How to Analyze a Poem

Analyzing a poem may seem like a tough task at first. But if you know how to analyze a poem properly, youll start
loving new poems. Here, we will be introducing a step by step guide to analyze a poem. Also, we have presented you an
example to show how to analyze a poem.

Step 1: Read the Poem and Take Notes

The first step in analyzing a poem is reading. Read the poem at least twice. As you read, jot down your first
impressions, reactions, memories, personal experiences tied to it.

Step 2: Identify the Title Hints of the Poem

You should also look at the title of the poem. It can give you a clue about the poem. You can think along these
questions: What are the connotations associated with the title? What do you imagine the poem to be about when you
first read the title? Does the title reflect the content of the poem? Remember if the literal meaning of the poem is not
at all related to the title, we can guess that the title hints at the hidden meaning of the poem.

Step 3: Find the Literal Meaning

Now try to find the literal meaning of the poem. If there are words you dont understand, use a dictionary. If there
are unfamiliar names or concepts mentioned, search them in an encyclopedia. As you try to find the literal meaning of
the poem, you can also pay attention to the diction of the poet. Are there any repetitive words? What are the most
striking words? What words do you find interesting? Are there any unusual words words that dont fit into this
context?

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Step 4: Identify the Narrator, Characters and the Setting of the Poem
In analyzing a poem, it is vital to identify the narrator, the characters, and the setting. Remember that the narrator of
the poem is not always the poet. For example, in Alan Brownjohns Parrot, the narrator is a parrot; in Mathew Arnolds
The Forsaken Merman, the narrator is a merman.

Step 5: Look at the Structure of the Poem

Look at the form of the poem; what form does the poem take? Is it an ode, elegy, sonnet, narrative poem, or is it free
verse? How are the stanzas arranged? How are the ideas arranged in the poem? What does each stanza discuss? Is
there a link between the stanzas?

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 Step 6: Make a Summary
Now try to make a summary of the poem. If you like, you can write down a brief paraphrase of the poem. This
summary will reflect the surface meaning of the poem.

Step 7: Identify the Literary Devices Used in the Poem

Try to identify the literary devices used by the writer. What are the images and symbols used by the poet? How has the
poet used imagery and symbols? Does he use other literary devices such as paradox, hyperbole, antithesis, etc.?

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Step 7: Identify the Theme of the Poem
When you analyze all the above said features in a poem, you can ask yourself the question what is the main
intention of the poem? What does he want to convey through the poem? This is the theme of the poem. You can also
ask how he has conveyed the theme of the poem? What techniques has he used to bring out the theme?
You will be able to understand how to analyze a poem by looking at the following sample analysis.
Example Showing How to Analyze a Poem

London
I wander thro each charterd street,
Near where the charterd Thames does flow.
And mark in every face I meet
Marks of weakness, marks of woe.

In every cry of every Man,

In every Infants cry of fear,
In every voice: in every ban,
The mind-forgd manacles I hear

How the Chimney-sweepers cry

Every blackning Church appalls,
And the hapless Soldiers sigh
Runs in blood down Palace walls

But most thro midnight streets I hear

How the youthful Harlots curse
Blasts the new-born Infants tear
And blights with plagues the Marriage hearse
(William Blake)
First, lets look at the title of the poem London. Blake simply uses the name of a town. So whats the importance of
this title? Nowhere in the content of the poem we see the location of this place, it is only the title that says the poem is
about London.
What are the thoughts and ideas that you get when you hear the title London? What do you expect the poem to be
about? Keeping these thoughts in mind, lets look at the poem.
The following section looks at the summary of the poem stanza by stanza.
First stanza

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The narrator is walking through the streets of London. Everywhere he turns, he sees the downtrodden faces of the
poor. They look tired, weak, unhappy, and defeated.
Second Stanza
The narrator hears the peoples voice everywhere. The voices are full of fear and repression. The people and their
minds are restrained or manacled.
Third Stanza
The narrator reflects on and emphasizes the chimney sweepers and soldiers. The mournful cry of the chimney-sweeper
acts as a chastisement to the Church. The blood of soldiers stains the outer walls of the nobles palaces.
Fourth Stanza
In the last stanza, the narrator talks about the nighttime. He talks of the prostitution and the consequences of
prostitution on both prostitutes and customers.

Now you can ask questions like this:

What are the literary devices used in this poem ?
(Repetition, imagery, paradox, alliteration)
What is the structure of the poem?
(Four quatrains with alternate lines rhyming.)
What are the striking words in the poem?
(manacles, weak, woe, blood, sigh, cry, curse, charterd)
What is the writer trying to convey through the poem?
(the oppression, confinement exploitation, suffering,)
You can combine all these facts and points to do an analysis of the poem. In the analysis, you can look at how has the
language, structure and literary devices contributed to the poem
Analysis
The poem begins on the streets of London. From the beginning itself, the poem conveys a gloomy, oppressive
atmosphere. Note the repetition of certain words like marks, charterd. Charterd here can refer to controlled,
commericalized, mapped out, etc. Charterd Thames and charaterd streets refer to oppression and subjugation of
people. And marks emphasize the fact that everyone is marked by woe and weakness.
The poet uses repetition again to drive home the fact that people are physically and mentally confined and oppressed.
Blake also uses the interesting metaphorical expression mind-forgd manacles to refer to the extent of this
oppression. People have no freedom to think or imagine. He also subtly brings in the word ban to emphasize the
suppression of people.
In this stanza, the narrator criticizes the religion and the nobles for exploiting the poor. Chimney sweepers and soldiers
can be a representation of the poor, exploited class whereas church and palace walls represent the nobility and
religion. Furthermore, the hypocrisy of the church and the indifference of the nobility are also highlighted in this
section.
In the last stanza, the speaker reflects on how the young prostitutes cursereferring to both profanity and her child out
of wedlocktheir children. Also, the oxymoron of marriage hearse implies the destruction of marriage. Here, men are
using prostitutes and then possibly spreading diseases to their wives and newborn children of wives and prostitutes. It
becomes a never ending cycle of vice.