‘HAPTER 15: THE LAPLACE TRANSFORM 15,1 Introduction « So far, we have assumed all input to our circuit to be sinusoidal inputs. © With Laplace transform, we can apply sinusoidal as well as non-sinusoidal inputs when analyzing any circuit ‘ Method of Laplace transformation in circuit analysis: + Use Laplace transformation to change the circuit from time-domain to frequency-domain 2. Analyze the circuit and obtain a solution F Use inverse Laplace transform to change the solution to time-domain. « Reasons for using Laplace transform: 1. Can be applied to various inputs 2, Can solve eircuit problems involving initial conditions 3. Can provide total response of circuit in one operation 15.2 Definition of Laplace Transform aaaan integral transformation of function, 0) from the time-domain into the complex frequency domain, denoted by F(s) or Z [AO) such that LUMO\=FUs)= [fe"at wheres = 0+ jw rads. ? '* The lower limit is set to 0" to indicate time just before time, t= Os. © The above equation is known as ‘one-sided or unilateral Laplace transform. ‘* This equation also assumes that /(¢) is ignored for t< Os. To ensure it is this case, multiply the function by a unit step input such that f(z) is written as Ai). oF fio, t2 0s «Note: je™|=|e"|= Voos* we+sin’ wl = 15.3 Properties of the Laplace transform * Linearity IF F(a) and Fx(s) are the Laplace transform of f(t) and fa®) respectively then Las fit) + af) = as Fils) + FO For example: Pheos wa}= Zi A(e Hem) IAM L[eMI + AL (e) We know that Z[e™! 1 ‘Thus, yea L {cos wt] # Scaling, 1 Laplace transform for scaling is given as Z[ fst) = 7 (2) where a= constant and a> | a \a For example: ‘We know that Z [sin wt] Using scaling property, w [sin 2we] 2(s/2y+w? +. Replace every s with (s/a)+ Time-shift Laplace transform for time-shiftis given as T[t-a).u(ta)) =e" For example: We know that Z[cos wt] = ew Using time-shift ‘Property, s Z[cosw(t-a).a-a)] =e s+w * Frequency-shift or frequency translation Laplace transform for frequency-shift is given by Z[e™ At)] = F(s +a) For example: s saw Using frequency-shift property, sta (s+ay aw +. Replace every s with (s+) We know that Z [cos wt] Lle*cos wt Time Differentiation ion is given by L[/*(0)]= sF(s) ~ AO") where f(t) g and LUPO) =8F(8) -3 0) £0) or in general Laplace transform for time differen {2 | SFS)—S"' £0) -87 £0) -... = PMO) Time Integration Laplace transform for time integration is given by aly oa es F(s) 3 5 For example: Given (0 is a ramp function where ramp function is given by ut) for t > Os; thus 2[Jroa]-2{ Jana] ts [i a]- trl, -5 Zt]= g) = ‘Frequency Differentiation Laplace transform for frequency differentiation is given by Z [tf a ©) + in general is nd" Fs) Le Ay]= (1 FO WAol= CS * Time Periodicity Es Fora function tat is periodic, F(s)= (8) =e Where T= period of the function and F(s) = Laplace transform of the function in its {" period ether words, the Laplace transform ofa period function i the transform of the first period of the function divided by | —e™*,« Initial and Final Values Laplace transform for initial value is given by Z[40")] = wn SPS)" Laplace transform for final value is given by Z[fe)] = So F(s) **** TABLES 15.1 AND 15.2 WILL BE GIVEN IN EXAM **** ‘TABLE 15.1 Properties of the Laplace transform. TABLE 15.2 Laplace transform pairs. * Property BO, HO. 0) eameaciey afO+ahO 5) 1 Scaling Sat) u(t) 1 s Time shift f(t-aut-a) ee" F(s) ew 1 Frequency shi g(r) Fis+a) , sea Time sF(s)- S00) L differentiation . s #F()-FO)- FO) : =e eT PF(s)-8 {0 )-F'O) te" fo) ag SF-SfO)-S*PO) a as) ret Time ineeton Fy Lee Frequency 0 a i iteration - Gro sinox Frequency LO “(s)ds integration [rove ; conan it pore Time peiodisty f= seat) ony l-e" Initial Value 70") tn | SF (s) sin(or +0) Final Value Se) t sF(s) Convolution AO*AO FORO) cos(wr +8) et sing$ (s+ay+ e“ cosa (s+) (stay+o° * Defined for ¢2 0, ft) = 0 for <0.15.4 The Inverse Laplace Transform * The objective is to find the corresponding f{t) for a given F(s) such that 2" [F(s)] = ft). "Steps to find the inverse Laplace transform: 1. Use partial fraction expansion to break F(s) into simple terms 2. Find the inverse of each term by matching them with Table 15.2. CHAPTER 16 APPLICATIONS OF LAPLACE TRANSFORMS: 16.2 Circuit Element Models & 16.3 Circuit Analysis «© The objective is to use Laplace transform and inverse Laplace transform to analyze circuits ‘* Steps for application of Laplace transforms in circuits: 1. Transform the circuit from time-domain to the s-domain or frequency-domain 2. Solve the circuit using circuit analysis techniques and get solutions 3. Use inverse Laplace transform to change the s-lomain solutions to time-domain solution. + How lo transform circuit elements? Changing impedances from time-domain to s-domain: Elements Time-domain s-domain Resistor R R Inductor L sh. Capacitor c 1 sc 1 Note that admittance, Y(s) = =— Zs) * For zero initial conditions, in s-domain, Resistors: Inductor: Capacitor: ‘© For non-zero Resistors: In s-domain: Ms) Inductors: In time-domain: v(t) = L In s-domain: Ms) = 720] L [sI(8)- (09) =sLM(s)- L (0) or Vs) + Li) _ 1, i) 9° wor,Putting in circuit diagrams: For an inductor in time-domain with initial condition i(0), when changing to s-domain, the inductor will have either a voltage source in series with it with value Li(0) or a EO current source in parallel to it wth value “2, Take note ofthe polarity of the sources. 5 | \ | sL | | ow Vs) or MG) sk 10) | Li(0) ‘ time-domain —_—_— sdomain Capacitor: In time-domain: i(t) =C oo In s-domain: Ks) = C | a) C [ss) - v(0)] = sCMs) -C (0) or te LDEOO. 1 (5). 5 sc s Putting in circuit diagrams: For a capacitor in time-domain with initial condition v(0), when changing to s-domain, : ss aaniiwi (0) the capacitor will have either a voltage source in series with it with value 2 ora s current source in parallel to it with value Cv(0). Take note of the polarity of the sources, i 16) =. ler da + Trahall T sc v(t) wien 8) KS) | eos WO) wife os - valle time-domain —, H(s) isthe ratio of the output response, Y(s) to the input excitation, X(s), assuming ms Such that * Transfer functions depend on what we define as inputs and outputs, Thus we have four possibilities namely Vs) H(s) = 22= vottage Gain (8) Vs) ge L (9) =) 1,48) Ys) H(s) =~ impedance (s) =F 7 imped H(s) = 22 « samitance Vs) * There are two ways to find transfer functions: Method 1: Assume any input X(s). Then analyze the circuit to obtain the output ¥(s). Method'2: Assume the output ¥(s) to be either 1V or 1A. Then find the input X(s). This method is called ladder method. = Current Gain ‘A special case is when the input is unit impulse function which means that x(t) = 6(t) such that X(s) = 1 For this case, H(s) = Y(s) or A(t) = y(t). ‘Thus, for this case, h(t) represents the unit impulse response. Itis the time-domain response of the network to a unit impulse input. Thus, another interpretation of (3) is that it is the Laplace transform of the unit impulse response of the network.