 — Inserting the Ellipse Shot Bracket and Jig in the Contact Shot Jig The Ellipse Shot Bracket (Fig. 4) is inserted into the Contact Shot Jig, in the same manner but, as an alternate to the Projector. The Ellipse Shot Jig (Fig. 5) is inserted into the Ellipse Shot Bracket. Pull back on the spring loaded Locking Pin and insert the Ellipse Shot Jig into the Ellipse Shot Bracket. Select the desired Source to Film Distance (SFD) and release the Locking Pin to secure the Ellipse Shot Jig. The Projecto is then inserted nto the Clamping Base of the Ellipse Shot Jig and locked in place with the locking pin. The Clamping Base can then be swivelled by pulling back on the spring loaded Locking Pin (Fig. 9), selecting the angle and then releasing the Locking Pin again in order to secure the Clamping Base at the selected angle. The Clamping Base can be swivelled in increments of 20° up to a total of 100° both up and down.‘Naser MAI-Baddah & Parmer General Trading & Contracting Co. wl Technical Service/Testing and InspectionDepartment ay Doc. Ref. No.: NBTC-OPITS46 a Close Proximity Radiography | Revision: 0 Cc Procedure Date: 06/11/2014 | Page 10 of 13 Dismantling of Equipment It is very important that all the Set-up Steps are performed in reverse sequence when dismantling the equipment to prevent possible loss of control when handling loose items. Special attention should be paid when working overhead or in elevated locations. Technical Specifications Pipe clamping range: 1st chain - 1”- 6" 2nd chain - 6” - 12” 3rd chain - 12”-20" Minimum Pipe Schedule: 10s Contact Shot Source to Pipe standoff (mm): 60mm Ellipse Jig Clamping Base increments: 0° + 100° (20° increments) Ellipse Jig Height Adjustment increments: 100mm to 450mm (50mm increments‘Naser M.A-Baddah & Partner Senet Trading & Contracting i will Doc. Ref. No.: NBTC-OP/TS46 Revision: 0 Date: 06/11/2014 Page 11 of 13 Close Proximity Radiography Procedure ‘Selenium 75 Data Sheet HALF LIFE Se75 :118. 5 days , 60% more than Ir192 (74 days). DOSE / EXPOSURE RATES The Dose Rate of 55 uSv / hr/GBq @ 1 metre for Selenium 75 is less than that of Ir192(uSv /hr /GBq @ 1 metre ). Shielding requirements are more favorable when compared with Ir192. WIRE IQI SENSITIVITY Practical tests performed using Se75 and Ir192 on a range of steel thicknesses from 2mm to 70mm show that on average a minimum of one extra wire is revealed when using Se75. SOURCE PHYSICAL SIZE I ACTIVITY RANGE 1.0 x 1.0mm 2-4Ci 1.5x1.5mm 10-17 Ci 2.0 x2.0mm 18-35 Ci 2.5 x 2.5mm, +0 3.0 x 3.0mm. 65-80 Ci‘Naser M.Al-Baddah & Partner General Trading & Contracting Co. w.LI. Technical Service/Testing and InspectionDepartment Operating Procedures BS Doc. Ref. No NBTC-OP/TS46 a: Close Proximity Radiography _| Revision: 0 c Procedure Date: 06/11/2014 | Page 12 of 13 Gamma Safe Se75 Exposure Container Exertus Selen Circa VERSATILE The unique design of the Exertus Selen Circa allows it to be used in directional, projection or panoramic mode, therefore only one type of container is required to cover all applications. ACCURATELY CONTROLLED RADIATION BEAM The radiation beam Is controlled in such a way that only the area of the subject under ‘examination is exposed to radiation, and any ‘unwanted’ radiation remains within the shielding of the Gammasafe container. SMALL AREA FOR EXPOSURE RADIOGRAPHY (SAFER) When used in conjunction with GammaSafe (Safe Radiation) patented Radstop ® shielding mats, the radiation controlled area can be reduced to as little as 3 metre from the container. COMPACT & LIGHTWEIGHT The physical properties of the Exertus Selen Circa allow a lightweight and compact design with 2 maximum activity of 80 Curies. The total weight of the container is in the range of 1.1kg (in projection mode) to 15kg (in directional mode). SAFETY FEATURES ‘The Gammasafe container is equipped with a key operated lock, a source position indicator and an automatic source securing mechanism in compliance with current national and International requirements.‘Naser M.Al-Baddah & Parmer General Trading & Contracting Co. wll Technical Service/Testing and InspectionDepartment Operating Procedures a5 Doe. Ref. No.: NBTC-OP/TS46 Tr Close Proximity Radiography | Revision: 0 Cc Procedure Date: 06/11/2014 Page 13 of 13 Gamma Safe RadStop® Data Sheet RadStop is manufactured under strict Quality ensuring a product with consistent density and attenuating value. RadStop is inert, contains no toxic materials and can be safely handled. It can be bent and returns to its original shape and can be easily cut using a sharp blade. It is strong, durable, highly elastic and long lasting. Each piece is individually inspected to assure consistency with following. 1. High temperature resistance (-50 to 200 C) and flame retardant. 2. Water and steam proof. 3. Very flexible. 4. Low cholorine,fiuorine,sulphur content(suitable for contact with stainless steel) 5. Easily cut and shaped by hand. 6. Material will not sag or slump like traditional alternative produets for eg. Pvc bags and woven lead. 7. Easily decontaminated. 8. Fire tested to NFP 92-502 standard class M2. 9. Calibrated by National Radiological Protection Board & University of Leeds. 10. Approved for use nationwide in EDF Toxicology Division of Occupational Medicine. 11.Rolls Royce tested (NSRP compatible) Typical Attenuation Values Radiation Half Value Thickness of RadStop shielding mat for Selenium 75 9 mm RadStopmat is equal to 3.3 mm Lead. HVT of Lead for Selinium75 is 1 mm. This implies each Radstop mat can reduce radiation 9.84 times.SGiicasits THIS IS TO CERTIFY THAT DANI THOMAS Has completed the required Gammatec training course for operating the following gamma-radiography device Exertus Selen 40/80/120 Circa He is hereby authorised to operate the abovementioned device in accordance with the following Work Instruction Exertus Selen 40/80/120 Circa Operation Manual WI/GSA/LOG-005.01.045.000 Roo. : Roux Philip Kilfoil vanical Workshop Manager General Manager 2 HO Supe £7025. 181901390 Asin NPR ead ee tng Vn insta Par. load Pesce Vengo PO Bar 28 Te Res 38 st Ae {eb +27 1642373, fax 47716423173, ena gommotecomeb aa web wvu.garmeteesa. rector A Loow Chetan Rt Daves ert Decor, MAC Gorse, Panes Pope Di oote le MRsele Company Serene Combes$E cammatec THIS IS TO CERTIFY THAT ISMAIL KANDAPPAN AHMED Has completed the required Gammatec training course for operation of the following gamma-radiography equipment: GammaSafe Contact Shot Projector Clamp GammaSafe CPC Ellipse Stand Radstop Flexible Shielding Mats Flexible Tungsten Shielded Guide tube GAMB28 & GAM800 Collimators He is hereby authorised to operate the abovementioned equipment in accordance with the following Work Instruction GammaSafe Operational Manual WI/GSA/LOG-05.01.086.000 Rev 1 ae ee Ivan Le Roux Pl 7 Mechanical Workshop Manager General Manager (Gamracve HDT Suppas 3074 ho 850 Austr NTP Rososctges ead fc Bulng Vin 21 nds Pork, Stel ed Peacehaven Vranigng, PO Box 268755 Thee ies 1535, South Aiea (at +27 16425773), fc+27 16423176, eml gamete mwa, we: whe gammaiecacOM ‘Dirstos PA Louw (Chaiman), RM Dore Managing Dieter, MAC Gonzi, PRainePope THM ok, M Met, MR Ltsole Compary Sexton: CameSiete THIS IS TO CERTIFY THAT RAJESH KUMAR PILLAI Has completed the required Gammatec training course for operation of the following gamma-radiography equipment: GammaSafe Contact Shot Projector Clamp GammaSafe CPC Ellipse Stand Radstop Flexible Shielding Mats Flexible Tungsten Shielded Guide tube GAM828 & GAMB00 Collimators He is hereby authorised to operate the abovementioned equipment in accordance with the following Work Instruction GammaSafe Operational Manual WI/GSA/LOG-05.01.086.000 Rev 1 Zam Le Roux Philip Kilfoil Mechanical Workshop M: General Manager open SOC te eh. 189018408 Andry! NOP eda eas fc Bui Seon ear ewig fa 203 ses 35 St A {aks27 16423773 fos? 1623 70 onal gammnatcertacaae wenn gat ‘iets PALoow Char i Daves Monogngbueto MA Coed, Pama ope Ta oka Meg MALeio Company Secietry. NCambee$Z cammarec THIS IS TO CERTIFY THAT ELDHO ABRAHAM Has completed the required Gammatec training course for operation of the following gamma-radiography equipment: GammaSafe Contact Shot Projector Clamp GammaSafe CPC Ellipse Stand Radstop Flexible Shielding Mats Flexible Tungsten Shielded Guide tube GAM828 & GAM800 Collimators He is hereby authorised to operate the abovementioned equipment in accordance with the following Work Instruction GammaSafe Operational Manual WI/GSA/LOG-05.01.086.000 Rev 1 Z KOU - Roux Philip Kilfoil al Workshop Manager General Manager Gemmsies HDT Sunes 2th 1980013528 Aneta TF Fsbetpes Head Ofe Biking Visor 21 Indus Prk, Stel Road Peacehaven Vereeniging POBox 26478 Three vers 193, South Ac. {eb +27 16423773, fa 427164251743, ema gunmatecnwh czar wine ganmatesacoM Directors: Pa. (Chelan Daves Wanayng Breton, MAC Gonzalez, Rane Pope, TED, Mea, MR Leola Company Seaton NCamheeEZ tammarec THIS IS TO CERTIFY THAT KUNDAPPAN ABDUL SAMAD Has completed the required Gammatec training course for operating the following gamma-radiography device Exertus Selen 40/80/120 Circa He is hereby authorised to operate the abovementioned device in accordance with the following Work Instruction Exertus Selen 40/80/120 Circa Operation Manual WI/GSA/LOG-005.01.045.000 p Kilfoll ‘chanical Workshop Manager General Manager eg 1805500 Away NF adc ade Bang von nl Pok, el Aa eschove renin POBox 70 Teves 25, SOU At to 92 16423773, fx 4271623 1783, eel garmateconwehcoze, we ww sratesacan Directors: PA Low (haiman) AM Daves anepieg Directo MAC Gorasle, PA aier-fope TAM Eta M feta, MR Lat Company Seaetarp Ncambeeina THIS IS TO CERTIFY THAT SURENDRA NATH GOPISETTY Has completed the required Gammatec training course for operation of the following gamma-radiography equipment: GammaSafe Contact Shot Projector Clamp GammaSafe CPC Ellipse Stand Radstop Flexible Shielding Mats Flexible Tungsten Shielded Guide tube GAMB828 & GAM800 Collimators He is hereby authorised to operate the abovementioned equipment in accordance with the following Work Instruction GammaSafe Operational Manual WI/GSA/LOG-05.01.086.000 Rev 1 a Ae jan Le Roux — Philip Kilfoll Kilfoil Mechanical Workshop Manager General Manager P ug ia 1981001335301 Reso. tad ng Vion 21 hart Stood coven Veni POBox 278s Te en 1935 Seth te 42716423773), fa'427 16423 178, emal gormotecematca 3 webs vu gamete com Directs PA Louw (haan, AM Daves ering Dito, MAC Gonz, Pt Rane Pop, THM bok, M Mek, MRL o3 Company Secretary NComeeLasall hs eee) on Lest HL) ajlad Galas) sf cohuasell yoshi Vie yale Aivgal) Ant Aabeiall GUbLaall 1977 Aisd 131 gyslll cyo 2rsalal alsa port 2014/35 sya aby 2016/9/30 :waudsi eles Guts 2014/10/1 vada gut el aba beealy ELEY! c+ UBM 5) Gans 2010/5/26 GaSe 2010/Ieby else! ob ELV! cw HIE Hal ily coals ELEY a MD Say pled) A le ote 4 Hy) ahs cll EY! ay EN slially Lalall Lat AS ydig Chal dane pall ASyci / Subudl Gad» ApS Aly Gisall Jpn LS OSU sina Mall data) heel abst Bi os ut Jes ee eat a FRIRECY Gano : Trerias Selon Cirea 80 (Projector Si-073) | 3380GBq | Gammatee | wersy7Sqaiim | Middie East | General | Hee Tartar Seen Circa 80 (ProjectorSin-o75) | 3330GBq | Gamma tee | (e75)7S,uuim | 2 Middle East General Tnertas Seen Circa 80 (ProjectorSin-7@) | 3330GBq | Gammatee | (Ser575nasim | > Middle East General Exertus Selen Cirea 80 (Projector Sin-080) 3330GBq ‘Gamma tee (se75)7Spuitee | + Middle East General HEE Trcrius Seen Cirea 8) (Projector Sn-tsiy | 3830GHq | Gammatec | Ge75)78paae | 5 Midale East General Exertas Scien Circa 80 (Projector Sm-083) | 3330GBq | Gammatee | (sersySnae | © Middle FastRade GolAW 3} lapel Geudl ji Vis jlo Aiggall SAV Aabeiall GULL 1977 454) 131 capil ye 2'Sakall alsa ebay on HGyt 5h) aul 2014/35 :uassil by 2016/9/30 :asA 64S) EG 2014/10/1 :ads) aut sp} aa asny ElazY) gu abl) Ys) cmesit» 2010/5/26 gerbe 2OIO/L ey Webin! ob ELLY! oe UUM Ad Be ola ebebyl cn AAEM Lyf pall all ty ety Hiya CULES Glacial! gle EY) ayy Aglally Halal! Slat! ASsyby Cla ane pall syd / Salud Gad» Gh pS (ly ipa Spaall LS 8 Stay pinay Mull all lal ayaa BiG) oi dla cry pear aas | Gan tga waa 7 Exertus Selen Cirea 80 (Projector Sin-079) | 3830GBq | Gamma tee (Ser 7e | Middle East Trerias Sclen Cirea 80 (Projector Sin-075) | 3330GBq_ | Gammacee | (Se75y75,auim | 2 Middle East General General eH Trertas Sen Crea 89 (Projector Sa-07@) | 3350GBq | — Gamma tee | —(6e75)75 ats Midate East General Trevis Seen Crea 80 (Projector Sin-080) | 3350GRq | Gamma tee | —($075)75 Middle East nastad General ‘xertus Selen Circa 8) (Projector Sin-081) 3330GBq | Gamma tec (S075) Spa Exertus Selen Circa 80 (Projector Sin-082) 3530GBq | Gamma tec (Ges) Spain Middle East ee Gyles, UNE 1S) ae | ies