Vadsypreotion of Eunelamontal Sols : v ~ fAmrT mtisra — \e on\\6 C>( et of complex rumhox ese eas ) JER dt yn Ro Seto alrnbey lsclonal > Sot TNuumbory, % Rational a Exachén 2 alp -— Nath g {0? hachin Indes “ae NWOACOCREE 2 £12 3,Y 4203 and ™ Zn* $01, a, --- N19Qu $2 > ek dobimd by HOt) =A as onto 9 ket faye fly =) > Hoh => met Yo X= 4 tum f(y > x? is on - ont Ip t= ~Y Hum fa) =3? ih set ons ~ont wt -y4 Wy Thon FU)=%™ asone—ont alhaays. Bt Pe Zp PZ 5 dlefinad by Fle= Ua ib mony Zio = [0y1,25--. 92 CEZ buch that flc)= Yo =o amd SEZ Such that f(5)- $4 = 20-0 Flo)= o~ fis) But OF 6 1 Zp Than P(X) = YX 46 net ons—onJ. Que fF: Z6 926 dofuned by flay- Sx ont -ome 7 2 = £0j1, 2,3, 4, 53 Fl) > S020 FW2 Greg £2) =S2sJory f (3) =S3=23Homer qfism pig unas ined F(a Jn SH ont — onl AN Ze DZy ip ca af & and 1 28 ont ythen fuckin omt -ont © fi 29 Zn_y FOL) = aX bend We £269 Ze defined by fe=-Ax 4 AeZ ds one-one ? 26 = {0,1,2,3,4, £3 FI) =0.% > floy= oF FI) > Not one- fl) =ak4 > fl=o= Fiz > Net emt ome ft) = 84 > fl) 7 O= F(&) D Not ont-ons f(t) = 4k > fo) 0 = f(5) 7 Not ono—on FQ) = Z f(a) = 6X Hole f:25->Zy olefinsel by fiu= QI 3 AE%n 4 om- om if Ged Gyn) = | Qu $120? Ze ofinsal by FOr Ay » AE Zp How sma nk - ong mapping ? Azl2Yy 4, 8,11, 13 and (4, fermauniig mat ont ong These ae exactly § ane one cma png : g aww ont - one.que: Lys Fas dahinad ‘ny #0 = a0 ll ina nany ont-cnt mappong, (Rb = da) fe RyBe Hy 8 Hy By Fy N92, 13514, 16, 14, 1B, 1, a, Bd, 23 AY Thor oxen exactly Xo ont-one “mapping Onto Mapping AA emappeng f: ROB 2 Aaud t6 be emto magpurg -if pot each YeB tre count LEA Auch thad fox) 2Y Qu fF. ZH dpacel by f=x> as onto ? wh fae 3 2 023 zet[sda Thon fay w 48 not ons fo, Qu. fi Ze D2 5 fed = AX Ad onto? ag 2 fy 298,45 2 faa > ad gaye aa ATO Onto beans fo jerg "abed woe oe emt FO = ada Y F(g)= 2&3 =O se 6b ty ~ OD -LDaumulosly Fi)= 3x 4 fe Ut amd FO) -o4 aK alto not onfo mmagpong dn f: 26 3Ze FU = 4 amd ft) = 54 we onto onappig. Hee F2 2m>2m defimecl by faye aa Xs onto — 4 gcd (Qn) = | Noe F938 ahem Ile and 1B) =m No. of “appoiig > yy Our 4 m= Then Om -Onk mapping _, 1! JAY = |B} =m thom + (mumber) of, onto mappunsy — Of one-one snapping = nt Gove bam Thum # Of ont-one “maggeting a ™g ln Thee is 2 ono onappung. ene I nym No. Ont - one m-! of cm mapping 2%, (ont)Qu inie a and 16\ =a Thon Hoo wares ont ont and hyo ovamy ond mappa, Tad mappurg = aes y 4t of Ons ome mapping = [2 = of, 7 one regtog = lk = & PMH) = 2, ce PA) fection ol the Set i lwcttben of Te AA ama. omply act P 4b (altel Getidum’ of the 34 Xp ty bP (iy) UR =X Rep (ny yy EP) BePand AB ten ANB = > dus A add Omdacning thswe Clemords then hoo _ oman gasdibion of the Act? fet x= £01603 thon Klos 33 0 fa,b,c2 UH 3B Lab 3ges @ Cbs03 Ja @ (arcf 05 A Soe? Ch2 ¢¢7?yuk AU Comaumung edo Comes Then hy ; ? "many puadilion oy Hy set ¢ O72 fa,b3 - - 2 Oat > Pa) = PUHD= é "ey Ct) @>t ROS 8b | C, Plo) cP) > He & note oa 4el contarning (it) element thon the Of pardution of the sat iy Pt) = os "Ce Fle). Plo) =| 7 Pwr) Que tind P(3) 3 PCH) a P= Per= ¢ %, pe) 420 = 8G Plo 8c PUt Re, PLR) SFR a 2 ge 3 Pi) = Pon= 3 3 La Cz P(R) FX roth, put So Pla) +%, (3) = FB F Bg se = 157Qu Bid PCS) (6) = PUA) = S [fre = 52) w n _¥ y cee Ce P(t) = 3 Ce Plt) =o “tae, + Mey Pla) + 6,03) + He, C4) VAG RIAU X SE CYS mt sags — = BY+ DA 20F IE Pie | 5%, Pla = 7 L$ (2 e@ ga + + PU)? 7 ei, = 1S + + + + PS) a IS do At BT = Soh POs sa 64 84 Hy (S51 = &oS Noles of, equutualoncr -telelion let at X%,bEX and byo thom Hose exist unique (3199 amd & ain 2 such td Q> bd4% , who o-<% geal (-Ayb) =9cd(Qy-b) = gal b4y geal (050) = does nit exast(asaatest Common uteoas Ltaez and bex uth O40 ok b +40 The gsuateat common diabos Oh Gama bio the pasitig sndeper o auch Hut ¢) Aa and fb dnd a) Ca amd C/b tron C/of Frid gel (123 78, 305y) 18948 = 305Yxy+163 18= &340 3054 = WAxigeigg 16 = \8e0tay Coed (12878 5 3054) =6 88 = auxs+ig eS ON = Bit ¢ . kt aand b aw two te sok 3) Land % 4m Z Auch trot A= bat 5 who oc % dijabg and ai/h Dd )4% and Ay |b 7 dy = gcd (byt) =) At do. © Nowy da = ged lbp) them ch/b amd d2/4 2 dr/b amd do] bay+ > d/h and oo /q 2 olt= geal (a, 4) ; 2) olsfd, @ Bam @ é @ da =d>. =) 4d (Ayb) = ged (by #) Nate r fees tol Ce b) = gcel (by) = eo FR len ” —— =9¢d Cha, tn) = Sinn gad (2n 10) tm Fatt =0 = en sy 2 = = eS mnue a= 2H, b= 18 a Qy= WBXltG \= 6X3 +0 acd (4,18) =6 ged (4,8) > god(i8,6) = gcd (650) =6 Qe d= ged(ayb) thon thor exnit Hamed Y din 2 Such thet ol> Ait by. Jot A= bgp whww 6 s£ b- (a-b4)4, tis b- agi4b79, = AXC4)+ b(1+94)) 2 A, = GAtbY oh x--9, 4 Yaltgo » % 4s acd (a,b) a Qu lo= AUSY tind x andy? a= 3, b= Q GF= AN+)yea = 1 = 3xit &C1) = Ax() + 3x] le QL 434 whee = -1, Yo) \Xlo= & Cia +300) X= -l0, de to Que 4 afe and ble with gcel (a,b) =) them — ab] 2 SL ged (4b) = 1 then tha ext Gye x Auch that l= art by —o Cxl = Caxpeby = —— @ Noo lb ale ton 3 tex such the c=at ———. and ip ble thm 3 3Ex Such Hat C= b4 — ® Deon 4 0,0, fs ® C= abbx that > c= abl by) =) abe Ber afb and acd (,5)=] tam O/C."ik gala, = buch Hal | aed ten I Hy Ew ¢ = aCL4oCy _ Bfac and o/b =) a/ Act bey =) alc A Lineax ]. axtrby = a y= has a sotili «es ol = ged Cb) “hb anh aateby = ¢ —~@ 294, the Ole + bYor¢ a Of Aarby=¢ Hen a= qcala,b) than dh and o/b | AA=dt and bzdd whe t)b¢ Bum 9. Oe @) oe: ° ota, + olsy, = of A (txt bY) =C > dir (Caen n) bolCmesay, Ae tum 3 Ez ch that C-dk —W® ye d= gcd(ab) teem 3 Gye Zz Such that al = axtbh > d.k=Qky4bk JC WAY, whew 1,- KxEZ amd, = k Tham oy4 hoe thr Aalidion of a QakEbY = C Ene = bot example B= “074 pened x Fy ? ged (49,7) = 7 but FY 18 Thun 18 = 49x 47Y had no dolitim, Qu oo = Hat + doy fund x oye Ha = doX8+ 1a, 4= Id- 8x} do = 1x) +¢ = Ie (Ro -lax1X! e = BA\ +4 = AXA -doX| = UXR+46 a (ng- 8X3) XA -do; selon =y = 17AAd~ Bo xty Mine 5 Thee exist @ Solty “T3RA+ doar Vda toy = 4y URAS = MEX tory A= So, Ye Uo,EL kot+ FY = Go gol (dey) = 5(50 2 Wort S4= 30 has bobllion olo = SXYL0 = OXB4E 5 = &o-5K3 = Xoxy+ 5x(-3) 6KE = HOX6+SX CIB) L=6, y = -1R Qu de ged layb) thon ged (fr F)= 1 If al= cd (a,b) the 3 tsy on Z duch thot a= aatby — © l > Fat be b 44a, aos alan Lbecauhe eg e Body “6 hes dahihn + Sunce a of | ase | ancl-] Bit Yel vo = ged ($- +15) =] Bample. (9) 16> Geol (16,2) y them all By) @ a = ged (44 fo), Then qed (£ (41 8) /utp Foy Yo be Fhe Solubion af Linea “quocion 0 cpinphanbine GF. aactbyeC thom ather solidi is xis gt Rt and y’ = Se tex ae Loh d= ged (yb) = et aaty=c ——O and qed (Q_b) =o trum alfa 3 A/b =) Qt and bold 1 how %,5€2 -——® ld 4 ne the doludin of aarby = C then Aor bys ¢ — fd Kew Suppose x's y! be He otux solution of &%. © then aul toy! = bm © 7 © © Ato thy, = ax'+by! alsa) = dblY-y’) ——@ Gum 4. © and OD AxtH A) = Ad M4) Awl) = YY!) —— Now pun @. EO Ad /e(xL%,) > $/o') gts) = 17 \ alt = at IRS ft! - %4+6tparm 4. (RE) CAP 2at = dled) YGo-Yl= at te = Yo tt > po SC Qu esate he) 9 yey he ty olution ofp Huis a, then find cfure avaliion Sol gap ay = | = (i) let ul sy’ be other Sabuhim af 29.2 , Hum gia tte t amdly’ = Yo Bt Be tsb amd y's okt, tex byt t 20 9 Thom a fut t=t 4 then C2 143 = 2d 4! sia =cl Wb fea-}, Yon xy = -|-3 = -Y Go= \Fa = 5ut Einad emote than ove Solution of the 4. * x4 84 = lo —O let x? amd y’ be the other Solukon of the 2. © gs tht, yley- At a oa gcd 618) =, Afo => ey mutt have Sollction Qa ATR aia-5+$-Fy aie 8-£t 6& =3xao = B- 6X Pd too DX'=-5, y=s AXS= BXS+6(-8) Bb tal Dale-lyyad t=-5, ¢= 5 fuk te-l DEF, 4!- 8 Quz 1844 aoy= A, Eind Solulirn, Ged (16 920) = HA bq. has na Aalulion Bu Alrmodym) and L= b(-modens) Xe arm amd X= b-mk! Qtmk= b¥m_ Dab=™ teem k! S) Ce mitmy —@ Xe-KS Ga Lp geo (71,52) Ja thon ay. has linw a fon stage M71 is Adil to. ng pase mam has Craclly to positing chicisor ( tay Cand ited) Examepe ae 48555 Ty lI, 13, - ae, tages @ 8. ans salaialy prime a Co. Pramt and a=} >) Thr aver ex ey +00 ¥ . Qu Hoo any sibs one seladanly Aura to Sol BR ages cree sclecbiuely pring to 1.Que pub a peut mw, One P)ara,..aq THe p10; for domi , 227 Sl Pla, Ym seaubt ib ok ye Ppa, tun gel (fai) =! D P la.ag---An UP ]as. 5 thon sasult th ol Up PXas 5 Tum P [Ascy--- An Sumas P leanty thom Aedult 5 ok HPO, tem Pay Gut), 05% Pe them WO P=Pi for domo s ® 1 RP; “pore pms @ pr ej por Aves p< Pg fo Aome i York: PR “Yre pesibtlly of pare Iy-1, Ais Pj becuse Pr is prune, \y-1y ~Pi are met pdm = P= PRTain Ban ~ Too Pawn mumbos Pama f (pep!) deid to be turin Baume i php = Q AE P= % and plas Q) pe Nand F'=13 Nee acd Gybyc) = GA [9c aybd.c7 = goa (get (ayc),b) = 94 (Fel(b5c),) (Catthast 400 victapers nnd Zero") Lem Commion ; - Lert (leat conmion rubieple) \eb 04.06% and 0¢bE 2%. Thm Lem ch Gamd b 4s the tye thee om Auch that : OQ ale and b/m and ® wale and wie thm m/c LOM (0,0) = das mot exiat LOM (Joy) = dos mot cust Lem (a) = 6 LOM (246) = 6 Lom C2,-6) = 6Kalalum betsoam geo (Ob) ame LEM (a yb) let aro and bso thon Lom (,b)x Creel (a,b) =aQhb * 4 ato 5 b+0 then LCM [a5b) gedl (ab) =12-b] v-ng Q= b (modmy ) if 1 |a-b Fox exp “0 6= modu) P Noo 46-8 4 thon 6 cmd ig Cong sunt to & madulo y. @ 6 = 3 (mady) P 4 6-3 tron 6 4 3("medy)) Qug “71 and a, bsCyd et Antoperd © A= @ (angn) (Q az (amodn) Hon beore cf 4 xw &) tb GS b(amedn) amd b = C (modn) thm a=clmoln) Oly a= b(rmedny and C= dt-medn) Shon atc = btd (omodn) © ya= b bmadn) amd C= A (omen) Fram _ a.¢ = bo (medy) © Y= blrmedy) tun AC = bt{onodn ) a Ub ae bo Cmedn) than akz BK (nodn) whoa K=1)2j3,--- fo OD mo 3 nla-a > QE Q@ (mod) © y ae b(mocln } tum n [ab > n |- forb) = N/b-q > bzalmatn) 6 az blmedn) tron nm] ab Q-bo= kn Ké 2 hy = C (emodm) them N{b-¢ ‘ b-c= hn _@ Kee alana on 2 | GA-h LR(kaitka)y ») n/a-c >) az C (modn) . CG) YY az blomedn) =) a-b= kim @) ex C ed(medn) 3c-d=kem —®© kez Now [ator (btd)- @b) + (cd) kin + kay = CkKitki)n = ky (k!= KrkRe klex ™ |atc)-lb+d) >) atc = dbto (modn) 6) yas blmeda) 2D abe Kym —@ Ms ced (mdn) +) Cd= kn —© a= b+kin Kuk €22 C= dlt+koy ac = btkm)(dtken) = bo + bkem + Kind + Kikeon-y ac = bd 4+n( bk +dAk) +Kiken) Ac-bd = (bkaddki + kuken )y 31]te bd" > ace bdjonodn)(8) a=b tmodn) C=C (modmy) Thon Born @ AC = ve (med) Noe Ye acs bC (mod) thon a= b(omedn) ? lL = (med Jo) 6X = 1.8 (modjo) But 64 I(mod|o) Hemet ut is rot tue.” A= b Cnelm) 8 A= (omedn) a.Q = ob (med) a> = b® (anedn) A> 2b Je (mod ) bk (mod ) - Ub ak = (medm) , Hun az bl (mod), 9 S*z 3 (neg) Bact 3 Alaneds) Bnet Pure.th AC = BC (mon ) Thum a = b (mod 4)’ toner d= geel (en) ac = be (snedm) ac = be +kn Qc- be = kn (Ae =kn — @ ue d= geal (Cyn) >) dle and a/n D C=dt amdn=ds —— RED SI Bum 9. © and di @b= Kdd Qo) = kd 5 /%Q-b) Sumet Geol (#53) =] > 4/ab > a= b (mas) Qe b¢-anad 2) ev ays 44(1med io ) 64 = IM(omod lo) = lo_ bel (mod qed (4, to) ) Aot fo J eyst BB = 3 (-moal 10) N21 (med ty) Note Ye PXC and ac be C-mealp) thon A= b Cmedh ) Wa KC them ged Cpscdet Now AC = lo¢ med ) a = blmalp) Lintar Comppunces smadlubon ax = blmeda) us cabled! Liraas Cong. tomers madly 1, Ges axeb Cnedn) has q Acbilion th a/b vohus al = qed (a,0) HM gaz blmdn) ——O ans b+ Kn 5 KEx aken(-kK)=b @ fy @ had Sobadiim yy ol 4 whoa A qella,n) QL=Eb (mda) yas Alin Af Mb BR Ya ea (ome g) has doLulion? Ach (448)-4 and Ufa Thy Y= Qlamodg) hes vo Aobitinus uid the Aabilion B= 1 (mod jf) Geol (8 1) =| and Wr : =) 3X=] (modi! ) has a Anlubion' I = 8xg4a S = ax) k= IXR+o L= 3-ax| L= 3- (3x3 DX] l= UxB-NXl = 342 1 (modi) =) 34= jt Ik gk E 2 Sat EK) =] —— Buon @. @ and Kx) 5 uae qt a4 Bxyt xe) ——@) Bus Show thab —q= y-a (meal ) Sol ah amd n/-7 N /-an-a =n /-a- t-a) ~Q= wa (modn) Ep “32. moda) ~13 (modi) = -! ASQ (mod ia fa 4 7 ke 8gut YES We (MOLT ) ~~ ye 4 {omod 1): Qt Eund Salucion of x=) (mad 100) BL too = 3841 eS LxX3+0 \ = bo +3033). — © Bom 4. ©) t= -33 ~332. lo0-33 (mod too ) ~ 33 = 64 (modioo) Ws 64 Qut Salton of UX = Qlmodjo) ? sa BAK = U (mod jo) gt = 1 (mods) Bum 9 © ged (ys) =) amd Ml ate) mods) has @ Aalution Se Andy) A= 1xdto l= S-aXA =) ) = Bt 2xl-A) 2-d& ang -2 23 (ned5) xz 3(smo0ds )ud K=0 dn RD frm 1= 3 fut K=) um 7 thm { = 8 Thon t= amd x29 are Aolutim of eq. UX= &(mod Io) nae ax. blamed) and geal (ayn) = of wail el b thm ax = blmmedn) ab ekackl al Aolution with suspect to modula 1. Hunt Jet cla ged yn) then am Yb then ax= bemodn) has Solalion Qx = lotnk , AIENCK) = b Suppode x' be the ather dalation them a= a ct CE fut F=041y9, ~~ d+] ase qpien clitfeend Aphid vo.%.t- omodulo fa tod 3 rage Wh x= Gt F x abn pow win =X (-noden )“Thon Lot" Came Lasuthn as Leniax Combunall. ~ of % W.t.4 module 0. Bur = Sole Urs 8(omod 1a) qed(4y ey) = 4 amd 4/3 amd thm UX = 8 (mod) hos exartly 4 Sntition w.r.t modulo 1g Now, yx = 8(modl i) X= A(m0q3) > r= 48K —— fur K=0 tun X= & fr Ke} thin = > fur Ke & , tnt =8 fut K= 3, Yen t= 11 Qu Salve ~1X=6 (“med] lo) 4X = 8 Omod Yo) —) “Ty =) (mod Yo)’ Yo = 1X54 4s bx) 48 9 T= AxAt| & = \Xadto to 6 aKa = 6- USAR = Sx3~1Ke es fh. sur \¥dD) oa @1= MOAST HCTF) Qa- 2 az wet modulo yo Noo, “X= 8 (ned Yo ) Xe 617 (omeel ya) X= 6X83 (Mody) X= Be Bu She 64 = 8 (omed IY ) 84 = Umd+) —— © by = | (™ed7) 2D T= 3xar] B= 1X3 +6 \= BAR l= 143(-8) d=-2aS > Y= 3" (mod) yas (omaq ) Qaog) se A= Fy (med a sy (meaty) WS 6 (mod ) > 6Hk futk=0 3 A=6 Ka) 2X58 EDwnt eee, — oo Let mM) 5M25Mg, - --™My os “oan posit andige, uaith geolCmi gy) =. ity to v= a, (mean, ) Ws Qa. (mela) X= Chen mod nn) has a tunigelee odution v0.2. meolulo M1.mM2mMg~--7™m ob = yan? + Oe manal +--~ Oo marOn two.t.£- modan,) we trmelrms.) mod mM) M = M.M --- My Yeo, Mg= My, jasam my Quy Sot XSI (mel ) ~ Lz & (med 4) LE. B (moo 7) SL ony, = By MaZ4- F MaaT geal (muy 4) =! Aa ty Thon CR.1. Jb applicable M = B.4S~= 6 M,= 8.4 SH SS 40 S M= 34S 2 5 Mee BAS opand Qi=l5 Ar = Bs, Ag = 3 Noid, AE Qe my Ea PMH Os MMs” Oy, Ae 1.Qo- BOT EAS. ISTH BQ (Tied (eo 4. .medg) (medy) (mods) 190-874 Qs. 87 4 3.18.87 (mods X= MOREL AXISK THBAAX (onoclgo) L= Yor Go +09 (omodéo ) = 833 (rmod fo) X68 (mods) XE Rr Salve as =! (mod!) — uy ~~ aXe ary) “of OE 3 (mol Z 40" Sol Eq. 0 Com be weakton ad th > L287 (meds) 9 X= d(medls) uty) 3% = 1 (Mod gy in) x = 3 (nods) Noo = M = BxAXT = Fo Mi = S40 = lo — Bxars = SARK Ma = —@ = I, Mg = > 6 Oy =a, Qa =l, Gon= 3Tham C= a) MP + Oars! + A5 3PM! Coed)” (wrt med 3) (moda) (meds) LE BD lott 7.1154 3.6.69 (wreel 30) PE EVIE LIB 43.6. 07 (modo) LE Blot tye) $3.64 (-mod3o) LE Botis+ig (mool go 9 LE 53 (mod3o) X= a8 (modgo) L= 8343 —_ GD bit k 20 D2 xX=R3 k=l > X=83 Qa Ad+by = -L{omodln) and C4 dy = 5 (medn) had @ congue bolution “4 gcol (adl-beyn) =} St aa+by = A(mody) — @ Cltdy= 5 (madn) — ® Oxd + MAb and subttact (ad-bc) x= 4d-3b (7me4m) —— (®) Sima ged Cad-begn) =! and 1/4d-Sb Blom eq. (ir)ps) Ww wwe 28 (moon ) adh L (ut (ad-bc5' (4d-3b) (mod) —— ®) aatoy = % catdy = @«a - Oxc (ad- bY = ba- Cl mod >) &® Quace geal (ad-beyn)=1 3 1/4q-%e Thum (I6-13x1 xy = VBAS- 16xy > Blas Bum 9. © LE 18 4 (ome ig) Le SB (mod 1g) X = BS (mod's) X= 3(mod 6) L=3 “CO, CHxq- Org 9 they (Hm) + B64 = g—ao) ed (6) aS sen 3d moi =>4=|3.] Cpe) > Je IF Mme) Y= Sl (smoot) 4 all (mod |6) S24 Hos y-2 nr dues 2... adEubve!s 4 plonction a Romaperng NM cefimel by 4m= | fren k 8(a8) = 4 840) = @! -2°) ° 3°) = 1XQ = 4® = $a’) Ss argh =OysYy ° 4 (0) = $ (5x4) = (6'-5) (peat) = UXxR = BB & (leo) = § tysan) ~ 49 b6%) = fia!) (sts!) = Ax do = Yo ‘ (ove) $ (2x59) 4 aa (5°) 2 gh) (sr ot) X loo = 4 = Yooim) ab abaays euon -f, n7& Old nd and n= ak , whve k22 thon din)= (a) = yk git amt (aay = ah He KZA then aX is abaays even, = gers evn. ux Ss Sol 4b uz ak thon 1 18 oliwin rely by Aome Odd pris Say p 3 N= pan amd geel rym) = $(n) = >(pKm) = 6 (PS. abn) = (a a) gtm) = pX1(p-1) dom) P41 > elon becaust p is add prime. > dm) = PET (pI) dm) is exon 2 dln) is awn Euler's ¢ -punchion is onto 2 dn) = 3 43 mot possible b 4m) wb odwarys exon ab Meh SySy4y--- has no Prk -vmag.e le |fNae 7 2 — Sines Eulo’s > fumetion 18 neither ome-on mer onto. trun mubar of; Euler’S $ feunelion das snot exiat. ut Gem) 13 fend mp 2 p(n) =13 9 mot powiele b den) 3 alidoys even oe md. *edloctinaly puimt Yon £7 b(n) 4 42 it - Lond) hve lsaya0 amd a * ged (ijn) 21 Sol. fat No! me Jet Qi, a,---Qygyy 8 te eens ASS thon 1 amd salabinely prime TON : Since et i,m) =I 134 Om) thon acd (a-ai,n) =! ; I ged @om=) then 9 2,4 EZ. buch that oat «| r tote =] ~al-y)+ ny B i (M-OEO nq +ny = 1 = ged ( (1-9 m)-]Sumer m has exactly b(n) poscleue umborgers te than 1 ame solectinly promt to tom mai 4 wacky qual 0 ont oy . 1 <4 € b(n) DB AtAnt--- F Adem) = MWA $N-Ad + tM Ade Gy 402.4 ~~ FAG emy™ MN HLM) ~ @AGat --- F9ge =) Alaa ~~ + gem) = WHC) bin) a 24, = ndo(n) 42) din) > ~2 Lnom n>} z Cj q ) ) pt ’ Que The um of, tre smbagors Less thom 7 and adarindy gsema ton ib Qpual 40 Atom ton find 40. Sol dln) poe a us ao. C Guin) —© dz) dn) at Arord Hroit £0, = a 7bn) —() a isasng t= X4o.¥ Ged (aan) = deny = Porgy => UROQue 2a; = MN.Blo y ford etm? Azl tna) =" Sto o(n) = Blox dim) = bdo Eemall's “Theoxamn ly Pid prime and Pla tom a?! =} (md p) GHP G4") bed) =! | (modliy ) © . 3% \ (meds) =) B= } (meds) y 8 aus BS thon What is - -& tinedia) = 39 > 83" = Cay (mod Jo) = 2 emadi) 6wilson's Theorem '- ; — ———— Uy P 4d prume Tumby thon LP! =-1 (mop) a LO1) = po (mado Exp ® 151 =-1 (rmd5') lek = -1 (made3) L2& = 188-1 = -| (rmedlag)- Find valle of (1.9.9.4.5.6.4.8.4. Jo) omed 1) 1.2.3.4. 5.6.7. 8.9: Jo Qa S Jol = UDI WEN = <1 (amadi) (Let) = C1y'?8 (medi) lo (mmedn ) = lo j (sete whew Mt ) (12 3.4__. la) msBat Eond vollice a} (us) "ome! (ome +4) ? . eh us = Ue ‘6 Moco] cus) "rr" = ne) Lig = UI = -} (mod 14) Lis = aL aa (madly) = 1 ) da%q — oO Sumiasly @h P— a* (med p) = Q (medp) al® =a (med p) =) Pla q —~@ Exon O 5.) bq. fa’%q bo > asa (ned po’ Ne oh fit ciaiaes ofp amy posite tndeger let m7) then no. af +2 duidors on 4 doried by Cn).tim) = Tb pre feg®) = (Kt) (ati )--- eH) Sol = Let n>) and N= Br pr “~~ re 4 nb 1) Py Pea By--- BS! cee te duimaors Ob PS! thon the ww. af tre dlelecsord of BX’ = x41 Saznilaly tre numb of te oldvtoe ab? = x4! Number of tre cevibors of py = ye) Then the mo, af tYE Adsots of = WH) aH) ~~ - RH) Quy Hoo many podetine clinaors of = 00 cl) = 2 (es = za). als) = (el) (H) = 9 Que Emd 7% (10%) zs) = (°°) = €@(s) t5*) — (5) (5+) = \ 6X6 = 3%out fue AuiLord N= Boooo Suk Hous amy 4, y L(30000) = Z(3x ax $7) = (3) xta'l) xe) = Qn) Cbd 4H) =~ QybxS= So Fun of $e casio of mz) let nm be amy tye unbeger the dtm of pve Aiuiors ob nbgord nz is dambdedl by o-(n) yy N71 amd N= pM pXe b,* thom cine th, poy betty by = P, —| Re -| ; Solulion - — Ppacting cLivisors Oh PX! axe |, hy Py, be, , p,* tun Aum of qe olinibors of PU = 4b 4 bpd byt = pty . P, -| Strdascly , Suu af ve chivisera of pi = tebe bebo B® pettyand 400” | Sum of ive oluiLibsons of py Xk = Pat oR Hl Pe -| Then Sum ob Ve sor = fPwl Pl MF a) (2 Re 1 a) Aut aha ab the Sum of tre aivadors of n= 18 Sol B= ax o(8)= ratty (3Et (4 \( 3-l ) = B3xI3 = 89 Q= blanodn) then geal (ayn) = goa (tpn) | Gut Bu a=) lnedny ) nee) =? ged (yn) = ac (atin) = 3c iy) =) 2 9c (ain) =Sut QE bCmodn) ton “ ged (45) = Ged Cbs) = Q= b(™edn) a = btky A= nktyp Ack yn) = ged(nb) (8 Division Alert) a= | (oredn) tum gcol (a en) —O | Lx mad that - © > A Can) = 9ed 51) =] 6 4 4 @) fing Gostivg Integer \P modulo O= (6-6 = few )n/x-0f an a Pex /a/x1? Cn olivedes X-1) &= (a)- = fxEz/ sar} and 40 on y= OW I = WF = LEZ] A[y-—-1)9Comburction of, Zu O= fo): fixe 2/4/20 F = fo, th, bg, tI2,--- b= [tJ Pex Hix} = f1,8,4, 3, ob Li} = LLEU/H/ARG = £2,6y by --- 1 -25-6-b.- B= (5) > § Lem] H/-BF= E30 TM 9 ly SF thn Zy = £01, 2,35 ® viny fxEM/ 12.4 <% and gee! (ayn)=13 Coupbuuchon of U_(15.)_ US) = ELEM] 1=XSIS and ged (ayis Lp = 818s 47, 85 11,13, 14} fombact U ee) Vilas) = xem | iste a5 and gcd (Xsas) 1 f = 8189354 65158595 112, By 145 1612» 18 99, Aly Ly By oY 2 lum] = om) — olny) \URO] = govhedsal (Dy) :- ee” os eck) by Dn and cpl by Oy = Ex ylfatae, yee, AY = Ya, 1= O91; Damm as, “2 Raplechin Relator, Ys Kotatin amd Uy = Gensaioe > Old) = an Newmbere of Ref-Leetion = Numdoer of Rotation =n Cbucton oy Dy - i L 4 'Y 5A =O) pfe0 Dy UES YP] he Oy Flae AGT ke ie Reo = Ree = Ray El -E L DA fa) Se fy AL Ic Rigo bale 9 lp mw le BoeRio 3H _ pa fe [Pp oew H-Re, = [fe] Pay HRq =D" 2 = {Roy Rap, Rigs, Rezo, H,¥)D_9" fu 4, l HR , Ry, = Re; HK, = Rea, Hy LAO; 5 4 = Orly 2y3 F Net Pat L=0 amd j =p , Thon H Ro, = RR = KR bt s20 and f=! y Thon H° Rg, = RoRoy = Ron Bt i zo amdy=&, Then He Ra = UR, = Keo fut i=0 amd = 3, - Thon tv? Re. = Ray = Reo fut i= amdy=o thon HR, = YH Put isl amd gel , thom H' Ro =D ft ie! andy = &, thon HI Re = HRa= Vv Bit i=) amd j=S, thin HT Ro, = HR M= cot ao Dye gv Roo | ¥*= Ro 5 Rel = Ro j VRa= Ry, V eos Je05459 9 = <5 Rag > Note Dy = On Y7 {x yf [Xe, Pee, ty= ty ; Deemed O gly dye Lempasion Table of Dy _ Dy = £Re, Ray, Rigo, Retoy Hy V5 DDG Re Ro Roo Ret Hv Dd! f, Re Ra Rae Reto Hou Dd p> Rg | Rao Rip Reo R PD DH Y Rip| Rito Rov Ro ky Vo Hu o D , Rezo] Rojo Re Roy Ryo DD YH Hl HD vd’ Re Kite Reo Reo viv Do HD Rie Re Reo Rey » d Y a H Razo Rap Re Riso y . a Ho DV Rap Reto Rite R,Consbruction af Ds D3 = fag [arae ye, ay yr g An 013 J = Ola F ° (D3) =a = 6 6 8 C = Rayo 7 cA B 8 * c 4“ea Kia tha = tte faa Ros = Fob 8 c “A Raglta = x faa J\ Reo J\ = cS a 8B a CB Fna R05 S A Ros Q fa e ZA 8 = ae: (Ss Composition Table of Do | R Riao Raye fa fp Ft Ro \ Re Rio Rayo faq a Fee Ro} Rizo Rat fey fe Fra fgy Kaye) Rayo Ro Rnw feb fe fra fh a| Faq fay Fee Rea Rr Royo fey fey fee tra Rayo Ro Rizo See! fee fea Tap Ro Rew Re Construuction oh D, Dy cry fase, a! =ey Y= HA gt 091 f= 04 GY Re Po - PR. of D\= 3°“ - Uo, Tos © OCD) =& Dr= {Roy Ros, ta, fy 3 ee Constructo of Do. ma Ux G7) HE, FHC, TY, izoy y= Onl F = f Ro, Reo» Fry tp 3 Z "The sat op alt en imattible oman ove field FU is domated by Ciln(F) andl dowd by “an te {Ae FA an [IM 49 ge FF Aje 4 as allo denoled by GaL(n, F) Gury Fas sinpinitiag = BERK let F OaIR , Tom / Caln (IR) = £ A= [Anan Jani to amd iy EIR} ‘y=l thon © 4 on UR) = { (4) x ] of 4 EIRG = R35 = KR LOhURY=a 2 @ u nNzZAa them (ninl IR) = { Re Men } into aig ERG 2 \Ubal RO] = Gs yp Fe pene piled Sy B= PE *2 2 {Maye dt Thon Coby UL) =L A= Leg | WHO 156 FF The “—_ 2 ergy gig). (BD Coke, (FAD = {Ae {2 2) | into and ayb Col € Fa.5 Lhe B= £9 f , @iatarne we 7(bP = tLe ida fi ob Lo tb bhi ul} olf BAY.) Bind ovdex of Col.s( He) © Eind order of La Fry) Or m3, 47% a) cles = Gad) (2-8) 2) = (HWE) =) @ 3 a= 8, G44 Thun 0 (Cl2(IF1)) = 27) (T-7") = 4 (48) = dole 8) Special hinsar z "Sah of alll mmx amabseix af detorrmuid | ox fild FU a demoted by Skln (fF) and defined by Sim UR = the £4q) [In] ly ager} GMI Loh eis tmponile fiolel F = Qo kor C Jet Fo IR thon Sle R) = {A= Lain) ) t= ldnd Quy € IRF fh Jey—1 Hho OC, fer. 69dWO HnZzad, then 0 (Skm(iR)) = °° Mele Suimilely for fick fF = A Ot C (ae Yo 1d pints field day iF = Ie Sln( Hg) = {A= Lag) J IAl=l and ag € Fa 3 Them 0 (Sho (He)) = (arya? 9") ) g-l “Que Construct Sh Cr SL Sia(iFa) = f= [2 $9] mie 1 abode I 5 O(Sla()) = (gha®) SD 6 TT Sol) = 0299, 01 9p) pte _Aete = 4 2 mish oJ =-l|- Gus Find Order of Sts ( fz) qe +, 1=3 (SLs IF) = (3) G24 yw FL = CASH) (rp) (HG) = $63069R(DO R*= f4ER | wi wp enish ot onubtiphethin & = = IR- fo} 7 ey @ c= c- = V(C) © a =a oe vay Q 2 = frex [x's exist 62.4.4 raubiplibay = Uy = U(z O 2" = = (he2n) [1 Vy cxat et raubtyplealiy = fh-,4, 1} = U(207) Whe ZL] = {arib ]|O ben} 6 zr = $ LEZ, | alas oust wo. b mubbiplicsin modulon} , a7! = §lE2, [1 G)=F 5S) = £73 > 0(S)) =) Conseuchion of Sa bet = Ue? Such Hat fF. §h2F > Chet @ fM2 ,fore fo) 22 5 RI! fie fi J - ff) 27- [to fos) fie ~ r fr 2 fl ee 40) > (24) (14 Then S,= FL, (12); O(Sy = dl = AConsbuuction a § Leb a= £1,8,3} F $1,833 2 Eb2,33 © fms) 9 AWA, Fiy>3 feflas = fi 235 _ hi fie) fig) ( > 3) r b0 22, k® 1, HD 33 Po By ae 1, 3)= 0 ¥ ® 093, fas &, fs(3)>) he (4 at = a 3x) HWI1, tye) 53 , Fl DX -7tl 2B _ Fy = (, 32) = (a3) 6) fs(D9 8, #5(8)3 5 f5(3) >) bela 54) = Gay © -£iy>3, FAI), £5) 38 s ) w) = ['3a)Than Sg = £2,029, (13), (2 9,023), IMF 0 (53) 26 Que Combet Si, = Jeb x= £1,8,3,43 Fe Ly ay3gy Y T3544 © 4091, HOI, £3)93, fu)oy . 12 3 Y [2 3 h bray ful) 9 su) . | 123 a)? ~ O &= (443 i)= 48) 3 8 y= (2 ty ) = = OOOH) 6 fy, - (13 3 Yy LE - (3 4) Oe (23% = (834) Oh (9994) - an Oh =(gb 3%) = (ay Oh (924-0380 Oh (327 aD OR aFh -09 0(S4) = YW) = YkKBXR = AY choo Oe yp ooy.))..lUhub ae== — Bt 8 donated by Qy and defined by Qyu=ftl, t4 oFIotk | ASG eR =-I 9 Aj e-ji- oe j= OR ody Ki =the} 0(Qy)= 8 ais ret OC be Q nen - 4d and 0 is amy aptsatlion . (1,0) as group y Poe Papel 6 a6 6 v be) =) Aobet © Maacibive ~ Gol boc) = (ob)oc , Kaye Ey CE xibtonet of Eolambitey - Thee exist an element CE buch that Qoe= C04 =Q Yael D Ceistuner of muse ~ Foy each acc) thw evaf luniqust a’ ey buch that Qoa- ate. &@ Qua Sy Shoo Hal Ze 8 group 0.24 addition wm £0 ty t2,73,---2 O kb aew and bEx such tha atbtiw@) Let QEzL y bE amd Cee Such thor ar thro ged(abyn) = | Nod, Qe U(n) and bEU(n) 14. Q.bs0 andgcd Cab,n) =| ( Bom @) > ab € Un) @ Albeo = GbHC =abec ¥ a, by€ €U(n) 6) Suet nz) tm 1e UN) such thot Al= bQ2Q + Ge Un) Q let Qe Utn) thon ged (ayn) =/ >) Q4=l (mdm) has sabato >) tay oust w.2.¢. modulo n 2 d=q? hoa als | Cmodn) tad Sebliion 9D Ya? =I (adn) ) ohow Y =a SD ardlad n\—r . ade lle)PR U8) = £1,3)5,4% 4» group wdh Adlentday ane rel, 3 23, 012 8, Tet Gk Ullo)= £143,459} 4 poup wo.%b , omultipleettion maclulo jo. couth clontaly | And ime) B24, F123, q'=.9. Cue Shu that Zy tb Group wt. Aelelubtin yn labor, Sh Zn f051,8,3,--- M13 @®let aeézm and bE 2m Stech that AtbEZ», © A (bid= Ceb)He=arbic 4 a,b,c eZ» ©) c€z2,, guch that ate =ofA =Q ¥ AEZ, G) GE2n thom n-AbZm Such the atn-a = (1-2)1Qq = 0 Thon (2m jt) Jd gsvoup. EXP (Ze, +) 4 group caith ddombity 0 amd O'a6-6 =6=0 YW Gym (1s 6-d¢ =o ge =e ale b-& = 4 =I ed _ fre _ut Final tnuerse Of each element af (Zis, +) Zs = 201924 -- - 143 o) = joelss0 ST aI Selo Wo! = Spey ose ey 67a h-9 IW aM ney yl Side 13 vy) = =9 Wel = ir=3 3) = 13 =k Gl =W-geq 137 = B=? yt = WHEN hig = 6 WE = WY =] Cus Shoo tot Dy iy BPuup W.%.t Composukiirn Sl Dn = fat yt fare, yMe; age Yt, 4=1)2 . f= Pol gd--- NA O et ae Dn stom ovis eithoy cottattrn a8 sahection and bE Dy thon b is scotation a& saplection such ted Q.b iB edthey ~ratalim or oy then O-b& Dy Ql) = @-b)-C + a,c EDn (filha = (6 i) Ho . C= Rob Dy Such Hat ae= Ca =a ¥ Qed, ® x ob sah fochion thn glex yy Bb Actelion thon (y= Y yn $204), 25--- 15 Then Dm B group. Ze Mpy= {%, Rao» Rito, Rass, Hav, D9't Ad F8aup woth Lolth) @ 2 JRo = Rp Wiz} . 5 ; Ri = Rp a _ Vv 4 BS Gs % 40 Ko = Reto , V a a a Rago = Ry DT =D @ Suimdbrly 5 £%,Rey, Mins Fina 9 faas fet qpeup with Aelentety Re amel RS = Re — fan = Fang Ros = Royo tap > £Bd Raw * Roo Hee = fee 8 Droz ERo, Rao, FAyfp3 2B Group wabh Aadenity Ro ama Rel=Ro 4 Rigo = Rigo fyizfn y fp. =tp Que Show that Colm (4) 8 group wort. Sol Cala = f= Cag) finite 1 aye #3 ® lot HEGla CH) thon Alto and Be Cin (iF) fun IBl+6 Such that (AB) = IAL IB) Fo 2 ABE Calf.(B.0c) > GBC = ABC AYBSCE Gln (ED €) 6 Po] € Ge (9 oe A Sen yon IT; =] 40 Such that AT- LAs AY AE Gin ® Leb AE Caln (IF) then 1A) fo thon a) ect. plo [AL = a Bud IAL +o =) )A"}40 =) At € Gl» iF) Hemet Calm (TF) 45 geoup. BM = tn.) 4 Ula (Za) , hs (2n) we gros Qut Shoo tha} Sly (IF) a Group Wiet: shes Stow (IF) = fA= fag) J imM=1, ay € IFF O RE Sin(IF) & BE Slo (IF) thm |Al=1, 1BI=1 _ |B) = 18)1B) =) 9 A.B € SLa( F) ® &(B.O = (ABDC = ABC ABC E Sla(TF) Os-f¢ roe) € SinF) 3 WT}xy 6° I AT =TA =A ¥ AEC (IP) @) i=l to 2 WT eu A129, 7 wySoe {02 0} [04a ER] tb group eaith suspect to omubtiplistion 2 Sol (let A= [ieJeG , oF ER Br fe °) ey, otb eR é ° b oe Such Pat 08 = [3 O02 oe) [* 2] €G > ABE ° AB) = (AB.C= ABC Y H,B,CEM Be (25) 8 te tdenbly of Gr tan ARORA ww REO > (8 )08cr 280) =) fv ole =f} 2) > 8 Hon B= (2 | A the adendiy of C & Jab g = fb 07 io Hu imran BPRS) Ey thn a8= [8 ] (PSL HCL o) 9 abel abtegthon B= [4 [|] a fhe Amanat of, = Thon J (nasa Group 1.4. & mubtiplicotion due me Ff4 27 [oFAERY dv pomp. wet. On (fa)! J amultip latin, BOA [227 Bf 5] y arbeR Q#o 5b 40 B= 4 4) is b ab ab , nd fre ab ACL, BE and ABEC ® OB C= BO = ABC ¥ ABCED O het 8 wv the iby cf tn Hem AB=A > (9 alia ee =) Gabed =) beg. PB Te IR) B tee adenbily or OMt apeeye rere & = 7) a a nel lie va gab 12 2 b= dq ‘tap) + Be ac sa) a Bra ofSAF Shavo that Sy ty group w.8:t. omappurg 2 Composition. Sa Sy = £ ALL one-one on nap pling prom Ach Containing 1 elements to Alf, 7 ® let fES_ thon #43 ont-om and orb and 9¢6,, then 9 is one-one amd onto Such Huot £9 is alto one-one nal Orbe apg 2 F9eS, © L@h= p-h * ah ES @ LESq because F 4s one-one and onto Such thet f.t- T.f2F Of €Sy thon f is one-om and onlo 3 f* exile amd $1 ab alae one-one and onto. > f7e Sm Such that ffl fifel Thon Soy 4s Proup. Ex Os: £1} wg ~ OS Poup with advitehy and Ver ® 3. = §T,U2} B geoup cath sdlnbily ad T1 =D yoy ope eyB) 8 9= £7, C1, 3,23) USI WO As group cath denbily 1 amd et (23.7 = @ 3)' OG a?s2y. Claas (132) at 3y"= 13) (132)? = 23) kU DES, and (739 € SS pad UD U3dF i = L3V6e PeUes (27 37% qg=G3d= (E 8 FyeS F9= C1 29C1 3) (27 DUS 4G = [: & 3) = (1 32) 3 Now df= (1 3) (1 2) “(327273 ~ (9 $4).= 028) Bt. fa(1 2306S thn fs ? $2(\ 23) Than ft =(3 X11)Qe £- (13 SHER tron ft = C1 3-89) (7 5 31) Aue fa (123 4) Prom bond $*, £3, £1 Wo Sf. (1 2 3 4) = OT Ga) =U @y P. 4 PSS) = (4 say PaCS ye @ MeO £2 (a m.--aes, thn £"= (ae Qey--. day) @ £* > Skip One clement f° > Skip foo element f* > Sep (ey element f* > ddvalily > ftaTQa f= (143) (4 5) Eos “ um find £5 Ff 4° EE y OQ fF = 138 fl= (123) P= (4 5) i ue ars) pe tee (133 25)G3 55 -lat ads) 034 pete (AT DUGE “Cash OO epee em aS TVS = e 5 \ 8 Pennies (43 Gee (47 228) <0 2009we fac 2 dU 4D “ Fess7q at 231 4 6 (i 8 223 5 23) = (14523) 1 Yy C) fois 34a) was Pe a4 38) fia (13 Q 8 4) fF? =0 BEE oy = ats Sat of all pocitive sectional ambos. and ob = ae 3 AbEQ™ thon (Qr,°) ey Ger 2 SAL let ae Qt amd beg such Hut Qeb = oe ear = qbeat ® oloecd= (aebde¢ Ar(bed S Qo( St) = abe (ob) or S(O abe©) lat b 4d the adentity of tr thon Qob =a =) Opea > b=3 Then = 3 is te -dontedy af, Cr & Jet b 1b the tnuerse at a thon Qeb =3 qb = 3 2 ab=-4 Dbz deat Qa Hence (Cr, +) 4d qeeoup.- BEG and Gob= BD 5 (cya) ib group p 3 mmm > b= but 0€Q thm b dasthe! exist (Gy) is not Croup Qu. (n= @” (et of ~ve Aalional numbet) and Qeb= ap » (Uy) coup let aeal tuna agate Fatima awmbrr bea! tun bw rigative ailonn| nD, gob = 2h w He . & =) G,’) bs no Coup.yw ~ 77994 ab = ELS99) fotacn} © peer tot amubtiplicalion thom vahat is Lolentity 2 ee B= PED a) a the adontiby of Co tan AB=A 2 pai Peele (832) oo" ? [daslfe ee) [agg b Sab 3ab aqag 9 (seb b | 43) gab Sab a [233 2 8ab = oa b= 4 ye {t),t4 td, £R/Aj=-fi=k ; Sk=-Rj xi; Ki = -AR= 7 and i*e Ger” = Cmpiion “Table of @y Burm Table © aEdy ,¥ bEA > ab EAs © aloo = (aby¢ ¥ Aybs 6 CAH @) 1€6 Such the} a.12 ¥ GER, TAS slinky ofp By f fy a) tn,Thun Qy group 4+ oubbipLicainy Khoun' Y- Croup St 4 olemoted by Ki, ane lofunad by Ky= fe, 19, dbfatae, bee, ab=ta; whe © 48 the identity, Composition table :- b b b b abe a e.Buon table Ky 0 group wth Adentiby © amd amd wiworse of eae, alsa, b=by abt=ap’ Gut Show that 20 Ws group wnat multiplication omedulom, wih I>. Sol oe £ £62, | 1S 44% and ged (ajn)=12 = U(2n) = U(n) and Un) i Poup wt. t omultipliiation module, Thon 20° ip pup. Orde of Crewup - Num bor of elomemt xm Cy is Called osdur of group. Qt is demoted by o() ® OUR) = O(€) = OCZ) = OCB) = of gr) = OCIR™) = 0(¢*) = °° 0 (Zn) =H @) olvem) =bm)= 0(zm' ) GD Cdn) = dy 6 0(8y) ae © 0(Gla(iR)) = 02= 0(SLn (IR) O 0(Cln (ry) 494") 49") -. (LY) ~ ml Cl fare .y (D*AM\ (gn gn) po Ny@ (Sn) = NI @® (ky) = 4 Cad oh met to be a quamp Thm onde oh am elomumt er sis the Least position vic om such that QM. Hr Such dass mk el GQ 2b amon . “The arctan of eee dlonoted by 0a). Lind Order of each element of, Z LH = £0, £1, £2,435. .-2 DER i te dently of, z (0 =0 00) =P Corde of 0 =) )E€W such that nl =o 4 nat poible eK) then a(l) = <0 Stomalasly 0(-4) = &9 ofaex thon o(a)= «© Hx “ZZ fod ont element af. cedex! and athe, elomonk aL madre =1 = oC=2 Ye ty Hee Q* Hun ola) = Then Q* hes elonarils of order 1,8 and ao, Gua bond patiubl order of elrmenb of R* Sol Suantasly dot a, Gu Firid Potsuole orceler of, elements of 6” Sol C* as qeaxp cath sdledliby |, 0 €* Such thot o(1™) =n= Fund cxcder of Sach elomonl” in Zy Sal Ay = £041, 433 WN quer cath teeny © oo) =] \e2y Such that His Ys ‘ ott) a LEZ, Auch that &ad= 470 oa) =8 Sezy Auch thot Y.3 = [2 70 0(3) =Y Thun 2y hab Clements of, order |, t and 4. ae 4 axde 1 tn 2q =) & of eloniiith of ordi A tin 2, =| aE of elomuiy of ordex Yim Zy= Find Possible ef ord a element in Zio Zio = (0p) &r--- 593 Olo) = | je Wf > O1)= lo 5 ofa) = ° (3) Fle 9 C4) =S 9 O(s)ed 0(6) = 69 0(7) = 10, {8)= & » Of) = 10 Zp has Pomnonls of order 1,8, amd lp A, of elemana of ort Lim 2e=! " ad an Zjo=1 inZin= 11 Then +e opNe, iy fn y Thom the aumbsse of elements ef” ok otder d inZm = old) Exp n= 25 (fio thum mo. of elorunls of oder 2 = o> | 4/0 Yon no of elomonts of order Quin Zio ; = o()21 $10 tran ons. of, elomerls of order 6 Ln Zio = o(8) =Y fio Hum mo. Of element of: o&cler lon Zig = lio) = Y Bus — Find Cosaible otoler of elumerits um F100 . Si, Vo then 4 of elements of order | neo = 60) ={ ies taro domi of eZ 48 ufieo h t u G 4 = $yy=& F [io u by o 5 ue eBay lo [yoo in " ” jo v= 4 (lo) = 4 doo ne ce ag ow" “ was 0 4G) & On § = 6Ge=d0 So foo “ I . tan te mA Ps a"Lind Uossible orate of elameni um Dy IE Dy = £ Roy Reo, Rigo, Reto, Hy Vy D, 0 ib jeep uoith Adlentity R. Re = Ro => O(R)=1 R, = fo =) OR) HY Rigs =Ro > CRe)= Revo = Ry. 2 OCR) = Y He = &i 2 OCA = 2 v> = Ro AoW) = D> =Ro OWM)=Q vp = Ro 5 o(DI=Q Tun Dy has elements of ardor 1,8 amd oh Alerts oh order 1 in Dy Roo " Bu Eiind the ‘umber 4} elomunts of all porsebd Cedex im Dz. SL 05> £ Ry Kee sKeye, Fra, fon 9 See} O(Ro d=) + OCRao)= 3 ; o(foy)= Z ° O(fra=& 5 offen) = 9 (ft) = # of elomonis of O%dee | in Dex |eek Find Mums of elements of Ql porsthle Oedesnd, Sol Da = £ Re, Rew, Fas fe $ (fo) =1 9 OC Rigo )= 8, OFA) = 8 5 (fe) = Q oe clomonts a} oxdex lamol &. + of elomurts of cree | tn Do = I ty " « RX md, = 3 Qut — Eemd nv. ah elements of, alll porble ovdtr-tn Dy 2) Dg = £ Ro, Kao, Ring Rare 9 Rogas fra, fob, tec» Fad, fee} (Re) =! o (Rp) = oC Rigy) = (Roig ) eS ol Resa 0 (Sha) =0( fen) = (foc) =ffrd Jz offee)= & Gut Eid Mp. of elomenls a all porscble oxderin ds, SL De= £ Ry Rew, Riro, Rito Revo, Rsoo y Fa, F Bb; $cc 5 fad y fee » fey} OUR) =1, ORGa)= 6 4 O( Rao) =3, 0 (Rigs) =a, OR): 3 O(Re)= 6 50 C4na)=a > OCfe) =0.CCe) -o(foa)- fie) ; . = O(fre) 4 of laments of otcdlye in De ‘ a 5 rT Youu [ 1 &ne) # of elements of order 2 am : Dn = fut , Yom tb eben ie 5 4 n Db odd ‘ Q 24d /n ton Hie mo. oh elomants of orelued an Bn = dtd) Exp ip OQ= Ds “No. gh cluments of aralex Rin Dy = > h i WoL am Dee A=] W 4 "3 4m Ds = (5) =y QO = % No. of elomonil of cde Bn De =F M u uw ' te > oQ=] ‘ . Btn De = (3) +B fn he " 6 an De = $6) = & au ne by, Find cruomber of lomo of af pordtble order in Qy. Sl Ay = Stl, tity, th faPefPwed ; jaca, dhe kj =, hie ite fj 00) =) 9 WD=a&, oli=4, OAD =4 , off) OG) =4 , OfK)=4 5 ob k)=Y Thon Gy has cLomorils of Ole | 5X and Y, + ob elomorli of order | tn Qu =)ua Oalex of elements un Sy : . w SO S.= {17 TES, then O(T)=1 Thon S$, has element of o%elet, @S2- £5, G23 OM)2) 4 oC ayj= & Hence Sy haa, elements of order 1 anda. © 83 = {z, C12), (13), (2 BD, (1239 (132-05 OCI) = | 0(23) =2 OClz) = a, OU 23 = 8 OCl3)=2 . 0((32)9 =3 35 has one element of droler 1, 3 ebemnds of Otdir g amd a clomenks of oroler 3. Qu f= (14) (RB) ES, then order f 2 “Unde DURE a= (43 21) wGe Mle a) 2 ein 34) et &Fe CL BF) YD © By Cog MMOH ae So fh ar gap fhar ib KA1D o(f) =I ‘ note Oy f= GiyQr,--- 0%) €S, Hum olf) =% © lp Fe (AipQay ~~ 4e)Cby ba ba) ESy Lotvage(Cy 2 --- 24) amagelb: b2---b6) ae diszount Hum O(f)= Lem (o(fi),0(h)) - 23456799 Ie Gust Fe (LST 4 eS og m6) em of) = ° , Sl f= (1239 (4S) (673 9 Jo) fe fi fo fs of) = 3 5 offs) = &, 6 (fs) = Ss" o(f) = Lem (3, 2,5) = 60 Gt f= (12) 3 4) Sy , thn olf) = p Fos fF fo. : O(Si) =a, oh) =k Oltl) =IemM/ost) alh)\) — 9Qu, f= (1 2B)CIY SPE dm 4 N25 “ Tham pond f 7° So t- (ras. usa U4 6 23) off) = 5 f5 = TI £% = feet = pf? 7) re ef = (3 8 8 41) Seg ye U8) 5 Eine no. of elomarety af, cll possible ord SI vl = C13, 5, ¥5 OWsl 4 AD= Rk 5 O6)= 2, 0(#)=Q Hof Clements of, order 14m U(6) =) Ye oh alemunts of order & sin U(8)= 3 Gut — (ne DUIS) fund ruvmbsx of all possible praler Lome . So) Us) = Ely 29497585 Uy 135193 Ol = 1 4 OB)= 4, OC Fs Y, O(8)=4, oly Ot) =a, C= A, CCW=A te 4 coment 4 order | y VIS) = | ” " 9) 25Qut O (r= Ulioo) » What 4b marumdian ara oy OMe ~—— elomunt an Or. = Vlas) jwohat 4a the maxvinem ofcelox of amy elomont um Cy. 2 © Ge v(axs = va xv(s» = Zh Zero! = ZZ ag, Zo had chomorto of atder 1 amd 2 Zao has eltmant Of asdir maxcinuum ao, 2 ZaXZay bad elomnts of smoxumum oder &o \ss © m= ves) =US) = 2 XO Zao = ©0j1,8,- bod C@ = Oll)= Ao, O(&)=10, O3)=10,0u)=5- OS)= 4, 0(6)= 10, o(4) =a , o(8)=s, o(9)=90 O(t) = 2, O(N)= Go, (la) = &, O(13)=Qo j= 10 OCW) = 4 9 Olk) = o(faxr) =n = 0@) Sumilely = ofa) =m = ofa)Gx Show that O@b)= O(ba) , Whoa 9% bE 6 Ab = abaat = acbajal (ab) = 0 (a(bepa7) (¥ 0(a)= of La] = 0(ba) Show Hat o(a)= 0(a!) , whee ach Sl fet ofay=n and ofa) = ™m > arse —O @yme —O Now, @™ =e Next any" =e" 2 ay t= > (AN =se >» o0e)/n 3 mn -—@) o@ty=m a (aly™=e a)" =e 2(any’y" =e! avyce o@)(m =) N/m —H) Bum OSG) man =) 0@ = o@!)Gus Ih ae, then earn wy Sok let QE and O(a)>k =) ak se .—@O (nn Qr=e —@ - NK EL And >0 them 91 ZHt dm 2 ouch trp N= kgte —A . EK bet 20 ; am= aF Qi gt —ak)F at = art — (v ak=e) ar = e=at >) Qt=@ D> O0M=% (- -c kK/n =) o(a) [y Quy Ik Go be a pinks group cn) acy tm L@ lol) ie QM =eExumple = (n= Dy 0( Dy) = 3 Q) 58 Thon Dy has mo elenenit of oxdoe & @© 6X3 Thon Dy hod rw elements Of orclet 6 Kole 4 dro and four) Teun Cr has moy ox may mot be elements of order al. Exompls — g/o(py) But Dy hod no Clomentof, order 8. ~ Ip Gay and (ng, axe hoo prauph wait sdenboby @, and Cr Susp. trun Cy XG 4d alo Group. Sol let Gry amd Un, art groups waith rdentihy tn, ib €) nd Orde €. Now br xOr = f @.») ae, ben J ber X= bE Cirle, Ye Cade Cnty, VICE bere Such tho 4 = (4,6). C04) = (AC 9 bd) EGA, tot AGE, 3 bd Els Cr AEM 4 CEC amol Cry id group > ac em)DW dot d= (QWEOrMla, 4 = (dE Corl,” and Z = (2) E GAL, a. (yz) = @b (<4). (eF)) = (a,b.((co, EA) = Gee), bf) - (ace » bdf ) Cace, (ba) ( (a,b). (c,4)) (A): : yee © = (Cpa) € OKO, uh Hot ee eae x % KE CUAL Ke CA” (€,,%&) = (COL 9 ber) = (0,6) =4 Cy @ As telaniby of Cr) 9 Aei= % vy acta) thon @= (rer) tte oleate of aric, det © = (a,bY € CMG -4 CEL y BEC, aed, tun a Ely Uy bet ton b* € On, Such that (02, 69) elm, hoo xt = Cyb) @7,b%) = Cart bb”) = (GO) =e al now AN @Note olf Cry, bor. ,--- Gry Ad Georg ed CX, Xl --- On Bd abso group catth adenity CQ, Cry--- Cm) Hur ef, 1 sien Adluntiy af, Gi. Exp -- ae On = Zo and Gp = Zy y Hun (ay Xr, = Zrr2y, 48 Group Note Ye Org lay. Crm abe ferake groupe thy OC Gr Marx Ore--- XU) = OC). (12) Crp) - - - XG ly = 23 Ud Cir = Ds Then 0 CGyxz) = OGy)-0COr) ee (23) 6(Ds) = SE = 18, Sex ind onder of each elomont ab r= 22XZy SL Me Zox2y = £ @rb) [Ae 22, beZy 2 Ch = £0) 9654) 5(0)8), (0)3) 5 (1y09 4 (Ia) 9Cl2D9C13)3 O(o)= 14 OC 0,D=4 9 O(0,A)=R 4 O (098) =Y o(=a 30 Cs =4 4 Opa) = A 7 O(193) =yY (951) (oy1) = (0,8) Fl220) (011) (21) (091) (051) =(0,4) = (eo) Dolex =Y T¥.0)- Choo) — £9 2\Y PL UN r aaX 44 Nab OM Chore A Weak 1, thsee ellompiti~ of crdrx & ama four elements af crdy,4, Que C1> ZakZa. y spinel muumbtr of elements af all possible order SL z, x22 £250) (051) C10), DS O(e,0) =! 5 OO = Ay OC 1,0) = Ry OWNER (8p 09.593 5-2-1) € Cxlne rs, -- Am Thun 604), 43,43-..4n) Lem ((o (a) amin, o@ahanty, 03) ming -- - 0m) on (nn) EXP (ne BX 2yxZy Xa 05351) C22.xXZy XZ¢ O(0) = LCM (6q)an Zr, 03 )dnZy, oliD.tn Ze) = LEM (A, 4,6) = 1A M2 Ge ZaXZs 1 Tm number of elements op all posdiole order iim Cr. SI (a= 2X2; ——.O Vorsible order of elomen in 2, ae 1, Poasubte order Of domenk inz, Oa 13 Then axdex at vl. Geol yoLom (yb 2] y LOM I= 5 ECM (&N)=8 94 Lom (8,3) =6 Hemet 22XZ3 has ellymonly of order 1,8, 3 andé. # af elements of ardor | in ZoX23 = 1 1 =4M(o)= Hof elamaris Of Osdee 8.10 25x25 & \ = b(D4(D= b= # of tlamends of Ordey 34m Zax2s 1 3 = 40 $03) =ta- + of elomeis op adit ( tn Zox25 au : L B= 6 (Al) 12= BE Oe 25k2Z¢ piel no Of elements of alll oro SH! ossibte oxdero} elements im 23 axel and? Possible, corder of elements” in 25 ately 2,°3 and od of elemenls im 2akZe ake LEM (yal; LEM(1,% = As LOM(1,3)=35 LOM (1,6) =6; LOM Gye 3, LOM (3,26 4 LEP1 (3,3) Bes Lom (356) = 6. Henct 23126 har domonks of otolet 1, 8,3 and 6 Ae of elomorils of order | im 23xZe = 60) 40) =} 1 te gf Rin ZZ = 40D $0) =) =] oS " Wo" BS Am Z3XZe = Uy . 3 40.03) =1.2% 3S | bfa).dn\ - 9)of Clemons of Otdet 64m Z3XZ¢ 6 dMde)= a 34 $0)4(6) = v-3 32 di) dp)= BY » Nee Numbor of. elomortts of ode din 2%Zm = & bedi b(d2 vohwa din dri amd Lom (diye) =o But Find co. qfy elomandd of, all Bosddble ordern ZqKD, Sol. Za KDy ee f (OpRe) sl6pRras )s (o Fate) 5 (05 fhe), (4 favo (fees Cl 15 Re) 9( ty Rine), (15 Raye) 5 (Fra), Cy Fee) 9 Codec) Cxdox clamor in Z axe | and g Orde of; clomenls im D, are 1,2 and 3 order qh elements im Zaxdq are Lert (141) 1 Lem (198). 2&3 LCM (1,3) =3, LOY (4,1) =45 LOM (85% = & 4 LOM (853) 26 Hunct 22x De had elomerity af order 1, 3 ands + a, clamor of otdet) dm 22Xd3 =H (D> Hel AE oy 0 nN Otdey Q dm. ZrXd, GO 2249.3 23 2120S 23 27 = b&).o) =)ow. Fae 9 IM LaX Ds, oy cumun 1 3 =bMbB=k ib 6rd 6 MZoXD tt of elomen 4 2 3 $0 bad But Find wo a} dlomerdby op abt possible oxalex em Py XZy, Zu = £5,185 33 alorel 4 of)= 4, (a) = 85°84 Zy har elements af; order, “19 AY Dy had elomondds af Oralte 8,4 Thun Dy XZy bad elemorits of LO (Ig) =ly Lemyay=« LOM CY) =Y gem (Aq = ky LEM (4A) =Ay LEM (8,4)=4 Lem (Ug) Ay Lem (MyQ)= Y 4 LEM (454 JY Than DyrZy had elamunbs af order Iytyy a. 6 elomenila cH order | dn Dy kZy 1 [= bD=) ‘ro. 6h, eLamsnda of odie. Lim DyZy $21 =! P &.dap=9 3 RR Bd aE 6h, lonnadls U dnt DyRZ mo 6}, t order 1 ste) 28 &y § KY) =lo uP gg) a 220 42 4.$n) =&Gur Hao sramy elements of, order & tn Dex Ss. Ds rSg }2 60.3 =3 2) 4 23 De LU 3.3 =49 Qu. How “mama domenls of order Yin ZorARY Z_Kw Qy 14 © 06 = 6 A yu = bE =6 B= Gre FoXD, How many Llomyilaof order & intr oedix of lame in za. art | arn 8 / uw "ZZ Ae | andowo Now , Lem (Aj) = & gies lemons ofr order’, 4 of, ebarewnls of order 84m 2.x Z X11 b= (150) is elemond of order & in Zk 2 ut t= OF RE 4 Hao amy elumanls of orale una in Cy St Order of elemond 4m Gare (yd tnd so no dm R® ated amd 09 21aJ € ir “ + ob Claman of onde | an Ox cae tt of eloments of Oroltt & tin BRE, | a \ i) L2Z cn Total sno.0f elements of, order pumila om em x je = HOY Bu) (r= BAR @ = are 6 = Fag xir™ Fad no. of, -elamonits of order -fenih. ee Qa 1 andeo Sl 0 ob dems in Gate | foie 16 me dan _ ue elornens a onda din x8 1 @ she) ® ondin , dhwets i 2: ON. ane oo " DZ ag | and & He ob donoibsy ob andor \ im za te af elas dt eh Voao=]Stat 1 manu order: of @ny elomenit ~ AM Z2XZoXZr_ Sal (n= ZK 22.X29_ y Cossible LCM aiee amd &, then 2x22, has ellomenita of Order 1and &. % of elements of order | tm ZAAI2K2y Lor 1 = oq 4Ma@= t + oh eloments a} ox det Quin ZX 20 X25, \ i A = 4) 40) d@ =] an \ = dys) bM=) Vg QgiL Bra fy chy AQ] =4 . ARQ oI Bue Ge'Zi XZuX Zn --- XZ, (loo temey) Sal Zy hab -clomords of ordee | and fosible LOM ast 1 amd Hy thin Cr hod elomonty a, Order | amd I). ob eloreands of Ordee | dm Gy =} +e ch ellomarils af order in (y= OG) -) — 1 loo |but — Show that (aby! = bq" 5 AbEG - Sal abblai-e (ab) (bat) = @ blal = @b)7 Qut Shoo that (Ai, Ang ~—-Om)"= (Qa! Any =O; = , whe a EO. Se (a, n=O)" = (@byt = brae! = (61.850 = 0)" ai = (aby! ay’ bo = brlaar . (34%q-- - An)” Q3'Q\1 Sunaledy (4) -Ar--Qm)7 = Oy? -- ar! a;") Be) Ye a 2s Commute cath b , eee 4d alse Comenut: vacth b © I a 18 Commits with b y thon ACLs Commut uhh 7, : ol OD. 418 Commuk vatth by tun Ab = ba b=artba bat =ath —) A" B tommmitt adh b,NU YQ) &Z, “ Uar) & Zo UMD & ZA Zt 423 U(po cptpel PER Ulonny= Ulangxin) a, ged Comyn) =| Be Qua) x Le, = Zig @ Vly = viaksd & U(ad Vs) ~ Zarly, TX Zr9 had vo elements of order 7 do ‘them Ulloo) had ro element) of ordte 72 Q) vusd= v(3x5) = ULBKY(S) ye ZaQ x 2y Zax 2y hab ont Lemont of atder | , Hrret albmt of cxdex Lamd farot, clemanbso, aroler Y. What a8 marcia oder of ny elarrand in U7) U(q3) 0 Lg ByBur Ha many elomonli of orden [0 4” Zo XZis- fe of elomorile of ard [0 um Zo XZe 10 {= $(w)40)= y lo & =$(e)4Is)= Ig LF =4eygeey # of elosnerals of otder 5 sin Zk Zig 8 le 2H) ip abelian) 2 : : ee amd ye ZL such That ty aK thom iy = GA wv Aye % trun “Zk 48 Sinise (Q,4) 4 (Rpp) and (0,4) BH ctholeam Qu (a*,+) 18 abelian 9 a. Le ted amd ye O* Such trop Y= 9-% ~ % GG ER" fun QF 2 absluin, Swinalardy RD (OR +) at abelian. Bat © oto that (Zmy 4) 4 bahia ? Zn = 8051p Ay-~- MISQue Show that (Z",:) id abeltin, a & a = £1,-45 Bum table abe ba ¥a,be% Then a 4s abeban, fa iy atry elma qh Gy has Alp sun th tn is abelian . Buck comuerdt nad mat be teve Spat & be 0 Group and euery element of, Cy hos Alf snes . Let QECr Han 0 =a 4) amd be then bo! = b —@ AEs bE and tb Group ~) AbEG - (aby) = ab brat sab =):basah A bEG =) WO & ahelan , Bud Corman, need not be teu (re 2 & aholun group lez, Bub I =S4)Bau Show. thor & kb Abeluin “al w= th [Teh y apts Cusry cimunt of 22 has ll sn thom YO is aboliin, Qut Show that Ky ts abaoliin qieoup.. Sa = [e,a, bab/aze,b’=e, ab= ba} el=e ,at=a,bl=b,labt=ab Exeory onderbe af Ky had elf unterdt. Thon ky us aboliim Bue Ay = EF, PERS id abelui 9 Sl Aj #74 2) Ay 4b Mot abelan, Quy - = Symmetaic group Sm 1s abelim 9 Y- © 4on=) tim & = 872 Tl =L., thn element ofS, had sal stat 8. %5 allay ui fy maa thon Sy = 7,133 yI-+ (ios\4dtary eumont Of Se had ANMUL, a > So 4d aboban . ob . OD Sy- ET, Cia, (1 3),(2 32, 123d, C1 322 f- 0,0 683 and (1,39 € 53 fg = 29 UB = 3a) 9Ff =U13) AH = (1 a3) (3 2)4F 023) 9 +9f >) Ss 48 Mt abelian. Q hb 24 , UES, and (1ZDE Sm Such thet (1a) (13) = (13) Cia) =) Sm 4s non abslan 4 nZYy Homee Sn 46 Mon- ahelwn if N23 QA (he Dn da abelian 2 SLO 4 n=1 thon Dz £ ko, f? Riek yh ah Every element of D, hos Self, anuerst than Dy.is abelian oR = £xt yi /a%e, g'se HH pools je oF vee > yteesy =_@® From @. @ , wa et . D, = SHI ere. Glep yan 4yt—-> D> chohjipO) ned, thon Dis £F, Rio, fa, ta? Re'= Rey Ra = Rao y ta'= fa fo” tp Thun eexy clement of De hod seul rnverse them D, i abdom. @ % 723, stg Humet Ty # J Foioy Dm = EX'GT [arae, Yee ay > VHF a= or] geben Exp == Dz, Du, Ds --. a0 To-abelin Groups. Qe Oily (IF) B ahedlin 2 Gur F=atr RC Calm CR) > FAS Linen [indo aig ERP 4 n=) Hon Ce, UR) & R™ R¥ by absliim group wt. oaultiphicslim » thn (iL, UR) is abelian. ® r= Him Gly CR) is Mm - abelian Ae 7) € Gls ( (IR) amd B= (1 (Je ats (R) oe papa TP eapy sq. Pit awBR ile ft a LF] ~~ @ _ bums O AB=- 8H Gu = Ife , them O OL (R= BY = 2° =U) =z, Sunct Zn is absluin then 2g, is abeleim > OL Ue) abelian OF nze8 then Gil (IF) 48 non. abolay Lit. [/ fe 7 #3 if i ; then Cilm CF) as need ant be aboliain Gut Sn) id abelwam ? Ob Mal, ten Se, (= fF Then SL OP) is abelian. © bh 12 & thm Sly (FE) 8 wn- abelian. 2D ele ete) Bue xZ_ ip ahelcan 2 2 PukZq = Flash) (ge zy, bezgd bet X= (a,b) EZyXTZz « 3 ae2y, be Ze = (Gd) €%y XZ yc ez. deo, WAG (A907 Wea = (utes ory yay Nao) AE Zy And (EZy Amd Zyid cheba then atc = Cta Suinilady » 2g 8 abeldm =) bid = duh ~¢ “Lys late, bed) = (eta, deb) = (Ce!) Gb) DUG = IX % Uy EZgxZy =) ZyxZg ws ahelian. Qu = ZpxDs eis aholim ? Slt = (8, Rn) E2xD, And d= (4, faa) € Ze dg Such thet oy = (5)Rp): (yaa) (0, fee) Buk Ya = (1 jFra) (8; Rise) = (0, £55) ee a =) ys ZerD3 2 Won- abelian, BH he OX Sib abaliam 2 BL As Uj TD € QUAS, y= (4,1) COURS, dich Hot Y= (DCH D> (KAT) But gt> (KF) Fda 2 = By XS. ig wr ahelainsw bet (, Amd Ure, CXL THO Gaps - Cnr Ui us S” ~ ahlain ah (, and Ona Ok abelian. (nyXG2. = £ (Ay) [AEC bE — ® jet tn amd (nn We abelian pd Soh a= (A,b)E GRE » FOO Ge (Cyd) ECrtnr » CEO deo, Quch Yak Ly = (a,b) (6 d) = (ac, bd) = (Ca,db) (- G19 Grae abel) (cy A) (arb) A> ey bd Sol \ = Yt > AYs dt ve Iyg € Ore, SD Ukr ConmbA let CoxUnr. = Lab) [aetny bene 3-0 abelian: wet ebm LYe Yt vA YE Cont, =) lab) (cd) = (Cad) Aq) ¥ yb) COM, ic, a) ECuxty, D facsbdd= (Cajdb) ¥ A,CEln5 byd € Or. ~) ac= Ca and bd=db vo a,c EC x bd On,” > fi amd On axa abelian . [Note = it aX bia~-xUmy 2 ahelian db each b Oy, |Gut (y= Zg KOK D2A IKA uA ZG we Coeuan Y S) Za, U, Sa, D2,Ro€ AKL aboliam Crxoups Thun Lr id abolum gecoup.- “ Qu Gs “ZERK OX ZK Qy ASAXC™ id abelian: “Ay tb Not abelim then (y 2 wn - Aheliin . Qe Un) ia abeliim 9 Sol. vin) & Zam, kZay, X --- Zm, mol Bem REX ~~~ Lemp 48 Qbelim them Ulh) 2 abaeliin Que Lot th be a qraup amd abt = alot wa,bel “th Wy id abelam So) let Cr bea group and Cr ia abelian. yea, @by! = (bay? Qe EC , (nsbabele aby! =atb? > abs ba 2 ay 2 ath” ¥ Ube Comsat (ab = Qh? Arb ety (aby! = (bay! -¥ GbE ing umutist On foot Side; =) (ABE (bay! 5 abe tat arbthGut tind Some Group Cy Auch that (aby*-ta:p1: <7 fp dome a,b EC. SLO D3> LR, Rae, Rave, tho, Fabs fee} ab = Rio fra = See » fimo fa.) | = Fee atht= Riro Pia = Revfoo = fr = (ab) Fay FB S,5 £1, (12), 13), (23), 183) 138)3 ab = OOD= (44 3)(R27- (323) .439 @byt= (231) ath?) = tat (iayt= (81) BN) = (733343) = (354) =(3an Que (y ib abelian . Bl det Cid absliom y tom ab=ba ¥ ayrbély Now, (ab) = fabv(ab) = Qlbarb = alab)b (-ab= ba¥a,bely) eur ey agbely ayy =a ¥Q Commshad ? 7 —— bet (aha Pb ea, beQ (qe) =aad¥ 7) ba =ab yy a, bE =) th iy -aholan let Cr ke a gaoup and (aby>= Arb™ a,b ey ap 1bw. O a faby’2 7b”, Them Cr a abelian ob mel — = ab” ¥ aber, tun Cr ib abdim (ayy"t= siyt a ed, Buk Dy rut 2p gyre 60 = cap) Quet tf Ads? 2°? Nh Cn cutee nat Toe abelian RaaReo T= Ray = Ra Rew Bul Dy w nat abalan. Qua fabs =a", Ca meedd Not be able Jor all a. un ye gadyl patee, ye er Ay Os AO qos Hye > fie poke ye a9 ree eae " a yh fh fbup Was, = group Cy 1b aid be cyclic Corsup dt, tsa cutt am element aetr such thot, euory ebornerct ob Gr id Genpaled by a. The elomont a 4 tld noator of Cr. Yt 1a damaled by II-ltaezw 7) QB at gunoralotop Z ju hod exactly tale gemeraloe aay | ( anol -1. Db hy O id tyche group amd a is goncrato* of cr thom 6(Cn) = ofa) Bit Conus igead not be Ban Exp 08) = 0 = 0(2) bat 2B at gonesakor of “Cds Cyclic group amd Gs finite amd 0 eb qonexator of Cr ith ofc) = Of). Beas oj Comm =— "let he a fil group and ola)= oft) then Gs ( Let ol) 2% amd Cet Auch that 0(8)- tn) ajqn=e —O araryay..a-e oa distinct elomarils thon ( ie gmorated by 2. > he Heme Cr CHelic. But Sheva that Zp is cyclic. Sl Come + yeme) thon “2, = {02 C€Z) Such tut (0) = 1=6(2)) ‘Hoon 2,.i8 cubic Qui ly M28 Hon J€Z,, and . ot) =Nz o(Zn) D ey *% cyelic goup. Bom Okt and Cer , ve yet Zn se, at alronys Exe 2p, Fry 2ay--- aa Cyclic group Gu \y Cy as Cyclic ton Cris abeluin Buc Conuide nerd not be true, DL py os cyclic group Hum 3 am element acy Such tat = <7 Nao , let XE ton L=a™ 9 VEY dé then Y=a™ 9 mew oy fam = qr -anm = (Qn 4 ~) LY = Yok A GYEG Tham (n ip ako len.Sums Ky = S0.0,4,0b3 id abeliim Croup. Bud Ky da mot cyclic because OfKy) = 4 But Thor 23 mo eeu sn Ky of order > 2. Nole YW is mon abelian them Cr is nat cyclic, Qu Sy tb cyclic 2 Sol Need Not. ® bemel thin S)- {13 LES, Auch that O(Z) =} = ofS) @ Wome & thn & = fr, UY} (1a) ES2 Buch Hc 601 = a= 0(5,) Thom So, 48 Cyelic. O 4 023, thn Smib nom abellan. a, = 8m nat Cyclic for NZS. Humct Sn 9 023 B wt Cycle. Qu De yee g SL Need Not: OY nr tun De Ch f ED, Such that o(f) = @ = 0D) , Shun D, ib” Cyellic@. yy We x tim Dy = [Ry Rito, fa, Fa3 D(D)=Y4 But those ts ono eloment of atder >2 4m D2. thom De db not cyclic. @ th ZB thon Da ts mon- abeluim = Dy tb not cyelic, Hance Day Ae id not Uyelic. Che ZoK2y 4d cyclic. f (ye Zak2y 9 teen 0( eax) 8 Bet 22X2y has No elomends a}, oxdere 74 Than (ne Z2kZy 2 Tat cyclic. \2 \F Qu Cae Bet Zea ; = tn Pag KD, ob cycle ¢ SL (ne Ze XDa ely TUN ~ tun tn bv %ot Cyclic : Que © Ge 2D. D cyclic ° ® G- Za XD, dd Cyclic ? Sh @ tne ZakDa, la men Cychic, yeas 2agDe Ie mo elewrant of ods 7 amd OZa2xDD = 6.Gut Uln) 4b Cyclic ¥ Bh Need Not. “® UUs) KW VIB US) & ZrXZy o(vls)) =8 Bick VIS) hos no element, of orcerr y Hum DUS) 43 mot Cyelic ® UAF) = Ul) & 235+ = Zig Ziq is cyclic trum UlaH is cyclic. O VUloo) = Ula’ks’) = ular xu(3% = Ze, X Zao Zk Zao td Mot cyclic - Ulto0) i not Cyclic, Bat = 2g X2ZgX UCAS, un Cyclic 2 Cr = 2ahZsXZ%e XS (UH EZ) NO (ZghZaX ZX > RY a Cr hos mo elamarta of oder 7 > Wid nat cyclic. Qu Cabal R) ib ydlic p Sl emey Hm Cali UR) = R” | Nb auch Fa GEAR™ Auch thet gt = ) CLT) to Gels, Onze Ham Gln (Te) 24 ron abeluin Hum Cale (Fe) ib uum. Cyclic. Gut Cla) is cyclic 2 So Need Not. Que Sly (FF) is eychic p Sl a nel thom SLC OB © (SLCI))= | ind SL, (F) had elermerds of Odie 1 trum SLC) 1b cycle. @ Ub nz Ham Slm (FF) 48 mom abelsim Hem BLm( FF) 2s ton. Cyclic, Bu Uy Ole) =, Pram th Bd Cyclic So Jet ol) =P the pobdible atclae a} elomart in Cy ca \ oe p. tk of Clomards af onder | sin (0 =) “an (> Fab pels ot Han 1, Tham Cy has b-) elomnedls of oedex b bopible val of ae Q-x DY QEA-Z thon Some other elomed of aez As mat quneated by a. (Seep a= 5 thin 4) -d nab generale by) Tham op Stich Q exit im Q such that Q # N+ vn ENR, Qe a ty gorwator of tr thom Or' is also generale, of O. SL det ty be a Cyclic group amd a ib qemuralr oh tun Mz ba- 2) = arbra® (- ar’a*=e) =arabala® b? = @ba?. Seanilardy > b= aibat b™ — aSpa-e b* = ebe’ =} be =@ =) 0(b) SI ot) Bir b#e” = 0(b) =3) xBe ofayzy amd 2b EC, Mich that be = abat then o(b)=? SL bt aba? ey? = @ba") @ba!)-abebar = aba" - aabe-v-! bY =arbar b8 = @ra? 5 B= alban" bi = ebe'= fb bce =) =|s~ ) 0(b) oN Shoo that tlaaty"= Lama! at {EU ; AyQeG. S&L Geer lb "70 +hon (tax7)” E Sary-l Ce ; Yemzo y Hun (ax" = €& amd = —O aevtl= geatewit=e -@ > flax)? = vax’ —@ bur :- yy n Croup Crops cee non- een pats ) 1-2, 3 [- Zo, xX [I-23 \ x he Ye olin) <3 , Hom ( id alioays Cylic 2y an a 5 I~Zs ! X Note > Ip O(n) <5 thon C) is abaoys abchan. 6 <<, | | 4 |- 24 1 K 23 2) 8 (Kee, 3 L Ay d4 Zq x q a oe, a lo cae | | ne - WW 1.2) | X Emr, Ie 5" oe 26 Q 5 ayes 2 sion Grane By ecse ,X vor rr perm oT ap pecan ww w . 2y ston cbalin Cova 44 Ia, | | Xx Is l- Zs ) Nee -Y of) = p thon 31 possdbilaty ay a= Zp Ex @ OO) =% Hun AXZy © of) = 3 thn HZ, 6 o(m) = 13 Then NX Zig O ony= a3 thn NX Zee a) uy O(t)) = p* Thon 3 too powihilats “HX Zr, HX ZpxZp Exp Q of) = 8% thon Oe 24 HK Zxz D l= 923" tum AR Zq y HX ZaXZs @ yy oltny= 85 =5* Them HX Za, (NX ZgXSe UM. Ye ofm)= pd, PX4 and PYq.; thm 3) fii da AX Zoq Exp MOluy=ls = 3S 5365 and 3X#1® ly ol) 338 = Bxn , KN and BAn-4 Pun We 233 G ty CF 4a 277k 4 FSU amd 700-1 thom (nx 294 (YH OG) = PL, xg and P/ 91 , thn 3 rao potatbelitin Ch Zpq_, Cr Non ecbclaim Croup Hon abelam Group = $20 ys [atee, ye, ty #98 APD y ly Py S Fe Oy -— ENG EQ ola)= 6 = &xe , ACB S Ys] thyn Oe 2, and : Qe fa'ys farze , ye HY FHL; A Hons Fe OF £89 -Fr9i (1239) [ci2d oe, 29" -e Gay, 23) F CUBA), 42017 : J = Oh 23 olny = jo= aXe and dfs-} tun OX Zo FOX Ds 6 to) £ ge orp ond 3/95 Or & Ze and GRE VY /ahe frees eoy™ f= 0515253545989Rag If el) =10 amderhar mota than one elements of oxdue &) Then Q tr bs abelian @ Od abamp cychi, -@ ww» alhaays non- abelian 6) Nome Sal. ote) =<” Ds Ux Zo y tem Cr has exactly ont elamerl of, oxdar tan Ok Zr . 2D WX de Dg & ion abelém then Aa aboays mon- abelian, Bau OG) = 8 and Cr hos F elomenls of orale & th Cy ab cycle (ts abohiam uct mot cepelic cy is Mwn- abelian Un had elomerily of order > SL ol=8 ae Oa)= 8 ZoxX2y Se yoke x ee Zs eracly ont coma of ctebnd 3 (nf-Ze ZoxZy has Tread element of ore FH) (nts, Seaewy Dy heed pee Clurnenld of Orde d=) CaF Dy Quy has one elomois of ordeed > OE By, But ZX 2oxZ2. had Seven elomonik of order: 2) GREE EZ KZ XZ ZaR2oXlo har no element of Oder, re But 0(22x22X22) = 9 =) ZpX22X Zz Ws ven- Cyelic But ZoxXZoxZ2 Ad bela. BAA Jk of = B) amd Cr hos no elements af dex, &1 Thon © wa ®© Od abelim but mat cyclic a) CO) ® nen ahebam ® tmt Say about Cr Sl ol)= al = 3x4, 349 5 B/44 thn 3 Hoo pase-cbitetu axa > iy non abelecn Cr had 0 elements of ordue ct! Hun tr in rokeydie =) Gt 22) We Dar ta ton ahehom Creoup of orchtal“0 wo ahaays cyclii © ww abebim butt nt cyclic © nr» mon- abelian G None SI of = 83> Ri, B< amd BXIrI frum 3) powibilty thet ty ~ Zs Zag Jd Cytle , Hom tis cyclic, ut — of) = 14 amd O13 abelian , Hun 0 wb cyche © cr has elumamld of otal 14, © Cr kas mo elormoriy of orclex 1Y Qt had exactly 1 elomont of arly g. Sal o(ty) = 14 Zz Oz 1Y4 D4 Dy 4s mot abelan D> AK Dy =) OX Ziy 7 iu dD Gpelic, Zy has clomarib af ard iy, Zy hab exactly | eloment of axder & 5 opt 0, © 3 @ wa coset. UL HOW) = S3, ina «Su 0) = RA, Hun hood many passibslitin Jor ~~ Group of Cedee fa. (Ten jsoanaephic) re O)= NAR = AXE» A/s-1 theo 3 fo porscbilitas (na? SS > ‘eo posssheles 61 Subgroup dEHSr, H ib Said to bo oh Gr if HB Atal group cath Sane operation of & Exp 0) ZA, and (z, +) 18 group thon (zy old “bucbgscaup ch (Ast) GFAERIC and (Q,4)-4 group thon 6) B® bubproup of (RH) (CEH) . Shad Hak mz, (mz0).is Subgraup of So) MZ -f{m™a faew? —@Q- Nid, 06 max tum bmw Cw O let LEM and Y Emr thon A= MO 4 Yan.b 5 Abe % le Such that 4 = mambo latb) = mc (cath) (lb C72) = me EmweBAYA) = LZ T WY,Z EME Ww because mu Cw () o€ ma Auch Holt = Ofte Ye Yemy M anremz tom b= Ma, gew aé~a thn -aéHZ D -L ema EMA such Heed eos matmeay= Marea) = mo “ay XteD =0 06 ZZ > (m5) 48 Croup. >) (mz) & dubproup of Be. Hid Aubproup of tr ff ableH ¥ a,beH SL let HA 4 Or. Now Let Qe Hobe Yo beH thn bet His Aubsroup ~) ab’CH -¥ a, beH Commd4-Ld Ab7CH * Q9b EH Bt a=b, tm bb'EH > eeH thn € ty is the rolentiby off 8 Put gee tn ebléns brEH bE => surat of each element of H amt lee QE bEH =) bTEH Auch the} alby'éH = qhey abet Thom Yar Rubsene J) or.Qut Show thet He fe} amd HG are abaayo ~ ube of BH Gur i ld He fe} ten $ +HCY het QEH, Tun Q=€ 3 bEH thm bee, ‘aubh that abl= eels EH =) abléH > WLS dubsroup of) - Car Sab tHe br, toe tenoia Hat Gr 1b or ony Aubset OF. Cyiib group 2) (Hy) 2B poup. SEO Hefoy amd H= fad au Subgeaups of @. @ H=OR3 and He £D,¥ da Suba coups of; Dy. Qu aes Hun He Kar is ss cyclic. amd ovd= aor” Bir let & be Group and aelr tan he ) ryt a (OV) = A" GH (Goapele snmez/ =) ay? eH . >) His Subssxoup of CyDO lg rh ao Up open oy TUN HA O% HE Zoey Exp Daca 5 thm H=$thum Ha cyché: sub- Gump of Zz te H= Y= 382 34-3 Bub =H eo an terete he se hp Geert YW, Sl deb LEH Hon B= ny qeh ten yr-e ——O yese DY =€ buch that (ay)? = yr = |e e = fy eH Ha Aubspoup 56,ting Cn Alidh tat He Pate gle § but H 2» crot Subgroup of O- . Sel Bike (0,05 b,405 cohad ot: b= QB =e jek Woe a dubsst of Or, He £6,4,b5 wonon arab =e WV Agb etn ath, ben , feb ab ¢H %) Baa mal a qaoup- DP Wad wih subsscoup of Cr un, Yrknatchion of 00 Sulgraups 0 Subgert Bld Wamd K asa Hao Subgroup op sat ae nk flan ae and 2S AC be nx Hen beH and beK yy aeH ® bel Ham ab! CH nek Shek y tam adver —O ron OSO; ab? enn 2 WK d @ subgroup. of fr. ws nny to tape cm Set Gh Ys aa = Cortes ata 3 Mabe Ke Ge «(Oye d tS 3? sulgpeup of Cnr 49 eR AEE SutAO XCZVI“LZ wing Jraavoet Rub 43-5 €awu3e . =) 8avsa is not Aubsraup of Z., Bas Hand k att Hoo Subgroups of Cp Thom Hk 4b Subgroup of Cy apf How o& RCH Cg = C05! yhy3, 455 3 OC 2 Such Hat Hp> S08 LEZ, Buch Hot Ue = CI7= F951,253,4 555 AEZ, Auth that Ha= Y= Yo > Wegt ¥ ayeH then His aboliam Commis’ > Need! Net be peut. he Dy = LR, Reo y Reo, Rego Ha Vy DDS HE Dy thon K= SH ib Cyclic Subs caup of 2, K = € Royh3 & chelan Bi) Cae Dy 8 Ro abelian . Ge I alt Subaeaupd of Cr aru boli, fhm 0) 2B , cholian. bol al Subgroups of 6p ase abelriv Cy 3 alsaSu Hall Subproups of tr ase Cyolic Hom Cn it tucbic.Nee Numb op cyclic” graup ofp oder A am amy Gy = tf ap ebommnly op Oxder A intr 4(d) n= Zq XZ , How “many Subgroups of dum 23 X29. 2 we ao ta on aan onder & ib elie Fron te Avdgromp of, oral fenenes 2b Cyclic Subgroup. 4 of lumens of Orde & in ZgXZ2_ 1 2% 40 d=) Z 1 oa d=) OF ZU 4 4=) # ob “te teed se a ae = oa 3 “a ee (8) Thon ZgX Zo hay Hrsae Subgsoupd of ordered, QWDEZ XZ, Such that Mee Clow? = Cre) (r1)} (448) EZgXZp, Sch Hod Hae < (47 = £1070) €490)¥ (Uy) EZqXZo Bech theh Hg= gS = {10 y0) 9 (4475 Exp ou Ud 70 and dfn Hun onumlour af Subgroup of oxdix. of in Zy ds Umiput Sry ib Opelic, thon all subgroups of. Znby an Tiwi Ln Mad bd 0rd a - Hence Zn, has aubyroupy op ctdir eh ign of ce cy = $8 Phan Zy ed uit Subgroup of ota a HEF yp tr hos am elomunt of OF of then Cr has Sudgraup of order a. But conmnse need mot be Lu Hah Jat Or B G24 amd Cy has Om elomenit af Orde Anya Hon H= Eee =| ay Hy = Re} “0 H of Aubgaoup> of orden din Dy= Bay = Ha = = § Roy HR Hy = XV? = £ Ry V3 Hs = S02 = £ Roy D3 He = = TR, wy taelie it op Subpeoph of OAK Y tn Dy ~ Ho Hy = < Raz = £ Re, Ras Rso, Rose J * Ga Non- Cyclic Subgroup ap ors, Yan Dy z Let Wis ane Colic Subgroup of odie 4 nay thon & ZoXZ0 > yt has 3 elomenits af Orel &. Sincr Dy had five clomerds of ordre. of Hun son cyelic Subgroup af Ordre Y as possible um Dy, Hl = ER, Rey Hy VGvee WU I Aw peep Net byl =f Rofo, D'} Suimildy He 48 alao group. Nody Hy = He = $8, Riso, Hy vi th! = Ha = Lf, Rigo D,D'F He = Dy Subgroups of D5 Dg =f Roy Ress Rows faay feo, fc} O(Ds) = 6 thom possible asder duboy IAs 3 and 6. % ee Ds hay elements of; Order 1,2 amd % thom Co has Only Cyclic Aubgroups of Otdee 144 and 8. # of Aubgroupy of order | tn >, = 40). 4 Ay? = TRF a of Subgcoups of, Cdr din Dg = 3 23 a = = [hy Rosy Rite amg * Bb 2 phut Eind abl Subgroups a Dr. Sol Dy = £ Ro, Rigo, Saa, fee} Olds =U, Fron passiblr order of Aubg soups axe 132 cmd 4 Da, had elumants 6h otdbe | and a. Tun (has Gyelic Subgroups of ordet [anda Hoh buljreoups of order vn Do wa a el He = ) S3 hab dubsraups of ardor 1 A and 3, Hof Aubasoups of otder Im $ = Fy >] Hy = CE> = (Tf 4k of bigaungs 0f only dd = = =3. ae Ye = = {25 (1393 Mm = S237 = er, (53 Hoh Saba anps 7 OM Bin Se Re (3) a Bots = <1agp = {Z, 83, (3493 We © 2.3 COCER HDs UFOS _L ay ( - Zs hos 0 elements of aedor 2 Thum Thea 2 Ww wn abelian subyraup in Sa, Hg = 53wy a Lond abt Subgroups oF Z,XZy SL ZyK2y = E00), (11s (058)5( 058), (42) (s1dsl 1 ADBR 0 (2,X%29) =$ Then posscble otder of Subgroups Ar 1,2, 4 and 3. Z_XZy hos elements of orale {yk and Y. Them ZxZy has Cyelic Suba soup of, Ordek Ip. amd Y. tof Subgroup Of Atel I im ZoXZy = xo =| H, = <(.0)7 = § (0,094 tt of Stebproups af ordi Lim ZXZy> ia § (05099 (02)3 y= <7 = Hy = < G07 = © 672) (LHF Hy = & Hy = yp CUP) <7 9X RI7 9 CHB 7, KLAN? Qe Fix dbbernt dubgroups of zyx Zy o} order 4 tlan— Cyclic Sage 7 te oC) = ae, ZuXZy AP Zig * Bocouae LyXZy B mt cyclic 7 Zik2y Dy Bacau Biyx2y has Heer Clamants of, ose & but Dg bas 9 clomonds- of, Onde Be Pay ———$—=<—<—ae Deeg LOM Of ey Sd y= (Hl, ta, FY, tRF O(ay) = 8 Fossvble onde of subgroups ase 1,4, 4 and 8. Qy has elements of ordex Ina and Y. Then Qy has Cy obit Subgroups of ardor |, andy. & oh Subgsmups sh oadee I tin ayy = J .] = £1 RO) Hob Aubpamupr of onde dum iy) = ga =| fy = <7 = 84,43 Sua roup ofp Orde Y— HoH a Aube roup of ord YU, bx > ZaXZ9 Cyclic Subgroup of Order te oh tye Subpemips of orday= & « y Hs = ) HX sks fu N= Zex2y y Hoco rear Subproup ef otdeeg a Wen N24XZeBML AX Zig MAY MO Curent of Aa G tum Ae Bg Hm H& Z5XZz 2 Hhas 3. elumont af order 3, Sum Zx2 5 has exactly 8 elymenili ob ord 3 Them 26% Zig ho Unuipece Subs raup of order 9. Bail Ho gr ket H amd K axe tw Aly soups then Ptoduct % H amd K ag definedas HK = SAR [heH, kek} Oth 2 pari group Hon O(H.K) = 0(H). O(K) ®(Hnk) fut fp Hand K ase ‘kao Subpraues ob & then Uk +8 alao bo roup of GP So] - Se, Nee} Not- : ~ Ki= €% Hy Subgroup of Dy Ko. = ER, D? ip Subgroup of D, Stich Het Kika.= € Fao, Re, HR, HD = {fosPsty Roo} aNOK = Let Hamd K ase tao oO. HR Jd Aubsroup OD ab HR= KH: WL Uy BK = {nk/ REN REK] ler LEHK =) A=hrky shieHs kek YEHK = Y= nko 5 be HS KEK Such tha Oy = Chik (hoy! = hi Ry Re hg! = One") Cribs!) Ip UR = KY = NaRs CHR coh hs = hihi! $ Raz -k.ky! UGTEHK Up Hike RY SE tre Ca, LiG) , hoomany Aubpeoups.im Cy? 2 O(GLLURD)= 6 SS 3 Since Cla Fab an abelian and 25 ds cyclicrabolian Then Cbs. UB) 26 > Clr( th) & $3 Ss hap 6 subgroups Hambrls (Fe) had 6 dubaronph Qua (ye Stal Fs) Jams hao rar Subysoups 2 . Sli( FR) a) Sa =) 6 Subs soups.Quy o(u)=4 amd elo eloment a, C1 has ad sae thon pind the taf Suba soups sn Co. SL Cuiten tat eury element of- Gr hos Self viaerss tn alsa 3} @et ¥ AE : =a rumont inbr had ord 7X A OkZy >) WD XZxto ZaxZe had fui dubsronps > (n has pie dubs eanps Qu ) of) = CL) them O@)= OCb) ? aur ®) Ypore b> Hon Q=b? SO Oo= Reo o b= Re O(a) = O( Rm) = OCR= off) =0 (fo) = OCR) = 1 Dolery= b>) Bul © (Roy DC Rise) SER 0a) 4 Xb) ® ar=b> a=R A Qe Ry = Re b= Rg b= Rage = Re a? =)? Bua Ro + Riso 2 athBuk Uy OLD PAL y PSE, Ten Cr Wm CUA Séctopaup ob order 9. Sl jet lo) = PY > PSG —O Let H amd K ass tao Subgsoups af, arden, Q um Cr, Thun Hnk= £e3 HH #£¢3. them Now, oftek) = OCF OK) fe vac Fink Faehatk Of) NS ofay= = OCH) + = 4th _ ge 6(1)=4= Oe) @ DH=K= O(Hek)-= 9 > po — olH.k) 7 oC) WS K Qe dubgeouphah Cr Hum HK S =) 0(HK) < O(N) © Yas unique Subatoup of otder 9. ERD Uy ol) =6= a3 DG hoa Unique subgroups ah ~~ atdex 3 © Uy doy =lo = aS > Chad umiue dubaraup of, oAder 5. Gwe Ola) = a1 Ca ds rum aladdin , Then How many dwhasroupd Oo} order Sim Cr. a OG) = al= 4-3 . foisible over of elomgrls lm Cr axe 13,4 F a. Ly Woo element af ordat dt thon Ur io eycbis, ioo =) UI IW CyorTWMls Of OFX Vodot, ss 4 of elewanls a} axder | am 1 =] Now, OCun)> 3x4 A Cy has Umiguue Suda soup of, o%cler 2 # of elomonks Of order tun = dG) - 6 Thun tn order of Somaunng 14 clemeniy 29 3, 9% af Subgroup af oxdx Bun in= Hh =| = Muth oleal= PA. y PSL cund br 4 sien aboltin sam (a hos 4 subjroups Of OCP): BM ol) = pq. amd P af af Auhaxoups of otal P dtar See = pe. be © NG) = 6 ~ 8S . Cry mwn- abelam Hon (hha & aubgeopd ch ordre S © om = 85 = SX. amd Lr ad an -abeluin ‘hon ty hos \\ Suhasoup ah Orders.