Energy CONSERVATION

BUILDING CODE TIP SHEET

Version 1.0 July 2008

Energy Simulation

Credits: USAID ECO-III Project (www.eco3.org)

Donald R. Wulfinghoff International Resources Group
Prof. Rajan Rawal Phone: +91-11-2685-3110
Dr. Vishal Garg Fax: +91-11-2685-3114
Dr. Jyotirmay Mathur Email: eco3@irgssa.com

Energy simulation is a computer-based analytical process that helps building

owners and designers to evaluate the energy performance of a building and make
it more energy efficient by making necessary modifications in the design before
the building is constructed. Use of energy simulation software is necessary to show
compliance with Indian Energy Conservation Building Code (ECBC) via Whole
Building Performance Method. This Tip Sheet helps in understanding the basic
concepts and processes involved in carrying out building energy simulation.

I
n the last five years, commercial thermal and visual comfort requirements, Technological advancements in computer
buildings are emerging as one of internal heat gains, etc. For example, a software have provided several tools that can
the fastest growing sectors in India. designer may decide to have large glazed help the designers to predict and analyze
This phenomenon, combined with the faade for better aesthetic value and to the energy performance of a building
expectations to create more comfortable increase the amount of daylight coming with good accuracy and with substantial
indoor environmental conditions, is placing in the building. This can lead to reduced reduction in effort. Such programs allow for
increasing energy demand on the already lighting load but may increase the cooling sensitivity analysis of various design options
stretched supply side infrastructure. The load on Heating Ventilation and Air- and decisionsfrom the conceptual and
energy performance of a building depends conditioning (HVAC) system due to higher schematic phases to the detailed specification
on how a building has been designed from heat gains through glazing. In real practice, of building components and systems (See
an energy efficiency perspective and how understanding and analyzing the total energy Fig. 1).
well system integration issues have been performance of the building is very complex These computer-based energy simulation
addressed. The way a building behaves and and the building designers find it extremely programs model the thermal, visual,
performs is governed through envelope difficult to establish energy performance with ventilation and other energy-consuming
design (walls, windows, roofs, etc.), choices reasonable accuracy through conventional processes taking place within the building
made in selecting building materials, and computation methods. Usually rules of to predict its energy performance. The
design and selection of energy systems thumb deployed by consultants and the simulation program takes into account the
(lighting, cooling, heating, ventilation, expert advice of equipment suppliers building geometry and orientation, building
etc.) to meet the thermal and visual play a major role in selecting and sizing the materials being used, building faade design
comforts of occupants and other working building components and systems. This may and characteristics, weather parameters,
requirements. not be the most effective way to design large indoor environmental conditions, occupant
A building interacts with its external complex commercial buildings and may lead activities and schedules, HVAC and lighting
as well as internal environment. A good to poor energy performance throughout the system and a other parameters to analyze
building designer needs to account for the life of the building. Just like prevention is and predict the energy performance of the
external factors such as air temperature, better than cure, it is easier and more cost- buildings (See Table 1).
humidity, solar radiation, wind speed and effective to incorporate energy-efficient Certain energy simulation programs are
direction, etc., which may vary significantly issues at the time of new construction than designed to work for individual building
throughout the year, and balance it with through a retrofit process. components such as wall, roof, building

Version 1.0 July 2008 ECBC/TIP SHEET > Energy Simulation

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 Space Loads
Outdoor Environment
The program starts by calculating the
end-use energy requirements of the
Indoor zones. It calculates heating and cooling
Building Model
Environmental loads by adding conduction gains and
Building Conditions losses, solar gain, heat gained or lost
HVAC System
Design from outside air, humidification or
Model Control
Parameters dehumidification, and internal heat
System Energy
HVAC Plant Model gains.
Model Performance Weather-related data needed for these
Simulation
System calculations are usually taken from a
weather file (typically an average of 30 years
Fig. 1: Energy Simulation Schematic of weather data compiled in a computer
readable format). Solar gains are calculated,
form and fenestration. There are also tools, of weather, occupancy, etc. The sequence based on the interaction between building
which are specifically used for modeling one of calculations is repeated many times to envelop and environmental factors. The
or more parameters such as lighting, heat simulate an annual operation cycle. The program requires manual input of the
transfer across building envelope, natural results of all the repeated calculations are physical characteristics of the structure.
ventilation, and shading elements. Whole then compiled to produce the total yearly The program requires manual input of
building simulation tools are widely used energy consumption and costs. non-weather related loads. These include
and are applied to the entire building as an For input and calculation purposes, lighting, electrical equipment (computers,
integrated system to capture the interactive the building is divided into thermal etc.), occupants, desired temperature and
effects of components and systems. zones. Each thermal zone has similar load humidity, service water heating, specialized
Energy performance simulation tools characteristics, and is served by specific process loads, etc. Typically, the user inputs
allow designers to: types of conditioning, lighting, and other the peak load of each type, along with an
Consider the building as a single energy-consuming systems. The program hourly schedule of the percentages of peak
integrated system does most of its calculations separately load.
Predict thermal behavior of buildings for each zone. A zone should have defined Most energy analysis programs provide the
in relation to its outdoor environment boundary conditions which may be made option of performing these load calculations
Envisage the impact of daylight and up of partitions (e.g., dry wall or air). alone. For example, in designing a new
artificial light inside the building All the sophisticated energy simulation building, the space load calculations allow
Model the impact of wind pattern programs perform four basic groups of the designer to refine the building exterior
and ventilation and assess its effect on calculations. Different programs link to reduce solar heat gain, or to find the most
energy use these calculations in various ways. It is economical amount of wall insulation.
Estimate the size/capacity of equipment important to understand the general flow
required for thermal and visual of calculations as explained below.
comfort
Calculate the effect of various building Table 1: Data Required for Energy Modeling
components on each other and predict Category Purpose Source
resulting conditions and its impact on Geographical location (climate) Accurate load calculation based Weather file
energy use on external environment
Assess the changes in energy Geometry Model geometrical attributes of Architectural drawings
consumption through sensitivity Plan buildings and any site specific
analysis with respect to design changes Section features (shading, reflection by
Elevation tree or building)
affecting building geometry and
materials, components, systems, etc. Construction Model building envelope ECBC
Wall attributes for thermal load and ISHRAE
Roof daylighting calculations CBRI
In May 2007, the Ministry of Power Window Software library
launched Energy Conservation Building Overhangs Vendors
Code (ECBC) for its adoption on a voluntary ASHRAE
basis in buildings with a connected load of Daylighting and lighting Visual comfort Lighting consultant
500 kW or greater or a contract demand Layout Reducing LPD Vendors
of 600 kVA or greater. In this context, it Technology and controls Integration with daylight ISLE/IES
is important for the building designers to Internal Load Accurately capture sources Client
understand and utilize energy simulation Usage (e.g. number of hours) of internal heat gain within Energy modeler
programs to satisfy ECBC compliance Schedule building Benchmarking data
People, equipment, lighting Nameplate data
requirements.
HVAC (type and controls) Sizing the system HVAC consultant
How a Simulation Component specification Design optimization ASHRAE/ISHRAE
Program Works Control strategy Comfort satisfaction ARI
A buildings energy requirements change Layout and distribution ECBC
continuously, under different conditions

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System Loads etc., but usually not the central plant characteristics can be selected from the
This includes the space loads, calculated equipment. programs equipment data library.
previously, plus the extra energy needed This part of the program requires The program will pick out the maximum
to run the conditioning equipment, or manual input to describe the efficiency energy consumption that occurs during the
systems. Most of this extra energy is for characteristics of the equipment. The yearly cycle, for each system. The designer
fans, in typical systems. The systems equipment operating schedules may also be uses these maximum loads to determine
include air handling systems, fan- entered manually, to account for occupancy the size of the conditioning equipment.
coil units, air conditioners, radiators, schedules. In some cases, the systems

Key Technical Terms

Construction and Layers: For building This contains building geometry, modeled building. The engine works in
simulation, each type of building section is construction details (walls, roof, coordination with the weather file and
termed as one construction. For example, windows etc.), building usage schedule, input file to produce desired outputs. As
a single brick wall with plaster and and information about HVAC and a rule of thumb, if the engine is capable
without plaster are two different types of lighting systems. This file acts as the of using hourly equations, the modeler
constructions. Each construction, similar interface between the weather file, the should try to create a building model
to the architectural drawing procedure, simulation engine, and the output file with significant detail. In situations with
is a built-up section using different manager of simulation program. Most simplified engines where calculations
materials, termed as layers in simulation. simulation programs can make use of are approximated, spending time and
Therefore, when describing a construction, common formats of 2-D drawing files efforts on providing minor details is not
layers must be specified in their order of e.g. dxf files, by using as background needed. Such engines are useful only
appearance (from outside to inside always images for quicker creation of building for a broad comparison of major energy
in most of the simulation programs). The geometry. conservation options and should not be
sequence of layers has a significant impact used for producing numbers.
on the heat and moisture transfer across Output File: On running the simulation
that section. of a model, there may be more than one Thermal Zone: It is a term used in energy
output file. Two of the most important simulation to represent area catered to
Equipment Sizing: Besides calculating files are the main output file that by one air conditioning unit. With the
the heat load, simulation programs are contains hourly results and the error file help of the zoning building plans are
also equipped with the capability to that carries information about possible simplified to reduce the modelers work.
calculate the size of HVAC equipment. errors, including warnings. In some Normally, within one zone usage pattern,
To do this, they need basic information cases, there is no fatal error that will stop set point temperature and other conditions
such as equipment efficiency. Standard the program from running but warnings are identical. Building spaces that would
sizes which are available can also be will highlight probable logical mistakes. experience similar heating and cooling
supplied by the user and the software loads are generally grouped under one
will calculate the number of such Parametric/Sensitivity Analysis: The process zone.
systems required for the building. An of optimizing the energy performance of
energy simulation programs ability to a building by running different scenarios Visualization: Some simulation
distinguish, and use to advantage, the for building system types and efficiency programs have in-built capability to
concept of coincident versus non- construction, system type, etc. create 2-D and 3-D models of the
coincident peak load calculations can building based upon the description
lead to more accurate plant sizing. Schedule: It specifies the hourly usage provided. Others, such as Energy
pattern of any zone or its equipment. Plus, require descriptions of building
Hourly Simulation: Energy use is Separate schedules can be specified geometry in the form of coordinates.
simulated in a building for every hour of for different types of days, such as an These programs offer the ability to
the year. For this purpose, hourly weather occupancy schedule set up for 0800hrs visualize the building by coupling with
data is required and the simulation to 1700 hrs on weekdays, 0900 hrs to drafting software. Separate add-on type
engine has to be capable of handling 1300 hrs on Saturdays, and no usage on programs are available to facilitate easy
heating/cooling load calculations on an Sundays and public holidays. Different creation and visualization of building
hourly basis, and account for the effect zones may have different schedules and geometry using visual interface.
of heat storage in thermal mass. It may within each zone, different equipment,
be noted that simplified simulation lighting, plug loads may have different Weather File: This file contains hourly
programs that do work on an hourly schedules. However, to keep the task information about weather at the
basis produce approximate results only simple, it is recommended to group loads location under consideration. Different
and are sometimes considerably off from having similar schedules. simulation programs use weather files
the more detailed hourly simulation in different formats but consist of nearly
results produced by other programs. Simulation Engine: The simulation the same data such as solar radiation,
engine is the heart of any simulation temperature, humidity, wind speed,
Input File: It contains the description program. These engines are based upon wind direction, rainfall, atmospheric
of the building in a form that can be different algorithms for calculating pressure, cloud cover, etc.
understood by the simulation program. the energy consumption in the

Version 1.0 July 2008 ECBC/TIP SHEET > Energy Simulation

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Central Plant Loads manual calculations are not always Equipment sizing data: Normally,
For detailed calculations, the program accurate. One cause of error is that the equipment capacities are selected by using
compiles all loads on a zone-by-zone components of load do not all peak at the the calculations of peak equipment load.
basis. Next, the program adds all the same time. Another limitation is inability For example, the program may report
zone loads as total load on the central to deal with thermal storage effects. The the peak air flow of air handling units,
plant equipment, which includes boilers, degree of detail is limited, e.g. it is not the peak steam flow from boilers, the peak
chillers, electric generators, cogeneration practical to include the precise orientation energy input to individual chillers, etc.
plants, thermal storage systems, solar of the surfaces in a manual calculation.
collectors, etc. The program further adds As a result, a number of computerized Energy consumption: The output can be
the energy consumption of central plant load calculation programs are now represented in many ways that include
auxiliary equipment, such as hydronic available. They provide greater accuracy, types of load; by different intervals i.e.
system pumps and cooling tower fans. eliminate the drudgery of arithmetic and hourly, monthly and yearly and also by
For this part of the calculation, the provide a checklist to make sure that all system types i.e., chiller plant, AHU, etc.
program requires manual input to describe load components are included. There is a Table 2 shows typical electric consumption
the plant equipment and its operating range of complexity among computerized output and its load breakdown on several
schedules. In some cases, plant equipment programs. Some are relatively simple. steps.
characteristics can be selected from the The most detailed load calculations are
programs equipment data library. provided by using the space loads portion Energy costs: These are derived directly
This part of the program yields the of an energy analysis program, as discussed from the consumption calculation,
bottom line energy input to the facility previously. making corrections for variations in
as a whole. This includes energy that is used In general, the capacity of heating and price at different times. The costs can
directly, such as electricity consumption cooling equipment may be much greater be reported separately by fuel type, e.g.,
for lighting and plug loads. than the peak conditioning load caused by electricity, fuel oil, natural gas, etc.
weather conditions. Heating and cooling
Economic Calculations equipment is usually sized to provide a Life-cycle cost: This is the total cost
All the programs can provide energy cost reasonably short warm-up or cool-down for energy over a facilitys life cycle, or
estimates, as well as energy consumptions interval after starting. For this reason, other long period of time. This output
information. To do this, the program requires many designers and contractors do not includes the effects of changes in fuel
manual input of energy costs and rate schedules. use load calculations and instead they price, inflation, and interest rates.
Some programs can also calculate the select equipment capacity using simple All the major simulation programs
life-cycle costs of alternatives. This rules of thumb, based on the size and allow the designer to specify the type
requires manual input of equipment and mass of the building. To promote energy of output information needed, and the
construction costs, at least for the features efficient designs, rules of thumb should degree of detail. The loads can usually be
or equipment being compared. Some be discouraged. displayed by individual zones. Similarly,
programs can incorporate desired rate of the characteristics of each system can
return, discount factor, and other economic Simulation Program be displayed separately. All the major
variables in the calculation. Outputs programs can report in a variety of tabular
All the major programs offer the and graphical formats.
Manual Load Calculations Vs. following outputs:
Computer Energy Analysis Technical Tips for
A manual load calculation is used primarily The input data: The report usually Energy Simulation
to select equipment size based on maximum- repeats the input data for ease of review.
load conditions. It uses the space loads, as This includes data drawn from the How to Use the Program
discussed above, and it is done only for the programs data libraries. For example, An energy simulation program is
single instance of peak load conditions. the output may indicate the indoor used in the same way whether one is
For example, when selecting an air air temperature and humidity that designing a new facility or making
conditioning system for a building, a were calculated for each hour based improvements to an existing facility. In
consultant makes a load calculation to on weather file as well as thermal both cases, the first step is to input the
estimate the peak cooling requirement. and optical properties of the type of characteristics of a baseline facility
This is done by calculating the individual glazing used in the building. configuration. In retrofits, the baseline
load components, and then adding them. is the existing facility. The baseline
For cooling, the load components are solar Building loads: Loads are divided input is an important part of energy
gain, conduction gain through the walls into heating, cooling, lighting, process, simulation exercise (See Table 3). Once
and roof, heat gained by air leakage, and etc. Some programs may report the this investment of effort is made, one
dehumidification. Heat generated from components of these loads. For example, can easily modify the input and rerun
lighting system, people and equipment in cooling load may be divided into solar the program to simulate the effect of
the building, together referred as internal gain, conduction load, internal heat gain, changes.
heat load, also contributes significantly to and latent load. The loads for individual To develop the design into an optimum
buildings loads. hours may be displayed. Most programs configuration, one can change the input
Basic peak-load calculations are simple. report the time of occurrence of each characteristics of individual components
They can be done manually and they are peak load. or systems (windows, chillers, lights, etc.),
adequate for many applications. However, and repeat the computer run to see the

4 Version 1.0 July 2008 ECBC/TIP SHEET > Energy Simulation

effect on overall energy consumption and building usually has at least five zones. A In designing new facilities, the designer
cost. For example, analyzing the retrofit large complex building typically has many should do the analysis (or at least review the
of a single system typically requires a few zones. The more sophisticated programs major assumption and input parameters).
computer runs. Designing a big, complex allow copying input from one zone to
facility may require hundreds of runs to another similar zone. For example, a Input data libraries: An important
achieve high efficiency. building may have zones that are identical, advantage of energy analysis programs
Input is the main difficulty in using energy except for the fact that they face in different is that they include libraries of input data.
simulation programs. For the program directions. Most importantly, they include libraries
to calculate loads and energy consumption Input requires a great deal of poring over of weather data for many locations,
with a useful degree of accuracy, one needs drawings. When simulating existing facilities, including all major cities of the world.
to describe the facility and its systems in it also requires a lot of legwork to inspect actual The weather data are compiled from
sufficient detail. This is a critical and important conditions. In existing facilities, the designer hourly observations, allowing a high
part of the process and requires experience, may need to measure some energy loads that level of detail in calculation. The weather
subject matter expertise, and computer skill are difficult to estimate, such as hot water in almost any location can be simulated
to model the building accurately. consumption. To calculate energy cost, the by using data from some other suitable
For example, one needs to specify the designers need to input energy prices of different location that is available in the weather
insulation value of each type of wall, window, fuels being used by the building. library.
roof element, and floor element; an occupancy The temptation is great to assume the Some programs have libraries of wall and
schedule for each day type; a usage schedule for input data if it is not readily available. The roof components along with their physical
each type of light fixture; information about person doing the input needs an intimate properties which eliminates the tedium of
each type of heating and air conditioning unit; knowledge of the facility, so it is generally defining a wall or roof from scratch. There
temperature reset schedules; times when fuel not advisable to get the analysis performed are major differences in the structural
types are changed, etc. by a remote service bureau. For retrofit component data libraries of different
Each zone requires its own input. A small projects, input should be done at the site. programs. The programs also differ in their

Table 2: Electric Consumption (MWh) in a typical facility

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total

Area Lights 5.53 5.24 6.05 6.04 5.53 6.04 6.05 5.79 5.78 5.79 5.26 6.05 69.16

Misc. Equipment 7.58 7.04 7.99 7.87 7.58 7.87 7.99 7.79 7.67 7.79 7.27 7.99 92.43

Ventilation Fans 1.61 1.53 1.77 1.77 1.61 1.77 1.77 1.69 1.69 1.69 1.53 1.77 20.17

Space Cooling 0.62 0.96 1.16 2.22 3.13 5.72 7.23 7.37 6.96 5.10 2.32 0.86 43.66

Total 15.34 14.77 16.97 17.9 17.85 21.4 23.04 22.64 22.22 20.37 15.38 16.67 225.42

Sample output of Simulation Electrcity Load Breakdown

25 Electric Consumption (MWh)
Energy use by End Use
20 40% 38%
35%
15 30%
24%
25%
10 20% 17%
14%
15%
10% 7%
5
5%
0 0%
Heating Cooling Lighting Fans & Pumps Plug Loads
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Area Lighting Ventilation Fans
Misc Equipment Space Cooling

Glazing Analysis to optimize window Solar Load Cooling Load Breakdown

255 Standard % of Total Cooling by Building Component
low-e 40%
Energy Use (kWh/m 2 year)

35%
35%
240 30%
Spectrally 25%
Selective 20%
225 20% 16%
15%
11%
Linear 10% 7%
5%
210 (Standard 5% 3%
1% 1% 1% 1%
low-e) 0%
ds
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lo a

Linear
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oa
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40 60 80 100
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Area of Glass (in %)

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Fig. 2: Simulation Output and its Load Breakdown

Version 1.0 July 2008 ECBC/TIP SHEET > Energy Simulation

5
Table 3: Integration of energy simulation steps with architectural design to call the manufacturers engineering
stages department to get part-load information
Energy Simulation for the equipment that is being simulated.
Stage Architecture Design
Integration Some energy analysis programs can assist
Climate, interior temperature Weather data designers with libraries of efficiency
Orientation, shape Sun path diagram curves for different types of mechanical
Concept Design/ Building siting, usable floor space Solar analysis equipment, such as fans, pumps, chillers,
Programming and boilers. However, it is a mistake to
Building mass/open Vs closed Mutual shading
rely on generic efficiency curves for
Operating schedule, ventilation rates Proper zoning major items of equipment, because there
Simple model geom- are major differences among models. For
etry rule of thumb Basic equipment options, peak and Monthly/annual simulation example, different models of centrifugal
calculations, % schematic chillers differ widely in their part-load
opening- (WWR)
behavior and in their minimum loads,
Geometry: Walls/opening/projections/ Sensitivity analysis: Zoning the which are important factors in their
volumes/ design elements, elevation building by system types
with surface information, overall energy consumption. Programs
developed by equipment manufacturers
Schematic Services: Types and placement of systems Integration of loads, advanced
Design/ Design (structure design, HVAC design/ fenestration calculations, full
may have accurate performance data for
Development selection, electrical/lighting, plumbing) interior and exterior solar their own specific models of equipment,
distribution but not for the equipment of other
Programming schedule: Activity type/ manufacturers.
Hourly simulation
occupancy, controls The designer may have to manually
Tender drawings, systems specification, Energy Conservation Measures calculate the efficiency curve for a
Construction
material selection, working drawings (ECM) and payback complex combination, such as a pump
driven by a variable-speed drive. In this
ability to accurately simulate the thermal simulate the wide variety of building example, the program may not be able
characteristics of structures that user define shapes, equipment, controls, and to account for the efficiencies of both the
in terms of raw components. However, the conditions that exist. The simulation pump and the drive at each percentage
capabilities of most programs are good capabilities of energy analysis programs of load.
enough for typical applications. are being expanded continually, but they
always lag behind the latest developments. Number of calculation intervals:
Sensitivity analysis: It involves changing a For example, the major programs only There would be no need for computer
single input over a range of possible values gradually acquired the ability to simulate energy analysis if the energy loads
to determine the effect of the variation window shading features, tilted glazing. were constant, or if the loads changed
on the overall output. (This is sometimes variable air volume (VAV) systems, in regular, repeating patterns. In
called what-if analysis.) temperature reset controls, variable- HVAC applications, changing weather
One should also use sensitivity analysis flow pumping, thermal storage, etc. If conditions make it necessary to use a
to optimize equipment characteristics. the user is an innovator, he/she will not computer to achieve accurate estimates.
For example, it is difficult to size the find a program that easily simulates all The computer achieves accuracy by
tank capacity in a heat recovery storage the configurations that he/she wants to repeating the entire sequence of calculations
system because it is difficult to predict investigate. for many short time periods. Some energy
the amount of recovered heat that may Energy analysis programs differ in analysis programs calculate for each
be usable. To analyze such a system, their strengths and weaknesses. For hour of the year, assuming a constant
repeat the program for a range of tank example, one program may be able to load during each hour. This method
sizes, and for a reasonable variety of heat simulate large range of equipment types, repeats each calculation 8,760 times, the
recovery and heat usage profiles. while another provides the most accurate number of hours per year. This degree
Sensitivity analysis tends to be neglected, description of thermal characteristics of refinement requires relatively long
resulting in projects that fail because actual of a wall, and yet another provides the computing times. The newest personal
conditions differ from those expected. It is best simulation of complex glazing computers may be able to run such
important to conduct sensitivity analysis for configurations. It should be ensured that simulation in less than one hour per run,
each input with some degree of uncertainty the program chosen is able to simulate the and perhaps much less.
and if it may have a significant effect on engineering and architectural features
performance. Sensitivity analysis increases that are important for the project. Number of zones: All energy simulation
the number of computer runs, but helps in programs are designed to divide the
optimizing design. Some program can do Accuracy of component simulation: The building into zones. They do this as an
this automatically. program must be told the efficiency easy way of dealing with differences in
(input-output) characteristics of each load characteristics. The program user
How Accurate are Computer component that uses energy, including defines the number of zones, and the way
Simulations? part-load performance. Input this the building is divided into zones. This
information by specifying percentages of is a major decision that the user has to
Range of simulation capabilities: An maximum output for various percentages make at the beginning of input process.
energy analysis program cannot precisely of energy input. The designer may have A larger number of zones provides greater

6 Version 1.0 July 2008 ECBC/TIP SHEET > Energy Simulation

 accuracy, but requires more input work. any single number will cause an error in the program and the support that will
The computer program calculates energy the output. Therefore, all inputs need to be available for it. In summary, look
requirements of each zone separately, be meticulous. Some programs can flag for:
so more zones require longer computer input data that falls outside a normal
runs. range. This is helpful in catching gross Simulation capabilities: The program
It is conventional to create separate input errors, but errors can still slip should be able to make accurate
zones for each exterior orientation of the through this screen. distinctions between various options
building, plus interior zones. For example, the user is considering. Accuracy
the user may divide a simple, single-story How to Catch Errors is less important for features of the
building into five zones: north, south, east, The first computer run usually contains users project that are common to
west, and interior. All five zones in this mistakes. Serious mistakes keep the program all the options. For example, if the
example differ in solar gain, day lighting, from running, while subtle mistakes produce user is doing a sophisticated envelope
and heat loss, and they may differ in internal wrong answers that may look right. Anticipate design to minimize solar cooling
heat gain. Users typically define major the problems discussed previously, debug loads, he/she needs a program that can
spaces with distinct load characteristics as before running and verify the validity of accurately calculate complex glazing
separate zones. Examples of such spaces the results, using the following methods: and shading configurations. On the
are office rooms, computer rooms, large other hand, the user may not need an
conference rooms, and atriums. Read the output in detail: The first elaborate calculation of wall thermal
step is to study all the summary reports. characteristics. All the major energy
Equipment defects and unpredictable Examine them in detail to see if they analysis programs can simulate common
behavior: The programs simulation make sense. If the summary reports building features and systems. The
results may differ substantially from real appear credible, study the entire output. programs differ widely in their ability
performance because components are not Track through the calculations to see if to simulate unusual features, such as
ideal. For example, some energy analysis the trends make sense. Expect to spend complex envelope shapes, cogeneration,
programs calculate theoretical thermal hours checking the output for a building solar energy, thermal storage, and
characteristics of walls in excruciating of average complexity. sophisticated control systems.
detail. Real wall construction includes
sloppy insulation, thermal short circuits Check reasonableness of capacity Library data: Consider the types of
through studs, air infiltration, and calculations: A difficult to understand weather data, equipment data, envelope
other factors that substantially degrade result may be caused by an input error. component data, and other library
thermal performance. Sophisticated The user may not be understanding data that are offered with the program.
program users try to compensate for the output correctly, or there may be a Consider whether they contain sufficient
such predictable flaws by adjusting the difference between the users assumptions detail and specificity to distinguish
input, but it is not possible to predict and the computers assumptions. The between alternative designs that the user
the performance of bricklayers and user may find that the program is is considering.
carpenters with a great deal of accuracy. not calculating what he thinks it is
calculating. For example, the computer Output options: All programs offer the
Program errors: There are only a few may model the behavior of a system same general types of output, but some
energy analysis programs in existence differently from the way the user intends offer considerably more detail than
that have proven to be reasonably the system to work. Only a pencil check others. Some output formats are more
reliable, and all have limitations and can reveal such misunderstandings. user-friendly.
flaws. These programs have bugs for the
same reasons that all large computer Use sensitivity analysis: When running Ease of input: Some programs require
programs have bugs. A common bug in a sensitivity analysis, see whether the the user to write elaborate input text.
energy analysis programs is failure of the changes in output make sense. Other programs have a simple, orderly
program to accurately simulate the way fill-in-the-blanks format. The easiest to
equipment behaves. Compare to measured energy use will have a graphical user interface to
This is a continuing problem. Few consumption: In retrofit applications, further simplify the process and provide
people have a good understanding of energy check the programs baseline calculation helps and tips along the way.
behavior of systems, not many of them (i.e., the existing configuration) against
write energy analysis programs, and those actual consumption. Use past utilities Technical support: Users will likely
who do may not remain involved with the bills and measurements to determine have trouble, no matter which program
program to upgrade and debug it. actual consumption. In new construction he/she chooses. This makes it important
the exercise is called Calibrated Energy to acquire the program from a vendor
Input errors and misunderstandings: Simulation where module outputs are who provides competent technical
The computer cannot read the designers compared against actual data (and input support on short notice. Energy
mind to determine what the designer tweaked) of building in operation. analysis programs developed by private
really means, and it will not fix the companies usually include technical
designers input errors. The computer is How to Select a support as part of the purchase price.
completely literal in reading the input. Simulation Program Check with other customers about the
Typically, analysis requires hundreds or When selecting an energy analysis quality and availability of the support
thousands of input numbers. An error in program, consider both the features of provided.

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 Government-sponsored programs are Part-load performance: A buildings energy equal to or less than that of
not copyrighted, so there is no single party mechanical system rarely experiences standard design. The procedure that can
with an ownership interest in supporting full-load operating conditions, so be adapted is as follows:
them. For these programs, there may be understanding the performance of Based on the designs and specifications
several private parties that offer program equipment under part-load conditions given by the client, a model is prepared
interfaces for personal computers, which is important. Approved programs must in a simulation program and annual
simplifies program learning and helps incorporate part-load performance energy consumption is estimated. This is
with the modeling exercises. The quality curves in their calculations. the AS IS model.
of support from such vendors can be poor A standard model is then created and
or spotty, because the interface vendor may Design load calculations: Approved used as a base case; this is based on the
not have a good understanding of the main programs must be capable of performing requirements given for the standard
program or of the building systems the user design load calculations to determine design as described in Appendix B of
wants to simulate. However, user groups required HVAC equipment capacities as ECBC. The annual energy consumption
can be a very valuable resource in getting per ECBC norms. of the standard model is compared with
responses to the query and enhancing that of the AS IS model.
understanding of the program. The Standard Method of Test can be If the AS IS model consumes less
used for identifying and diagnosing energy than, or the same amount as,
Minimum Modeling predictive differences from whole the standard model and it meets all the
Capabilities building energy simulation software that mandatory requirements of the code,
These have been broadly defined to allow may possibly be caused by algorithmic then it is compliant with the code. If it
all capable programs to be considered differences, modeling limitations, input consumes more energy than the standard
for approval by the adopting authority, differences, or coding errors. An overall model, then various energy conservation
while eliminating programs that would validation methodology, according to measures can be applied to evaluate their
not be able to adequately account for the ANSI/ASHR AE Standard 140-2004, energy savings potential and a group of such
energy performance of building features consists of three parts: measures, based on their life cycle costs,
under the ECBC. Comparative Testing - in which a can be combined to reduce annual energy
program is compared to itself or to consumption in the building so that it is
Minimum hours per year: Programs must other programs equal (or less than) that of the standard.
be able to model energy flows on an hourly Analytical Verification - in which the This design is called proposed design. To
basis for at least 1,400 hours per year. Many output from a program, subroutine, develop a model for standard and proposed
programs model for the full 8,760 hours in algorithm, or software object is building, refer to Table 4. Some points to be
a year; others use representative days for compared to the result from a known considered are:
the different months and seasons. analytical or quasi-analytical solution The building geometry (except
for isolated heat transfer mechanisms fenestration), schedules and plug-loads
Hourly variations: Building loads and under very simple and highly are the same in both the models.
system operations vary hour-by-hour, and constrained boundary conditions Both the models must meet the
their interactions have a large influence on Empirical Validation - in which mandatory provisions of ECBC.
building energy performance. Approved calculated results from a program, Thermal properties, LPD and HVAC
programs must have the capability to subroutine, algorithm, or software specifications are set as per the Table
model hourly variations, and to establish object are compared to monitored 10.1 of ECBC.
separately designed schedules of operation data from a real building, test cell, or Benefits of shading, higher efficiency in
for each day of the week and for holidays, for laboratory experiment. lighting, HVAC and material properties
occupancy, lighting power, miscellaneous can be taken in the proposed design.
equipment power, thermostat set points, Modeling of Glazing: The ability of the
and HVAC system operation. programs to model glazing correctly with Once the proposed model and the
angular dependence (refer Window 5 standard design model are simulated, they
Thermal mass effects: A buildings ability and NFRC IDGB glazing database that are compared to show the final annual
to absorb and hold heat varies with EnergyPlus, eQUEST and DOE2.1E energy consumption and the electricity end
its type of construction and with its use) use by various components such as lighting,
system and ventilation characteristics. space heating, space cooling, pumps,
This affects the timing and magnitude Role of Energy equipment, etc. The proposed design
of loads handled by the HVAC system. Simulation in ECBC should demonstrate better performance
Simulation programs must be able to Compliance than the standard design.
model these thermal mass effects. The Whole Building Performance
Method of ECBC gives the requirements Proposed Design Model -
Number of thermal zones: There are multiple for standard design and proposed design Special cases
thermal zones in all the buildings, and energy simulation models. The purpose is All the building features, including
they experience different load characteristics. to estimate annual energy consumption building size and shape, building envelope
Approved programs must be able to model of the proposed building and to compare components and assemblies, lighting, water
at least 10 thermal zones; many simulation it with the energy consumption of the heating, and mechanical system equipment
programs can handle a far greater number of standard building, then to demonstrate and controls, must be accounted for.
zones. that the proposed building consumes

8 Version 1.0 July 2008 ECBC/TIP SHEET > Energy Simulation

Specifying Lighting Levels power budget assumptions and to The choice of space use classifications is
A key task in modeling the proposed differentiate areas within the building that taken from one of the two lighting tables
design is assigning space use classification may have different operating schedules in the Standard: either Table 7.1 (the
to different areas of the building. These and characteristics (thermostat settings, building area method) or Table 7.2 (the
classifications are used to assign lighting ventilation rates, etc.). space-by-space method) in ECBC.

Table 4: Modeling requirements for ECBC (Source: Energy Conservation Building Code, Revised Version May 2008)

Case Proposed Building Standard Design

All components of the building envelope in the proposed design The standard design shall have identical conditioned floor area and
shall be modeled as shown on architectural drawings or as identical exterior dimensions and orientations as the proposed design,
installed for existing building envelopes. except as noted in (a), (b), (c), and (d) below.
Exceptions: The following building elements are permitted to a) Orientation: The baseline building performance shall be generated
differ from architectural drawings. by simulating the building with its actual orientation and again
Any envelope assembly that covers less than 5% of the total after rotating the entire building 90, 180, and 270 degrees, then
area of that assembly type (e.g., exterior walls) need not be averaging the results. The building shall be modeled so that it does
separately described. If not separately described, the area not shade itself.
of an envelope assembly must be added to the area of the
adjacent assembly of that same type. b) Opaque assemblies such as roof, floors, doors, and walls shall be
Exterior surfaces whose azimuth orientation and tilt differ by modeled as having the same heat capacity as the proposed design
Building no more than 45 degrees and are otherwise the same may be but with the minimum U-factor required in 4.3.1 and 4.3.2.
Envelope described as either a single surface or by using multipliers.
c) Fenestration: Fenestration areas shall equal that in the proposed
For exterior roofs other than roofs with ventilated attics, design or 40% of gross above grade wall area, whichever is smaller,
the reflectance and emittance of the roof surface shall be and shall be distributed uniformly in horizontal bands across the
modeled. The reflectance and emittance shall be tested in four orientations. No shading projections are to be modeled;
accordance with 4.3.1.1. fenestration shall be assumed to be flush with the exterior wall or
Manually operated fenestration shading devices such as blinds roof. Manually operated fenestration shading devices such as blinds
or shades shall not be modeled. Permanent shading devices or shades shall not be modeled. Fenestration U-factor shall be the
such as fins, overhangs, and lightshelves shall be modeled. minimum required for the climate, and the solar heat gain coefficient
shall be the maximum allowed for the climate and orientation.
d) Roof albedo: All roof surfaces shall be modeled with a reflectivity
of 0.30.
Lighting power in the proposed design shall be determined as
follows:
Where a complete lighting system exists, the actual lighting
power shall be used in the model. Lighting power in the standard design shall be determined using the
same categorization procedure (building area or space function) and
Where a lighting system has been designed, lighting power
categories as the proposed design with lighting power set equal to
shall be determined in accordance with either 7.3.2 or
the maximum allowed for the corresponding method and category
Lighting 7.3.3.
in either 7.3.2 or 7.3.3. Power for fixtures not included in the
Where no lighting exists or is specified, lighting power lighting power density calculation shall be modeled identically in the
shall be determined in accordance with the 7.3.2 for the proposed design and standard design. Lighting controls shall be the
appropriate building type. minimum required.
Lighting system power shall include all lighting system com-
ponents shown or provided for on plans (including lamps,
ballasts, task fixtures, and furniture-mounted fixtures).
The HVAC system type and all related performance parameters
in the proposed design, such as equipment capacities and ef-
ficiencies, shall be determined as follows:
Where a complete HVAC system exists, the model shall
reflect the actual system type using actual component
capacities and efficiencies.
Where an HVAC system has been designed, the HVAC
model shall be consistent with design documents. Mechani-
cal equipment efficiencies shall be adjusted from actual de-
HVAC sign conditions to the standard rating conditions specified in The HVAC system type and related performance parameters for the
5, if required by the simulation model. standard design shall be determined from Table 10.2. Equipment
Systems
performance shall meet the requirements of 5.
Where no heating system exists or no heating system has
been specified, the heating system shall be modeled as electric
resistance. The system characteristics shall be identical to the
system modeled in the standard design.
Where no cooling system exists or no cooling system has
been specified, the cooling system shall be modeled as an
air-cooled single-zone system, one unit per thermal block.
The system characteristics shall be identical to the system
modeled in the standard design.

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9
Modeling HVAC system HVAC system because it had already each thermal block (a thermal block is a
The basic rule for modeling an energy been built and permitted. In a case collection of one or more HVAC zones
efficient HVAC system is to base the like this, the design and budget energy grouped together for simulation purposes
model as completely as possible on cost models are based on the existing and need not be contiguous).
actual system design. This includes HVAC system. It would also include
the system type, equipment capacities the existing building envelope, plus the Building envelope
and efficiencies, controls, and other new lighting system and any other new The basic rule for modeling the building
ancillary features (such as economizers). energy features. envelope in the design energy calculations
The equipment efficiencies may need is to use the design shown on the final
to be adjusted to meet the needs of the No existing heating system: If no heating architectural drawings, including building
simulation program. Some special cases system exists, a default heating system shape, dimensions, surface orientations, opaque
related to HVAC systems need to be must be assumed and modeled. It should construction assemblies, glazing assemblies,
considered: be a simple, fossil-fueled heating system etc. In some cases, the building envelope
with sufficient capacity to meet the design may already exist, but it must be modeled.
Complete existing HVAC system: An heating loads for the building. Any simulation program necessarily
example might be an existing speculative relies on a somewhat simplified description
building that is being built for a tenant. No existing cooling system: If no cooling of the building envelope. It is usually too
The subject of the building permit is system exists, a default cooling system must time-consuming and difficult to explicitly
primarily the interior construction and be assumed and modeled. It should consist detail every minor variation in the envelope
lighting system and does not include the of one air-cooled single-zone system for

Simulation Programs
Types of Programs Lumen Designers user-friendly inter- with heat balance-based zone simulation,
Simplified programs for overall energy face can create all types of architectural multi-zone air flow, thermal comfort,
consumption assessment, peak temperature spaces quickly and accurately. Moreover, and photovoltaic systems. EnergyPlus
prediction, heating/cooling loads it can develop a schema for the space is a stand-alone simulation program
calculations quickly with automated routines. It has without a user friendly graphical
Sophisticated programs for hourly an industry-wide product database and a interface. EnergyPlus reads input and
simulation of heat, light and air movement library of realistic objects and materials. writes output as text files.
Complex specialist packages for day lighting It renders the space photo-realistically DesignBuilder provides a user-
and artificial lighting, computational for visualization and provides extensive friendly interface to model the geometric
fluid dynamics (CFD) for ventilation output, photo-realistic renderings and spaces. It can export data for further
& air movement study, two-and three- DXF/DWG import/export. analysis that can be done in EnergyPlus.
dimensional heat conduction calculations, Radiance is highly accurate ray- Other programs like eQUEST and Visual
and moisture migration within the building tracing software. It is used for the DOE are also used to run the DOE-2
components analysis and visualization of lighting in simulation engine to perform energy
design. The input files to the program calculations. The Energy Design Plugin
Available Software specify the scene geometry, materials, is a free plugin for the Google SketchUp
Programs luminaries, time, date and sky conditions 3D drawing program. The plugin makes
The majority of the programs that are (for daylight calculations). Simulation it easy to create and edit the building
available, focus on a single aspect (such results may be displayed as color images, geometry in EnergyPlus input files. The
as HVAC, fenestrations, or lighting) of numerical values and contour plots. The plugin also allows the designer to launch
energy efficiency. A limited number of primary advantage of Radiance over EnergyPlus simulations and view the
programs handle multiple aspects of a other lighting programs is that there are results without leaving SketchUp.
building design through an integrated no limitations on the geometry or the ECOTECT can calculate heating
approach. The popular programs among materials that may be simulated. and cooling loads for models with
the architects and building designers Another program, ECOTECT, has a any number of zones or any type of
perform simulations that one needs for CAD interface and can easily export the geometry. One can assign detailed
designing efficient buildings. model to Radiance for photo-realistic material properties to all objects as well
rendering. as annual hourly operational schedules
Popular Simulation to occupancy, internal gains, infiltration,
Programs Whole Building Simulation Programs and individual items of equipment.
EnergyPlus is a building energy simulation ECOTECTs ability to predict energy
Lighting Programs program for modeling building heating, performance of complex buildings may
Designer can use lighting design and cooling, lighting, ventilating, and other not be on par with EnergyPlus and
simulation software to model the space energy flows. It builds on the most DOE2 but it is a great concept design
and simulate to analyze its performance popular features and capabilities of tool to determine solar exposure and
over a specified period. These software BLAST and DOE-2 but also includes penetration studies, faade optimization
generate photo-realistic images, as well many innovative simulation capabilities and visualization.
as conduct a luminance or illuminance such as time steps of less than an hour,
analysis on a grid of points. modular systems and plant integrated

10 Version 1.0 July 2008 ECBC/TIP SHEET > Energy Simulation

design, and if good engineering judgment zoning requires engineering judgment modeled separately, as would lower-floor
is applied, these simplifications wont result to avoid modeling error and to ensure retail uses. The basic rule is that thermal
in a significant decline in accuracy. that it can be reasonably determined. zone must be defined identically for the
For example, the interior spaces of a standard building design and the proposed
HVAC zones multi-story building may be physically design. Zones may be combined, or
An HVAC zone is physically determined separate spaces on each floor, but they multipliers may be used, if all the following
by the design of the HVAC may often be reasonably combined into conditions are met:
system. It includes some number of a single thermal zone in the simulation All of the space use classifications must
thermodynamically similar spaces model of the building because they have be the same throughout the thermal
whose loads can be satisfied through use similar loads and are served by similar zone. This ensures that they have the
of a single thermostat. The duct outlets systems. same load and schedule characteristics.
or other terminal units controlled by a However, a cafeteria or computer room For exterior HVAC zones with glazing,
single thermostat serve the zone. Thermal in an office building would need to be the glazing for each zone must have the

Table 5: Comparison of Commonly used Software Programs for Energy Simulation

EnergyPlus eQUEST DOE2.1E ECOTECT TRNSYS
Geometry, Inter-Operability, and Overall Capability
Import geometry from CAD programs Yes Yes No Yes Yes
Export geometry to programs Yes No No Yes No
Unlimited zone, system, equipment Yes Yes No Yes Yes
Creation of optimized shading devices No No No Yes No
Greenhouse gas emission calculation Yes Yes Yes No No
Heat Load Calculations

Hourly load calculation Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

Automatic design day calculation Yes Yes Yes Yes No
Solar gain and daylighting calculation with effect of
Yes No No Yes Yes
neighboring buildings
Weather data available with program Yes Yes No Yes Yes
HVAC
User-configured HVAC system Yes Yes No No Yes
Automatic sizing Yes Yes Yes No Yes
Individual zone and system control Yes Yes Yes No Yes
Air-to-air energy recovery systems Yes Yes No No Yes
Innovative HVAC System Modeling Capability
Seasonal heat and cold storage No Yes No No Yes
Absorption chillers Yes Yes Yes No Yes
Natural ventilation Yes No No No Yes
Hybrid natural and mechanical ventilation No No No No Yes
Operable windows Yes No No No Yes
Controls
Thermal comfort estimation Yes No No Yes Yes
Dimming electric lighting controls Yes Yes Yes No Yes
Economic Evaluation
Life cycle cost analysis Yes Yes Yes No Yes
Reports
Graphical No Yes No Yes Yes
Text Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Availability of Software

Cost of Software Free Free Free/Priced Priced Priced

www.eere.energy.gov/
Web link gundog.lbl.gov
buildings/energyplus
Sketch-Up (free), Visual DOE,
Front-end User Interface Design Builder EZDOE,
(commercial) eQuest

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11
Frequently Asked Questions

1. How do I select appropriate software? training and/or supervision. the client, design and the modeling
Evaluate the objectives of the client Architects, Civil Engineers, team. Based on past experience,
and the design team and the level Mechanical or Electrical engineers energy savings can typically range
of analysis needed since different with sound building physics anywhere from 10% to 50%.
programs/software can be employed background and basic understanding
for different outcomes. of lighting and HVAC systems 5. Can one use CAD or BIM drawings
Make a decision based on the cost are well-suited to learning energy for energy simulation work?
(academic Vs. commercial licens- simulation programs. One can use DXF format to import
ing), capability, type and sophistica- building geometry in some energy
tion of the interface (both for input 3. What if weather file for the city simulation software.
and output), and after-sales support. where project is located is not Almost all CAD/BIM software offer
Open Source software is easily available? export to DXF facility.
available and generally free of cost. Use nearby station/city not more than
See Table 5 2 latitude or 2 longitude (250 kms 6. Where can one get the building
apart) and within 100m altitude of materials database required for
2. What kind of background and how the actual city location; energy modeling and simulation?
much time is needed to learn energy 58 cities from India are available at: ECBC Annexure
simulation? h t t p : // w w w . e e r e . e n e r g y. g o v / National Building Code
Basic exposure and awareness of the buildings/energyplus/cfm/weather_ Centre Building Research Institute
capabilities of the software can be d at a 3.c f m /reg ion=2 _ a sia _w mo _ ASHRAE Fundamentals Handbook
achieved in three days but rigorous region_2/country=IND/cname=India
practice and advance knowledge about 7. What are reasonable heat generation
building load calculation, HVAC 4. What range of savings can be levels for lighting, people, and
system sizing and controls, lighting expected from energy simulation? equipment (including computers)?
design and controls, interpreting output This will depend on many factors People: 10 to 15 W/sqm
and developing design optimization including the base building, resources Lighting: 5 to 20 W/sqm
strategy can take up to 6-9 months of available, knowledge and expertise of Plug Loads: 10 to 30 W/sqm

same orientation, or their orientations must tenants will determine the zoning of spaces as the ground floor, must be zoned
be within 45 degrees of each other. This in the building. Things to consider are: separately from zones that are not
ensures that they have the same solar heat exposed to ambient conditions, such
gain characteristics. This is not to say that 1. Separate interior and perimeter as intermediate (typical) floor in a
zones may not have two or more glazing spaces: If the HVAC zones are not yet multi-story building.
orientations (a corner office could easily designed, then assign separate thermal
have two), but that zones must have similar zone to interior spaces located more Resources
orientations. It would be acceptable, for than 15 feet from an exterior wall and ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 140 (2004),
example, to group all of the northeast comer to perimeter spaces within 15 feet of 1791 Tullie Circle, N. E., Atlanta, GA
offices on the intermediate floors of an office the exterior. 30329, USA (http://www.ashrae.org).
tower into a single thermal block. ASHRAE 90.1 Users Manual (1999),
All of the HVAC zones must be served 2. Separate orientations with glazing: 1791 Tullie Circle, N. E., Atlanta, GA
either by the same HVAC system or by Glazed exterior walls should be assigned to 30329, USA (http://www.ashrae.org).
the same kind of HVAC system. Thus, a different perimeter thermal zone for each Energy Conservation Building Code,
the simulation program can accurately major orientation. Orientations within 45 Ministry of Power, India, Revised
model the performance of the systems. degrees of each other may be combined. Version, May 2008.
Energy Efficiency Manual, by Donald R.
The configuration of the thermal zones 3. Separate top, bottom, and middle Wulfinghoff, Energy Institute Press.
must be assumed if the HVAC system floors: Spaces exposed to ambient US Department of Energy (2008):
is not designed at the time of simulation conditions, such as the top floor or Building Technologies Program Web
modeling. This situation is quite common an overhanging floor, and spaces Site (http://www.eere.energy.gov/
in commercial buildings where the future in contact with the ground, such buildings/programs_directory)

For more information: USAID ECO-III Project

Dr. Ajay Mathur, BEE (dg-bee@nic.in) Phone: +91-11-2685-3110
Dr. Archana Walia, USAID (awalia@usaid.gov) Email: eco3@irgssa.com
Dr. Satish Kumar, IRG (SKumar@irgltd.com) Web Site: www.eco3.org

12 Version 1.0 July 2008 TIP SHEET > Energy Simulation