Chapter 1: Elementary Set Theory and Countability LL Definitions .. LLL Set sn 1.1.2. Operations on Sets .. Functions and Their Properties Classific: of Functions: 1.2 Countable and Uncountable Sets 13 Properties of Sets wm. 14° Cantor Set Chapter 2: Point Set Topology 21 Definitions and Properties 22 Bolzano Weierstrass Theorem 0 23° Propertios sn Chapter 3: Sequences of Real Numbers 3.1 Definition 3.11 Range Set of A Sequence .. 3.1.2 Bounded Sequence 3.1.3 Monotonic Sequence 3.1.4 Eventual Nature of a Sequence 3.2 Limit Point of a Sequence 3.2.1 Existence of A Limit Point 3.3 Subsequence .. — 3 1 Complementary Subsequences .... 3.4 Limit of a Sequence .. 3.5 Advanced Analysis of A Sequence Superior Limit Inferior Convergent Sequence Divergent Sequence Oscillatory Sequence Finitely Oscillatory Sequence .. 21, Fit Foor dia Sera Boe as, Neat LET, New Da ‘Email noaionend 016, Ph (10) 280759, CAE 99918044 & ROTATING SSHRATAN Weta: wor. diptcaden cam3.5.7. Infinitely Oscillatory Sequence 3.6 Properties on Li ; sno 48 3.7 The Sequence of Natural Numbers 3.8 Cauchy Sequence 3.8.1 Algebra of Cauchy Sequences .. 3.8.2 Cauchy's General Principle of Convergence(CGPO) Chapter 4: Series of Real Numbers 41 Defi 4.1.1 Sequence of Partial Sums: 59 4.1.2 Convergent Series .. 4.1.3 Divergent Series 44.4 Oscillatory Seri 4.1.5 Oscillatory Series 4.2 Necessary condition for convergence of a series 43 Cauchy's General Principal of Convergence .. 44 Series of Positive Real Numbers 45 Alternating Series 45.1 Test for Convergence of Positive Terms Series 4.6 Absolute Convergence 4.6.1 Conditional Convergence 0 4.7 Series of Positive Real Numbers wane 4.7.1 Conditional Convergence Assignment Sheet ~ 1 Assignment Sheet ~ 2... i Assignment Sheet 3 Assignment Sheet ~ 4 Ennai nfipscademy com Website: ww daca com "BA Ft low) i Sora Fawr Kas Near TL New he 11006, Ph (11) SVS, Ca SOVIRDOM A BOSTON RET BD1 ‘5nis0 9001 2008 Ceruhed Inne eR CHAPTER 1 ' ELEMENTARY SET THEORY.AND COUNTABILITY LI. Definition LLL. Set . A set is a well defined collection of distinct objects. By. well-defined we ‘mean there is no confusion regarding inclusion or exclusion of abjeets. Sets are conventionally denoted with capital letters and-small “Tetters “will represent the members of the set. Note: This definition is widely accepted but not absolute. Following notations will be used for some of the specific sets that are ‘commonly used. v= The set of all natural numbers or all positive integers. Z= The set of all integers. Q= The set of all rational numbers. {Q©= The se ofall rational numbers. Note: No set is member of itself. = ie. de 4 for every set Russell’s Paradox: There is no set of all sets, Reason: Let if possible, X be the set of all sets ie X=[A] Ais set} By definition of set, X is set. And By definition of xex Which is a contradiction. 1.1.2, Operations on Sets Let A and B be two sets. Then 1, Union: The union of AandB,, denoted by 4UB, is defined as the set {| xe Aorxe BY While writing 4UB , elements common to 4 and B should be taken only once in the union. 2A, (rt Fora Sera Haz Khas, Near LL, New Deli O016 Ph (1-24SVS97, Co 9991804 99916174, SERRTAD Ema ntdisacademncom: Wensie! ww dosed camBazaars Also note that 4u 4= 4andif4acB,then 4UB=B GO_—_—_—OoOO - Put Your Own Notes ee Example: (a) Take 4 B=(3,4.5,6} Then AUB= ,2,3,4,5,6} () If 4=@ i B= Then AUB 2. Intersection: ‘The imersection of 4 and B,, denoted by 4 B,, is defined as the set {x|x€ AandB both} Thus 4B consists of all elements common to 4 and B.. Also note that An A= AandifAc Bthen An B=A If A B= 6 , then the sets 4 and B are called Disjoint. A 8 Then ANB =(3,4} ) an{e, neN and B= Then ANB=6 3. Difference: The difference of 4and 8, denoted by 4— 8, is defined as the set {x | x¢ Aandx ¢ B} Thus 4 ~B is the set ofall elements of 4 not belonging to B Similarly, we can define B - "HATE, we Foo ia Sea Haus Rh, Near LT New i006, Ps i) RATS, Clr vv & DLGTN ARCA Eom nadlvacden.com: Wate soeedotcadeu coe2 A AR ER ee eee ee see Note: (@) 4-88, (b) A-BEAB-ACB ©) (A-B)O(B-A=4 Example: “ (@) If A={1.2,3,4,5,6.7} and B={4,5,6.7,8) Then 4-B={1,2,3} (b) If Then A-~B=R-Q=Q° 4, Complement: The coniplement ‘of din the set U (universal set), denoted by A, is defined as the set{x|x€U'suchthat r¢ 4}. in other notation we can see itas U/ — 4 From this definition, itis easy to verify that UsAVA ADA =6(4 =A and if ABCUandAcB then Bcd. Example: (@) 1 A=f1,2,3,4,5}and U = {1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10} Then A° ={6,7,8.9,10} () If 4=9 U=R Then 4 =@ 5. Power Set: The power set of 4, denoted by P(4), is defined as a set {X|X C4}. Thus, P(A)is collection of all possible subsets of 4 If |4|=n, Then |P(4)|=2” (where, [4] denotes the number of elements in the set 4. i.e, cardinalit of the set 4) "HAT (Ft Tn aa Sra awe nffbncaden com: Webite: wrmdptcaa.cte "ear New Dali Ph QL) TSIST, Cale 9TKS4& 99916174 ASHRRATIN BBivseckey l{ ‘nso S001 7008 certied nates If A={x.y,2} Then ' The cardinality of the set [x,y,2}. is thie, while there are eight elements in its power set. 6. Cartesian Product: If 4 and are nonempty Sets, then the Cartesian product 4xB of 4 and B is the set of all-ordered pairs (a,b) with ae 4 and be B. Thatis, AxB={(a,b):a€ Abe B} Thus if A={1,2,3} and B= {1,5}, then the set 4%B is the set whose clements ate the ardered pairs (ul), (15), (31)- (2:8), (31), (3.5) ‘We may visualize the set 4% B as the set of six points in the plane with the coordinates that we have just listed. Note: Ax B# Bx Awhen 4B and also if any of 4and Bis empty then AXB=O Relation: Any subset of 4x8 defines a relation from 4 to B Example: Let A={1,2,3) and B={4,5} define R={(x,y):)x-y] iseven} = {(1,5).(2,4),(3.5)} AT, at Fn) Sia Sara Haus Khas Near LL Nr Delb 1016 Ph ‘Ema inffancadem co: Wee ) HSS, Ca ARE HSTOTTIN send omDe pee LCOMe LUE eel) 1.1.3, Functions And Their Properties o_o Put Your Own Notes 1. Funetion on a set: relation f from a non-empty set 4 to another non empty set 218 said to be a function, if each element xe 4 corresponds toa unique element yB and the y whiich corresponds in this way t0 given x is denoted by f(x) and is called the value of x under f Note: If f is a function from a set Ato set aB then we write it as S:A>B 2. Graph: If f is a function from 410 B, then set of all ordered pairs (,£(3)) is called the graph of the function f 3. Domain, Co-domain & Range of a Function: For 2 fiction f from AtoB, the set Ais called the domain of f and the set of values of fis called the range of f and written as f(A), whereas Bis called the i Co-domain of f. Clearly f(A) = All. these sets can be seen in following figure easily. —"—*Co-domain I | | Equality of Two Functions: Two functions / and g are said to be equal if (a) Domain of f = Domain of g (b) x S(x)=8(x) Note: The terms ‘function’ and ‘mapping’ are synonyms. 4. Counting of Functions: Let 4 and B be two finite sets having mand in elements respectively. Then each element of 4 can be associated to any one of melements of set 8. So, total number of functions from set 4 to set B is equal to ways of having m job where each job can be done inn ways. Hence total number of function from 4t0 Bisn™ or [24 Example: Let Abe the set containing 10 elements and @ be the set containing 5 elements. Then total number of functions from to Bis 3° | (eet a re a Sera arias Near LE Ne DTI PR TTA, Co 9PTOOC LIHAT NAT smal nffaneaemn.com: Webs: wre nasa.poreneirts Classification of Functions 1. One-One (Injective) Function: We say a function f:.4—»B is one- one if f(a) = flog) 41 = Va,.%2 € Ai, no two elements in the ‘domain correspond to the same element in the range. one-one ‘not One-One BOA Algorithm to Check Injectivity of Function Step I: Take two arbitrdry elements xand x» in thé domaiit Step I: Put _f()= fx) Step IIL: Solve f(xy) = f(a) IF FO%4)= FC) gives, x) =x) only, then f:4— B isa one—one function otherwise not. Example: F7[0,1] > R defined by is a one-one function. i xy20) Vxye [0,1] Remark: (©) Injectivity of a function can also be checked from its graph. If any straight line parallel to x-axis intersects the curve y= f(x) at most at one point, then the function f(x) is one-one or an injection otherwise itis not. () Hf :A>B then 4 =x = f(%)= f(xy) is trve for allyxy A However f(x) = f(a) = x)= for all x1,x)€ 4 is true only when f is an injective map. (© If Aand Bare finite sets having mand elements respectively then f. "Ps ifn em number of one-one functions from Ato B=} 7m where 0 ifncm ni "P, (=m rai Haus Khas, Near LT, Nw Dai t006 Ph (11) 6557597, Cals 901834 & ROTOTTIG ARTO (Sateen Ea fafanecadem com, Web: wwmiecadeny.comIps niso s001 1 2008 Cored instars ere ew Luar eee 2, Many-One Function: A function f:4—>B is said to be many-one , jour Own Notes function if two or more elements of set 4 (if exists) have the same PE = x image in. * A many-one 38 ey ph Example: Consider the function f{-1,1]->R., defined by f(x] then fis many to one function. 3. Onto (Surjective) Function: A function f:4—>B is said'to be an onto function or a surjective function if every. clenient.of& is the = image of some element of Ai. if f(A)=B or range of f is the co- domain of f T Remark: It depends upon domaia ad, co-domain respectively for a function to be one-one and onto. Example: The function f [0,1] defined by f (1 function where as function f:[-1,1]-> R defined by f(x)= F()=D one-one function. (> f(-1) 2? jg not an onto function, Also function f :[0,1] > R defined by f (x) ‘but f :[0,1] > [0,1] defined by f(x) =? is an onto function, Remark: {f 4and B are two sets having mand: elements respectively and let iB is an inio function if there exists an element in B having no pre-image in 4 In other words, f:A—>B isan into function if f(A) B is bijective if itis one-one as well as onto. oe Example: The map f:N—>2Z defined as f(n) (Where [| denotes the greatest integer function) is bijective function Cantor’s Theorem: For any set, there is no map from onto the set P(A), the power set of 4 Reason: Let §: 4—> P(4)is onto Since for every xe 4, 6(x) is a subset of 4, Then eitherx< 6(xJor it does not. Now consider ¥ = {xe 4:x¢6(x)} Since X'is a subset of 4 and gis onto, then X =4(1) for somere 4,50 sither 1X orre xX . Ire x and since X=9(#). We must have £€6(1). Which is contrary to the definition of X Similarly, If rex then re4(t) so that rex which is also a contradiction. S04 cannot be onto. Remark: There is always exist a one-one map from 4 to P(4) "HAI rat Fr) Se Sara, Haws Khas, Near TLT_ Now Deb 10016, Ph (01) 2657597, Cale 99TAHOU & DDOTGITIG SRRATHO ‘Eom infuainandey coms Webs: wr dloseaden com iBSet Theory and Countabl 1.2. Countable and Uncountable Sets 1. Similar/Equivalent/Equipotential Sets: Two set 4 and B are called Similar if andfonly if there exists an bijective function between them and then we write A~ B 2. Finite Set: Consider $ = 1,2, nt} ‘Then a non-empty set 4 is said to be finite iff there exist «Nand a bijective function f from S" to.A. (n gives the number of elements in the set 4) Ifno such nexist, then set 4 is sid to be infinite. Example: Set of all vowels 4={a,¢,,0,u} is a finite set, since there exist (2439S) which is a bijection. Note: - (a) Two finite sets are similar if their cardinality aré equal. (b) Every set A is equivalent to itself as there exists an identity map on A (©) If4~ Band 8~cthena~C (d) The main difference between a finite and an infinite set is that every infinite set is equivalent to at least one ofits proper subset whereas a finite set can never be equivalent to-aiy of its proper subset #it is so important that some of the authors use this. note as the definition of finite and infinite séts () Subset ofa finite set isa finite set. (H) Empty set is considered as a finite set. 3. Countably Infinite Set: A setsis said to be countably infinite if it is similar to set of natural numbers ie. ifs ~ N Example: Zs a countably infinite set. Reason: Define §:N > Z as rf] Clearly @ is bijective function from 6 to Z 4(n)= ~ Z isa countably infinite set. In Abstract: We say a set can be put under counting system or process, iffa rule can be imposed over that set by which successor is defined. 4. Countable Set: A set is called countable if it is either finite or countably infinite. In case of countably infinite there is function f which establishes a bijection benween N and the elements of 5 Therefore the set s can be displayed a8S = {/(V), foun f(m)o-}- IE we write {4.43-—dqr-} im place of [SUA @DoonFMe-} then S= {aya ,.09qso} 5. Uncountable Set: A set which is not a countable set, called uncountable set "HAI (Fe Fno) ia Sara Hace Kb, Near TL New DeBPHIO06, Ph (O17) 26SHED, Celt RPT A 999161756, SRSOTOD lL Erna inadinacadem som Web: widigesalee otDee MU ALT Re Leo Tia Note: If every map from 4 w & fails to be onto, Then we say B is larger than in the sense of cardinality. ie. the ¢o-domain has more potential than the domain, or If the domain has less potential then every map from 4 to B fails to be onto. Let 4 and & are finite set and |4|<|8. Then 4 is similar to « subset of B and B is not similar to any of the subset of 4 Hence |4|=|8] iff A~X cB andB~Y oA Note: If we define cardinality of infinite sets no matter how it is defined but these cardinality will follow the above rules. Cardinality of infinite et-For infinite sets we use symbols to denote their cardinality INJ=Np (Aleph naught) |R|=¢ (Continum) These symbols which are used to denote cardinality of infinite sets are known as transfinite numbers ies the cardinality of N and Arithmetic of Cardinal Numbers: Nod ¢ denotes the cardinality of R (a) No +No tty =No (b) n+Ny=Np.neN (©) Npte=c @) Chote t= tes ® () c-e-e c= (@) No-e=e (h) 2% =c>Ny (Noh =2%0 =e @ N=? ) No A uncountable. Fy ={f1F:[0,1] > [0,1]} Then card |F5 =F; is uncountable The set of all equivalence ciasses of an equivalence relation on a set is called Quotient set. (a) Quotient set of countable set is always countable. (b) Quotient set of uncountable set may be countable or uncountable. Properties of Sets 1. Two finite set are similar iff they have same number of elements. 2. Every countable set is equivalent to a subset of natural numbers. Reason: Let 4be any countable set. Now if 4 is finite then it is similar to S for somen Else if is countably infinite then 4 can be written as A= {a.03,03.0.} Now define $:4—>Naso(a,)=k ov keN This is a bijective map and thus is equivalent ton Every set equivalent to finite/infinite set is finite/infinite set. Reader should prove it themselves. If Ais similar to a subset of B and Bis similar to subset of 4, then A~B Reason: As 4s similar to a subset of B = A has less potential than 3 Also B is similar to a subset of 4 = Bhas less potential than 2A, (FWSt rie Sara Haut Ks, Near LET New DaPHIOOLG Ph (1) 2657527, Ca: PARES 999161754, SRRGETID Erma nfaonacademcon: Webs: wor dinendcn omeste w LD and Countablility By (1) and (2) f 4~B ' : 5. A setis infinite iff it contains a countabily infinite subset. Reason: Let X’be any infinite set. Take xe x and name it asq,and define 4, = {a)} Again take another ye X'—A, and name it as a3 an}4 Proceeding in same way, we have Ay = Ap {an} vneN Let d= Uf by = AU Ap Uo {035 dyes} nN Clearly 4c x ‘This shows that every infinite set has countable infinite subset Converse is obvious. Hence a set is infinite iff it contains a countably infinite subset. 6. Every infinite set is equivalent to at least one of its proper subset Reason: As done in above property construct 4= LJ 4,, Now take B= A~{a;} and define ¥ =(X—A)UB Clearly a; ¢¥ <.X thus ¥ is proper subset of X Define g:.X > ¥ such that ate) [2 an else Clearly g is one-one and onto. This shows that if we remove one clement from an infinite set. Then its cardinality does not change. By the same procedure if we remove finite number of elements from an infinite set then its cardinality remains same. 7. A finite set is not equivalent to any of its proper subset. Reason: Let is any finite set and Bc 4 then clearly Bhas less number of elements then and two finite set are equivalent iff they have same number of elements so 4 and B can-not be equivalent. Thus no finite set can be equivalent to its proper subset. 8. Countable union of countable set is countable, 9. If Bis an uncountable set and is a countable set then (B~ A)is an uncountable set. TWA, First Fern Sra Hawa Khas Near LT New Dei110016, Ph (TAGE TET, Ca SBHIRVAM A ROTCLT, RBOTED| Erma nldinncaden cm: Webi: worm Alotacaden som aips Reason: Suppose that (B—A) is countable set and also Cu B=(B-A)VA (being a union of two countable set is countable thus B isa countable set, But this is not possible as B is an uncountable set. Thus B~ 4s uncountable set. 10, Family ofall finite subsets of countable set is countable, Reason: Let Abe any countable set. If Ais a finite set then nothing to prove. Now, Suppose is countably infinite set. ‘Then 4~N If we show that collection of all finite subsets of N is countable then we are done. * Now define 4; = union of all subsets of N having siigle @lement i.e A=(UQLB}e (Hu. Thus, 4 is countable. Now, Let 4y countable. Union of all subset of having 2 elements. Then 4, is Inthis manner 4, is countable vn e N Thus if F dendtes the collection of all finite subset of N then F =U 4, which is countable (being covntable union of countable sets). = 11, The family of all infinite subsets of an infinite set x is uncountable. Reason: Let # denote the family of all subsets of the set X and denote the family of all finite subsets of X'. Then family of all infinite subset of the set x is equal to 8-1. Which is uncountable. (By Property 9) Remark: - (a) The family of all subsets of countably infinite set is uncountable. (0) P(R).P(Q),P(Z) all are uncountable set. 12, Finite Cartesian product of countable set is countable. Application: NN x...x1N is countable set 13, The set of all positive rational numbers is countable, Reason: Q* -{2: /p.q are co-prime positive ines} q Let 4={(p,g}; p,q are co-prime positive integers} Clearly the elements of Q* and 4 are in one-one correspondence and therefore Q* is countable iff 4 is countable. Since 4c NxN and Nx is countable, therefore, A is countable. (being subset of countable set) AAT, Fiat Fa) Sera Haar Kis Near LET New bei 1016 Phe (1126757, Cale SOOTHING & ORTON mal nfetaisacademcom; Wet wr dlacdeacomee MERE There Tig Hence Q* isalso countable a Note: ' (a) G=Q* UG U{0} is countable (b) By view of 12 & 13, we can say ZxZx..xZ, QxQx...xQ all are countable sets 14, Infinite Cartesian product of countable sets 4y,4p,Ajs.-dqu (Where |4|22. for infinitely many values of i) is uncountable. 15, Set of all polynomial with rational coefficients is a countable set. Reason: Let Fy ={ap +0,% 40.4 qX" 4; QxQx...xQdefined as 449 + 4 +. 09) = (0g...) Now if P denote the class of all polynomials over Q then clearly P= JP, which (being countable union of countable set) is countable, m 16. Set of all circles whose Centre\and radius are rational number is countable, Reason: Let X¥ ={c|e =(x-a)" +(y—b)* here a,b.r €Q} Define 4: thus Xa countable set. xQxQ asg(c)=(a,b,r) .Thisd is a bijective map and z Algebraic — Transcendental Algebraic number: A real number is called an algebraic number, if tis a root of a polynomial P(x)=dy +a,x+..+a,x"=0 (a, #0) with rational coefficient. ‘Transcendental number: A real number which is not Algebraic is called a transcendental number. TAT, (Fes Foo ia Sarat Near LL, New Deti-10016, Ph (1 HS5757, Car IRS & 9991617, BESTE “4 Infoadisaadeny.com: Wehate:rrm dbstalen omPree ae Mee ke ie1o 1 Froncendentl nc. Uae Mant Il algebraic numbers and set of all transcendental numbers forms 3 of the set 18. Every rational number is algebraic. 19, Every transcendental number is irrational. 20, Irrational number may be algebraic or transcendental. Example: 2 is an algebraic number and sis a transcendental number 21. Set of all algebraic number is countable. Reason: For a fixed © meNu{0} define Fn = {ay +a,x-+4,x? +..-+4q2" Ja; €Q}.This Py is countable Now take P= (J P, and being countable union of countable sets it is ma also countable. So, P is countable, Now ifais any algebraic number then-there is a polynomial in P such that whose root is Thus the set of all algebraic numbers is contained in the set of zeros of polynomials in P.Now all we need to show is that the set of zeros of these polynomials is countable. Since every polynomial can have at most & real roots where & is degree of that polynomial. Now we denote the set 4 as the set of zeros of polynomials in P,,. Since Py, has countable number of polynomial and further all of those polynomial have finite number of zeros $0 4, Will have countable number of elements. Now define A= [J 4q + the set of zeros of polynomials in P, being ah countable union of countable set is countable and set of algebraic ‘numbers being subset of this set. Set of algebraic numbers is countable. 22. Set ofall transcendental numbers is uncountable. Reason: Since R= AUT where A is set of all algebraic numbers and J” is set of all transcendental numbers. Now since 1 is countable and Ris uncountable T =R- Alls uncountable (By using the result 9) 23. Arbitrary collection of disjoint open intervals is countable. "HAT, Fit Fo a Sara Haut Khas, Near T= New DaBF11006, Ph (10)2683757, Cele 999TR3ER4 & 99916174, SESEATID Erma insadiraeaten com: Web: rw isaendencomRR Loe ke eT Reason: consider / to be the collection of disjoint open intervals. Now if is any interval then we can find a rational number which is not in any other interval we denote that by 4;if we take any other interval there we can find any other rational number ap in this way we can find a sequence of rational numbers d,,42,5,..sdq,.- where each a;is from different interval and thus we can generate,a set of rational numbers having one-one correspondence with the set / and since that set of rational number is countable so / is also countable 24, There does not exist any onto functioi' from a countable set to an uncountable set. 25. There does not exist any one-one function from an uncountable set to a countable set. 26, Some special Sets ‘ Sets Countable / Uncountable Natural Numbers (1¥) Countable Integers (Z) Countable Rational Numbers(Q) Countable Non Empty , non-singleton Intervals Uncountable (Open, closed, semi-open, semi-closed) Inationals (Q°) Unsounable | Real numbers (IR) ©] Uncountable Algebraic numbers (2) Countable Transcendental Numbers (7) conan Agebraic Countable Ireationals | Transcendent | Uncountable 27. There exist intervals which are countable e.g. [aa] VaeR 28, Every countably infinite set has cardinality Ng (Aleph Naught) 29, “¢” is the smallest cardinality of any uncountable set. 30. The unit interval [0,1] is uncountable set —_—, Put Your Own Notes hoe THAT, (ir Fir la Saral, Haw Khas, Near LLT, New De rma nfinaacadecom: Web: wv digeeaden coe 6 Ph (RD, Cat WA PLT SEATED BBElementary Set Theory and Countablility Reason: Let us assume that [0,1] is countable. = either (0,1) is finite or countably infinite Since every non empty, non singleton interval is an infinite set, [0,1] is Countably infinite = There is an enumeration x4.),X3,... of real mumbers in [0,1] Expanding each in the form of an infinite decimal, we have 24 = 0.04 144241 3444-4 %2 = 0,491099073094---9y App 20q Ange where each ay €{0,3,2 ij 3,4,5,6,7,8,9} Consider the number with decitfial_—_representation 90.5 by By nyo where 4; is any integer from 0 to 9 stich that b+ ay, by is any integer from 0 0 9 such that by #499 5, isany integer from 0 to 9 such that b, # ap, and so on. Clearly, b [0,1] and b#x, Vn since the decimal representation of & is different from the decimal representation of x, AS by # dyn. Thus & escapes enumeration and we arrive at a contradiction Hence [0,1] is not countable. 31, (0,1) is uncountable set. (By property 6) 32. Any open interval (a,b) is uncountable where o 2b 33, Any open interval (a,b) is equivalent to any other open interval (c,d) where a#b & c#d Reason: Let x (a,b). Consider a function f:(a,b) (c,d) given by Itis easy to verify that f is one-one and onto. Hence the result follows. 44. Any closed interval [a,b] is equivalent to any other closed interval [ed] where a#b & cad 35. Any two nontrivial intervals are equivalent (non-empty, non-singleton intervals are non-trivial) "HAT, (Fa Flow) Jia ara Ha Kha, Near TT, New Bl small noiidlasnenden Pas I) 265757, Cas PGB PATI EBITD BB14, 36, The set R of all real numbers is uncountable, Reason: To prove ths, its sufficient to show that (0,1)~ . Consider the function f:(0,1) +R given by if 0=1 == Results on Cantor’s Set: Oor le another expression of Cantor set 2. Cantor set contains no interior point: 3. Cantor set doesn’t contain any open interval 4, Itis closed and bounded, 5. Each point of cantor set 4 is limit point of 4 6. Cantor set is perfect, Note: For definition of interior point, limit point, perfect set, closed and bounded set See Chapter 2. | \ | | | 2, it Pi) ia Sa a Nar, Now Dab PA QT RENN, Ca oma TET RD ani lates dct Wet eelsccy ce aCHAPTER 2 : cares, POINT SET TOPOLOGY 241, Definitions and Properties 1 Archimedean Property Of Real Numbers 1. If x,y are two positive real numbers then exist a positive integer n such that ny > x . If x is any positive real number then there exist positive integer such that > x 3. For any real number x, there exist an integer # such thet |<, II Important Definitions 1. Upper bound: Let s be any subset of B then a'real number Mf is called an upper bound of $ if every clement of s is less than or equalto Mie. xSM YxeS 734 9 4 A 2 Then x<1 VreS upper bound of S is 1 2. Lower bound: Let $ be any subset of R then a real number m is called lower bound of s if every clement of s is greater than or equal to mie.msx VxeS (ea 112 113 114 Example: § — -2 0 1 Then -IxeS Note: (@) 5 is not an interval if there exist a,b ¢5,a 6 and there exist 1 such that a<¢ 0:(a-8,a+3)09 26 Examples: (a) s=N, Then Set of all adherent points of s is 5 itself, (b) $=(0,1], Then Set of all adherent points of s is [0.1] Isolated Point: Let a ¢ $ and SCR, then a is called Isolated point of S, ifthere exist 6>0, such that (a~8,0+8)9S = fa} Examples: (a) S=N, then every ae $ is an Isolated point of » (b) 5=R,, then no point of R is isolated point of s Limit Point: Leta ex and SCR, then a is called Limit point of S, if for every >0,(a-8,a+8)05 {a} #6 Examples: @ sft next then 0 is only limit point of s (&) $=[0,1) then set of all limit points of s is [0,1] Interior Point: Let SCR and aR we say a is an interior point of S ifthere exist § > 0 such that (a-8,a+3)cS Set of all interior points of sis denoted by S? Examples: (a) S=N, then no real number is an Interior point of S (b) S=R or $=(0,1) then every member of S is an interior point ofs f _— 2A, Fat lw) Sara Haw Khas, Near 1 Erma nilsacdemycm: Webern oe New Dl, Ps TTF RGSTST, Ca 99918 & 9PHLTTIG ASNT15, Exterior Point: Let aeR and SCR, we say ais an exter point ——————\ of S if it is an interior point of S* in m (where S° means Heeeweur Own? complement of Sin R). Se of all exterior point of $ is denoted by [—— i EXS. | Examples: (a) S=Q then no real number which is Exterior point of Q | (b) S=[0,1] then set of all exterior Point of $ is (—x,0)U(1,0) | 16, Condensation Point: Let aeR and SCR, then a is called Condensation point of $ if for everyé >0,(a~8,a-+8) must contain uncountable members ofS. Hence if $ is not countable. then there exists a point in $ such that x is condensation point of Example: * i (a) $= then every Real number is a Condensation Point of (0) S=Q then no Real number is Condensation Point of $ 17. Frontier Point: a€R is said to be a frontier Point of SCR ifit is neither an interior Point of $ nor an exterior Point of S. Set of all frontier point of s is denoted by Fr Example: (a) S=R R=(s*) =4 ExtS=$=> (ExtS)°=R. Now, Fr(s)=(s*) o(ets) =n R=6 (b) S=N 8 938° = ExtS=R-N= (Ext) = FrS=RAN=N 18. Boundary Point: Frontier Point of s- which are member of are referred as boundary point. Set of all boundary point of $ is denoted by aS | Example: @ S=R Then @=FrSaS=$nS=$ (b) S=N a8 = FrSaS=NAN=N 19. Open Set: A set s is called open, if it is neighbourhood of each of its point. 20. Closed Set: A set sis called closed, if it contains all its limit point. (RAAT, ree Feo aS Hae Kh Near T= Now Dei1816, Ph (11) 280797, Ca SPIRE SHBIGI7G ASSAD mi Ema: nfrdsacadem com: Website: Wr stead com22. 23. 21. Derived Set: Collection of all limit point of a given set s is called derived set of sand itis denoted by s- 22. Perfect Sat: If 5 = s* then s is called perfect set. 23. Dense S set S is said to be Dense in any set 1 iff Bolzano Weierstrass Theorem Every inf Note: bounded subset of & has a limit point (a) This is only-a sufficient condition for a-set to have a limit point ie. unbounded infinite sets may have limit point Example: 5=8 (b) Condition of infiniteness cannot be dropped. Example: 5 ={0,} does not have any limit point. (c) Condition of boundedness cannot be relaxed. Example: § = 7 does not have any limit point. Properties 1. A set may or may not posses upper andlor lower bounds. Example: (a) 5=(--30) then upper bound of s is 0 and lower bound of $ does not exist, (b) S=| 120) then upper bound of s does not exist and Lower bound of s is0 (©) 5=[0,1] then upper bound of s is 1 and lower bound of 5 is 0 2. Bounds of a set may or may not belong to the set. 3. Ifa set has one upper bound / lower bound then it has an infinite number of upper bounds/lower bounds. 4, If Sis bounded non-empty subset of R. Then inf $< supS —_, “Put Your Own Notes —— {BAA (it Fer la Sor Howe Kh 1, New Dai 016 Ps TTF AGS7ST, Cae ORG & 9R9I6TIG SHEET B5 10. u 12, 13, 14, niga Sout 700m Cerctred neste Ty If SCTCR where $4 then (a) If F is a bounded above then sup Sinf 7 For any two non-empty bounded subsets 5,7 of R such that ST; inf T 0 such that (p-e,p+e)<5° then (p=e.p+e)5=6 thus p is nota limit p of $ which contradicts the hypothesis, 41. Every interior point of a set is limit point of that set. Conserve may not be tne. Example: 5 = (0,1) then 0 is a limit point of the sets but not an interior point. 42. Every interior point of set is adherent point of a set. Converse may not be true Example: S=(0,1] then 0 is an adherent point of $ but not an interior point ofS. 43. Interior point of S® cannot be limit point of S, 4, Supremum of a set $ (if exist) is either greatest member if S or a limit point of S 45, Infimum of a set S (if exist) is either least member of S ot a limit point ofS 46. For every set S,” is an open set. 47. S* is the largest open set contained in S 48. S and Tare two set. Then () ScTascr Gi) (SaTp= 90 "HAI (Fs Foo) a Sar Haut Khas Nea LT, New Dei 016, Ph (011) 2607527, Cal P9TRD434& SBPLEITIG,ASRBAATES| ‘Erma nlaloacadncom; Webi: ew pacar om49, 50. sl 92. 33 54, 58. 56. 37. 58. 59, 6, 61 02 63 64, 66. 67. Gil) SUTY>3 UT For any subset 5 08, S°CS Sis open iff S=S° , for any subset S of R. For any set S; (S°)°= 5° Sis equal to the union of all open subsets of S A set is closed iff its complement is an open set. The intersection of arbitrary family ofclosed sets is closed Finite union of closed set is closed. Arbitrary union of closed sets may not be closed. Example: S, Ur Every finite set is a closed set. lym22 then each 5, is. closed set but =(0,1) is an open set Derived set is always closed set Derived set of a bounded set is bounded set. If derived set (say) Sis finite then s is countable set. Let $ and Tare two subset of realmumbers. Then @) SeTascr (i) (SUT) = sur" Git) (SAT €S'MT" (where $7" denote the derived set of s and T respectively ) Non-empty countable set cannot be open Ifaset 5 is open then S<5" converse need not be true Example: §=(0,\] then $<5'=[0,1] but § is not an open set. If § is an open set and 7 is closed set. Then ST’ is open and TS is closed set. Atbitrary intersection of open sets may not be open. Example: S, ( a =] then each 5, is an open set. But ()s, which is not an open set. Every non-empty open set isunion of open intervals. Closure of a set s is denote by 5 and 5 and set of limit points of 5 =SUS" ie. closure is union of Some Examples: 2471, (iro Pr) a Saal Haws Klas, Near LL New DaMEIT OAT, nai ineoacaencm: Website: WH diptcaden cot BESS, Car BIRR K PODTOI TN, SATO 30‘Anis0 9001 2008 Certiied ratte {Een} el ° {wen}oio, [a,);a#b b a a {rene} xt x feelinen} ] {oosn; nel} 1 ai Ta [Teel Pee se |S ame | Pa | . Ue N Biosci ee ofe{ * | ¢@ | “em & R R a None fis ajej ie | + | Meet {bnew {0} | fLnen} | ( - Nagetis ee feb] | fa} {a} (a8) osdunenl] forbnen} | Namgetis jst! | "1 towne C10 | corcneny| fommrert | Magctis || **Students are advised to extend this table by themselves** | Set of adherent |) (> ———N Set Supremum | tnfimum points ‘Put Your Own Notes N+ [doesnoexist | 1 % | ne does not zZ does not exist ‘eat Zz st does not Q does not exist ial R cc does not @ doesnateniat | cs R R does not exist] “0es.n0t R DHA, Pst Pow 1, Pas (HAASE, Ca ODTAVON K HOIGTTON SSMS1 CHAPTER 3 ' SEQUENCES OF REAL NUMBERS 3.1. Definition ‘A map from N to R defines a sequence of'real numbers when the images are arranged in the natural order of natural number i.., starting with images of nm is followed by that of (nc) ie. f:N>R is a sequence of real numbers and =< fMSQ> we write < fl) > = .<, ete. vneN, < ay > = . When f:N-—»C., then this function defines a sequence of complex numbers. Note: A map Sy) >R (1). Define a finite sequence of length ncalled as string (Sq) denote the set of first natural sumbers).Generally sequence is always infinite (i.., non-terminating) but if defined on finite set then i is given by (1). Range set of a Sequence ‘The range set ofa sequence is the set consisting of all distinct elements of a sequence and without regard to the position term. Thus the range may be finite or infinite set ie.the range set of sequence is given by {um €N} or simply by R(u) Some Important Example of Sequence 1 = =<-n> 3. =(-l)"n 4. =(-1)" 5 6 > { 2 or prime [n else 7 2 n=lor prime "|p pin&pisthe least prime {SAT First For ia Sara Haws Erma ifozdnenendet.cm: West: Wr diated com ‘Near LET. New GenF110016 Ph (M}2ESUSD, Cale 9DTAOH & SODOIGTTIN RGRRATRD1 ing soot ao0e caried nae Baya = Aq Fdysts 1 10. aq42 =5(4y #4y41) where a, & ay given M1. ayy) =Y2¥ay where a, =0 12. =2012 VneN niseven Ma =}" I+ wisodd n 15. =cosn m 16. = in) 17. = Last digit of 3” 18. = {-2,-3,-1,0,1,2,1,0,1,0,..} Bounded Sequence A sequence is defined as bounded if its range set is bounded. Hence i8 bounded if there exist real numbers k and & such that K'Su, Sk neN OR If there exist K 2 0 such that |u,| is finite then there exist a€ Rsuch that a, =< for infinitely many values of n.however converse need not be true, ple: a n=1or prime else Then a, =4 for infinitelymany values of n but range of the sequence is not finite Serres e eins ed "HAT (First Foo a Sara Hau E infaintacademycom: Webi: wm oacadem.com a LE, New Dai 0016 Ps (1265757, CH STROH 9INIOTTG, ASRRATIS B313. 3.14. 32. eres Seay Monotonic Sequence Let be a sequenge of real numbers iS monotonic if either 4, $ 4,4) Yn (Then the sequence is called monotonically increasing or nondecreasing). 4, 2 dy, YnEN (Then the sequence is called monotonically decreasing or nnon-increasing), If a, <4,.1 VneN, then is called siricly increasing or increasing sequence, If ay >aqq) ¥neN, then is called stricly decreasing or decreasing sequence. Examples: (@) = is increasing sequence. (0) = <-n> is decreasing séquence. (©) aq4)=J2+a, Vn Nis monotonically increasing sequence. Eventual Nature of a Sequence 1. A sequenceis said to be eventually moitotonically increasing if 3 meNsuch thata,., 24, Yn 2m Example: <0,2,-5,3,7,8,9 10 UIQ. 2. A sequence< a, >is said to be eventually monotonically decreasing if 3 meNsuch thata,,, mwhere ceR Example: <0,2, 2,0,3,8,5,7,7,7,7, Tyo > Limit Point of a Sequence Areal number p is said to be a limit point or a cluster point of a sequence if every neighbourhood of p contains an infinite number of elements of the given sequence. In other words, a real number p is a limit point of a sequence (a,) if for any €>0, a, €(pe,p+e) for infinitely many values of n Remark: A real number p is not a limit point of a sequence (a,,), if there exists at least one neighbourhood of p which contains only finite number of elements of (a,) ! EAI (rst Fr).Ree eR aed 32d. 33. Note: (a) Limin point of a sequence need not be a limit‘point of the range set ' Example: = (-1)" Then {1-1} is a set of limit points of but neither 1 nor-1 limit point of its range set. (b) Limit point of the sequence can be obtained in three ways and they are as follows : (a) Representation on real Line. (b) If the range set has a limit point, then sequence has limit point. (6) Ifthe range set is finite => a, = «for infinitely many values of mwhere a ¢ R => axis a limit point of the sequece. Existence of A Limit Point Bolzano W srstrass Theorem: Every boutided sequence has a limit point. Reason; Since the sequence ( say) is bounded thus Range set of is bounded. Case If range set is infinite then by Bolzano Weierstrass Theorem for set, rage set must have limit point thus sequence < a, > has a limit point. Case II: If range set is finite then 3 @eR'such that a, =< for infinitely many values of n Evidently, o is a limit point of the sequence < dy > Hence, every bounded sequence has a limit point. Applicatioy 1. =(-1)" has limit points 1-1 2. = <=> has limit point 0 hon 3 -[144] has limit point e n Subsequence Subsequence of a sequence is defined with the help of sequence of natural number. Consider a map f:IN—> N defined by f(k) = and let be a strictly increasing sequence of natural numbers. Then for any sequence the sequence is defined as @ subsequence of Example: ist be any sequence of real number. Then Kany >,< ayy > all are subsequences of where = = ysby Bayon = yg dy Similarly = = cre.C3eC4en = Ap aladgrQh6y Thus is a sub sequence of and is a subsequence of i sma nflsacaden com Web: ww llscaden om {HAI (Fit lw) ia Sara at Klos, Near T= New Dei 016 Ph (OD2SSVS, Cale IRD & 9H916178 STIS B33.1. 34. Ips Complementary Subsequences Let and are subsequence of” then define ng [my EN} and Sy = (nye Imy EN} , then and are complementary subsequences if 1. S\US,=N 2 SNS=6 (5,US;may not be complete NN but except finite subset of N &5, 5, may be a finite subset of N). * Example: If is a sequence of real numbers. Then and are complementary slbsequence of Remark: Unbounded sequence may have limit point. Limit of a Sequence Let be a sequence of real number and be a real number, (J €R) then we say lis the limit of the sequence if for any €>0 3m e Nuch that ja,-llce Yn=m Symbolically, we write it as lim a, =lor a, +f asm Algorithm: To claim / is limit of a sequence (a) 1. Simplify |a, ~/|t0 get ja, ~I|< 6(n), where $(n) is function of n 2. Solve the inequality $(n) y(e) 3. If y(G)is defined Ve>0 then set m=[y(e)]+1 (where [y(e)] denote the ceiling function) =]aq-1 ke Vn 2m. Result Based on the Definition: Let lim a, =a.and lim 6, =b (a,b €R), then 1, lim (a, +5,)= lim a, + lim 6, =a+b fim (a, -b,)= lim a, ~ lim b, =a~b 3. lim (a,5,)= lim (a,) lim (b,) = ab provided b, #0 Wn eN and b+0 5. lim a, =a¢> lim (ka,)=k lim(a,)=ka — vkeR-(0} Reimeeeesc eta | Put Your Own Notes | 2A, Fit Por Sia Sara Haw Ka ELT. New Dei Infaiacaden cams Webi wr lieadee om (016, Ph 11) 2655757, Cale 9SNTRI A D9TGITI RRODTy Remarks: (a) In view the results 1-5 we can say that’ the operation of limit is ‘compatible with addition subtraction multiplication divison and scaler multiplication. (b) Converse of the above results 14 is not true. Examples: (a) Take =and =<-n>, then , are not convergent (i) =<0>, which is convergent. | (i) : =<-1>, which is convergent, (b) Take not convergent H1)",=(-)™, then , both are (i) <4,b, >= <(-1 =1> Which is convergent. (ii) = <0> Which is convergent. (©) Every convergent sequence is bounded: however converse need not be true ; (aeR) Reason: Let lim a, Then for givene> 0, 3 ke N such that Ja, ~a\ce Vn2k => a-e is bounded. Note: Converse need not be true Example: Take =(-l)", then is bounded but not convergent. (©) Limit of a convergent sequence is unique. i Reason: Let be a sequence of real number such that lim a, =a Let if possible, also converges to a’ (a'eR) Then for given <>0, 3 m,my €N such that la, -alce/2 Vn2m Ja, -a'jce/2 Vn2m, Take M = Max {mm} Now,|a—a' ~a,+a+a,~a'| = |a-a' a|+|a,—a"| Vnzm m = |e-alce AT, Fst Foor) ia Sara Maur Khas, Near LI New Dab 110016, Ps (1). 26857597, Cell S9OTARS A 506734 ASRRSTIN ‘rma etuadicnendem cam: Webi: dpc comSince € was arbitrary small, So €->0, a= a" Hence. limit of sequgnce {a,) is unique. Note: (i) Lis a limit < every Neighbourhood of / leaves out only finite members of the sequence. (i) Limit of a sequence is limit point but converse need not be true. => lim |, [217 | Converse need not be true. Examples Take (u,) is not convergent. 1)" then (u_l)=(1), is convergent but (©) tim |u, =| =0-¢> tim ug, © fly, |v, | ¥n2 mand im |v, |=0 thus tim [i 0 (where [u,, denotes the absolute value of u, ) {g) If lim g, anda, >6 Vn2m,meN. Then a2 (a,beR) {(h) A bounded sequence is convergent €>it has unique limit point. Note: (8) The above statement of the result provides a second definition for a sequence to be convergent ie, asequence is convergent if it is bounded and has a unique limit point (ii) Condition of the above result cannot be relaxed i.e., if a bounded sequence have more than one limit point then it cannot be convergent. Example: A sequence =(-1)", is bounded having two limit points | and I thus itis not convergent sequence. Application: 1. Ifa sequence (a,) have more than one limit point then (a,) cannot be convergent, Example: (@) =(-1)" is not convergent as 1 and —1 are two limit points of (a,) (b) =<(1y"+L> Is not convergent as 1 and —I are two 1" limit points of (6, ‘An unbounded sequence cannot converge to a real number. Example: (a) = isnot convergent. (0) = <(-1)" +> is not convergent "BAT, (at Foor) da Sera aw Kha Email nfuainaendemy com: Webster dibinead om TILT, Rew e006 Ph (1 AGED, Cal 9RPTRSAM & 9RTLITIG IEESeep a4 3. Ifa sequence has limit point, then it may not be convergent. Example: ! Consider # sequence <«, > = <1,0,2.0, 0.4,0,...> then 0 isa limit point of but iS not convergent as itis unbounded. (i) A monotonic sequence is convergent <> it is bounded. Remark: (i) Convergent sequence may not be monotonic. Example: (-1)" * (ii) A bounded and monotonically increasing sequence converges to its supremum. Gii)A bounded and monotonically decreasing sequence’ converges to its infimum, (iv) An eventually monotonic sequence is converges =>it is bounded (W) If , be two sequences of real numbers such that 4, £ gy) Spa) Oy Vn>m and tim (a,-b,)=0 Then lim a, = tim by (vi) Monotonie sequence can have at most one limit point Application (a) The sequence =<+ >converges to 0 as itis monoténicaly decreasing sequence and 0 is its infimum, (b) The sequence = is not convergent as it is monotonically increasing sequence which is not bounded above. (©) If ay=V3 and ayy = 3+ Jan, vneN , then converges. (@) The sequence (S,) defined by the recursion formula Spa =7+5q,5,=V7 converges to the positive root of x -x-7=0 =V74v7 Then S, > $,. Letus suppose that S,, > Sy Then 7+ Spyy>745p => YT Seay > V7 4S; > Spar > Seat ‘Thus, by the principle of mathematical induction, S,,1 >5,¥neN Solution: We have S, =\/7 and S, «and so (S,) is monotonically increasing Again S, = V7 <7. Let us suppose that Sp<7 TFS 0. Now Sy4)=J7+5, =? S2,=7+5,, Taking the limit as nyc and wing (I), we get P=Ttl =P-1-7=0. Hence | is a positive root of x? =x-7=0 (e) Let (a,) be a sequence defined asa, >0, ay.) ‘Then(a,) isa bounded monotone sequence l : Solution: From ay, tfc, +2) we obtain a? —2a,a,,1 + a, which is quadratic in a, . Since this equation bas real roots, thereforea?,; -220 => dy y2V2VnEN. Thus the sequence (a,) is bounded below by V2 Now monaco dale ga 4, 2 yy} OF yyy Sq V2 => (a,,)is a monotonically decreasing sequence. | Since (a,) is a monotonically decreasing and bounded below sequence, therefore, (dq) is convergent. Let lim a, =/, so that lim a,,)=!. Using ina, we get Hence tim a, = 3. {8} Let (s,) be a sequence defined by YneN,, then (5,) is a bounded and monotonically increasing sequence and converges to V3. (@ Let sy), ate to positive unequal numbers and 1 [epi ¥ n= 2Then the sequence Elim + Yn) andy, (sx) and (y4) are monotonic and they coverge tothe same limit Xe THAT (Fo Floor) Ha Sari Hr Kio, Near LIT, New Deli 10016 PR (HI) 289752, Ca OTA & 9O9TGITI ASAT mal inltdnncademyson, Wobue: wor diescadey coe EYeres CT ed Solution: Since x, andy are unequal positive numbers, let x > 34 — = Ayan) yiny (AMO GM) => x5> yp. Similarly, x5 > y5 and:so on. Thus x, > V7 Q) Also not = 400+) HC #4) = Has by.) a) 2 Met Wade = Sus DY (2). Tn? Ya VO a Thus (y,) iss monotonically increasing sequence ft Inet) = Yor 23> Bn» BY YS gad ped Se Using (3) = yg U=+l'1=1", by (5) and (6). Hence the sequences (x,) and (y,) are monotonic and converge to the same limit. G) Every sequence (q,) has a monotonic subsequence (ap, ) . (k) Let (a,) be a sequence converging to 1. Then every sub sequence of also converges to 1 ———— ‘Put Your Own Notes ——— emai inf {HAT Ft Fo Jia Sara Har Khas Near LT New Det 00 Ph (1) R77, Cle TED & 99916174 ASHBATEP iden som; Webbe pace com« Reason: Let < a, > be a sequence of real number which converge to / Let be a subpequence of Since 1 So for given <>0, 3 eN such that la,-tke Yaz => |ay, —He Ym 2m =< dy, 9. Applications: Ea sequen 0: Now then fim ay 1 . Jy) ME subsequences of (ay) 30 (By above result) (sof 4) be a sequence” then lim a, =0. Now tn) t,)=(so: : sass 2n+1) (a,) So by above result, tim 2, =0 A real number /is a limit point of a sequence (a,) <> there exist a subsequence (em) of (4) converges to / Remark: (a) Every bounded sequence has a convergent subsequence. (b) If each of the two subsequence (a3,,) and (a3,) of a sequence {a,) converges to 1. Then (a,)also converges t0 1. (* (a3y-1) and (a),) are complementary subsequences of (a,)) (©) If (43,1) and (aq) converges to different limit then (a,,) cannot converge Example: (a) Let (a,)= (2) Since (a,,) has two limit point —1 and 1 ‘There must exist two different subsequences of (a,) Say (b,) and (c,) such that lim 5, =land lim c, =—1 Hence (a,) is not convergent (Bese teat as Na LEN DGG PALO nai ifdcnnrdey om: Website: ware dlnacidecom a aR RAH OTANI SHRRATISRoremeniee bts ' Since )=(-0" 4) isa subsequence of (a,) and(b,) ->| «Lisa limit point of (a,,) Similarly, (cy (ar mai} is a subsequence of (a,) and (c,)—>=1 . =2 =I isa limit point of (a,) Hence (a,) is riot convergent. (©) Let (a,) be @ sequence of positive real numbers such then y= lea Gy for n> 2than aq) (ay) (@) Let a, >0,a3>0 and define ay sn>2, then (a,) Baya converges to 12 2a, +a; (@) The sequence (a,,) where (a,) is defined as eet +(-1)""'= is convergent. a(nnt Consider by bn 7, Ft ln) Sara Have RN3.5. 354. = (b,)is monotqpcally increasing sequence. ° => (az,) is monotonically increasing sequence. ‘Now we show that (a3,,) is bouded above. => dy, S1 (ap,)is convergent ¥ nN. Similarly we can show that (a3,41) is convergent. Let Jim a;,=4 and lim ay,4) =lp c Now consider ay.) — ,(cynt Taking n +20 we have/ =h Since (ay,,1), (23,) forms complementary sequences of (a,) and converges to same limit (a,)is convergem. ui, yt Let y, =1+t444..4+-logn Let yyal4 ots as Then tim Yq = Advanced Analysis of A Sequence Limit Superior Let (a,) be a sequence of real numbers which is bounded above. Define by = Sup [a.4.4} 0} by esuplan nto} | y= SUP {dy ngs 20-} Then (b,)is defined which is monotonically decreasing. | 1, Fe lor a Sarah Ha Kas, Near LL New Bei 016, Ph (01) 26577527, Cay SHIRA & SIGN ASEAN mai fladivacadeny cot: Website: Ww dazed coonThen limit superior of (a,) is denoted by tim a, or lim supa, and is defined asin {2.by.bs.by..-4 o , If (a,) is not bounded above, Then limit superior of (a,,) is defined as i 4 = lim supa, = 40 Example: (a) Let (a,,) =(n) Since it is not bounded above -. lim a, = +. ) Let (a,)=(-n) Clearly, (a,) is bounded abovg Wehave, =sup{-I,-2,-3,..}=-1 3,4. aby =sup{-2, by =sup{=n.-(n+1),.4f Nowinf (b,,b3,..] =—20 lima, = (©) Let (a,)=(-1)" 0 Since (a,') is nat bounded above. im(a,) = +0 (@) Let (a,)=(-1)" Clearly (a,,) is bounded sequence. (--Isa, <1 ¥neN) We have, by =sup{IL.-1..} by =supfl,-1, b, =supl(-1)" (-1)" f= Nowinf {by,b2,...} =1 iim a, =1. ta ()=(4) o Clear (a,,) is bounded sequence. (:0 R(C)=6 there R(L') denote the range set of he — sequence (a,)) Note: 1. Ifo and Bare limit inferior and limi superior of a sequence (a,) respectively. Then [a,8] may not have any member of the sequence. (above example) Ifthe sequence is bounded. Then a. The Supremum of the set of limit points of the sequence is limit superior. b. The infimum of the set of limit points of the sequence 1s limit inferior. Appl are Land —Irespectively. Since set of limit points of {a,) is S= supS=1, inf S ition: If(a,)=(~1)" . Then limit superior and limit inferior of (a,) .—t} and Convergent Sequence ‘A sequence (a, is said to be convergent iff limit superior is equal to the (eR), then Fis limin inferior and they exist finitely ie.lima, = lima, called the limit of the sequence(a,) Example: Let(a,)=(2012) ¥neN, then (a,) is convergent sequence Divergent Sequence A sequence (a,) is said to be divergentf lima, =lima, = (infinite) Or lima, = lime, =~ (infinite). Examples: 1. Let (a5) =(n) 2. Let (a,)=(-n) Note: 1, Divergent sequence is unbounded from one side. 2. Unbounded sequence may not be divergent sequence. Example: Let (a,)=(-1)".n , then (aq) is unbounded below and ‘unbounded above both but it is not convergent sequence as lima, =~ and 40. iim, Oscillatory Sequence A sequence (ay) is sid tobe oscillatory sequence if lima, + iy.Sia nto aad —_—_— ‘Put Your Own Notes ee 386, 3.5.7. 3.6. Finitely Oscillatory Sequence : A sequence (a,) is saidtto oscillate finitely if both Tima, and lima, exist finitely and lima, lima, Examples: 1 (a,)=(-1)" niseven 2 (a,)= . 14 nisodd Tafinicely Oscillatory Sequence A sequence (a,) is said to be oscillate infinitely, if both lima, and lima, exist infinitely and lima, # lima, . Examples: (a,)=(-I)".1 Properties on Limit Superior and Limit Inferior 1. Let (a,) be a bounded sequence and eR. Then lim supa, =1 iff for each £>0 us (i) a, >!~for infinitely many values of n (ii) ay <1 efor all except finitely many values of 1 Let (a,) be bounded sequence and Je. Then lim inf a, =! iff for each €>0 ™ (a, <1+2 for infinitely many values of n i) a, > 1 for all except finitely many values of 3. Let (a,) be a bounded sequence and lim supa, = M . Then (i) There is a subsequence of (a,) that converges to Mf (i) The limit superior of no subsequence of (a,) can exceed M (iiyifa subsequence (ap, ) of (a,) convergesto number! then 4, Let (a,) be a bounded sequence and lim inf a, =m. Then (i) There is a subsequence of {a,) that converges to m Gi) The limit inferior of no subsequence of (@*) canbe less than "™ GiiyIt a subsequence (a,,) of (a,) converges to a number 7 then 12m ‘A, ie Fiber) a Sara Hees Khas Near ELT Erma naa Then Php RGSTNY, Car aATRNA & OHPTGI TN SRBATIN QD3.7. Rete n 5, Let (ay) and (6 .) are two bounded sequences. Then = lim supa, < lim suph, and (iy If lim inf a, < lim infb, (ii) lim sup(a, +6,)< tim supa, +. lim supb, _. Equality hold when (a,,) is convergent. (ii) lim inf (a, +5,)2 lim infa, + lim inf’, Equality hold when (a,,)is convergent. (iv) lim sup(a,5,}< lim supa,. lim supb, Equality hold when both (a,), (b,) ate sequences of positive real numbers and (a,,) is convergent. (v) lim inf(a,2, )> tim inf a, Kim inf by Equality hold when beth (a,), (b,)are Sequences of positive real numbers and (a,) is convergent The Sequence of Natural Numbers |A sequence (a,) is said to be sequence of natural number if its range set contains only natural numbers. Results Based on Sequence of Natural Numbers 1. Every sequence of natural number has to be bounded below and has infimum in the range set. Reason: Obviously itis bounded below by 1 2. If sequence of natural number has limit point p. Then this p has to be natural number &a, = p for infinite many value of n ie., there exist subsequence (an, ) which is a constant sequence such that a, = p ie, a sequence (a,) of N has a limit point <> it has a constant subsequence F 1 Reason: Since p is a limit point. So for e=—, (p-s,p#e) contains infinite member of N=> a, =p for infinite many values of n=>3 a constant subsequence (a, ) ‘p) which converges to p Conversely: If the sequence (a,) of N has constant subsequence say (én Then p isa limit point of (a,) | ‘Put Your Own Notes | AA, (Fist Flo) a Sra How Khas Ne Erma nfitaacadecom: Webi ww dgscaden 9 pice Vn2m = (a,)is convergent and converges to p 4, Ifa sequence of natural numbers is not divergent then it has constant subsequence. Reason: Since sequence is not divergent then either it is convergent or Oscillates. If sequence oscillates then itis either Oscillates finitely or Oscillates infinitely .In both the cases, the sequence has limit point and hence it has a constant subsequence. If sequence is convergent then there exist a constant subsequence Cauchy Sequence A sequence (a, is said to be a Cauchy sequence if for any ¢>0, there exists a positive integer m such tata, ~2y|0 be given and if n>m , consider |; 1 1 nm m-n_) <~ Oe given and ifn > m, Consider meiy(mel)m L — e Let m be a positive integer greater thai /¢ = |an a Then [ay —ay|<6, for n2m. Hence (4) is a Cauchy sequence. nel Example: The sequence (a,)=(1")is nota Cauchy sequence 2m? Reason: Let n> m, consider| (n—m)(n+m)>2m>1, whatever m may be. 1 For ¢=—, we see that there is no positive integer,m such that |n? —m” 0, there corresponds a positive integer m such that bp m,p20. Se ee Rae eT alse | ‘Put Your Own Notes | 7, (Fie Foo) a Seal Hw Ra, ea "Erma infaeemcm: Webi: wn disaeden.cout > Dei 11016, Ph (11) 689757, Cale 991K & HBTS SEATS Bp ~ eeNote: This principle is used where the limit of sequence is not known 10 —————m, guess can be made of the same. This principle which ifvolves only the terms Of the sequence is usefup for determining whether a sequence convergent or now Example: Lad +5454. += is not convergent. 3 1. The sequence (a,), where a, Reason: Suppose that the given sequence is convergent, By Cauchy's General Principal of Convergence, for ¢ =~, there exists a : z }-(1 a 4) m+lem+m> f ) ola lam = 4, This contradicts (1), Hence the given sequence is not convergent. id 1 2. The sequence (a), where ay=I+i+be.e1 is a comvergen 7 sequence, Reason: By Cauchy's criterion of convergence, a real sequence converges iff it is a Cauchy sequence. We shall show that the given sequence (a,) is a Cauchy sequence, so that (a,,) is convergent. For n2m, we have Loot 1 1 — at ssh (ome) Put Your Own Notes ——— 2A, (it Foon a Sar ima lladiexadem com: Webster dntacadeny fue Kn Neat LLT, New Dui 016, his (11} 26507, Cal POOTROH & POPTOTSG ESET Bnao ate 0a L 1 + | emt or (m-I)log2 >la( 1/5} orm> fiog(/2)(log2)" +1} (say) ay,|<@ ¥ n2m, where m is a positive integer 2 N Hence (a,) is Cauchy sequence and so {a,) is convergent. 3. Let (a,) de asequence of real numbers and for each ne N , define Sy =) 4a boot Oy ty = [ay] + [aa] ++ fag] a If (1,.) is a Cauchy sequence, then so is (s,) Reason: Since (,) is a Cauchy sequence, for any ¢ >, there exists a positive integer m such tat [fy ~fy]-. Then fim ay = him + so by Cauchy’s first theorem on limits tim 4(a, +a) +..+4))=0 tows tin isdt ar ]a0 a acer Note: Converse of the above theorem need not be true. b-bhn) is mot convergent and a, +4) =0,a, +a) +a =—hay +a, +43 +44 =0, etc. 0, ifmiseven O40) tt dy fom teeodeteai Ne n ifn is odd \ tay baba, Hence tim (2 |=0, but im dy «0 mil me Cauchy’s Second Theorem on Limits: If (a,) converges to/(#0) and va a, >Othen im(a23.-4,) Example: Let lim ( “4 =e.Then eles] ~ Reason: Let a.-(1+4) sthen a, >0¥neN and lim a, >0 By Cauchy's second theorem on timits, we have lim (4,a)43..4,)!" =e l (Fis Peo) Sia Sera Hoe Khas, Near LET New Dai ‘rma ifolovacademy com: Website: Wn dbaeademn com 16 Ps 68757, Ca ap a A TONG ETNRrra toe ceed bn ] =e, sing (1) 3. If all the terms of @ sequence (a,) are positive and if lim 2 vn exist Then tim (a,)!" also exist and the two limits are equal. ie, provided the later limit exist tim (a, )!" 4. Cesaro's Theorem: Let lim a, =a and lim b, bwhere a,beR then tim 22m * Aabnca + * Gnd _ we 7m 6 5. Sandwich Theorem: Let {a,).(0,).(c,)ate Sequence of real number such thata, 0 7. If (a,).{b,) be two sequence such that a, Obe given. Since a, >a, there exists a positive integer m such that Q) a”, then |a,|—>|a| as no 2aal BESS, Cale SHINN KDEDIGT TIN, SRT peacadcacomeee Cet arg CHAPTER 4 : —— ' SERIES OF REAL NUMBERS 4.1. Definition We know about arithmetic and geometric series ete, A series of n terms is denoted by the expression uy +uy +. or Soup. If the series has no last term, then such series is called an infinite series. 4.1.1 Infinite Series: Let (a,) be a sequence of real numbers, then Sa, =4) 443 +otdgy toi infinite sum of the members of the sequence, is defined as series of real numbers. It is also denoted by Ya, Example: @) D4 here (, (:) vnew (6) Ysin(L). nere (ag) (éo() vneN 4.1.2 Sequence of Partial Sums Suppose a, is an infinite series then we define a sequence (5,) as follows: S,=4, Sp=a,+a 5,= 4,44; +4, , and so on, The sequence (5,) is called the sequence of partial sums ofthe sevies 4.1.3 Convergent Series Asseries Ya, is said to be convergent, if the sequence (S,,) of partial sums of Ya, is convergent and if lim §, then 5 is called the sum of the series Da, and then we write itas$ Soa, 4.14 Divergent Series The series }°a, is said to be divergent, if the sequence (5,,) of partial sums of Ya, is divergent 4.1.5 Oscillatory Series The series Ya, is said to oscillatory, if the sequence (S,) of partial sums of La, oscillates, | ( 2AM, (First Flor) Sia Sara, 7 Ras, Nes Ct Ne Ban 1016 Ph (11) 26STED, Cae HOTRDEDEK OOIGTIN SSRN 50 rma ntaivandemy so Webs wr inacadn 0ips Necessary condition for convergence of a series the series Sa, converge, then lim a, =0 Remark: (@) Converse of the theorem need not be trve. et Ya (b) If lima, #0 then Soa, cannot converge. \ but + is not convergent Example: x then tim Examples: * (a) The series 1+r+/?+..(r>0) converges if r<1 and diverges if r>1 (Geometric Series) (b) The series S°(-1)"" osciltates. Solution: We see that Sah Sy SeHt-L1-1=0, S, = land so on (S,)=(1,0,1.0,1,0,...) , which oscillates. . Hence the given series oscillates. (©) Test for convergence of the series @ ye Gi Si Solution: 142-344-546, (i) We see that (-1)" Hl, Sy =-142=1, $y =-142-3 Sya“142-344=2, S23, S,=3ete => {S,}=(-L1-2,2,-33...), which is not bounded, Hence (5,) is not convergent and so J.(-1)" 1 is not convergent. The sequence (S,) of partial sums ofthe above series is (Gis 00.6.) Clearly, limsup S, ~ V3 and liminf S, +0 It follows that (,) is not convergent, Hence the given series is not convergent, DAN, Ft Flor ia Saal Haw Ks ea ‘Near LIT New Dai 0016, Ph 1). 265759, Cal OHOIEEGS & TIN BSA Infilowacadenyem: Weak: wor dneacadca.com 5 |SeeRon ce iy 4.3. Telescopic Series eee eee Let (a,) be a sequence of real numbers. Define A, = Then Yb, and Sc, are called telescopic series. If (S,) denote the sequence of partial sum of the series }°), Then $, =, =b tb; tty ee eee es =a) — Bae Similarly if (1,) denote the sequence of partial sum of the series Y'c, Then f= ay4)-2, Thus (S,) and (t,) are convergemtist (a,) is convergent Thus 94, and Soc, are convergent iff (a,) is corivergent. is convergent. mel lim 8, = tim {1-—) -1-0=1 ons Ball) Hence the given series is convergent. 4.4. Cauchy’s General Principal of Convergence A necessary and sufficient condition for a series Soa, to converge is that for each e>0 , there exists a positive integer m , such that lays) $442 Fo Qy| 0 but also nu, + 0.as n> 00 Reason: We know that for a convergent series. for any e>0, 2 positive integer N exists suck thatlu,. +1 vm2N, pal Let us choose m+ p=n>2N and w =| J» the greatest integer not greater than 2 gy) +lgg2 tty <= 5 tat I But Yu, is positive monotonic _—deeteasing so © or la, el no ig tg Hye tty Ot Lay ce Lely 68, VEN (=) tan nes boty EOF Ly ce my Hence lima, =0. {HAIN rt Flu) Sa Sarak Her Kha, Near LL Nee Denb110016 Ph (11 )26S0S27, Ca 9O1KSC4 A 999164 SSURUTID smal: ifiorcademy am: Website: sade com ape Sg ————E eeHy lent condition for the convergence of the present type of series. It'ny, does not tend to zero then the series )-¥, is certainly divergent, for example, the harmonic Note: The condition my, ->0 is only a necessary one not suffi i series J+ must diverge because it has positive monotonic decreasing L terms and n+ does not tend to zero. However, eu, +0 does not imply anything as to the possible convergence of uy, for example. Abel’s series x ny, 0. Joan diverges although it has positive ‘monotonic decreasing terms and loge is not convergent. 120 Tim uy, = tim welt aie 11+ 0 Example: The series |= + is not convergent, Solution: We have “na * tim wy Hence, the given series does not converge. Example: Test for convergence of the series cos, +) Solution: liza 1, = lim cos~=10 Hence the given series does not converge. Example: The series XC) does not converge. Lol Solution: Let u,=(~) , sothat logy, = Loy +) W) tHe al, logi=logn _-logn slog, = =H = lim Tog, =~ fim 28, which is © form Un =o tin (by L Hospitals Rule) See eet | Put Your Own Notes | Erma nizlnnncadem coms Website wv dvaendeh coe ‘1, For iar Hawt Rhea LT, New De Pe I), Ca 991834 & HATA RSRATID | «|45. Ty Rarrmoe see tuicard ’ Now fim logy, =0 = log{ lim u, | = limu, =e =120, Hence Yu, is not convergent. Series of Positive Real Numbers ,, Series with positive terms are the simplest and the most important type of series one comes across, The simplitity arises mainly {rom the fact that the sequence ofits parti sums is monotonically increasing Let }'x, be an infinite series of positive terms and {S,} be the sequence of its partial sums so that Ovn = S25, val ‘Thus the sequence {S,} of partial sums of a series of positive terms is a + ‘monotonically increasing sequence. Since a monotonic increasing sequence can either converge, or diverge to 20, but cannot oscillate therefore, there are-only two possibilities for a positive term series, it may either converge ot diverge to. + Remark: (2) A positive term series converges iff the sequence of its partial sum is bounded above. (b) The sequence of partial sum of a series avith negative terms can be shown to be monotonic decreasing and hence a series with negative terms converges iff the sequence of ts partial sum is bounded below. (©) It may similarly be seen that a series of negative terms can either converge or diverge t0 —», (d) A series Su, whose terms are not necessarily positive may fail to be convergent even if the sequence (5,) is bounded above. For example consider itnisodd ifmiseven (-1)" so that = we ~~ have The sequence (S,), even though bounded above, is obviously not convergent and as such the series is not convergent. The sequence (S,) has two limit points viz.-1 and 0. It should be seen that, in general, boundedness of the sequence of partial ‘sums of a series is only a necessary tut not a sufficient condition for the convergence of the series )u, , and it is only for positive term series that this condition of boundedness of the sequence of its partial sums is | ‘Put Your Own Notes | THAT (Pt Foo) ia Sara Haus Khas Near LL New Dai ama infladienndemcom; Wen: nwlseaden cm (1 SESS, Cals NGA & AGG ASNACTDa well a sufficient condition for the convergence of the corresponding —————————\ series 45.1. Test for Convergence of Positi 1. First Comparision Test: k>0 and 3 meN such that’ (@ Yyyconverses> Ym (db) Su, diverges=> Dy, di Example: Test for convergence the sesies + ive Terms Series If Du, and D°y, are positive terms series, uy Sky, Vnzm converges. liverges. Solution: Clearly, n* > 2" forn> 2 is a geometric series with common ratio L a 7th 80 21/2" is convergent Hence by First Comparison Test S— is convergent. converges. Example: Test for convergence the series: @ Aslogn’ o 35 i logn Solution: (@) We know logn3" , since x>0 > vnen vere ; 1 Now J+ being a geometric series with common ratio <<1 is s 3 convergent. Hence, by First Comparison Test, the given series is convergent for all x>0. ‘Secand Comparison Test: If )v, and Sy, are two positive term series such that “2 > “2 ¥y 2 mthen an 6) Lo, comverges => Du, comerses Gi) Yu, diverges = Do, diverges pSeries Test: The series "+ is convergent iff p >1 Limit form Comparison Test: Let )u, and Sy, be two positive term series such that lim Tors converge or diverge together. =1, (Lis finite and non-zero). Then Yu, and Put Your Own Notes |Thus / = Oand in this case = coriverges and x» diverges. (6) Let Du =YAand yy, «D4 Then tim “*= tim “v= tim n= Thus 1=s0and in tis case Yu, diverges and S's, converges. If Yar & Dhp are convergent series of positive real numbers. Then, Ysouhy is convergent Proof: As (a, ~by =a Dee Dad, LED y ax 20 aj +tf-2a,h,20 By comparison test, a, is convergent. Hence proved. t. Then Y" 6. If Ya, is conv is convergent Prooft As |, te 3.9 Since Yaz convergent. ‘Then by comparison test Y“" is convergent = Y is convergent. Hence proved. Example: Test each of the following series for convergence: Li 3s © 3th has oy ,1,1, OTP EE : If 1=0or!=2, then the conclusion of the above test may not NT ———, Put Your Own Notes —$— [A ra i ia arRC iet iar} The n th term of this series ig, =—2"—!_—_ n= tyn=2) For large values of n, u, ~2%-=2. a Now tim Qn) T+27n) 270 and finite So, by limit form comparison test Yu, and Sv, converge or diverge together. Since Fv, = LL converges, so Yu, converges. w& 4 he Viz 23 34 1 The mthtermis w, “Tos tet t Fam Now tien 1 0and finite. $0, Yu, and }'v, converges or diverge together by limit form comparison test Since Dy 1, diverges, SH diverges, 0D) Example: ‘Test. ~—for._~—convergence-—the.-—series I 1 1 he Bee Ves 1 L Solution: We havew, =f + 0and fine frs(iinj=yir(ainy 2 So Yiu, and Jy, converge or diverge together by limit form comparison test, Since Sv, = ly diverge, so Yu, diverges. "HA, Ft Por a Sara Haz Kas Yar LA New Dei 106 Ph (Op SESSET, Co PHASE YAOTGT TSG ASBRSTID E-mail nfsibeacademy cam: Waste wwndasende em1 Berea SN ay Example Tes for convergence the sens 4, = Des tL ' —_—— sin=i an (Qnt2Qnt4) Inde Solution: We have, u, = alse) So Yu, and Sy, converge or- diverge together.(By limit form ‘comparison test) ‘Since J, = Tt; converges, so the given series converges. Example: Test for vonverges the series ‘ L wed ne3 We(2In) De(SIn) Jim 4 wey 2 + Oand finite So, by limit form comparison test $x, and Yy, converge or diverge together Since Y'v,=Sl/n? converges, so the given series Yu, also converges. Example: Test for convergence the series whose n th term is as (en Neila nm afahase¢tn=1) Solution: We have u, = (Rationalize) 2 B Let», == 1, sothat Yr, converses THAI (Ft For ie Sara a Kh Near LT New Dati 016 Phe (OH AGSVTY, Clr SHOE & IBSTGTTSN RRA Eris nfioncadcns Webs: wv dintcadcR om eeRec To Laey 2a Vnstedn=l] tiem Try oan finite 1. apse So Yiu, and Dv, converge or diverge together by limit form comparison test. Since D Example: The series layer diverges. Tada converges, So the givenseies Su, also converges Solution: Take », fovea tinted By limit form comparison test, the given series diverges. (Fin Example: Test fr convergence the sets = Vie +1 eri) Solution: u, =Vn+1-Vn { _ (Rae _ vn me Fat 2a nee , so that 5 converses Now tm “= in + Oand finite So, by limit form comparison test}, and S'y, converge or diverge together. Since, Y'v, converges, so the given series Y'u, converges. Example: Test for convergence the series whose n th term is w{fe aif a} Solution: Let u, =(n? +1)” | Put Your Own Notes | waa (Fit Flo) lin Sva Har Rha, Near TT, Now D016 Ph it ntinncndem com, Webi: wv inane com 11) RT, Ca 9918S NTN SETH B |Series of Real Numbers ‘an '30 8007 #008 Contd ete =. a _—_—— Now, tim “© =1 20 and finite. ql Put Your Own Notes = ——— So, by limit form tomparison test Yn, and v, converge or diverge together. Since }'y, converges, so Du, converges. Examples Test for convergence the series Tu, =A pew 1 Solution: Let y, ="*Landy, =I 1nd finite So, by limit form cormparison test S4, and Dy, converge or diverge together by limit form comparison test. Now, 5 iss converges, if p-1>1 iesp>2 and diverges if p-lslie, ps2. Hence yet converges if p >2 and diverges if p1 Gi) La, diverges if <1 (ii) Test fails if Example: Test for convergence the series + Solution: We have w, and lim Hee) (1-4 By Ratio Test, the given series converges. Example ‘Test for convergence the series| Solution: We have By Ratio Test, the given series converges. AI, Fest For) ia Sarah Haus Khas, Near LT New Dei 11006 Ph: 01) 2697527, Cee SPSTRDAR A 99161734, SHEATHS ‘En nafadacademycoy, Webi: wiSOs SBT ard & 123.0 Example: Test for convergence the series S752" __ ia S Sy710:.3ns 4) ' 123..m 123..n(n41) Solution: We have u, ————,, 5 = —— atom ENN tn T39. (aneay 7a0..(3ne4)|Mne 4] (+1) (1427 (i! and tim im (n-+1). Lim s where ris any positive umber, Solution: We have uy = tings Ga Now Une t} and lim lim (n+1)=20 frog] By Ratio Test, the given series converges. Example: Test for convergence the series whose n th term is ~ Solution: We have uy, ins)" ty Poh 22} (nen) Now tim meget F By Ratio Test, the given series converges. (BENG hr aa Hae as Nar Neg DEREIIG TAN, Ca. NDE TOFINO ‘Erma nfaincnem ca: Website: WN dipeeaden com1 or tetom cere Kniso 900! 2008 Certied insite —_—, Example: Test for convergence the series Put Your Own Notes ——___— | | | L mth (ty | = (EY natya(iet | ant 5 a) tim ( J By Ratio Test, the given series converges. 3 Example: Test for convergence the series «+=. for all positive values of » Solution: u, =>, uy.) =>— no ea (Qnat! 2ns)! _ 1 (2n4t).20.(2) (n=)! | ti t= tim 222+). Hence, by Ratio Test, Yu, converges. 9. Rabbe’s Test: Let a, be a postive term series such that tim of 2-11 Then we aye (i) Da, converges if 1>1 (i) Ya, diverges if !<1 (iii) Test fails if 1=1 | Example: Test for converg \ . 13.5.0(2n-1) 1 1: We have yw, =————+.— Solution: We have u, => a oESS Qn ICH) 1346. dnlQne2) “Wl areayort (1,2) L+1in) ta (ntl n) (1/2) "HAI (Fst Fr Ha Sara Hae Kas, New LLT New Dai O016, Ph (011) 2685757, Cal 9B ORATOTSN SST B anal fainmenay cont Wein; weedioicdc comty Cece iiiaey f Coes Now im —“*=1 means that the Ratio test fails. , ‘Put Your Own Notes el : So, we apply Rabbe® Test. We have Soe Hence, by Raabe’s test, the given series converges, Z13.5.(2n=1) 4n Example: Test for convergence the series Sr! 2520-1) 4a+1 246.20 "Ines" 15..(2n—1)(4n+1) 24..2n{2n+3) 1.3..(2n-+1).(4n+5) T4..(2n¥2).(2n+3) Solution: We have %i, Hast ty _2nt2 In45 2n43 2nvl ants 4st 1 (iii) Test fails if /=1 Example: Test for convergence the series whose n! term is (oi Solution: We have u, (4) (nyt > (a) (Za) (tiny id tim (up)!"=——t___1. se Fl) gape Hence, by Cauchy's root test, the given series is convergent. 718) Example: The series S*(n! ~1)' converges. = Solution: Let u,, =(n!" —1)" , so that (u,)!"" =n!" 1 Now tim (u,)!" = lim nl!" -1=1-1=0<1 Hence, by Cauchy's root test, the given series converges. {BAIT (Fst FanExample: Test for the convergence the series whose n! term is Then (u,)'" = lin(ieiay Hence, by Cauchy's root test, thé'given series converges, Example: Test the convergence of the series tim (uy)! =1.(e=1)" j 0) is convergent if p>1 and divergent sn if psi Example: The series —— is convergent if >and divergent if 3 n(log n) . O> ‘inlogn(logiogn)” .(p>0) converges p> and diverges if 0< pst 2A, (Fit Fo a Sara jez Near CLT, New D006, gal niedirrendent. com: Website: Yor In FESS, Cal TARO & OHDOT RRR soeee AT sae 4.6. 4.6.1 47. Alternating Series A series of the form m=, +u;.. where u,S0 ¥neN is called an ‘ ae alternating series and is denoted by S(-1)""'u, Example: @ Ec ye ) eo vn () “Tog? Jog3” log4 Togs Leibnitz’s Test for Alternating Series: Ifan alternating series (1), satisfies (Ma Su Vm (ii) imu, =0 ‘Then, the series }(-1)""u, converges, Remark: The altemating series °(-1)""' u, will not be convergent if either Uyat Eqs VnOF lim uy 0 Example: The — series is not convergent, as (mst) Bonny = tin [5S] = in (+ Example: Test for convergence the series )— Solution: We se that Sibi Lc} and se oa, Thus (@) yay 0 Be Leibnitz's Test, 4 is convergent Now, Hence the given series is absolutely convergent if p>1 and conditionally convergent if 0< p <1 yy" is convergent if p> and divergent if ps1 Example: Test for convergence and absolute convergence the series rua aay VRB Solution: We have ,.) 0, therefore log(n+2)>log(n+l) — (vn+2>n41) U 1 Va(ne2) Want) Thus the two conditions of Leibnitz Test are satisfied and so the given series is convergent, Now we test the absolute convergence af the given series, VM = Ugg Sty WM Wehave Su, rE. which is divergent SO Sloe Hence x, is not absolutely convergent ie., Ys convergent. i» is conditionally log3 | logd Example: The series °82 \ Solution: We have u, = “=! (na Since, tin 2D) sel HT a Sra ar a Na inte dipacdvancm Wie re send Com New Da 06 Ph rt REND, Cl RI RARE HONG READ BBNow we shall prove that 4p. $u,¥i" 2 1-2hg<0} = f(x)is decreasing function ¥ x > el? = f(ns2ssinst) vn fent2>net>el? vn) log (+2) _low(n+1) (nip ya Su, YH. ‘Thus both the conditions of Leibnitz test are satisfied and so the given series is convergent. smal nfdianden com: Wee: woe dvacnowscom 7, Cal 99184 TFTA ST PyTy Saiso soot! 2008 Coruted iets ASSIGNM: Let F be the set of all functions from (0, 1] to {0, 1} itself. it card(F) = f then §@) F is similar to [0, 1] ©.) fis less than the cardinality of (0, 1] WS f>e where cardnality of [0, 1]is © (1) F is countable Dee Ae ee Ue ec a NT SHEET - t Let 4 be the set of lines passing through the x _figin and slope is imtegrl eatiple of Then (a) A issimilarto R (d) A is simi is countably infin ‘is similar tothe set of months in a year fo the power set of R \afaalovacen If f:A—>B is a one-one map and A is 6. Consider the following statements: arena Teen ian i ccs L.. The set of ll finite subsets of the natural (a) B iscountable. rmumbers is countable (b) B is uncountable 2. The set of all polynomials with integer si) There exists a subset of B which is coefficients is countable countable a Choose the correct answer: Ap Bee (d.) None of these. * (a) Only | is true Let 4 be,an infigite set of disjoint open sub €(b.) Oply 2 is true E gr intervals of (@, 1}, Let B be the power set : Both | and 2 are true of A. Then ~ we Ed.) Both are false (a.) Cardinality of A & B are equal OY 7 Let 4 & B are infinite sets. Let f is a map (b) A similar to (0, 1) from 4 to B such that the collection of pre - images of any non-empty subset of B is non FB similar to (0, 1) ‘empty. Then choose the incorrect (4) A & B both are uncountable (a) If 4 js counjable then B is countable Match the following list! with list-IT and 6.) Such map fis always onto choose the correct & B aesiniler List-l (d.) B may be countable even if 4 is not A. Countable countable B. Uncountable 8 If f bea function with domain 4 and range C. Empty set B then which of following is correct. List-II countable =>4 countable 1. Set of transcendental elements of Rover ) A countable => B countable eg AE 4 countable 2 # uncouniable 2. Set of all function from Z> = {0,1} to NV — mn Hw (4. All of above 3. {pncett:- dn +1 ~ yn is rational} 9. Which of the following is correct? cunt fhe set of rational numbers in any ‘s interval of finite length is countable. (°,~ eae (b.)The set of irrational numbers in any @j2 3001 interval of finite length is countable. (to 2 3 (©) Every subset of uncountable set is { 3 2 1 uncountable. of % A952 13 (d.) All of above. vo ~HAIT, et ora Sara ous Khas Near TT, New DEN T100G, PRT) 2650527, Cal O9STADG K SHDOTGITI SSRN Bo isacadencontips. Saigo son aoe cored meee 10 Read the following statements 15. we R'a' is a recurring decimal 1. Sisacountable set ! 2. There exists a surjection of N onto S. number) T=tbeR: b & for some ae exists an injection of $ into disint primes) then {u) 1 iplies 2 & 3 but wot comerely (2) $ is countable but T is not {2 & 3 imply | but not conversely (b) Tis countable but is not (c.)A implies either of 2 & 3 but not both. {4 § & T both are countable sets Cr the three statements are equivalenti» (4) $ & T are uncountable sets 11. Which setis countable 16. Consider the following statements: (a) The set of all polynomials with “real 1. Every infinite set is equivalent to at least coefficients ‘one ofits proper subset. (©) The set of all subsets of « countably 2. Wa set is equivalent to one of its proper infinite set subset then itis infinite set (c.) The set A~B where A is uncountable Code: but B is countable (a) 1 is correct and 2 is incorrect (GY The set of all finite subsets of IV ( the set of natural number) (b,)2is correct and 1 is incorrect 12, If F be set of all function defined on UE) Both ae comet Ty=[L23ungn)s0EN with range Bos (4) Both incorrect (seyof positive integer) Then AT Let Ay. Agcy dy SOUS, where m be a fixed: Pn natural number. Consider following (6) F is uncountable Statements AC) F isinginite 1. If 4=f) 4, countably infinite, then there \WH F is countable if B is finite 13. “Select the correct statements exist at least one 4 for 7=1,2,..0 which He Every countable set is sinyjlar to N js countable 2. The set of all disjoint intervals is not 2M A= Ax Axx dy iS countably similar to the set of real numbers infinite. Then each 4, for i=1,2,..n is 3. The power set of N is similar 1 the set countable of real numbers. Code: ad (2.) is correct and 2 is incorrect Ss 5 an ; ea « fi) 2is comect and 1 is incorrect rar (c.) Both are correct a vara (d.) Neither | nor 2 are correct 14. Let for each pair of natural numbers (m,n) 1 How many statements isfare false? Pn be the set of polynomials of degree 1 1, Cardinality off0,1] [0,1] is the same as with integral coefficients. st are co leo) + las] +a coefficients then () Pay is countably infinite eel ee 2. Cardinality of Ris the same as the ‘ cardinality of irrationals 3. Cardinality of R is the same as the cardinality of (b.) Fray is finite for some m,n only Jat) Zero (€) P=U{PynimneN} is set of all (b.) One _ algebraic number. () Two «GE Pay is finite ¥m,neN (a) Three "HAT rt Fla Sara, 7 Khas Kear LT New DoW G016, Ph (11) 2657, Cale 9991KNG4 5 H916T TIGRE rma inf aiptcade cot: West: wre dipiacaden 020. 21. 2 Let 4 bean uncountable subset of R and 8 be a proper infinine subset of Ti, Define JB >A such that is one-one, then G44 and A~B are similar 46) A and A~ f(B) are similar fe) Rand R~ /(B) are similar YJ4) All of the above are correct. Let A, be the set of all polynomials ef degree ‘with integral coefficients, The P, is (a) A finite set with” eleinents (b.) A finite set \(@) A countable set (d.) An uncountable set Consider the following statements. S be set of all straight line in a plane each of which passes through at least two different rational co-ordinate 2. If S={x:xbe a rational point of R? @ point x=(.),x,)€ AR? called rational point if each x).x3 €@) Then (91 and 2 both countable (P41 countable and 2 uncountable (€.) 2 countable and 1 uncountable (a) L and 2 both uncountable Consider the following statements. A. Hevery subset of a set is countable then set is countable. 2. If every proper subset of a set is countable then set is countable Then (a.} | comect 2 may or may not correct (b.) 2 correct | miay or may not correct (€.) Both may or may not correct Yh) Both correct 2. 25, 26. polenon ape Te CeCn Te ag If F={4 +. countable sets let G={B; By...} By = 4 and for n>, } is a countable collection of where m -UA El Then form the following statements which islare rue, 1. G isacollection of disjoint sets 2 Ua-Ua ee 8, 3. UB; is countable * et Code: (a) Only 1 (b) Land 3 (.) 2and3 \ 43 All three ‘Which of the following islare true? (a) The set fe sxe R) isa countable set (b.) The set {logx:x>0} is a countable set (c) {sin x:—n/2<.xs n/2} is a countable set AA The set of all solutions of the equation 2 awhere = is a. complex number, is a countable set If A={(x.y):y=e' xe R} and Ba((ny)sy (a) 4ng=6 PT anaes G) AuBeR (d.) None of these Let X denote the two-point set {0,1} and Let n=, eR} then write X;={0,1} for every j=1,2,3, rT] ee correct (a) ¥ is countable set Gri cardinality Y= cardinality of (0,1) ") - Which of the following is/are 4 offs is countable jet (df is uncountable THA, (Fs Fao) ia Sara jas Kans Nev LT, New Dai i, Ph ASST, Cal HHI INLTTON RST ‘Cals invlgmcsen am Website naan om m |21. 28. Which of the following subset of E? is/are 29. NOT countable set? i ' Br {(a.b)eR las} Col {(a.0)eR? ja+begh ©) {(a.0)eR? [abe 2} (4) {(a.) eR? |a,b) U4; is uncountable im w T]4; is uncountable jal (4) [] 4; is countable fl Elementary Set The: and Countablility Which of the following sets of functions are uncountable? (stands for the set of natural numbers.) A rip} (b) {FLL {1.2} >} () {A112} 98S /2)} WALLIN 11.3}.F0) $2) Let 4=(0, 1) & 8 is the sets of all disjoint ‘open subintervals of A. then (a) 4&8 are similar (b.) There is no onto map from A to B hence 4 &B are not similar. (od There is no onto map from B to 4 hence they are not similar. dS There is no one-one map from 4 to B hence they are not similar. c DAT, Fest Foo) a Sara Hoes Rs, Near TNIps: ASSIGNMENT SHEET - 2 Let G be the set éf all irrational numbers. 7 The interior and the closure of Gare denoted ‘by 6 andG, respectively. Thea (a) G=8, G (b) G=R, (c.) @=6, We Theset {reRR:,' > 2} is same as . 8. (2.) the interval (0,0) (b.) the complement of the interval (0,1) (.) the complement of the interval [0,1] (4, the interval (0,1). The set ofall boundary points of Q in R is @R ni (b) RVG ©) (a) Empty set 1)" imsuperion {« Dn =1, fi a Ue (ajo 1 4 5 )t (4)-1 ity {sales}: then the set of all limit points of Y is i. (a) (4,0) (ey (+1. (2) [0 1} en) Which of these subsets of the plane is a bounded set? 12. (a) {(xy)eR pe +y° <10} | (63 Noss)ew ued (c) {(xy)eR lx=3} (@) fle RL? <4} The set tase {On vJeR rey Let abe any subset of such that 4 4°= (6) Sips 12 and ints where 4° is set of all mit point of 4 Then, (a) None ofthese (@) 4s uncountable . BI. sbe subset of Band inf $=sup 5. Then (b) sis finite é (c.) 4 is countable (a) s empty (d)None ofthese ~ (9s singleton Consider the set $= {x+iv:x and y are real (©) 5 finite but may not be singleton and x, ye(0, 1}. Then (d) Can't say (@) 5 is uncountable and unbounded 32. s=l(s 1) nt nest ‘Then correct (b.) S is countable and bounded st (c)) $ is countable and unbounded statement (4) 5 is uncountable and bounded (a) s has smallest element but not greatest ‘The supremum ofthe set clement sated. tt 1 (b.) s has greatest element but not smallest nn element @! (c.) s has both greatest & least element an (4) 5 bounded but have not smallest and ‘greatest element both 2 33. Which of the following is not a nbd of each, Let aa|e x43 nent then supa & ofits point? a (a) Set Q of rational numbers eee (b,) Set QF of irvational number a hee AK.) Set £ of integers (b.) 0&4 z gC ‘ ‘ &4 (d.) None of these (c. (4) None of these 34. Let S be as uncountable set and T be a set Select the incorrect statement about the set ot those eal ouabca La ace aS fusbieted teteted oot. is uncountable then which of the statements pep ts gre ry islare correct (a) The set 4 is bounded (@) 7 is countable (b) The inf 4 ist (b.) $7 is countable (©) The set 4 has its largest elements (c) Sar is uncountable (4) None of these. (4) All are correct DARI Fit Pio) ia Saal, Hse Ra New LT New DEBI Ph (11) 26STSD, Car 9 A SATAN ASNT ae] smal ntdinneademy com: Website dona36. 31. select the correct statement: t (a) Each £, is countable (b.) R—UE, is uncountable for #=1 10 n (€.) R-VE, is uncountable vie N (4) None of these, Choose the incorrect statement: (a) ScPestcr (b.) reS'e2 xe(sufx})’ where 5 is any subset of R (tt x immer} then 39, (s"y'=(0} (alu Jones Consider the following statements and. choose correct (a.) Every infinite and bounded set must have 40. a limit point (b.) Any finite set cannot have a limit point (©) Any infinite but unbounded set can’t have a limit point (d.) None of these Let EoR,E+¢. Let (1), (2) and (3) denote the following conditions: £ is infinite E is bounded E is closed (a) 1 is necessary for F to have a limit point (b)J and 2 together are sufficient for F to have a limit point (€) Land 3 together are sufficient for £ to have a limit point NG) 3 is sufficient for every limit point of £ {belong to E Which of the following subsets of Ris closed? (a) (0, JUL, JUL, 5] (6) (0. 1] () (2) (4) The set of rational numbers in [0, I} Which set isfare not open? (a) fla.aee 6, (b.) The set Qof rational number {c.) The union of arbitrary family of open set (4) All of above "HAI, (Fis Poo) Ha Sara Ha EST, Cale OPP & 99TGI TG, THOTThe sequence a, = ¥fm +nrl=n is (a.) convergent forall teal values of A (b.) divergent for all real values of A (c.) convergent for exactly one real value’ of A (4.) Convergent for exactly two real values of The least wppet bound of the Sequence (a0 () 4 ft (d.) None of these Let {a,} and {b,} be sequences of real numbers defined as a,=1 and for n21, s(-fzr, 6, <2 (a) {ay} converges to zero and {b) is a ‘Cauchy sequence (b,) {a,} converges to a non-zero number and {b,} is a Cauchy sequence (c.) {a,} converges to zero and {b,} is not a convergent sequence (4.) {a,} converges to @ non-zero number and {h,} is not a convergent sequence Which of the following sequence (a,) is monotonic: ). where a, 0 (d.) None of the above ASSIGNMENT SHEET - 3 Define a sequence 5, by s, ig = Then the limit of 5, a8 tends to infinity (iso (bist (ise (4, doesn’t exist, The sequence (S,), where Mtns (@.) Convergent (b.) Monotonically decreasing (c.) Not Cauchy (4) None of these Let {x,} be a real sequence. If sequence of even terms of {x,} converges to 1 and sequence of odd terms converges to -1. Then the sequence {x,} will (a.) Converge 10 0 (b.) Converge to 1 (€.) Converge to -1 (d)) None of these ec sy ts) Let S, ohn ‘Then the sequence {5,} (a.) converges to a finite number (b.) diverges to x2 (c) diverges to-<0 (4, oscillates Consider a mapping f from the set of natural numbers N- to the set of integers Z 2h nea nis oda defined by f(r) 7 when mis ever then, f is (a) One-one but not onto (b.) Onto but not one-one (©) Bijective (4.) Neither one-one nor onto TAT, First Foo) a Sara Har Ki Near LT, New Deli10016 Ps (HI) 0G¥7S27, Cal POIRGN 99916174 RECT ermal infladexaden com: Website wn disacademcom _1. 12. 13. 14. Let a). a» be postive ceal numbers and let 15. Then the a, =4(d,44.,) for 22 sequences {a5} and fa, (a) are not bounded (b.) both diverge t0 2 (©.} both converge to the same limit (d.) both converge but to different limits, Consider the sequence 4,0,4.10,4.11,0, 4.1110, . Then 16. (a) converges to at - (b.)is divergent (©) is unbounded (d)is not convergent and has supremum / ay a 17. ee} forall neN. Then Let x, + the sequence {x} (a) does NOT converge (b.) converges to 0 l (€) converges to > - 1 (d) converges to Let p(x) be a polynomial in the real variable x of degree S. Then tim 2) is (ays 1 0 (4) TE oceed, thenthe sequence a, =(c'+4")"” 19. (a.) is bounded and monotonically decreasing (b.)is bounded and monotonially increasing (c) is monotonically unbounded far L0,¥iis @) (b) eee (6) 444+, (4) 4 Let (x,)be a be a monotonic sequence. Then (x,-,) convergent sequence and {y,) (a.) Always converges (6) Converges if (x,)is monotonic (c.) Converges if (x,y,) is monotonic (d.) Converges if (y,)is bounded 21, Ft Flora Sara Hans Kha Near LT New Beis PLs (12653597, Cals SBVIRDA3 ODT, KSRITS Eminence: West: we nace com20. a. 2. 2. 4. Ips: Consider the 1 sequence }meN with = Tis sequence nln (a,) is increasing and bounded (b,) increases t0 (c.) decreases to 0 (d,) decreases to a positive number The sequence {S,}, where 5, siegtte 3-2 (21) A Cauchy sequence (©) A convergent sequence (©) Cannot converge (d) None of these St ‘The value of Yim) is, Tn tke (a) 22-1) (b.) 2-1 (c) 2=V2 (ay 08-0) Consider the sequence {a,} of real numbers where @,> Land a, nel. Then the sequence {4, } is (a.) bounded but not monotone (b.) not bounded but monotone (c.) both bounded and monotone. (@)) neither bounded nor monotone. Let (a,) be a sequence of real numbers define hand ¢, as den" rational tems in (a) , irrational terms in (,) Then fa) (b,} and {c,) both are subsequence, of a.) (b) Both (8,) and (c,) may fail t0 be subsequence, of (a,) (c.) At least one of (b,) and (c,) is always a subsequence of (a,} (d.) None of the above 2s, 26. 21. 28, 29, errors SCD in sequence (is x, (2. does not exist Let the sequence {x,},,, of real numbers converges to a non zero real number a and let a-x,. Then mm,.(x,,J,} converges to (a) aalways (b) 0 aways (c.) max{a,0} (4, min{a, 0} Let {x,| be an unbounded sequence of non- zero real numbers_Then, (a.) {%} must have a convergent subsequence () {4} cannot have @ convergent subsequence wo {4} must have a convergent subsequence (4) {4} cammor have a convergent subsequence. Let {a,} be a sequence of real numbers. Let b=a,+a,,, for n=1,2.... Which of the following is always true: (a) I {2,} converges, then {4,} converges. (b.)If {a,} converges, then {b,) diverges. (€))If {ay} converges, then {2,} converges. (4, {a} is a subsequence of {6,} =1. The sequence {x} (a) diverges (bx, is monotonically increasing and converges to 0 (c.)x_ is monotonically decreasing and converges to 0 (d.) none of the above THAT, is Foe Sa San iNew Da ingen a30. 31. 2. crs 35. Let {x,} be sequence of real numbers such what lim (x where c is a positive see seal number Then te sguence {+} (a) is NOT bounded (b.) is bounded but NOT convergent (c.) converges to ¢ (a) converges ‘0 0 . If (a,) is a convergent sequence then 1 )= tim (a, fa)» (bj ~ fhe (40 Suppose a>0. Consider the a, = «(lea -Ja}, n21. Then (a) lima, does not exist sequence (b) lish, =e (©) lima, =0 (d.) None of the above. There is bijection from the set of natural number to (a.) The set of all sequences with entries as 0 & Lonly (b.) The set ofall transcendental wurber (c.) The set of all unit circles in the Cartesian plane (a) None of these eA] - (a)l (b.) 1 (c.) (dj e a(t Saat 2 Then tima,= (@) 2(a,-a)+ae" (6) 2(a,-a)e" +0, (6) Ya-a,)e"+a, (4) 2(a,-a)e*¥4, 36. 31. 38. 3. Which of the following is‘are correct? (a) ntog| t+ () (nou ved otans ( ©) lel @) ne If {x} and {y,} ate sequences of real numbers, which of the following is/are true? (a) limsup(x, + y,)$limsupx, +limsup y, (b) slimsup(x, + y,)2 timsupx, +limsup y, (e) tiuint(s,+),)s (4) limint (x, +5,)2 liming x, + liming», Hf (c,) is @ sequence of real numbers such that for some fe R, define @ set K={neN:a,¢ (I-el+e),ve>0hif Kis bounded, then choose the incorrect (a) 1 is a limit point of (a,) but {o,) may fail to be convergent (b.) (a,) is monotonic. (©) (a,) is a Cauchy sequence () (a,) is bounded but need not be convergent Let (2,} and (2,) are two sequences. Then choose the incorrest (a)If (2,48) and (a,b) are both convergent. Then (a,) and (b,) are convergent &) are both b, convergent. Then (a,) and {b) are convergent (cyl (a+) and (a,-0,) are both convergent. Then (a,) and (,) are convergent (Aji (a,+8,) and {e,~6,) are both convergent. Then <2,.b, > convergent (e)it (a8) and [an Fy in Sava Har Kha, Near ET, New De 11016, Ph (01) 207927, Ca OOOTRR & HT6I TSG RESIS ‘Ein nti com: Website www aipsteadeancom40. al. 42, 44, Ips: ‘Aniso a00 | 2008 Coreed teste Which of the follow s 45. Choose the correct statements (a.) Every bounded sequence has a Iimit point (b.) There exist an onto map from any set to its power set (3 Set of polynomials Over R is a countable set (4) Every sequence has subsequence a monotonic Which of following isate Incorrect statement (a.) Every sequence contains a monotonic subsequence : (b.) Every limit point of the sequence is the limit of the range set of sequence (©) If a sequence has a unique limit point then it must be limit of the sequence (4) The set of disjoint intervals in Ris an uncountable set. 47. Let {x,} and {y,} be two sequences of real numbers such that «, $y, 3, (a) {y,} is bounded sequence (b.) {x,} 18 an increasing sequence. (c.) {x,} and {y,} converge together. (@) (x, is an increasing sequence. Let (a,) be a sequence of real numbers defined as a=) [ed nica 48. Then which of the following is correct: (2) (2,)is oscillatory (b) If lim inf (2,)=aand lim sup (a,)=6 then a, (a,b) for vneN (©) S=flima, (a) isa subsequent of (a) is finite (d.) None of these convergent Breen cE tr Which of the following is not possible about (a) & convergent is convergent but (a,) is non {.) (a) is convergent but (2) is non convergent (©) (a,) is convergent but ([a,|) is non convergent (4) None of these For the sequence {x,} where ett which of 35 ant" following is/are incorrect statements (a) {s,} is a Cauchy sequence. (b.) {3,} is a convergent sequence (c.) {s,} is a bounded sequence (4) None of these A Cauchy sequence in Q which does not brave a limit in Q is If {a} is @ sequence of real numbers with limsup a, =1, thea (a) Set of values taken by {a,} is nota finite sat (b.) {a,} is convergent (©) {a,) is bounded (4) {a,} cannot diverge to +0 TSAI Fst Fors Sa Hae Ks, New ai in Dali 11006, Ph (01-2655, Cal 999 RSE 99 GITSG, RIOT cade cou, Welt: wo dienadeny comeee RTS a: 49. L Sdotseors aoos Coruna state If», is.a sequence of positive terms then uy me ay lim “22 > fim “2 uu (lim (c.) limu,!" stim ea meu, » (a) limy,!" < tim“ fey mu, Let {a,},{a} &{c,} be sequences of real numbers such that b, = a., & ¢ Then {a,} is convergent (a) implies {6,} is convergent but {c,} need not be convergent (b.) implies {c,} is convergent but (2, need rot be convergent (c)implies both {8} and {c, convergent } are (d.).implies both {4,} and {c,} are divergent "HAF Fw) Ja Sra Har Kha New LIT New Doi 1016 Pas (OA) 2OEVSDT, Cae OER & SPOCTTIN, ASHROATD F smal: iffiacademy.com: Webs: wn dlaeacaden comm 14ASSIGNMENT SHEET-4 1 2. “3. if" mis odd + if miseven Then (a.) Both (2,) and 56, are convergent (b) Both (2,) and S02, are divergent (c.) (b,)is convergent but 5°, is not (4) D2, is convergent but (a,) is convergent Consider the sequence (= and the series $V" Then (a) the sequence converges but not the * series. (eythe series converges but not the sequence, (c) neither the series not the sequence converges. (4))both the series and the sequence converge. 1 Which of the following conditions does NOT ° ensure the convergence of a real sequence (b) Ya, -4,] is convergent (©) Sina, is convergent 8. (a) The sequence {a,},{a,..} and {ay} are convergent. The series L{Aeeo} is (2) Convergent (divergent (c.,) oscillating infinitely (4, oscillating finitely The sum of the series equals @e es 0) (ec) 2 Ory Let {a} be an increasing sequence of Positive real numbers such that the series is divergent. Let S,=)'a for (ata In each of the following cases, which of the series is absolutely convergent. @ Se" ow Dey ned 2n3 ©) YA (d.) None of these Let {x,} be a sequence of real numbers so . with ¢ finite. Then (a) {%,} may not be bounded (b,) [%,} must converge to x (€) {x4} must converge to x +e (d) {x,} is bounded but not necessarily convergent mal infinacademy cos Web: wn dinaden.om 2a Pa Fos) is Sara RNa ee DADE PR GATED, Ca 99RD RET AE * 2Bpean 10. ML. Ay Let Sa, and S72, be two series, where I (yn Then (a) both Ya, and )'4, are absolutely convergent (b.) Ya, is absolutely convergent but "5, is conditionally convergent (e) Sa, is conditionally Convergent. but ie 13, Sb, is absolutely convergent (a)both Ya, and Ya, are conditionally convergent We are given a convergent series Sa, , where a,20 for each m. Which of the following correctly describes the behavior of ian Ts the series YX", 1s ps2? (a) Diverges when p=1, but converges for ped,2) (b.) Converges for every pe[l,2] (©) Diverges when re Lj bur converses 5 for pe|>,2 a di | (4. Diverges for every p<[l,2] 15. Consider the series ly and +. Then (a)both the series converge to the same value. (b.)both the series converge to different values. (c.) both the series are divergent. (4, first series is divergent and second series is convergent. Nereus Ia Let fx! {a} be a sequence of positive real numbers. A sufficient condition for {xy} to hhave no convergent subsequence is, (@) frosnal> baa ane Wythe st frets (Ties for 2 {n,} of natural numbers. every increasing sequet (G)None of the above. If the terms of this oscillating series are Pat Ze yi grouped pairwise 3 then the resulting series becomes (a) Convergent (b.) Divergent (c.) Oscillate finitely (d.) Oscillate infinitely Which of the following series is divergent? =i Aw The largest interval in which the series > converges . (a) For xwith -I0) implies the convergence of 3" Select the correct answer sing the codes given below (a) 2and 3 (b) 1 and 3 (c) Land 2 (4) 1, 2and3 Seater | 1%. Let the series Su, has bounded partial series, then the series u,v, is convergent if the sequence {v,} is (a) Monotonic and bounded (b.) Monotonic and converges to 2e10 (2) Bounded and converges to 2er0 (4) Bounded and monotonic which converges to zero, 20, If p is a real number, then the series it sty bide. to. is convergent for vaaeoiaT Be @) pro (b) p> (c) p>2 (a) pet 21. The series towis 14725736 (a) Convergent (b.) Divergent (c.) Oscillating (d.) Converges conditionally 2 |. is convergent for (nat (a) ket 2 (oy aot (@) ket (4) All values of & 23. Let (2,) is a non-negative real number sequence s.t. }\a, is convergent. If p is a Ve real no, st, 54 F diverges then @) pe(01) (6) pe[0.1] (c.) pe[0,1) (a) pe@1) "HAT, Pst wr Sa Sar —=———— Email infoidiose came Web: Wwe coe 16, Ph (IPAS, Ca NAD RINT NASTead 2B Let fayrayaynu} be a sequence of real 24. ‘ numbers. For any &21, let 5, (a) log + 3 Which of the following statements are 3 correct? (b.) log > ()IF sim s, exists, then Yay exists (c)) log mo 5 (b) IF tim 5, exists, then 3° ay need not (a) log> * oe md ‘ exist 2. a>0 ’ ‘ray (c) If Ya, exists, then tim s, exists. es oe (a.) Converges for all a>1 (b.) Converges for a0 (G)If Yay exists, then tim s, need not (c.) Converges for «20 exist, (4) Div for all a < . 29, If Ya, is absolutely convergent, then which 26. Which of the following series are mt convergent? of the following is NOT ture? eae (b.) Sa,sinn is convergent. (c.) Ye is divergent, () YAsin| (d.) None of these “5 (d.) Ya} is divergent. 27. Consider the sequence of rational number mi 1 > ie, the sequence To" 30, Using the fact that is 4, =.1, @,=.1001, gy = 100100004 etc. au}. where 4: = equals Which of the following is true? : (a) This sequence is bounded and convergent @) in Q r boy! (b.) This sequence is not bounded. 2 (c) This sequenee is bounded, but not a Cauchy sequence (d.) This sequence is bounded and Cauchy but not convergent in @ ) e { First Floor) dia Saal, Haz Khas, Near LL.T., New Delh-110016, Ph (@11)-26537S27, Cel: 999183484 & 989716173, ASRSBATES. Email nl‘alanacaecom: Webi: dinsaeadmy 0REET ag eta 2 3B. 34. Pick out the series which are absolutely convergent: i 35. (ay Sy 28 where we is a fixed real number. ) Sey ee © Ser (4) None of these . Itis given thatthe series $a, is convergent, but not absolutely convergent and a, =0. Denote by 5, the partial sum So,,£=1,2, Then “ (a) 5.0 for infinitely many & (b) s,>0 for infinitely many 4, and s, <0 for infinitely many & (c) Weis possible that s,>0° for all « (d)It is possible that s,>0 for all but a finite number of values of & 37. If Ya, is series of positive & negative term and Yg,, Sp, are series of negative & positive terms respectively and if S'a, is conditionally convergent then (a) Lp, is convergent but Sg, not (b) Lp, is divergent but Dg, not (c) Xp, & La, both are convergent (d) Lp, & Yq, both are divergent Choose the correct answer, where a, 20 (a) If £4, is convergent then Za, convergent is also 38. (b)If Za, is convergent then EJa, is also convergent (c)If Ea, is convergent then re is also convergent ()KE Ba, is convergent then». i=a, (provided a, +1) is also convergent, Let Y's, be a series of real numbers. Which of the following is true? (a) If Sx, is divergent, then (s,) does not converge to 0 (IE Sx, is convergent, then Fx, is absolutely convergent ju y is convergent, then x +0 as (4)If x, 40, then Sx, is convergent If Za, be a convergent series and a, >0, YneN then the catrect statement (a) Bay aya i8 convergent (b.) Za? is converge ©) wl (d.) None of the above t convergent Let (a,) and {p,) be two sequences of real mumbet such that a, =5,-b,,, for nel Then (a) Convergence of a, implies the convergence of (b,) not conversely (b) Convergence of Sa, implies the convergence of £5, but not conversely (c.) Convergence of Ea, implies and implied by the convergence of (b,) + (d) Convergence of ¥p, implies and implied by the convergence of (a,) The alternating series S°(-1)""u, converges it) is a’an (a.) Decreasing sequence which converges to ze10 (b.) Increasing sequence which converges to ze10 (c.) Monotone sequence which converges to zer0 (a) Strictly monotone converges to zero sequence which ‘HAT Pest Fora Sara Hawa Khas Neo LT New DoBVI0016, Ph (Dp 2GSS07, Cle BOTH & ONT RSS mai eunalsacade ve Webster stcaden.comWhich one of the folfowsing series is convergent? (4) xe ee ext +. toa oe, where [x| <1 40. Teg e TET LUscy Select the incorrect statements (a) Finite set has infinite number of limit points (b.) The sequence 1+r+r° +46", where -Isr<1 and néN is bounded above but not bounded below. ()1F u>0%n then mye, converge or diverge together (4) Set of real number except the integers which are multiples of 2 is uncountable set 78411, (Fist Feo) a Sara Hows Khar. Near FTN Dali [HL Ph (1) 25SHEN7, Cae 901K & SOTO, RRNA /adinacnden ce. Nee: ww donesdcny se Ema