relom[ Reale CAFE NUM Lt ~ Theory w classification of Fundamental sets:- P= x+y = Set ofcomplex No- C a Cee : Emogi| ’ R= Real No- OF NaTy ie (Seto Reat Numbers ) Lb Tsvotiona\ Rotonal= Ca of ‘atonal mee L Noumbeys Feachion Integes= Zuset oF Imegess Negative {03 fositive Somber Si N+ eB Srlege Talley Note: Ni N= § (AB S Al Bea 0 Op dt, ta, — _ - Qe PB] nto, m)nez}One-ones- A maphing (> is said to be ene~anc aF (x9 =-Fly) De Hf jttory y CA E86 fg v-92 de Fined Pex) =22 jg one-one ¢ £s FCN = Get , Buk Fol in then (x)= x4 Is not one-one Ques, 42 N77 defined by f= x2 jg one-one ? sol” fet P(x) = FY) 3 ats go 3S x= ty —@® Now 9F x= 4 then f(x) =x? Is one-one 9f MC=~4 then P(e) = xXis not one-one But -$ EW thee SS £tx)=x% is always one-one Mi Q- -£2 Zp Zo defined by Roce tix ig one-one? ~ Zio = LOatyd- adi OE Zio Such that f(o)= 4-o=0 and FE Ty such that f(s)=4o = 0 ( wwe coeNow F(o)so= FL) But oF5 in Zio then €(f)= oe ig not One- one. Quesg F2 Ze > Ze defined by Cae % (x)= 5x js one-one? sos 7 F034, 56) and P(e) = Sa ae co- domain Flo)= 5-0=0 F(Os & F(2y= BQ =lo=y FI3)= 5-32 15=3 F(4)= Sea 20-0 Fig-1 F(S)= 5-552551 From Fig d shown that £(sc) = 52 Is one-one In Fi Ze OZ Ques: €: Ze— Ze defined by F(x)= 2 | aT, igone-one? 501% _ ue Ze=} 1,2 3/4, s3 f(x)= 0% £0) = Q% 4 f@=o=f@) But 045 fon= Ot — 9 flejso=fQ@) But 0 #2 $00 = Gre aye Not one-one: SS £-(0) =o=f(3) _ pus 0Sand -F(x)= 1% Flo) = 5 ave one~ one. dete bevm is one-one 1F decd: is 1 PEzn 2 Ly defined by » F@=ax 9 Ae%n “is one-one If Gus ¢ 48 Zig Zig defined by Leys at, AETIg, How many one One mabbing > 9 set a= WAtha Ty Sy Wy 13_ 4 thea exactly, § one-one mopping: ad 48 Zg5 3 Zag defined by P(aty=a% a€ Zags. How many one-one mapping - Ans: exacth gy Qo one-one mapping~ Onto mabbing2- A mobbing £2 A~PB is dvie +e be onto mopping. TE Foe each Ye there exists TEA Such that F=y GUes8- £8 Zs -w defined by peey= 22 is oF Soi” fet f(x)= 3 J x423 9 wat ly But tIS¢ 7 then f= x2 IS not onto Quess #8 2% —» w defined by P(x) = x Is onto 9 Sols £002 6 x= Bey fous %wig onte- * ‘ as f8 Ze Ze £(x)= ga Is onto 7 Sel” Bsc) = ac 26 = F011 2314, 87 f(0)= © F(rye2 fijey f(=2-3=0 Fue 4s 2 F[s)- 9-55 fon 4 50 (oc) =94 IS Not ontoSIMRO gers ae 4 ACOH 4 Sleds 0 SHS alse net onto mopping. in PS Z6~ 92 Now fF) = 1% 9 in Fi 2 ~9 Ze oes 43 Zn-y Zn defined by f(a)=ax is onto iF g.cd-Carn) <1 hots fe A398, where JAl=" and \8l=m then {otal ne CF mopping -fsem A to 8 =m” Hint | A=o e ws a 1 8j- *, : ( / Possibility of 1 mapon any clement of B= mM Possiviity of & map on ang. clement of B=m Possipiity oF nou " w n Bom Yhen total mapping = Mem ~- —m a n dimes = mm”SF n=m +then total mapping = n? one-one mapping. “OO a B Possibity OF | mab on any. element oF B= n Possi byt ©F A mab on element of B= nl For One My Possibrtity of hw " n BE! Total No- of one~ One ™Mabbing. = NCH-N(n-g) - =n Fov . Onte_mapbing, LAI [Blan then ee of onto emaphings x4: OF one-one mabbr netics - in case of | 7 Finite, = |p ; case 2 2 9F nem then © 4 OF one-one mapping me, in ©) Ne Onto mapping. ' SESE nym QD No ane-ene mapping @ Noe of ( + of) onto mating = ome (m-H\"SS . SES" [Ala and j61=¢ then hows mony mopping One- one Mabbrag and onto mapping. Total mabprag= 9% y "O "BY ctr of one~one ™o bbing, = [ax @ and. (a) ive Cii) axe one-one mabbing . Sol? tfof onto mabbing- wero @ and (1) ove onto mapping. ay Powakition Of the Set8- 9 non empty Set P is Called Partition of the Set X {RF Ho ¢P @) YA=X* AeP (3) af Aer, BEP and A+B then ANB=¢ Quse SP a get contoining thee elements. then Oe how many pasion of the Set?Gol? 3- oe \et x= LO. bsc}then [xls 3 Now 3-2 @ far c3 ati —2?® fab} fej ca) fac} fb} CD {4163 §93 Itl+1 —9 © £93. § 63, §3 Homeworks Ques gg Set containing _ two elements then how mong paxatton of the Set ? 7 tet X= Farb3 then [x)=2 23 © Fa1b3 It, —> ® $93, 5b} aletes FE get containing +t elements then the ~~ at of pasttiton of the set Is Pénti)= Ub Mey, PCH) , Yeo Ques Find eR? eesgol? plas PCitis Tf log P(e) noo 1 9 = le, Plo) 4 Fo, Pu) Buss — Find (3) v SIS PLa)= P(AHD =H de, C3) Aza bittisd = Ry P (0) + Rey PUD eg PLR) = lt Qt yg =5 Ques Find PON) ? (4) = P(SH= V Bo, Ath) Y=o = Bc, Plo) + 3¢, PO + Be, PO) +3, FC3) P+ SO+ 3x4 (+ C1) (5) 2 = lt34e45 ‘5 fins Homework _ Ques Fin a PEs) pi eis) = cat =H MenPlon WH=0 Ug, PCa) + He POD FG PLD Hog PL3) + ey Pep = Ve ah Re +85 = $8Pa) PCa) na (3) il, (Sy —9/s cat POH) EK OK > + + Ps) KSX—9 CAA a) + Pte) LS —\34/- Ns 205 Notes H of equivalence Yelaton= # of paxHton of Set Divisen Algorithm § let aQ€w 4 beX Bnd bro then thore exigt nique (3!) Qand ¥ tn Z St Q=bath, where when 2 called quotent and (e \gexi +34 WSQ5 Q\xS+1g — . QU = \BXIT6 WR= Cxsto acd (\a34 87 3054) =ag4 Euclidean Algorithms ( €-A‘] AL AY A let a and 6 ave two positive integers en St @ and H in 7 Guach that A= both, where ones oan gf ho then pe 84a $y SF B40 then O OH) fox equ (nd and (i) di= da gecrd of (8b) = 94 (1H) Notes a= bUtY. ~~ be yuri gea of Coin) ded (7H) = WLAt MH - = = 1 Fer =P py Unt ¥n Vn = Mn Inti +e acd ( Yn4q Fn) =F od (% 10) = Yn where Mn is the last non geo Bemainder ta EA Qus a= 84 b= 18 tre Qu= 1RXI+E 19> 6x3 40 hed (24,18) =ged Ce) acd (14,6) -gcd (619)Ques ¢ A= 64 and b= a3 then Find Ged (64493) by C-A CH = Q3dxQ t+ 1 Sica nledcpaentine 235 \8xl4s5 18 = 5x343 ged (64,23) = 1 5 = 3xit9 S = ax ty 2= VXa +o Bd (1,0) = Ques 2 SF d= ged (arb) then there exist a and ane Hint © let an bth where og Heb ~~ b= BUttir-y Hire be vay T= UN +0 3 Ye b- (a-bq) 41 YM b- ad +bq0, = OK (91) +5 (1 F001) S Y= at by whee 5 -4) Ys 1444, 3 Vis Fed aye) = axe yh hen dean be weitten 9g the tineay combination oF aandb- Rus 3- lo= qur3y Pind x and 4gorPE AH 3, b= 2 we B= axltl l= 3xl+Qxen RE IVRHO P= axes ant DIS Qxxtsy wheve x=~| and ¥=4 D Ixlo~Qx(-10) +3 vJ0 9 fe saocray whee xc=—lo glo QX3 BF ale and ble with ded Caysye Cee then able 2 ae" Yes given Jed (ayb)=1 then there exrst on hex Seth thet acthy — @xe then cs cx + bey —() Now ge a\e then a tew Such that Cat —— fan) and fe ble then J S@z sip. c= bb ny From (9 ,CN) and civy Cx abbr + baty 3 CF abl b:e4 ty) eS] ablcQues IF Albe and ged (415) = 1 then alc . 2 96 te gcq C18) HEN Fey ey St Ls autey __@ Oxc then C= text bey. — (ip Now O] ae ang a] be (given) 3 | dcx + bey Dale (fom w)) Ques & A tinea equn Ax+by=c has q Fol” KE d\c whee de ded (aja) Sol? Hints == let Axtby =¢ —_— ® es and d= gcd (4,0) Now . let x6 440 be the Soin of “ON Wet b¥y=c then AXet bos c —__ @) IF de ged (aia) then dla and d\b Sazdt and be db, whore tobew —— ii) From equ (i) ane cin) toe Ob al Xot ddyo = ¢3 d (txt bYo)ec 9 dle . convessl3e- gp die then 3 kew St. cedk Nowi® d= gcd (arb) then 3 x,yew7 Sit. ds arc by 3 dk=akxt bey Dc=axXot bys where toe kM EZ and Yo=x ky CU then 20 Yo bethe SolM oF axtbysc So rastamd TH Pode andy gai” Ged Caaret But 7 fig 9 sos bac aty has ha soi Q loo = ITA Yt AY. Find wand y- Soi” a= b=@o 42 = Lo KVt LA V= & yeleBuk five Le dle how tt hes gel ayo. ond day Y= Sed of (42420) Ulery (ry ya la- ext =\a- (Qo~ 12 ¥I)x) Ys 12 x(a) ~ dX 1 = (Ma-gox)x a ~ Qox! = 1T48X 2 QoxI1 = WAX A+ Qox (-) 4Y¥RS = MAX 504 Jox(-425) foo = ax 5otdox C435) hue sce So and Y= —4Q5 pen OE ow + Sy = Zo Oo Sel" ged(2015)= 5 and 530 then foxr4 54= 30 has SolM LO = SKBtS Se Qox]+5 C3) Sx6r1Q0+ 5(-19) Bo=Qoxe t+ 5X c~ 1p) —O FromO4O weg = L= 6 Yu 1g ‘ an / Piste 98 d= gcd (arb) sner ged (2 1) =| Sol oF d= ged (%1b) then 3 ot and Y in Ze Suchthet d= axt bh —o ats gutey—®equ? (2) has a sol? becog EGaNW Aas fol" then ‘ag ged (3-4)] 1 Since, divisey of | ade fand-1 But ged (3 et 70 2fged/a, py) Pa] fov Excample 2 a \6 = gcdl(te,39) then ged (ig rgeyet QM ae ged (6,10) then ged (£, te )= a auss SF Xo, Jo be the solution of lineas equation ax+by.=.c) then other Son fs. + xls Xot BE, — ote and y= 408 at 9 teu whee d= Jed Cayb) go letaxtby=c —_@ “and d= ged (aye) then dla andd]b =) a=d¥ andb= dé where 1667 TT Net XorYo be the Soin of ax thy = c then AX + bYo=c (3) Now, Suppose x! and Y! be the other » Sol of equn® thenaut byl — Fvom equn @) and (a) AXet bYo= ax'4byl J a(ak x)= b(Yo- 3) — @ From equn @® and (a), we get A¥ (20! %0)= 46 (45-3!) 3 v(x! xo)= £ (Yo~ yt) —__& # ) Now From equ (* #) 4] ¥ ( x!-x9) ‘ : 38 [ (ch 2c0) Since ged (Hh )=I 1 le +) J wbx = bt) bez So obs xt gt a[* =Rot bt ~———Fyom (ea) and (Rx) viet beer =F) bt = b(Be- a) Jo- 4! = Yrs Yor vt 3] y= yor &. [foe #]Que [ATHSY = 1K Xo= -! and Yo=l be the S01 of Iineaxcqun Re43 HHI then Find other Soin. naa ee Qx+34. 51 —o let xland y' be the other $0ID OF the equn@® then ols b = tot bt and y= go- St 3 xls 143 t and yt Ps t- 2 zp 9 tex Put +tx=0 then HIS 143.0 22) and yl= I~ eps} t J cls, gle Put t=t then xt “143% Q and yl= t Put +=~-1 then sole yy And yt= 3 aimilav! 4 Emilee: cee Find move than one gain of the eqan Ct BY =lo aa [5x = ind n ques, 5B dog = 8, Find Sorx 6 xteg sso —O x grtuy = § CB) yl al and yt be tha Other SoIMoP Cou @ then tt = te tee € g's dome ¥ x % a 'fa" M=6y beg ged (6,8)-9 B= Cxi4+2 C= Qk 40 2 = 8-6) Posd= sx cas 5 lo= 665) + 8x5 Me-By Y=5 Other FoI” 9p a. —5 and Yors ol = tet b 4 a °n" Ys Yo- 94 P-5+ ge ge 5-se alt= along 2 attso gles te} gle th ft gig - AnsTyime Numbesse fin. integer 71 Ig. Said TO be baie a No if mn hag exactly two positive divisors bay 1 and {tseif) Fox Estample § he 2 3 5 7 tH BLL, ave byime numbess. : F n= hy 6; 8, Glo, -.---. ave Not primenumbe Co- sime OR Relof'vel ime 2 a b lafively byime sto integers a’ a b ave Helatively: Palme OX “Com pyime TR gcd (arb) =4 : : fox example 2 ged (4,9) =1 then 4 and 9 ave Hetatvely, pvime number. (ged (togujs! then fo and m ave Helattvely byime numbers, Gusss How Mang. integess ave e Hetattvely _puime ~~ to gere. Sel? aew and gcd (ayo)=! then a ig Helatively bvime- then a= | and 1 : Mhen exaclly two integowd ave | Helatively prime to 0.Q How many Integers axe Helattvely prime fo | Ans pit foteguis aye Helat'vely poime Fo | How many integer are telaHue prime te ~) All integeu- Qua oF P isa psime no. and P fay QQ Gn then blor Foy Some i 1aten gol” af Pfay then wesott ighold oF OK iF pb Yay then god (brass! J Pf eras ~~ an Nowif plag then ok ie B fag then b/a39¢ ~= 4 joni rss See P [aor then OK IF b Xan-1 then ban Pa B SLE Pf bropa bye ther Mth p=p for Some c ee by —— be cn) pp | bi & u (ave prime no- aw) pypi ok Cy bobo, ams Cw)Hint Tet b/pr then possibitives of pave Iya bY is a prime numbed: because pi Since pis apytme No- then lg-tand = pir ! not bosstb\e then p= pt Twin patme § “Two byime Nombess pand p! /) g modulo 4 ie. 8= 8 (mod 4) (ny 6 = 8(mod 4) 2 4 X 6-3 then Cis Not congruent +o 3 moduled fe 6 # 3 (mod 4)os BF jet noi and abod axe any ‘integer: Qy as a(modn) al = &(medn) then bs a (modn) () OF as b(modn) and 5 = < (modn) hen a= c(medn) vy if ASb(medn}and cs d (medn) eM ates bed (modn) Wf as b (modn) ang. C= q (mod n) then a. ©= bed (mod n) Hee wy JF A=b(Medn). then aezbe (med n) Ow Sas 5 (medn) then a = 6K (edn) twhete k= 1,2)3, 0 — . cut) Te As6(medn) Han +088 nfo nla~b 4 a-b=e ky —O + nla-a kez 3 A aCmedn) «iy b=cCrhedn) then SE az=b(modn) « D[b-e 3 bc = ken @ then n(a-b ale Now 5 n/- Ca-b) O-C= A-btELc Dnfo-a “it kan 3) bs a (modn) aes kan ksez 4 anc 3 a z¢fmodn)dv) 9F asb(medn}) 3 a-b= kin —@O Kee & 2 d(medn)3 c-d= kin —@ U N Cad = Ched) = Caray Cord) = kinthko = (hytken = ken oy kin, kl kit Koez 3 | Catey- (ta) 9 ates (b+4)( mod n) (vy) 9F as b(medn) 3 as btkn —@ € cxad(medn)3 c= bt kon 6) gt. Kip ko GZ A= (b+ kin) + (4 kon) = bdt’ bantdpintkikenn Jo = bed + (beat dK FR, Kan) M 4 Nlac-bd 5 -Acs bdlmed n) iy oF az b(medrl 9) axb = Kin 3 a= kant we Knowthat c= © (modn) ——(ii) From, pyep erty 6) a.c,=be( mod) kKyezconves> wok ve Note gf Aes be, (modn) then A= (moda) 2 eg: 12 =. 8((mod te) 6A = 1-3 Cmodio) But oF4 t (Med jo) then tt i'g not trae vitt* Q SP as b(medn) and a= b(medn) _@ 3) qh=b? Cmodn) Sintlaxly 93-3 ¢mod a) t i aks EK (moda) KA converse, Note ie aks yk (medn) then az b(modn) @3. Need not Br = Qh (med 5) But 34 2 (mods) Quese gp ace he (med 4 then a= b( med 3) wshete d= gcd (con), PRE ac = be(medn) C$ Ine 2 (mod >) aes bet+kn : oe I (medic ) SJac ~bc= kn 3 6=1(med5) 3c (a~b) = kn-—-®if d= ged (n) 3 dle and d[o 3 cxdy and n=dé —— E whee vse From equh @® and e®) fv Ea~b) =k dd 3 ¥(a-b)= ké 5\ t(a~b) Since ged (4))=1 then S|@-0) 9 = b(mod 4 J] [eee] Og 0 “— aus 4 (mod lo), 6-4 =1-4° (med Ie) 9 C=1 (med f0 _ ded (4, 10) » 6= | (mods) QL 8H =B(modio) 4 [PEI mods < tyel{med te =e ( sed a = [e!(med te] Notes “~~ ge bye and acz he Cmod fp) then as b (mod f) Mint > df Xe tun ged (be)=!New aczba (modp) ~ 2 Q=b (med) 3 a= b(modh) Lineax Congruences. Medulo n Ln A _D AA Ax = b (medn) ig called Linear congruent Modulo n. “9 &s\(med3) Ne O11, xed Ouse AL Mtheax congzence Qxeb(modn) has — & Boih SFR d\bh whee de 3¢d (q,n) et axczb(medn) —_@ 9 Ox = b+ kn Kez 9 oxtekin=b —_(i) CANT CD has SoM TFE A), where d= ged (an) ax =b(medn) has agin CL d\b fox example ef eS, 4 = &lmod 8) has gol? 2 ded (ns) = 4 But "XQ then 425 A( mod) hag: no Rolut'on ) & > Pind the §0l® oF Joe | (mod n) go ged (Sen)=1 and ‘\t nt ey Mead leNow IL= 3x 3ta 3=8 x14 A= ly¥2lto t= 3~axt = 3~ (ne 3x3)! M=3xhtnxe-n i. @® ' Given equn gcc< (modi) 3m=ltik kew 9 824 xk) = 1 _Ga From equ @ and CRA) we get oc ely 7 Next QuBs Showthat —az na (edn) — nin ( Bren 5 nja-n-a =) n\-a=nto =m\~ (a 4n-a) = n| ~a-Cn-a) 3-4 = Cn-a)(modn) PF wy ES ~13 (moda) Hint, ~I3 (med Ia)=-| ~l=1a-1 (mod 12) l= 1 (mod) [- co-a)gard ) fan o\ze 0 (mod ta) ( +o glam 44~épchieEmsd 7) ee Ce Ke -4= M4 (mod 1) he TCmod i) Buse find SoiNoF 3x =I (med too) Se" foo= ax334 (Mn B= 1X340 \ {= loot (3)¢33) = looxl+ 3 (-33) -@® from @) X= ~33 but it not exist Hun -335 )oo~33(mediee) = §1 Cmodioo) es ey _ then x= 67 QNo* Solve 4x=Q (mod fo) lo = ha t@ H= axato Qs 1+ 4x Ca) = 1OX1 + 4x(-2) = -2 ~Z= 10-8 (mod Io) ~2= & (mod fo) X= 8 (mod to)