CC LOI NHA V C TNH CA N

I. Nha nhit do :
Nha nhit do l mt loi nha chy mm thnh cht lng di tc dng ca nhit cao v ng rn
li khi lm ngui. Nha nhit do c hn 40 loi, xenlulo c pht hin ln u tin vo gia nhng nm
1800 v n gia nhng nm 1900 th nha nhit do c s dng rng ri .Nha do nhit do c th phn
thnh cht do kt tinh (crystalline plastics) v cht do v nh hnh (amorphous plastics), c hai u c th
dng cho khun c phun.
Chu trnh c (molding cycle) c th ngn hn so vi cht do nhit rn.
1. Phn loi
a. Nha thng dng
Nha nhit do thng dng c phn thnh cc h vi cc tnh cht c trng
H Olefin H Styren H Vinyl Cc loi khc
Polyetylen (PE) Polystyren (PS) Polyvinyl clorua (PVC) Polymetyl metacrylat
(PMMA)
Polymetylpenten (PMP) Acrylonitrin butadien styren (ABS) Polyvinyl axetat (PVA) Xenlulo

Polypropylen (PP) Styren Acrylonitrin (SAN) Etylen Vinyl axetat (EVA)

Polybutyl (PB) Styren Butadien (SB) Etylen Vinyl alcol (EVOH)
Polyizobutylen (PIB)
b. Nha k thut
Polyoxymetylen (POM) (Poly acetat)
Polycacbonat (PC)
Polyamit (PA) (Nylon)
Polybutylen terephtalat (PBT)
Polyetylen terephtalat (PET)
2. c tnh
a. Polyethylene (PE) : l mt nha nhit do (thermoplastic) c s dng rt ph bin trn th
gii (hng nm tiu th trn 60 triu tn).
Polyetylen mu trng, hi trong, khng dn in v khng dn nhit, khng cho nc v kh thm qua.
Ty thuc vo loi PE m chng c nhit ha thy tinh Tg -100 C v nhit nng chy Tm
120 C.
nhit cao hn 70oC PE ha tan km trong cc dung mi nh toluen, xilen, amilacetat, tricloetylen,
du thng. du khong... D nhit cao, PE cng khng th ha tan trong nc, trong cc loi ru bo,
aceton, te etylic, glicerin v cc loi du tho mc.
Do cc tnh cht trn, polyetylen c dng bc dy in, bc hng, lm mng mng che ma, chai l,
ch to thit b trong ngnh sn xut ha hc.
Nha HDPE vi c tnh bn vt liu vt tri dn c ng dng nhiu trong cp thot nc, ng
chu nhit & ha cht. Ngoi ra cc nc phng Ty, ng HDPE c p dng lm ng bn pho hoa.
PE c cc loi nh sau :
 - VLDPE ( Very low-density polyethylene - PE t trng rt thp): L mt polyme ch yu l mch
thng, cn cc mch nhnh rt ngn.T trng: 0,880 - 0,915 g/cm c ch to nh qu trnh trng hp
trit di p sut cao. L cht v nh hnh c mm do tuyt i, dai rt tt, cng v tng kh
nng bo v mi trng, m rng kh nng hn hp vi nguyn liu cht do mm khc nh PVC,
EVA thay i tnh nng ca n. Dng sn xut mng co, mng cng, gng tay bo h, tham gia
qu trnh bin i cc loi cht do khc, mng cng nghip, mng nhiu lp.
- LDPE ( Low-density polyethylene- PE t trng thp) vi mt 0,910 - 0,925 g/cm l loi
nha PE ph bin nht, tnh do cao, thng dng tm nha do c dy t 0,5mil n khong
40mil. Nh tnh do cao, vt liu ny c th ph hp vi nhiu loi b mt khc nhau. Nhc im ca
LDPE l khng c rn v c nh 3 loi cn li v d b thng. Loi PE ny thng c dng
sn xut bt nha, ng thc n, cc nha v cng c dng rng ri trong xy dng, nng
nghip. Ngoi ra, tng kh nng chng tia UV ca LDPE th cn phi b sung thm ph gia lc tia
UV.
- LLDPE (Linear Low Density Polyethylene - PE t trng thp mch thng) : vi mt 0,915 -
0,925 g/cm, c tnh linh hot cao nht so vi nhng loi khc. LLDPE l mt hnh thc khc ca
LDPE nhng c tnh do, tnh chu lc, tnh ph hp vi cc b mt khc nhau cao hn. Hn na,
LLDPE cng mm v do hn LDPE, thng c s dng ph bin lm ti ng chi trong
siu th, bc dy cp, hay c s dng cho nhng vt dng cn c bn cao khi chu tc ng t bn
ngoi m khng b rch, thng.
- MDPE (Medium Density Polyethylene - PE t trng trung bnh ) : vi mt 0,926 - 0,940
g/cm t ph bin nht. u im ca MDPE l rn hn LDPE v nhnh hn v kh nng chng ha
cht. MDPE c cu trc cht ch hn, do , kh b rch hoc thng hn. Do , cc sn phm tm
nha lt ao, h chng thm nc thng c sn xut t MDPE v pha trn thm LDPE v LLDPE
c c mt tm lt bn trn din tch rng.
- HDPE (High Density Polyethylene PE t trng cao ) vi mt 0.941 - 0,965 g/cm l loi PE
rn chc nht, c kh nng chng ha cht tt nht, nhng t linh hot nht trong 4 loi, v c kh nng
chng UV tt nht m khng cn n cht ph gia lc tia UV. Cc c im ni bt ca HDPE xut
pht t cu trc phn t cht ch. Trong cc dng sinh hot, HDPE thng c s dng sn xut
thng rc, chai cha cht ty ra v ng nc. Vi kh nng chng ha cht n mn, HDPE cng c
dng nh l lp lt th cp cho cc b cha du.
- UHMWPE (PE c khi lng phn t trung bnh s c hng triu (t 3,1 n 5,67 triu).
UHMWPE rt cng nn c ng dng lm si v lp lt thng n..T trng: 0,935 - 0,930 g/cm.
Nhit nng chy Tm 130 C.
- PEX hay XLPE : c ch to bng cch cho thm cc pext hu c (v d: dicumyl pext,...)
vo PE trong qu trnh gia cng. Cc phng php khu mch PE tt nht l phng php c quay
(rotational molding) v bc x hng ngoi (irradiation).PEX c ng dng lm mng nha, ng, dy
v cp in.

Kh
Kh Kh
nng Kh Kh
nng nng nt
chng nng nng
Nha do Mu sc bn va chng v ng Mt
ha chng chu va
p hi sut
cht n kh ga p
nc trong
mn
Do
Mu t nhin l mu trng
nhng
HDPE sa, trong m ph Tt Tt Tt Km Tt 0.963
cng hi
thuc vo mt
LDPE
 0.910
Mu sa t nhin, trong Cao
LDPE Rt do Tt Tt Km Tt Tt 0.940
m
g/cm3
Mu sa t nhin, trong
LLDPE Rt do Cao Tt Tt Km Tt Tt 0.93
m
0.905
PP Cng Mu vng dng t nhin Tt Rt tt Km Rt tt Rt tt
g/cm3
T do Trong sut n mu hi 1.35
PVC Thp Tt Tt
n cng vng dng t nhin -1.45
Cng 0.926-
Trung
MDPE hn Trong m Tt Rt tt Km Tt 0.940 g/
bnh
LDPE cm3

b. Polypropylene (PP):
c tnh :
Tnh bn c hc cao (bn x v bn ko t), kh cng vng, khng mm do nh PE, khng b ko
gin di do c ch to thnh si. c bit kh nng b x rch d dng khi c mt vt ct hoc mt vt
thng nh.
Trong sut, bng b mt cao cho kh nng in n cao, nt in r.
PP khng mu khng mi,khng v, khng c. PP chy sng vi ngn la mu xanh nht, c dng
chy do, c mi chy gn ging mi cao su.
Chu c nhit cao hn 100oC. Tuy nhin nhit hn dn m (thn) bao b PP (140oC), cao so vi
PE - c th gy chy h hng mng ghp cu trc bn ngoi, nn thng t dng PP lm lp trong cng.
C tnh cht chng thm O2, hi nc, du m v cc kh khc.
Cng dng :
Dng lm bao b mt lp cha ng bo qun thc phm, khng yu cu chng oxy ha mt cch
nghim nht.
To thnh si, dt thnh bao b ng lng thc, ng cc c s lng ln.
PP cng c sn xut dng mng ph ngoi i vi mng nhiu lp tng tnh chng thm kh, hi
nc, to kh nng in n cao, v d x rch m bao b (do c to sn mt vt t) v to bng cao cho
bao b.
Dng lm chai ng nc, bnh sa cho b, hp bo qun thc phm
Mt s sn phm lm t nha PP c kh nng chu nhit tt dng c trong l vi song
c. Polymetylpenten hay PMP :
L mt loi polymer nhit do gc methylpentene monomer. c ng dng trong cc dng bao b
ngnh gas, vt dng y t, cc thnh phn ca l vi sng v cc thnh phn th nghim. y l vt liu pht trin
bi hng Mitsui Chemicals nn n thng c gi theo tn thng hiu l TPX.
 Polymethylpentene nng chy 235 C v c t trng thp (0,84 gcm). PMP c kh nng chu ha
cht rt tt, nn c dng trong cc vt liu th nghim, ng nghim. Hp thu m cc thp. Cch in rt
tt.
d. Polybutyl (PB)

Polybutylene ( polybutene-1 , poly (1-butene) , PB-1 ) l mt polyolefin hoc polime bo ha c cng

thc ha hc (C 4 H 8 ) n . Khng nn nhm ln vi polybutene , mt oligomer trng lng phn t thp.
Polybutylene c sn xut bng cch trng hp 1-butene bng cc cht xc tc Ziegler-Natta c h
tr . PB-1 l mt phn t c trng lng phn t cao, tuyn tnh, isotactic v bn tinh th . PB-1 kt hp cc
c tnh in hnh ca cc polyolefin thng thng vi mt s tnh cht ca polyme k thut.
PB-1, khi c s dng lm cht lm sch hoc gia cng, c th thay th cc nguyn liu nh kim
loi, cao su v cc loi polyme k thut. N cng c s dng ng thi nh l mt yu t pha trn sa
i cc c tnh ca polyolefins khc nh polypropylene v polyethylene . Do c tnh c th ca n, n ch
yu c s dng trong cc ng p lc, bao b linh hot, my nc nng, keo kt dnh v cht kt dnh nng
chy.
c im
c gia nhit n 190 C v cao hn, PB-1 c th d dng c p khun, p phun, thi cho cc b
phn rng, n v hn. N khng c xu hng crack do cng thng. Do cu trc tinh th v trng lng phn
t cao nn PB-1 c kh nng chng chu thy tnh tt, cho thy nt rt thp thm ch nhit cao. N linh
hot, chng li tc ng tt v c phc hi n hi tt.
Isotactic polybutylene kt tinh di ba dng khc nhau. S kt tinh t dung dch gii phng dng III vi
im nng chy 106,5 C. Lm mt t cc kt qu nng chy dng II c im nng chy l 124 C v mt
0,89 g / cm3. nhit phng, n t chuyn thnh dng I vi nhit nng chy l 135 C v mt 0,95
g / cm 3 .
PB-1 ni chung chng li cc ha cht nh cht ty ra, du, cht bo, axit, baz, ru, x-tn,
hydrocarbon aliphatic v cc gii php cc nng (k c nc). N cho thy sc khng thp hn vi
hydrocacbon thm v clo cng nh oxy ha axit so vi cc polyme khc nh polysulfone v polyamide 6/6.
Cc tnh nng khc bao gm kh nng chng mi mn tuyt vi, d chy chy chy (ct ta mng), v s phn
tn tt cc cht n. N tng thch vi cao su polypropylene , ethylene propylen, cht do n hi nhit do .
Mt s thuc tnh:
M un n hi 290-295 MPa
bn ko 36,5 MPa
Trng lng phn t 725.000 (g / mol)
tinh th 48-55%
hp th nc <0,03%
Nhit chuyn tip knh -25 n -17 C [2] [6]
dn nhit 0.22 W / (m K)
Cc lnh vc ng dng
 H thng ng ng
Vic s dng chnh ca PB-1 l trong cc h thng ng p lc linh hot cho vic phn phi nc ung
nng v lnh, cc mng li si nng khu vc c bo v trc v cc h thng si m v lm lnh b
mt. ISO 15876 nh ngha cc yu cu hot ng ca h thng ng ng PB-1. Cc tnh nng ni bt nht l
kh nng hn, chu nhit , tnh linh hot v sc khng thy tnh cao. Vt liu c th c phn loi PB
125 vi yu cu cng yu cu ti thiu (MRS) l 12,5 MPa. Cc tnh nng khc bao gm truyn ting n
thp, m rng nhit tuyn tnh thp, khng b n mn v vi ha.
Bao b nha
Mt s loi PB-1 c sn trn th trng cho cc ng dng v cng ngh chuyn i khc nhau (phim
thi, mng c, lp ph p n). C hai lnh vc chnh ca ng dng:
Bao b d bc c d bc v, ni PB-1 c s dng lm thnh phn kt hp trong polyethyelene
lm gim bn v v cht lng v, ch yu trong bao b tiu dng v ng gi y t.
Gim nhit bt u ng kn (SIT) ca bao b polypropylene ng gi tc cao. Pha PB-1 thnh
polypropylene, nhit nim phong nhit thp n 65 C c th t c, duy tr ca s nim phong rng v
tnh cht mng quang tt.
Cht kt dnh nng : PB-1 tng thch vi mt lot cc nha nhum . N c kt dnh v keo cao v
gip to ra thi gian "m" ca cht kt dnh (ln n 30 pht) do ng hc kt tinh chm. N ci thin s n
nh nhit v nht ca cht kt dnh.
Hp cht v masterbatches: PB-1 chp nhn np cht n cao trn 70%. Kt hp vi im nng chy
thp ca n, n c th c s dng trong vt liu composit khng cha halogen-free hoc nh l cht ph ch
cho cc sc t nhy nhit. PB-1 d dng phn tn trong cc polyolefin khc, v nng thp, ng vai tr
nh l mt cng c gia cng gim bt m-men xon v / hoc tng nng sut.
Cc ng dng khc : bao gm my un nc nng trong gia nh, cch in, bao b nn, dy v cp,
giy v sa i polyolefin (lin kt nhit, tng tnh mm do v tnh linh hot ca cc hp cht cng, tng tnh
chu nhit v b nn ca cc hp cht mm).
e. Polyisobutylene -PIB
Cao su butyl l cao su tng hp , mt copolyme ca isobutylene vi isoprene . Vit tt IIR l vit tt
ca isobutylen isoprene cao su. Polyisobutylene , cn gi l "PIB" hoc polyisobutene, (C 4 H 8 ) n , l hn
hp ng nht ca isobutylene, hoc 2-methyl-1-propene, trn cao su butyl c da. Cao su butyl c
sn xut bng cch trng hp khong 98% isobutylene vi khong 2% isoprene. V mt cu trc,
polyisobutylene ging nh polypropylene , c hai nhm metyl c thay th trn mi nguyn t cacbon khc.
Polyisobutylene l cht khng viscoelastic mu khng mu hoc vng nht. N thng khng mi v khng v,
mc d n c th c mi c trng.
Cao su butyl c kh nng chng thm tuyt vi, v cc phn on polyisobutylene di trong cc chui
polymer gip cho n c c tnh mm do tt.
Cao su tng hp, hoc elastomer , cao su butyl l khng thm khng kh v c s dng trong
nhiu ng dng yu cu cao su an ton. Polyisobutylene v cao su butyl c s dng trong sn xut keo , ha
cht nng nghip, cc hp cht si , bng bng quang , cht bt v cht trm kn, cht bm dnh , cht lng in
, cht bi trn (du ng c 2 th), giy v bt giy, cc sn phm chm sc c nhn, , thay i cao su v
polymer, bo v v nim phong mt s thit b nht nh s dng trong cc khu vc c v kh ho hc, nh
mt ph gia xng / du diesel v ko cao su . ng dng chnh u tin ca cao su butyl l lp xe bn trong
 S dng
Ph gia nhin liu v du nhn
Polyisobutylene c th phn ng vi anhydrit maleic to ra anhydrit polyisobutenylsuccinic
(PIBSA), sau c th chuyn i thnh polyisobutenylsuccinimit (PIBSI) bng cch phn ng vi cc
etylenamines khc nhau. Cc dn xut ny c cc tnh cht th v khi c s dng nh mt cht ph gia trong
du bi trn v nhin liu ng c. Polyisobutylene c thm vo mt lng nh cc du bi trn c s
dng trong gia cng lm gim ng k vic to ra sng du v do lm gim s ht du ca ngi vn hnh.
. N cng c s dng lm sch du trn nc nh mt phn ca sn phm thng mi Elastol . Khi thm
vo du th n lm tng nht ca du khi ko, lm cho du chng li s phn hy khi n c ht bi t b
mt ca nc.
L mt ph gia nhin liu , polyisobutylene c c tnh ty ra. Khi c b sung vo nhin liu
diesel , n chng li s nhim ca my phun xng , lm gim lng hydrocarbon v lng kh thi ht . N
c trn vi cc cht ty ra v cht ph gia khc to ra mt "gi cht ty ra" c thm vo xng v du
diesel chng li s tch t ca tin gi v ng c g .
Polyisobutylene c s dng trong mt s cng thc nh mt cht lm c .
Cht n:Polyisobutylene thng c s dng trong ngnh cng nghip thuc n nh mt cht lin kt
trong cht n bng nha nh C-4 .Polyisobutylene cht kt dnh c s dng bi v n lm cho cht n khng
nhy cm vi s pht n sm cng nh lm cho n d dng hn x l v khun mu.
Thit b th thao:Cao su butyl c s dng cho bong bng trong qu bng th thao (v d: qu bng
Rugby, bng , bng r , bng li ) to ra mt khoang bn trong kn.
Chng thm v sa mi nh: Cht trm kn cao su Butyl c s dng chng thm , sa mi cao su
v bo dng mng mi (c bit l xung quanh cc cnh). iu quan trng l cn phi c mng chn c nh,
v rt nhiu thit b (v d, l thng hi, ng nc v cc ng ng khc) c th lm nn lng n mt cch
ng k. Mi cao su thng cp n mt loi vt liu lp c bit c lm bng monome ethylene
propylene diene ( cao su EPDM ). iu ct yu i vi tnh ton vn ca nhng mi nh ny l trnh s dng
vt liu mi mn khc nghit v cc dung mi du m bo dng.Vi Polyester c lt thnh cht kt dnh
cao su butyl cung cp mt bng keo chng nc mt mt c th c s dng trn cc khp kim loi, PVC, v
xi mng. N c s dng sa cha v chng thm mi kim loi.
Mt n phng c v bo v cht ha hc :Cao su butyl l mt trong nhng cht n hi n hi mnh
nht khi phi chu cc tc nhn chin tranh ho hc v vt liu kh nhim. N l vt liu cng v t xp hn
cc cht n hi khc, chng hn nh cao su t nhin hoc silicon, nhng vn c n hi to thnh
mt kn kn. Trong khi cao su butyl s b ph v khi tip xc vi cc tc nhn nh NH3 ( amoniac ) hoc dung
mi nht nh, n s phn hu chm hn cc cht n hi tng ng. Do c s dng to ra nim
phong mt n phng c v mt n phng c khc.
Pharmaceutical Stoppers :Cao su Butyl v Bromobutyl thng c s dng sn xut nt cao su
c s dng nim phong l thuc v chai .
Ko cao su: Hu ht cc loi ko cao su hin i u s dng cao su butyl thc phm lm c s ko cao
su trung tm, n khng ch gp phn lm gim tnh n hi ca gm m cn lm tng cht lng np nhn,
khin mt s th xut thu trang tri cc chi ph loi b n.
Lp xe: Cao su butyl v cao su halogen ha c s dng cho lp bn trong gi khng kh trong lp.
f. Polystyrene (PS):
 Tnh cht vt l
PS l loi nha cng trong sut, khng c mi v, chy cho ngn la khng n nh. PS khng mu v
d to mu, hnh thc p, d gia cng bng phng php p v p phun (nhit gia cng vo khong 180 -
200oC).
PS ha tan trong cacbua hydro thm, cacbua hydro clo ha, aceton. PS khng ha tan trong cacbua
hydro mch thng, ru thp (ru c ru thp), ete, phenol, axit acetic v nc. PS bn vng trong cc
dung dch kim, axit sulfuric, photphoric v boric vi bt k nng no. Bn vi axit clohydric 10 - 36%,
axit acetic 1- 29%, axit formic 1-90% v cc axit hu c khc. Ngoi ra PS cn bn vi xng, du tho mc v
cc dung dch mui. Axit nitric m c v cc cht oxy ha khc s ph hy PS.
Tnh cht c hc ca PS ph thuc vo mc trng hp. PS c trng lng phn t thp rt dn v co
bn ko thp. Trng lng phn t tng ln th bn c v nhit tng, dn gim i. Nu vt qu mc
trng hp nht nh th tnh cht c hc li gim. Gii hn bn ko s gim nu nhit tng ln. gin
di tng i s bt u tng khi t ti nhit 80oC. Vt qu nhit PS s tr ln mm v dnh nh
cao su. Do PS ch c dng nhit thp hn 80oC.
Mt s tnh cht c hc ca PS
T trng 1,05 - 1,06 g/cm3
bn
Khi ko 35-59 N/mm2
Khi nn 56-133 N/mm2
Khi un 80-112 N/mm2
Modun n hi ko (2,8 - 3,5).103 N/mm2
dai va p 12-20 KJ/m2
cng Brinel 140 - 160 HB
Nhit lm vic lu di 70 - 75 oC
PS c dng cho sn xut hp nha trong sut ng thc n (HIPS), cc b phn cho thit b in gia
dng ln nh tivi, t lnh, my git, my iu ho, vt liu cch nhit, bnh cha.
g. Acrylonitrile butadienstylene(ABS):
C cng thc ha hc (C8H8 C4H6C3H3N)n l mt loi nha nhit do thng dng dng lm cc
sn phm nh, cng, d un nh ng, dng c m nhc (ch yu l a v clarinet), u gy nh golf (v kh
nng chu va p tt), cc b phn t ng, v bnh rng, lp bo v u hp s, chi. Trong ngh hn ch,
ng ABS c mu en (ng PVC mu trng) v trong h thng ng cht do chu p lc mu ng cng tun theo
quy tc .
Ht nha ABS c ng knh nh hn 1 micromt c dng lm thuc nhum mu trong mt s loi
mc xm. Mc xm c ABS rt sng v sc nt. S r nt l c tnh ni bt nht ca mc cha ABS nhng
cc loi mc xm him khi lit k cc thnh phn cha trong .
h. Styrene acrylonitrile (SAN)
L nha copolymer gm styrene v acrylonitrile . N cn c gi l SAN . N c s dng rng ri
thay cho polystyrene nh tnh chu nhit cao hn. Cc chui polymer hin th cc n v lp li styrene v
acrylonitrile , v n l mt copolyme .Thnh phn tng i thng l t 70 n 80% theo trng lng styrene
v 20 n 30% acrylonitrile. Acrylonitrile ln hn ci thin tnh cht c hc v khng ha cht, nhng cng
thm mt mu vng cho nha bnh thng minh bch.
Thuc tnh:
 SAN l tng t nh trong s dng polystyrene . Ging nh polystyrene, n l quang hc trong sut
v gin trong hnh vi c hc. Copolymer c nhit chuyn tip thy tinh ln hn 100 C do cc n v
acrylonitrile trong chui, do lm cho vt liu khng nc si. S dng bao gm ng thc n, dng
nh bp, sn phm my tnh, vt liu ng gi, hp pin v si quang hc . l cu trc lin quan n nha
ABS , ni polybutadiene c copolymerised vi SAN cung cp cho mt vt liu kh khn hn nhiu. Cc
dy chuyn cao su to thnh cc bc ring bit c ng knh t 10-20 micromet. Khi sn phm b cng
thng, crazing t cc ht gip tng cng ca polymer. Phng php lm cng cao su c s dng
tng cng cc polyme khc nh PMMA v nylon .
i. Styrene-butadien hoc styren-butadiene (SBR)
L cao su tng hp c ngun gc t styrene v butadiene (phin bn c pht trin bi Goodyear
c gi l Neolite ). Nhng vt liu ny c kh nng chu mi mn tt v n nh tui gi tt khi c bo v
bi cc cht ph gia. Khong 50% lp xe c lm t cc loi SBR khc nhau. T l styrene / butadiene nh
hng n tnh cht ca polymer: vi hm lng styren cao, cao su cng v t cao su. SBR khng c nhm
ln vi mt cht do to nhit t cc monome cng loi, copolyme khi styrene- butadiene .
Cc ng dng :
N l mt vt liu hng ha cnh tranh vi cao su t nhin . Cc elastomer c s dng rng ri trong
lp xe hi . ng dng ny ch yu yu cu E-SBR, mc d S-SBR ang ngy cng ph bin. Cc ng dng
khc bao gm giy gt v giy, ming m , v thm ch l ko cao su .
Latex (nh tng) SBR c s dng rng ri trong cc loi giy trng , l mt trong nhng loi nha
r nht kt dnh lp ph nhum mu.
N cng c s dng trong vic xy dng cc ng dng, nh l mt cht nim phong v ng vai tr
thay th cho PVA , nhng t hn. Trong ng dng th hai, n cung cp bn tt hn, gim co ngt v tnh
linh hot tng ln, cng nh kh nng chng nh ho trong iu kin m t.
SBR thng c s dng nh l mt phn ca cc h thng chng thm di nn xi mng (tng hm),
trong di dng mt cht lng c trn vi nc to ra dung dch Gauging trn vt liu Tanks bt
vo mt hn hp. SBR h tr sc mnh tri phiu, lm gim kh nng co ngt v thm mt yu t linh hot.
N cng c s dng bi cc nh sn xut trnh iu khin loa nh l vt liu cho Low Damping cao
su Surrounds.
Ngoi ra, n c s dng trong mt s my ct cao su.
SBR cng c s dng nh mt cht kt dnh trong in cc pin lithium-ion , kt hp vi
carboxymethyl cellulose nh mt cht thay th nc, v d: polyvinylidene fluoride .
j. Polyvinyl chloride (PVC)
Tnh cht vt l :
PVC c dng bt mu trng hoc mu vng nht. PVC tn ti hai dng l huyn ph (PVC.S - PVC
Suspension) v nh tng (PVC.E - PVC Emulsion). PVC.S c kch thc ht ln t 20 - 150 micron. PVC.E
nh tng c mn cao.
PVC khng c, n ch c bi ph gia, monome VC cn d, v khi gia cng ch to sn phm do s
tch thot HCl... PVC chu va p km. tng cng tnh va p cho PVC thng dng ch yu cc cht
sau: MBS, ABS, CPE, EVA vi t l t 5 - 15%. PVC l loi vt liu cch in tt, cc vt liu cch in t
PVC thng s dng thm cc cht ha do to cho PVC ny c tnh mm do cao hn, dai v d gia cng
hn, cht lng khi gia cng tt hn, d s dng hn.
T trng ca PVC vo khong t 1,25 n 1,46 g/cm3 (nha chm trong nc), cao hn so vi mt s
loi nha khc nh PE, PP, EVA (nha ni trong nc)...
+ PVC cng : l PVC c thnh phn ch yu l bt PVC, cht n nh nhit, cht bi trn, cht ph
gia...(khng c cht ha do). Hn hp ca chng c trn trong my trn, sau c lm
nhuyn trong my n, my cn, nhit 160 - 180oC. PVC cng c dng lm ng dn nc,
xng du v kh nhit khng qu 60o, cc thit b thng gi, dng bc cc kim loi lm vic
trong mi trng n mn.
ng dng
To mng
Mng PVC c to ra nh qu trnh cn trn my cn hoc thi trn my thi mng. Mng nha PVC
gm mng cng, bn cng v mm. Ty theo hm lng cht ha do thm vo th s cho ra mng PVC cng,
bn cng v mm.
Hm lng ha do thm vo di 5 phr s cho ra mng PVC cng, hm lng ha do thm vo t 5
phr n di 15 phr s cho ra mng PVC bn cng, hm lng ha do thm vo cao hn 15 phr s cho ra
mng PVC mm.
Cht ha do thm vo nha PVC s lm gim lin kt lin phn t do phn cc s lm cho nha PVC
tr nn mm hn. mm do ca mng PVC ph thuc vo hm lng cht ha do.Cht ha do thng
dng l DOP, DINP, TXIB, Hexamoll DINCH v.v...
Mng PVC c dng sn xut ra rt nhiu loi sn phm m tiu biu nh o ma, mi hin, mng
ph rung mui, nhn chai nc khong, ng gi sn phm, album v.v...
ng
ng nha PVC gm hai loi. ng nha PVC cng hay cn gi l ng uPVC v ng nha PVC mm.
ng nha PVC cng khng dng cht ha do trong cng thc phi trn. Ngc li ng PVC mm phi s
dng cht ha do trong cng thc phi trn, cht ha do thng dng l du ha do DOP.
ng nha PVC c sn xut trn my n. My n c th l my n hai trc vis hoc my n mt
trc vis. Thng thng ng nha PVC c sn xut trn my n hai trc vis s cho sn phm cht lng tt
hn hn so vi my n mt trc vis. Do my n hai trc vis c kh nng lm cho hn hp nha PVC nng
chy tt hn nn c th s dng trc tip hn hp sau khi trn trn my trn. Ngc li my n mt trc vis
phi s dng ht nha PVC to sn hoc phi s dng ph gia trong cng thc phi trn cho nng chy tt.
Thnh phn phi trn ca ng uPVC bao gm bt nha PVC vi ch s K l 65 - 66, cht n nh nhit,
cht bi trn ni, cht bi trn ngoi, cht tr gia cng, cht n, bt mu v.v...
Thnh phn phi trn ca ng PVC mm bao gm bt nha PVC (K65 - K66), cht n nh nhit, cht
bi trn, bt mu, cht ha do v.v...
ng PVC c s dng rt a dng trong cuc sng t ng dn nc t nh my nc n cc trm
phn phi nc, ng cp t nh my cp nc n h gia nh, ng nc thi trong cc ta nh cao tng, ng
dn nc ti cc trang tri trng cao su, ca ph, tiu, iu, ng dn nc cp cc nh my thy in v.v...
D vy vi c tnh ha cht c hi nn ng PVC dn c thay th bng ng nha HDPE t c hi
vi bn ln hn
Dy v cp in
Nha PVC c ng dng rng ri trong sn xut dy v cp in. Ty theo loi ph gia s dng m
dy cp in c phn loi ra dy cp s dng 70 C, 90 C v 105 C.
 Dy in dn dng thuc loi 70 C dng dn in trong h gia nh, dy 90 C v 105 C dng
cho trm bin th, trong xe hi, tu bin v.v...
Thnh phn phi trn cho dy cp in bao gm nha PVC, cht ha do, cht n nh nhit, cht bi
trn, cht chng chy, cht n. Hn hp sau khi trn trn my trn cao tc c a qua my n to. Ht sau
khi to ra c cho vo my bc bc ln dy ng, dy nhm v.v... v cho ra dy cp in.
uPVC profile
uPVC profile l thanh nha cng c sn xut trn my n hai trc vis. Thnh phn phi trn bao
gm nha PVC (K65 - K66), cht n nh nhit, cht bi trn, cht tr gia cng, cht tng bn va p, cht
n, bt mu, cht chng tia UV.
Cht n nh nhit lm cho nha PVC khng b chy trong qu trnh gia cng.
Cht bi trn lm gim ma st gia bn mt trc vis vi nha (cht bi trn ngoi), gia b mt xi-lanh
vi nha (cht bi trn ngoi) v gia cc phn t nha vi nhau (cht bi trn ni). Nh qu trnh bi trn
ca cht bi trn lm cho nng my cao hn, cht lng sn phm tt hn. Tuy nhin qu trnh s dng cht
bi trn phi thn trng, phi chn cht bi trn ph hp, hm lng dng mi cho sn phm t cht
lng cao.
Cht tr gia cng lm cho qu trnh chy nhit ca nha PVC trong my xy ra nhanh hn, hn hp
nha chy tt hn nn cht lng sn phm tng ln r rt.
Khc vi cc loi nha thng thng, uPVC l mt Polyvinyl Chlorua cha c nha ho gm cc
thnh phn:
+ Polymers Arylic -> to s bn chc, chiu va p mnh.
+ Nhm cht n nh -> gip nha chu c tc ng ca nhit v tia cc tm.
+ Cht sp -> dng trong qu trnh to hnh, cho thanh Profile c b mt nhn bng.
Thanh Profile gm bt nha PVC cng cc cht ph gia c a vo my trn to hn hp PVC.
Sau , hn hp c a vo h thng my n. Ti y my s gia nhit v nh hnh to khun dng cc
thanh Profile. Trc , theo cc thng s ca thanh Profile c nhp vo h thng my tnh. H thng s t
ng tnh ton khi lng nguyn liu cng lng bt mu cn thit trong nguyn liu to thanh profile
theo yu cu chun.
Thanh Profile c cu trc dng hp, c chia thnh nhiu khoang trng c chc nng cch m, cch
nhit, c lp li thp gia cng tng kh nng chiu lc cho kt cu ca. Khoan trng p ng tnh kinh t,
gim thiu trng lng n mc a v m bo s bn vng trn mc an ton.
Nha uPVC (Unplasticized PVC) l loi nha chu nhit cao, c kh nng chng chy ti 1000 C.
Thi gian chu ng c nhit nng chy ch trong vng 30 pht. Thanh nha uPVC ch nng chy ra ch
khng bt chy. Ngoi ra, uPVC l loi thanh nha c cc tnh nng khc nh: Khng b xy ha, khng b co
ngt, khng b bin dng theo thi gian. Loi thanh nha uPVC cao cp s c ph 1 lp ha cht chng try
xc v to ra bng trn b mt thanh nha uPVC ny.
Cc ng dng ca thanh nha chu nhit uPVC l dng lm ra cc dng sn phm ca nha li thp cao
cp. Dng sn phm uPVC gm c ca s, ca i, vch ngn PVC, hng ro nha bao quanh bit th hoc nh
ph.

Tnh cht Gi tr, n v o

Khi lng ring 1,45 - 1,50 g/cm3

Gii hn bn ko t 500 700 kg/cm2

Gii hn bn un 800 1200 kg/cm2

Gii hn bn nn 800 1600 kg/cm2

Mun n hi 4000 - 10.000 kg/cm2

dn di khi t 10 - 25%

H s gin n di 0,00006 - 0,00007

dn nhit 3,8 - 4.10-4 cal/cm.s.0C

in p nh thng 15-35 kV/cm

Hng s in mi (60 Hz, 30 oC) 3,54

in tr sut 10^15 Ohm.cm

k. Polyvinyl acetate ( PVA , PVAc , poly (ethenyl ethanoate) :
Thng c gi l keo g , keo trng , keo ca th mc, keo trng hc , keo ca Elmer Hoa K,
hoc keo PVA ) l mt polyme cao su aliphatic vi Cng thc (C 4 H 6 O 2 ) n . N thuc v h polyvinyl este
vi cng thc chung - [RCOOCHCH2] -. N l mt loi nha nhit do
Thuc tnh
Mc trng hp ca poly (vinyl axetat) to ra phn ng vi mt s khong cht bor nht nh thng
l t 100 n 5000, trong khi cc nhm este ca n nhy cm vi qu trnh thy phn c bn v t t bin i
PVAc thnh ru polyvinyl v acid acetic .
Trong cc iu kin kim, cc hp cht boron nh axit boric hoc borax lm cho polyme lin kt cho ,
to thnh nhng cht kt ta hoc chi, nh Slime v Flubber .
Mt s vi sinh vt c th lm gim polyvinyl axetat. Thng thng, thit hi gy ra bi nm si - tuy
nhin to , nm men , c di v vi khun cng c th lm gim polyvinyl acetate.
ng dng :
L mt nh tng trong nc, nh tng PVAc c s dng lm cht kt dnh cho vt liu xp , c
bit l g , giy v vi , v l cht kt hp cho xy dng xp, c bit l sa thch .
S dng nh keo g , PVAc c gi l "keo trng" v mu vng l "keo ca th mc" hoc keo PVA,
nh keo giy trong qu trnh chuyn i bao b giy
Trong th cng m ngh : nh h dn phong b , nh cht kt dnh trn nn, nh l mt mi cho vch
thch cao v cc cht nn khc
PVAc ng nht cng, nhng ch yu l copolymer mm, kt hp vinyl axetat v ethylene, vinyl
acetate ethylene (VAE), cng c s dng trong sn giy , sn v cc loi sn cng nghip khc, nh cht kt
dnh trong sn phm khng dt trong si thy tinh , v sinh khn n , giy lc v trong hon thin dt .

Polyvinyl acetate cng l nguyn liu th sn xut ra cc loi polyme khc nh:
Cn polyvinyl - [HOCHCH 2 ] -: Polyvinyl acetate c thy phn mt phn hoc hon ton to ra
ru polyvinyl. Phn ng phn ng este ha v phn ng este ha ny l mt gi mnh m cho Hermann
Staudinger trong vic xy dng l thuyt ca ng v i phn t .
Polyvinyl acetate phthalate (PVAP): Polyvinyl acetate c thy phn mt phn v sau c este
ha vi axit phthalic .
l. Etylen-Vinyl axetat (EVA) :
L mt ng polymer bao gm cc mt xch vinyl axetat c phn b ngu nhin cng vi cc mt
xch etylen -(CH2-CH2)x(CH2-CHOCOCH3)y. EVA l sn phm ng trng hp ca etylen vi vinyl axetat,
c sn xut bng phng php trng hp khi hay trng hp trong dung dch.
 EVA mm do nhit thp, bn x, trong sut, d gn v dn nhit thp, c kh nng phi trn
vi lng ln cc cht n.
Ph thuc vo hm lng vinyl axetat ngi ta phn EVA ra lm ba nhm:
Nhm th nht l loi EVA c hm lng vinyl axetat thp (10 40%), c tnh cht ging nh mt s
loi cao su. N c sn xut theo cng ngh ng trng hp khi etylen v vinyl axetat p sut cao v c
s dng lm keo dn nng chy v cc ng dng khc. Hin nay cc sn phm loi ny c tn thng mi
Elvax (Dupont), Ultraten (USI), Bakelit (UCC), Lupolen V (Basf), Alaton (Dopont), Alkaten (ICI), Mototen
(Monsato)...
Nhm th hai l loi EVA c hm lng vinyl axetat gn bng etylen (45 55%). N c ch to
bng cch ng trng hp etylen v vinyl axetat trong dung dich p sut trung bnh v c ng dng lm
cc loi cao su c bit. Mt trong s cc sn phm ni tri c tn thng mi l Lavapren ca hng Bayer.
Nhm th ba vi hm lng vinyl axetat cao (60 90%) l sn phm ca qu trnh trng hp nh
tng p sut 300 1500 psi. EVA loi ny l cc nha nhit do. Mt s sn phm loi ny c tn thng
mi l Airplex (Air Product and Chemiscals, Inc), Vinapas (Wacker), Mowilith v vinyl (Motecatini Edison)
Tnh cht
Nhit t -60oC n 65oC l khong nhit lm vic tt nht ca EVA.
Tan trong mt s dung mi nh xylen, toluen, tetrahydrofuran,...
Kh nng chu ha cht: bn vi ozon, nc lnh, nc nng, dung dch amoniac 30%, km bn vi
du my, du ddiezen, khng bn vi dung dch clorua, silicon, xng, axeton, axit sufuric 40%, axit nitric 10%,
b phn hy bi bc x t ngoi
Tnh cht c hc ca EVA ph thuc vo hm lng nhm vinyl axetat trong EVA: Khi hm lng
vinyl axetat tng mc kt dnh ca EVA gim, tnh do, dai, n hi v kh nng ha tan trong cc dung mi
tng nhng bn vi nc, mui v mt s mi trng khc gim.
m. Ethylene Vinyl alcohol ( EVOH ) :
L mt copolymer chnh thc ca ru ethylene v vinyl . Bi v monomer th hai ch yu tn ti nh
l acetaldehyde tautomer , copolymer c iu ch bng cch trng hp ca ethylene v vinyl acetate to
ra copolyme ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) v hydrolysis. Hp cht copolymer EVOH c nh ngha bi hm
lng% mol ethylene: cc loi ni dung ethylene thp c tnh cht hng ro cao hn; Hm lng ethylene cao
hn c nhit thp hn n .
Nha nha thng c s dng nh mt ro cn oxy trong bao b thc phm. N tt hn cc loi
nha khc gi khng kh v hng v trong, c trong sut cao, chu c thi tit, du v dung mi, linh
hot, c th ti ch v in c. Hn ch ca n l rt kh khn v do tn km hn bao b thc phm khc.
Thay v to ra mt gi hon chnh t EVOH, cc nh sn xut s gim chi ph bng cch ng that hoc lt
mng n nh l mt lp mng gia cc tng, foil hoc cc loi nha khc.
Sn xut cng nghip :do chi ph vn cao xy dng nh my EVOH v s phc tp trong vic sn
xut ra mt sn phm thc phm, ch c mt vi cng ty sn xut EVOH:
Kuraray sn xut nha EVOH vi tn "Eval", vi 10.000 tn nh my Okayama, Nht Bn; Mt nh
my 35.000 tn M (gn Houston, TX) thuc cng ty con Kuraray America; V mt nh my 24.000 tn B
vi cng ty con EVAL Europe.
Nippon Gohsei sn xut EVOH di tn thng mi Soarnol. N c cc a im sn xut ti
Misushima, Nht Bn; La Porte, Texas M; Hull, nc Anh.
Chang Chun Petrochemical sn xut EVOH di tn thng mi EVASIN. N c mt a im duy
nht i Bc, i Loan.
ng dng
Bao b thc phm :do tnh cht ngn cn oxy v kh, cc nh sn xut bao b thc phm, bao gm c
PremiumPack, s dng EVOH trong cu trc ti ht chn khng ko di tui th ca cc sn phm thc
phm v bo v cc cht dinh dng chng li vi khun.
 Cc ng dng y t: EVOH c s dng trong mt h thng tc nghn lng trong tia x can thip, v d
Onyx . Ha tan trong dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) v trn vi cht phng x, cht lm copolyme ru
ethylene vinyl c s dng thuyn tc mch mu .
n. Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA):
Thy tinh hu c, cng c bit n nh acrylic hoc thy tinh acrylic, Polymethylmethacrylat, cng
nh bi cc tn thng mi Plexiglas, Acrylite, Lucite, v Perspex trong s nhiu thng hiu khc (xem bn
di), l mt nha nhit do trong sut thng c s dng dng tm, ming nh mt vt liu nh hoc kh
b v thay th cho knh v thy tinh. Vt liu tng t cng c th c s dng nh l mt loi nha cy
nhn to, trong mc in v cht ph, v c nhiu cng dng khc.
Mc d khng phi l mt loi thy tinh silica quen thuc, cht ny ging nh nhiu nha nhit do
khc, thng phn loi v mt k thut nh mt loi thy tinh ( ch n l mt cht thy tinh th khng kt
tinh) v th trong lch s, thnh thong n c gi l "thy tinh" acrylic. V phng din ho hc, l cc
polyme (hp cht cao phn t) tng hp ca methyl methacrylate. Vt liu ny c pht trin vo nm 1928
trong cc phng th nghim khc nhau bi nhiu nh ha hc nh William Chalmers, Otto Rohm v Walter
Bauer v ln u tin c a ra th trng vo nm 1933 bi Cng ty Rohm and Haas di thng hiu
Plexiglas.
PMMA l mt chn la kinh t hn vi gi thnh thp thay th polycarbonate (PC) khi khng cn
thit dy v cng cao. Ngoi ra, PMMA khng cha cc tiu n v bisphenol-A c kh nng gy hi c
trong polycarbonate. N thng c a thch v tnh cht va phi ca n, d dng x l v ch bin, v chi
ph thp. PMMA cha qua ch bin c th d gy khi chu ti trng ln, c bit l di mt lc tc ng, v
d b try xc hn so vi thy tinh v c thng thng, nhng vi PMMA qua ch bin, c th chu c
va p v c chng try xc cao.
o. Polyoxymethylene ( POM ):
Cn c gi l acetal , polyacetal v polyformaldehyde , l cht do k thut c s dng trong cc
b phn chnh xc i hi cng cao, ma st thp v n nh chiu cao. Cng nh nhiu loi polyme tng
hp khc , n c sn xut bi cc cng ty ha cht khc nhau vi cc cng thc hi khc nhau v bn nhiu
loi khc nhau nh Delrin , Celcon , Ramtal , Duracon , Kepital v Hostaform .
POM c c trng bi cng cao, cng v cng n -40 C. POM l mu trng c trong
sut, do thnh phn tinh th cao ca n, nhng n c sn trong tt c cc mu sc. POM c mt 1.410-1.420
g / cm3.
Cc ng dng tiu biu cho POM phun khun bao gm cc thnh phn k thut hiu sut cao nh bnh
rng nh, khung knh, vng bi, dy buc trt tuyt, c vt, sng, tay cm dao, v h thng kha. Vt liu c
s dng rng ri trong ngnh cng nghip in t t v hng tiu dng.
POM c cung cp trong mt dng ht v c th c hnh thnh thnh hnh dng mong mun bng
cch p dng nhit v p sut. Hai phng php hnh thnh ph bin nht c s dng l khun phun v n .
Khun c v thi khun cng c th.
Cc ng dng in hnh cho POM phun khun bao gm cc thnh phn k thut hiu sut cao (v d:
bnh rng, dy buc trt tuyt, yoyos , c vt, h thng kha) v vt liu c s dng rng ri trong ngnh
cng nghip t v hng tiu dng. C nhng lp c bit c bn c hc cao, cng hoc tnh ma st /
mi mn thp.
POM thng c p n theo chiu di lin tc ca mt ct trn hoc hnh ch nht. Nhng phn ny
c th c ct theo chiu di v c bn di dng thanh hoc c phiu gia cng.
ng dng :
Thit b c kh , b phn trt v hng dn, b phn nh , l xo , dy xch , c vt , ai c, bnh xe
qut, b phn bm, thn van.
K thut in: cch in , bobbins , u ni , ph tng cho cc thit b in t nh ti vi , in thoi , vv
 Xe: b phn np nhin liu, nm iu khin / cm iu khin / b chuyn i kt hp (bao gm b
phn chuyn i nh sng, tn hiu quay), ca s in, h thng kha ca, v bc.
Mu: m hnh b phn ng st, chng hn nh xe ti (bogies) v ng ray tay (x l thanh). POM
kh khn hn ABS , c mu sng m v khng th sn.
Y khoa: bt tim insulin, thuc ht liu lng (MDI)
Ngnh cng nghip thc phm: Cc Qun l Thc phm v Dc ph duyt mt s loi POM cho
my bm sa, im pha c ph, cm b lc v bng chuyn thc phm.
c: phn cng , kha , tay cm , bn l .
Xy dng: knh kt cu - gi cho im
Bao b: bnh xt aerosol, xe tng.
Th thao: ph kin paintball. N thng c s dng cho cc b phn gia cng ca cc im nh du
paintball khng i hi sc mnh ca nhm nh tay cm v bu lng. POM cng c s dng trong sng
airsoft gim ting n piston.
Longboarding : vt liu lt cho gng tay trt gip ngi li chm ng v da vo tay lm chm,
dng li, hoc thc hin cc th thut.
Qun o: dy ko .
m nhc: chn , so Ireland, bagpipes , chanters thc hnh , plectra harpsichord, dng c mouthpieces,
li khuyn ca mt s drum sticks.
My pha c ph t ng; Dao tay (c bit l dao xp)
Thuc l in t
p. Polycarbonate (PC):
L mt loi polymer nha nhit do. Polycacbonat l mt loi nha tng hp trong cc n v
polymer c lin kt thng qua cc nhm cacbonat, cht liu ny c th c ph ln mt s bi mt s cht
liu khc.
Polycacbonat d dng ch tc, c, v un nng. V nhng tnh cht ny, polycarbonate c s dng
trong nhiu thit b. Polycarbonate khng c mt m nhn dng nha ring.
Cu trc: S d cht ny c t tn l Polycacbonat v n l polymer nhng li c cha cc nhm
cacbonat (-O-(C=O)-O-). Vi nhiu tnh nng hu dng, nh chu nhit, chu lc v co tnh cht quang hc
khc, khin loi nha ny c s dng rng ri trong ngnh vt liu
Polycacbonat rt bn v chu lc cao, nhng tuy nhin, chng try xc li km. tng chng
try, mt lp cng c ph ln bn trn trong vic s dng polycacbonat lm trng knh hay lm lp v ngoi
cc b phn ca phng tin vn ti. Cc tnh cht khc ca polycacbonat gn ging vi polymethyl
methacrylate (PMMA, c lm t polige), nhng polycacbonat cng hn v chu c lu trong iu kin
nhit cc cao. truyn sng ca polycacbonat tt, tt hn so vi cc loi knh khc.
im dch chuyn lng rn ca Polycacbonat vo khong 147C, khi qua nhit ny, mm ca
polycacbonat t l thun vi tng ca nhit, v ha lng hon ton khi nhit t n 155C. Dng c
lm polycacbonat phi c nhit trn 80C trnh tnh trng sn phm d b nt, v.
ng dng: v my tnh c nhn, my in, my Fax, in thoi di ng, a cng nh CD v DVD, n
xe t, mt ng h,vt liu lp, vt liu cch m trong xy dng.
q. Polyamide (PA):
Trng lng ring 1,25g/cc ASTM D792
Hp thu nc 0.60 % Ngm 24h; ASTM D570(2)
Tnh cht vt l
Hp thu nc bo ha 0.70% Ngm nc; ASTM D570(2)
Tnh cht c hc cng (Rockwell M) 85 ASTM D785
 bn ko 79.3 MPa ASTM D638
dn ph hy 15% ASTM D638
bn un 117 MPa ASTM D790
bn nn 96.5 MPa ASTM D695
H s ma st ng 0.30 QTM 55007
c tnh in in tr b mt mi mt vung 1.00e+13 ohm EOS/ESD S11.11
Nhit nng chy 216C ASTM D3418
c tnh nhit
Nhit lm vic ti a 93.3 C
Axit mnh (PH 1-3) Khng cho php
Axit yu Hn ch
Cn Hn ch
Kim mnh (PH 11-14) Khng cho php
Dung mi Clo Hn ch
Thuc tnh khng ha
nh sng mt tri chiu lin tc Hn ch
cht
Nc nng Hn ch
Hidrocacbon- cht bo Cho php
Hidrocacbon- thm Cho php
Mui v c Cho php
Xeton, este Cho php
Tnh cht
- kt tinh cao, mu trng sa.
- hp th nc cao.
- Tnh chng ma st v tnh bi trn tt.
- Cch in tt.
- Khng ha cht (tr phenol, crezol, acid mnh).
ng dng
- Gia cng p n sn xut:
+ Mng mng bao b cho cc sn phm.
+ Ko si dt li nh c, si bn chy rng, si cho cc loi dng c th thao...(thng dng
Nylon 6; Nylon 6,6).
+ Sn xut ng cc loi ( Nylon 11 12 ).
+ Bc dy cp in ( Nylon 6 10 )
- Gia cng p phun: bnh rng hp s, bnh xe nha, dng c th thao, v t, chi tit qut
in
r. Polybutylene terephthalate ( PBT ):
L mt polymer k thut nhit do c s dng lm cht cch in trong ngnh cng nghip in v
in t. N l mt polyme tinh th nhit do (semi-), v mt loi polyester . PBT chu c dung mi, co li
rt t trong qu trnh hnh thnh, c kh mnh, chu nhit ti 150 C Nhit nng chy: 224 228oC (hoc
200 C vi ct thp bng si thy tinh ) v c th c x l bng cht chng chy lm cho khng chy.
bn ko: 560 kg/cm2.
PBT c lin quan mt thit vi cc polyeste nhit do khc. So vi PET ( polyethylene terephthalate ),
PBT c bn v cng thp hn mt cht, chu c tc ng tt hn v nhit chuyn tip thy tinh
thp hn mt cht. PBT v PET nhy cm vi nc nng trn 60 C (140 F). PBT v PET cn bo v tia UV
nu c s dng ngoi tri, v hu ht cc loi polyester ny u d chy, mc d cc cht ph gia c th
c s dng ci thin c tnh cht tia cc tm v d chy.
Tnh cht:
- Nha kt tinh.
 - Khng nhit cao.
- Hp th nc thp, n nh kch thc.
- Khng ha cht.
- Khng mi mn cao.
- Cch in tt
- Nu c gia cng si thy tinh th bn ko tng, in th xuyn thng tng.
Cc ng dng
Polybutylene terephthalate c s dng cho nh trong ngnh k thut in, nhng cng trong xy
dng t nh cc u cm v trong cc h gia nh v d nh vi hoa sen hoc bn l. N cng c tm thy
c x l thnh si trong bn chi nh rng v c s dng trong keycaps ca mt s bn phm my tnh
cao cp bi v kt cu l rt cao kh nng chng mn v bin mu do bc x UV.
PBT cng c th c lm thnh si. iu ny c mt ng nt t nhin tng t nh Lycra v c th
c kt hp vo mc th thao. Do tnh chng li clo, n thng c tm thy trong qun o bi. Hn na,
cc nghin cu gn y cho thy rng PBT c c tnh UV cao i vi cc loi vi da trn PET nh T400.
PBT, c bit l lp si thy tinh c th c hiu qu la retarded vi sn phm halogen min ph.
Cc h thng chng chy da trn pht pho c s dng trong cc loi polyme an ton chy ny v da trn
cc sn phm nhm diethyl phosphinat v cc cht ng vn. Chng c thit k p ng cc bi kim tra
kh nng chy ca UL94 cng nh cc Kim tra nh la bng Glow Wire (GWIT), Kim tra tnh d chy
bng Glow Wire (GWFI) v Ch s theo di So snh (CTI). Cc ng dng chnh l trong ngnh cng nghip
in v in t (E & E)
r. PET (Polyethylene terephthalate):
PET l mt loi bao b thc phm quan trng c ch to mng hoc to dng chai l do bi cc tnh
cht :
- Bn c hc cao, khng mm do nh PE, d dng b x rch khi c 1 vt ct hoc 1 vt thng nh c
kh nng chu ng lc va chm, chu ng s mi mn cao, c cng vng cao.
- Tr vi mi trng thc phm.
- Trong sut bng b mt cao, cho kh nng in n cao (nt in r).
- Khng mu, khng mi, khng v, khng c, chy sng vi ngn la mu xanh nht, mi chy gn
ging mi cao su
- Chng thm kh O2, v CO2 tt hn cc loi nha khc.
- Khi c gia nhit n 200oC hoc lm lnh 90oC,cu trc ha hc ca mch PET vn c gi
nguyn, tnh chng thm kh hi vn khng thay i khi nhit khong 100oC
Cng dng:
Do tnh chng thm rt cao nn PET c dng lm chai, bnh ng nc tinh khit, nc gii kht c
gas.
II. Nha nhit rn.
 1. Khi nim
L loi Polyme khi b tc ng ca nhit hoc cc gii php x l ha hc tr nn cng rn (nh hnh
sn phm ) hay ni mt cch khc di tc ng ca nhit, cht xc tc hay cht ng rn v p sut loi nha
ny xy ra phn ng ha hc v to bn trong mng li cc lin kt ngang (khu mch) to thnh cu trc
khng gian ba chiu.
2. Cc loi nha nhit rn thng dng v ng dng
a. Nha UPE ( Unsaturated Polyester )
Nha polyester c s dng rng ri trong cng ngh composite, polyester loi ny thng l loi
khng no, c kh nng ng rn dng lng hoc dng rn nu c iu kin thch hp. Thng thng ngi
ta gi polyester khng no l nha polyester hay ngn gn hn l polyester.
V mt ha hc, n cn c kh nng tham gia phn ng ha hc vi cc nhm khc (tc l to lin kt)
nh cht xc tc, xc tin, to ra sn phm cui cng ng rn. Qu trnh phn ng ny sinh nhit, c gi
l phn ng kt ni ngang.
Ph thuc vo loi v t l hm lng nguyn liu th, ngi ta to ra nhiu loi nha ( resin ) khc
nhau c c tnh c l tri khc nhau cho nhiu mc ch s dng.
V d: Resin a dng, Resin chng chy, Resin chu ho cht, Resin gim mi Styren, Resin c, Resin
do, Resin chy.
Phn loi
Polyester c nhiu loi, i t cc acid, glycol v monomer khc nhau, mi loi c nhng tnh cht khc
nhau.
C hai loi polyester chnh thng s dng trong cng ngh composite:
- Nha orthophthalic cho tnh kinh t cao, c s dng rng ri, dng lm cc sn phm
compozit a dng ch yu t di mi che, t chu nh hng thi tit v nh sng mt tri .
- Nha isophthalic c kh nng chu mi trng ngoi tri,chu ho cht tt hn ortho-resin. Loi
ny ng dng lm Gelcoat, lm khun, cc sn phm t ngoi tri (thng cha, b bi.)
Tnh cht
N c hiu l tnh cht vt l v cn ph thuc nhiu vo cc yu t sau:
- Thnh phn nguyn liu (loi v t l tc cht s dng)
- Phng php tng hp
- Trng lng phn t
- H ng rn (monomer, cht xc tc, cht xc tin)
- H cht n
Bng cch thay i cc yu t trn, ngi ta s to ra nhiu loi nha UPE c cc tnh cht c bit
khc nhau ty thuc vo yu cu s dng.
Tnh khng ho cht ca UPE :
Khng Acid long : Tt
 Khng Kim long: Tt
Khng du, m : Va phi
Khng Hydrocacbon bo : Km
Khng Hydrocacbon thm: Km
Khng Hydrocacbon Halogen: Km
Khng cn : Tt
c tnh vt l ch yu :
Trng lng ring : 1,1 1,46 kg/l
cng (Rockwell) : 70-115
Sc bn ko (MN/m2): 42-91
Mun ko (GN/m2): 2-4,5
Sc bn nn (MN/m2): 90-250
Co ngt (%): 0,004-0,008
H s thm nc (%): 0,15-0,6
Nhit ring (Kj/g.oC): 0,3
H s dn nhit (W/m.oC): 0,21
H s dn n di (/oC): (9,9-18)*10-5
ng dng
Nha Polyester c ng dng rng ri nh nhng vt liu Compozit. S pht trin ca n hng
ngnh cng nghip nha to ra nhng sn phm ng dng th v.C l hu ht trong lnh vc xy dng v hng
khng v tr.
b. Nha Vinylester
Gii thiu
Vinylester c cu trc tng t nh polyester, nhng im khc bit ch yu ca n vi polyester l v
tr phn ng, thng l cui mch phn t do vinyl ester ch c kt i C=C hai u mch.
Tnh cht
Ton b chiu di mch phn t u sn chu ti, ngha l vinylester dai v n hi, chu ng sut mi
tt hn polyester. Vinylester c t nhm ester hn polyester (UPE), nhm ester rt d b thy phn, tc l
vinylester khng nc tt hn cc polyester khc, do vy n thng c ng dng lm ng dn v bn cha
ho cht.
Vinylester chu nhit tt (ch bin dng nhit cao)
ng dng
 Khi so snh vi polyester th s nhm ester trong vinyl ester t hn, ngha l vinyl ester t b nh hng
bi phn ng thy phn. Thng dng vt liu ny nh l lp ph bn ngoi cho sn phm ngp trong nc,
nh l v ngoi ca tu, thuyn.
Gi thnh Vinylester t gp 2-3 ln UPE.
c. Nha Epoxy
Nha epoxy c to thnh t nhng mch phn t di, c cu trc tng t vinylester, vi nhm
epoxy phn ng v tr cui mch.
Epoxy l i din cho mt s nha c tnh nng tt nht hin nay. Ni chung, epoxy c tnh nng c l,
khng mi trng hn hn cc nha khc, l loi nha c s dng nhiu nht trong cc chi tit my bay. Vi
tnh cht kt dnh v kh nng khng nc tuyt vi ca mnh, epoxy rt l tng s dng trong ngnh ng
tu, l lp lt chnh cho tu cht lng cao hoc l lp ph bn ngoi v tu hay thay cho polyester d b thy
phn bi nc v gelcoat.
Tnh cht
Kh nng khng nc ca epoxy rt tt do nha epoxy khng c nhm ester. Do :
- Chu ng sut c v nhit tt , dai v khng nhit tt hn mch thng do c hai vng thm v tr
trung tm.
- C nha epoxy lng v tc nhn ng rn u c nht thp thun li qu trnh gia cng.
- Epoxy ng rn d dng v nhanh chng nhit phng t 5-150oC, tu cch la chn cht ng
rn.
- co ngt thp trong khi ng rn. Lc kt dnh, tnh cht c l ca epoxy c tng cng bi
tnh cch in v kh nng khng ha cht.
c tnh vt l c bn:
Trng lng ring : 1,11 1,4 kg/l
cng (Rockwell) : 80-110
Sc bn ko(MN/m2): 28-91
Mun ko(GN/m2): 2,4
Sc bn nn(MN/m2): 100-175
Co ngt(%): 0,001-0,004
H s thm nc(%): 0,08-0,15
Nhit ring (Kj/g.oC): 0,25
H s dn nhit (W/m.oC): 0,21
H s dn n di (/oC): (8,1-11,7)*10-5
ng dng
ng dng ca epoxy rt a dng, n c dng lm: keo dn, hn hp x l b mt, hn hp ,
sealant, bt trt, sn.