| Lady with a Mead Cup Ritual, Prophecy and Lordship in the European Warband from La Tene to the Viking Age Michael J. Enright B 213 EbT 1976 A FOUR COURTS PRESS ones 13388Sein on 1 pit Es fr 1 Ln, aoc, Co, Dei, roun cours rarss CONTENTS io 805, os NE Ha See, Potand OR Ot ABBREVIATIONS & © Micha J. Envi 196 1 Ritual, Group Cobesion and Hierarchy nthe Germanic Warband A catalog sad fo ei ie is aa onthe Bish Leary TL Warlords, Hezeinen and Sibyl 3 IIL The Liquor Rita and the Bass ofthe Lordy Power to Command Flowers % sow Ssitaib0 IV The Archaology of lntoiton and the Const of Transapine History 7 de ser pe pin siteemere nites ) Rohemntaes 7 mactenntaemeey ree 2 Morin fou cme a cnt pee lah Sete oa ae tnd ai ei te ema ec ge 7 2 Wealhtheow 189, | Remade kiette edb ; Somer S {Sota eons xs ; Memon = er rtscmonettintattngy 25 1 Seas 2 — “ ‘by Anny Rowe Lad, Gippenham, Wisory parents, Michael and Esther Enright And in loving memory of “gran”, Patrick Kenneal, ‘dof “daw”, Madge Mac Mion, inher wonderful ide howe under th il Oe e sSgESTSSgSZONgREOS Hy ABBREVIATIONS ca Artncologia Hua ‘Art Ecos, Soe, Ciao ‘abun nd ne Arter Generac: ‘Rec Hina erie ‘REGGE de tnrptn Peles Letes (Comptes Reds) ‘aera oul of Ancestor ‘rchakgches arepondesta ‘Atma Medevae ‘reblog Nec aus Baden assy und Nile deinen Wel, ‘eclings ote als Confrence on Ango-Norman Sts ‘Anpo-Sem gland Buln fe oud of Ci Stes Dutt ofthe luo Arcaalogy (Universo London) Boner atic a real of Seco Betta de Laon de PAsociton Frans Arbtsoe ‘Contd Mesias Seas ref cg ios Enel Lengo: Nowe dormant Forschungen on Ree oti ura Gs deasheneteaslcn Insis ‘oul of Epi snd Gorman Pio Journal of Pay toy Journ of ndoburopens Studies Sate of Msc! History Senta meldouce Vorgecicte: Aisi JRC Juche min germane Zea Mais. JRSAt Toul toe Rol Sey of Anigrertnd Kes Kune Zatch Sool ESE Lends Stiri Engi MIAGW — Mitslungn Andwoplogiche Gentian Wie Mott, Moramentn Gemans ison MottAa scores es MGS rec Geta Scxpores rerum Germanic MGisSree Lng, Spr eram Langabrdrum e lala ace VIX. MH SSree Max Sciperer rerum Mewrngsran MER Moser Langone Revise MQ) MeskindQuaresiy MP Modern Plain BS Mate nd AAR Nilsipeacwtatne Nas Newigaam Mees Stes Fon’ Receige e etoy Pica der ncn Alerts PRA inh Aden re RA Re RHDPE a8 san 5G sae SMC, Shaker sv & SS Seine Stes Scr Stine aude dl oto ano lt cls metioeo SS Stulensur Sachentorctung Tihs Twa hela soe ‘ We ZL a ie Zba SSR GA). Zeteti dr Savi. Stan Tr Resse ‘Germanic Abcg. 285R (RA) ‘essed er Sar Stung i Rehpechiee. Romance PREFACE, “This bok grew slowly, ml wis, because T set out to write diferent oe. ‘Several years apn the midst of esearch for a socio instuioal history of he Germanic coms, {compos an arte onthe cup-flerng ritalin Berea ‘nd the sora Lagebardoram. It was published in Priel Staion in oi (and reappears ee ax chapter one with only ight modifstion)* Upon etaring to ny oil projet, however, was continually ited bythe nete~ ome sense of having excluded too mich relevant mater fom the atc, of ot vingeuflenty explora the background of the rica offering to filly explain fein an intellectually saying wa. Cuiasiy and seleiism eventually ‘hlged me tindalge agai he indy wih mead cup “Once decided thas more thorough analysis was needed wo probative esas followed fay rapidly. These were ead and carmented upon by Kart Hauck of ‘Minster who suggested thats broader eussonandan edition chapter might hake 1 weal book That chaper(ppearing here as chapter five on wartand ‘elgon andthe Cele worl) became far more extensive than riginally panned, [Aho an avalanche of Uiteatre was aaa to draw upon many of the ‘sumptions made therein seamed questionable. Archaeologists and historians fier considerably in their approach to cultural cbrge during the Roman peti in Central Enroe, for example, whe evo ober groups of specials, Germans and Cele frequently ssmed to bithely go their own ways ‘without paying a great dea of tenon to their callegue'sresalts Mach canbe [earned by acomparion ofthe ndings and I hope tokave made some progres fn the present mork. But “sme progres” the operative phase. An tempo {Soros cos sction ofthis dlsparite terial night of conclusion reached or ‘pected led to exploratory fraysin lds tn which am very conscious o being mamateur—achuelogycunoogy ingubse, epigraphy, place-name, coname ‘iy fe. Tare taken some consolation for the ft that fll ay of these abjects would be beyond the epatiity of any one write although dat as ben {old comfort on many occasions Undoubtedly tberefore experts in dese ares ‘Tl ind errors although much eff hasbeen expended to kep them to Tinimnm, {eosin nonetheless coavinced tht sme venture must be made to * aes ens pam nae ie ape re, Uieh Noon ed id ce a Mal nr Zt Sain, 9) 9.30a yi Mead Cp raw together the mye strands of evidence in order to eventualy develop ‘Saheent picture of clara interaction in ey Europe sme waste present study san experiment. isan atmpc isolate the capoffring sta of me Germanic peoples ofthe Easy Middle Ages © ‘Sih function within th station in which it appears to seek explain SeaRinial ad elipous soures and to suggest tht an analysis ofthe rial ‘rode sce stay wich demonstrates that considerably more coninity Prceed in ropeen story frm La Tne chrough te Viking period than is ‘Siumonly supposed. The presence ofthe cup-ffring ital among diverse peoples vee many centres indicates great socal significance. Bic he stl best described inthe Beowulf poem a work which seems to rode sly reliable desertion of the warband fesse, ii Bel hat Ferme the tart pont or the analysis that lls Teisnot study ofthe poem, {Phe aro sense or] a ntinerested nits itera value butrater in certain eect ot th inition to wich tFequenty alludes and always takes for ‘Phnted Chaperone describes the eup-ffering ritual and retest to kingship ‘Fa the mutteance of cohesion within the wartand, Te eral figure is ‘ealicon the aly with the mead cup, who fst presents ito the alr and Thon lsitates igor this followers Chapter two amines some elements of ‘recy and provocstio which sem f9 acompany the dsuibution and 1 be ipecyaocnted with Hratgars queen, Thescareinterpretdasinsition~ ip fancdonal characteris of Welhtheow and no, 8 one might oterwise Mtdpore merely pesos! guts. Prophecy and provocation pear to have boon ‘pela Gabevirs of women amongst warrior groups in Germanic cltres end 8 ‘Peet ith the sibs who sometimes acorpanied exly Germanic leaders eats demunstbleThisintrpretation then eas array tan nal iscas- ‘Sof Jin Cis ofthe Bata and eed a prophets ofthe Beucter since {heya the earest leaer/ prophets team da an also be fink to warband ganization, "Chapt tree sch to elucidate a percrved association between entry into ordi etry into marrage and the dssibtion of drink among retainers. The [Hsvofthe craton of afte fan tsargued, ental thiseomplexpaten Sf ehouphe. A number of eues indicate that similar concept and distribution (Eibnkabo played olen the resto of Cla adr of the Batavia elt nado. "The purpose of chapter fou is entirely diferent, n par esas I naw eck tocamnine documents of diferent gene. Several problems ae dele wth. On he ands the existence ofthe motif and rival in question nexds to be more ‘early demonstrated forthe eatly Germanic mien, On the othe, the vide tray pp beeen the ages of Civils and Beowulf requires bridging since ite {neal saia forthe former pevod and only ligt more forthe centuries {Batinervene, he ony approach capable of listing signfcannew informacion Pie si fa tha of archaeology, Hence, chapter four is devoted to the archaeology of {eodcaton in Cental Earope fom he Iron Age that of de Vikings and abo ss bre discussion of te contemporary oral cular in order to clarify the ‘Sito for coniniy of the mead eup complex among sme peoples fhe Early ite Ages and fs disappearance or near disappearance from the erry record of others “Chapter ive provides the most complicated exposition ofthe book, Despite large gp of soe seven ton entre, the figures of Vee and Welhtboow cree Gabe joined bya surprising numberof sent charactristics—propbery, ‘Sedition religions aus and nk wid ingship anda warband Boh names fave Coe connecsons and so does the conta ite. This being the case 2 Fincher and more complete exploration f the cultural background ofthe om= fans andthe gins of watband religion smd necessary, Investigation ofthe Tiqor sae! tha lead to mother level of questioning and becomes pat of 3 tpader context In addition, the ature of the hypothesis offered seemed 10 equ astfeto amare novel approvch Is willbe argued the key reaionship {the Germanic cota nat not simply the lor fllower duty (although thats the deminan one) but rae the mores patter of od proph- ‘eea/fllowey, then tae level of complexity hasbeen add and ancw tempt ‘San nterpreaon makessenge,AsfrasT know, no other work deals peicaly ‘Tite vaney of problems this ised although, needless toy the ine suds ‘Peeholas ke Relsard Wenskus, Walter Selesogs, Hans Kuhn, Christoph ‘Ruger Kel Peschel and others have been indispensable guides as can canbe rea from he Footots Perhaps one should alo say whit tis book i ot isnot a history of the comet As T now (lucant)ascept, «tru history of ha asin i impose to write Beets of the saci of the sources an the ambiguity of ‘Sheed ference. On the other band tis posible in broad strokes, anal the nature of «number of spect ofits organizational development and bebar- {trl pattern some of these ave dats here although I hope todo more in ‘beequen rlume, The present focus. on ritual und eligi. The im is © ‘Ecmousunteand document the existence of thelard/propheess dynamic within he comics and comity over time. By comitatus (or warand or Ge ‘Jaca Tmcan an rguization of free men both within and without bal Frrocares wo smear an oath of alliance and mltary suport ta leader i eum foe maateance, gifts and plunder, bat whose oat i not necessarily ‘Sondlional on tlanced secproiy although a high degree of metal devotion {Sint and expected. Inst enti stage of development, warband members Hive in or net the lade’ bal Bat eventual Hive elsewhere on land ped or (ued where they may aso reerat flloring oftheir own. Under certain ‘pnalions, the parle or unfee may py 2 rol in the organization, Tha the ramevor forthe flowing discussion,ae ay Maloy [A number of debts requite acknowledgment. Fit and foremost, I wis to hank Karl Havek for is encouragement vice and frequent hospitality over Theva allof this despite onerous editorial daesand hisown dauntngresearch Doge of agua imporance. His solide gives reaning tothe term TeeRmunty of sebolas” Special hank alo to Forrest MeDomald (teacher ‘oa his mul fo his ypicly generous support at an exy sage of my ‘Reon snd to she Eathare Foundation for grant which financed a tp hat ‘Pade this bak nh eer to wie. Talo remember with pleasure Edin all ‘Thode inwoduced eto the works of Ernst Kantorice. An erie version Terondy (eng chopter fous) was ead by Winfred chman who made ‘any hp sugestions and commis od Padraig O'Neil Lam sue hat ‘Bae cnteranons with fiends and cllesgus, Edin Hal, Michael Richter, ‘atest Walton, Anthony Papal io made adferenceakbough ean no onset ‘epee since most comments have log since been absorbed at various igor of the work. None of the above are responsible fr any eos of factor tarpon My thanks to Brian Paar ois ping nd attention to the ‘ogapy and to Mes Patrica Guyete of Ineribrary Lom at EsstCaroina ‘aiveriy for her kindness and wagging eflots in casing the elusive says of medientss” Trad ar very prod of ay son Edward who continaes to overlook my unr faults and who for several years now bas navigated his way around ‘Tamlingshoaiof papers tnd antec Likewise my daughter, Anne-Krisin, ‘Ere ugh fr nyse consti in my thoughts Finally a pei meaton for my ffends st Happs Pool Hall especially avonda “Duke” Kel, Paul (Chittenand Joc Mes} who rey improve game ileal demonstrating ‘clear, albeit ile inown, Feltionship between straight poot and academic research Michal J. aright Greenville, North Carolina + Amt earings ne A RNGHGSE Seiad me prs se won eres wae Mea cy nee Late oer cn en Asie Ro Vc ot ite ae a cn pce Ka Ful om at, ie ier Silo te mmol le 1 A RITUAL, GROUP COHESION AND HIERARCHY IN THE GERMANIC WARBAND ‘Boh the poli actvies of German queens andthe ies of the Germanic srerbund or cmt arewubjets which have often attracted choary tetion, Theses nthe forme in particule nom flourishing in the English speaking ‘fold and fas already ecipoed the ler which belongs toa more tadtonl repoy of histrigrepli' none sense his pater of Ingury represents long ‘retue reeuamination of the sources just abit also reflects the aoc and ‘iilowphal ferment characterizing the at geneation of Western sie Not Firpeismgy reading of the recent Beau tells ws almost as ch about ‘urselvesasit doer ofthe distant past especially since so mach anion hasbeen ‘cmed onthe deges of independencs to whichthe Germanic queen couldaspire ‘eantpute Such question nersnly wortbasing bathe sourescanseldom, provides sxisfactry anewer since tis so extanrinaily dificl to establish thon the queen ot opal widow sing independently or when is that she Tiny fanctioing the proxy fr tomeone es, be it husband, soma faction ofthe nobility or the eomiat, Moreover, ce oli known about the sca ‘hecrpins of royal wives in general, ach of what has been writen hs dealt Sith a tow ouscunding figures whose character and virtues, i is sometimes Togpated, were fly as ile” a thir mae counterparts and would undoube ai be widely sung did we only ow more about them. But this type of onietre is unlely fo reali advance historia knowledge sine it scaly + Se frum Nin, “Gets rh: Te re of rnin ah Sear Hag” lab Pine Ser Que Cri mt Dag Ki we bry us g(a Same Pony Wen es Pant Te it Caer ago Gath ke Cane, “Gps Eni eo ‘Re Coe Grate Noma Hn Dat, Weta LAT TIDE adn pao ohne bse Reroeion Nell rw feat oi nef tna ae Sere ured Gees Ts Codi Lo Seat S oO igh otek Wk Baty Pas Her Heer Mae Chih, Se ati ‘Smyrna Ct aS a ren ite Crt ety Come Rap Sane Se a eShnyednyet oe ty A pe: aly ie Med op diverts atention fom the crcl problem of interaction besmeen King, queen ‘nar and ic isony though the ntgrated study ofthe social exchanges ‘Rivcen he thes that weean hope trecopnize the internal organizational design which often effected external poll action.” Ae pane tis formulation may well srk scholars s somes ecu Expt eco female eerie allstudes ofthe Germanic warband have ‘tained exclusively wih the relations between lord and fllone in dhe arena fhe ela ei and have ey taken acount of the queen wh side from her ‘Gomes aces and fence onthe sul plosand machinations ofthe court, {hs never been thought tore ad ch od withthe cmt. my opiion {his ow should bem to alow forthe occasional subteinflaene of chi pry whose interests usualy But not vey enincide wih those of the Kade ‘ia follows bere omer, not an atempe to lit all of he posi way in SMHch 2 cmcerned or ambitious wife might influence her husband and his Teners Sach an exercise would ave demeaning athe, iis a deseripon “hd adj «peeved inssoralarangement. The present chapter seks ‘eiavedgue an hypothesled triangular pattern of pla intecourse and to Sow hat contrary to common asumpiion, the royal cnsor normaly played = ‘Sonieanf subordinate olen the exalishment of oder and hierarchy among the menbers of the warband and tat, jst at women in de wider wold were ‘ied eo bind fais a aianees, 20 di the queen acto help achieve cohesion “in uni of purpose between lord and lower in the opal al, The signicant joint heels no! that she was ever able to det policy but rahe hath que, ng an her husband's delegate, ererced a number of important fanetions “SHCE, slough only vaguely ood in the erature, have noteworthy implica Tons fre sn of erly European paca rganizcon an itsitual afirms~ ion In the fling pages, using the Beonl/ poem aa point of deparare for ‘lanai Tall yt sketch some ofthe nomble ways in which ryal (and ‘ube conan routinely contbuted fo the enbancement of sai within = “Wm wariescey ad then how they helped to aintanconinity in times ‘fetes and ranston. ‘Shorty afer his ara at Hero, king Hrothg's grat al Beowal sven an bomocbl set between the Kings sons and witness the entrance of Weal- ‘atco bore formal profering ofthe eremoaial cup of guar to the Danish ingsgnls the true beganing ofthe feast Although lengthy this deseision of the queen's aon deserves caeflatertn and mst be ced in fll ince ‘ic wc mae ec rnp elie ead: 1: To sty eating pew ha naib many peep chen ‘cides Caen il 9 imal ga hao end rary nh eon Wah Cay freon si yt Pree de he oe, tot gianna eee ea dag tt ence sen eb oreo Ble epee ig Be oe) soot fener ee et al em rire awa su ere fe Hba Pes ang ewan my mbes, sia ilo yen Wyk Tip dt Seppe nebo, 63 me on ed Fila ct lot lee suai paar ele Ei Sede se nh soso efi lee Seite pt on tid ep Gus abe ere ln igh pn hd, sey bene ope hi ety rating ti brane, 68 oni ene teint hep ln pater fig une le Es Rad trea a ii ne soo Yr fe Tee dre arth yf Hie, fax jem detest eect nahn em tos snr esl ston hte Ui moe ane say Jar Dm bar Fetes 6a epg ear rel NS te en ee te os goa” loa So lisa be ape hn oo sos fence preheat ee ata rhb ook soy fvlsoncipeete Serie dei me Gos Sranfae Hepa Prints’ ay th Med op (ag wate wigs at Meals, he ce er, frm Wenlcon's hands 630 md Jaap ale red ‘And then hated his enperes tt. (631 Herelf mals, bar Bape. ‘Thus pole Beowulf he son af Eethcow (ya "le fated Jase on alge, “tor on ad three ie mid wea I pts 63 set eat ad mire seg gh Tented on the long ship with my bao of en Sag patie aman ems ds {ite ons o al eh wis of your people fs ila neki, sew mel eng Told soompi ore li the ny. 66 fonirau fast. erm seal Farin ste grips Tmt perform 7 coke, op ade ‘oi dees eae myn day 68 ow Ke mend mine gen” in this nnd al ac met 9 Dam of a verde bdo, ‘The woman enjoyed thas words, (io gujende Geter ee plradon, ‘Ge Get dating sy She rerumed ber steps, the gold adorned. qs fel folswen hie ates ‘racnarsoverign sey her suerin! “The sages of Wealeheow's progres aes follows: she enters wth cap nd ects the waror flere the cup frat the King, bids him enjoy the drinking End be happy with hs people. Hootgae paras cage. Thereupon, Weal Inco serves the rtiners (took sf the sume ceremonial vessel was tcl on ‘ach oczason)' moving Hirst othe veteran warriors and then tthe younger men {ong nora ta Beowal She honors im with a speech before giving him the ‘donk while be poss his eagerness ht and promises to perform heroic deeds Weshihcow is plese by his reply and return oa es eat beside the King. Lets now ack to unrael dhe elements inorder co ful understand the ‘ational undesying the queen's bebavioe. "To begin wih it tmst be emphasied that the ens potis here wing all Fekkai Ft at Fan pa Te cao ttt Rode Capen ng ip Bane yey Se inal, ad iar the ama Waal 5 of his powers to describe the idealized archerypia imag of acstocratic Ger ‘tani ife-a wey of thinking and doing which by telat ight or nigh cenary ‘Mhon the pcm arguably) may ave ben Gist declined was already fading into the pimorda pas bot which etl maintained a powerful hold on the emotions Ute Anglo Suton arsacacy No contined recognize the sent rightness a congrty ofthe statement Ax scholars ave constantly noted, Herts not Fost any Foyle tithe most famous of buildings under heaven”, the “right ‘Teun of bre men” whowe wal eymbalie Uh ren of warmth, protection ih honor tnding true aaa the wintry waste and chaos of the stormy word ‘Ssde” The mighty Hrothgar had bit athe aznith of is poner o Fash {he best ofall reworks forthe comminal eof the warband which he bad [traced whisside afer ears of soensfl warfare Tis, the, the ideal al for ‘Todel reine Brom the potent gift ati center! the plac of majesty where ‘Hrothger sits and peat where the queen les er place, ows all the weasure and jullie recopiton which constte the fundamental clrral values of the Tae woe view. From thi primary sie he Kinglines ofthe king radiates and ‘Boot palpably mace manifest Irie here hat che essential pstaresof the society Takepice~the ing of gift the bestowal of honors the ranting of land Is both he starting point and culsnain ofthe mest sigan commen tual, Fedgements, delbraions and celebrations znd chusisaspecil even hoy place Iihich the unworthy dae not apron. "These remarks frm the nevenary iaroducton to Weaitheow’s sta and st dpelany notion that the dinking procedure she nies and which rings ‘erint tmeneine cont withthe high-sat sarpthing ke acommonplace act, [rucvce, Mest scholars have traditionally underrted the sgicanee of the ‘Sane Asconfing to Schucking wate ere "aig onl witha subsidiary gure ‘whovras not of ental sgifane othe author, and Millen dismiss the ‘hte pnmge as prety intepelasion™” Recent wrk has teed to modily 1 Theat ahr edi ate nC Cha Te Dan ‘Mase eS he Dey Why Fe utr Bel nah ai Sie one weno peda Psi rm, Bes Boa tie Carson fe Aa Sn Asn Hepeeten St tan iy pnt ie 7 A any soi te ap Sn alloc Katha “The Cone ‘Hats Gea any” ion The a le), Wao Cony ‘Fe ea grt Se ag oy neh Tome i rata rs ete hy Leeper hp ns ee ere Seat et lh Wages roi Patines Tain” (7 ea eee aes el ae "Pmesionds de Gace Ces ede’ th tne Des so Kaiwh “Goeton es see gy as nt rors 00 Oe. oN ent ae tia ah. a Mi “Dig sar dsr nts Bose. erring sk asc ond ese Cond gree Sater, 917‘ aly th Med Cot ‘this view" bt the scolar who probably came loss to appreciating its impor- {ance was Wilbelm Groobec, the great stant of meicral Germanic culture, ‘are raters nit in ways which suggest hat he was copnizan of Weaitheow's ‘eMart aud solemn occasion in which the hicrreil order wich ‘pe Suu war eallshed and renewed." Bu even Gronbsch didnot eet Tee ror rs In recent tines however, Andre Cepin, whose exelent ‘Riciation T have Borrowed above” has advanced our understanding of the Sipifcane of ce queen If noo he ial apn pols on thatthe oct very exellent the bith, character and gcaly artes of Welbtheaw” She is gol-adorned,gldbrede, and a Siocon Saghmden and elsewbere wear told that she wore a golden “Milan, pen bag, ese ferences clearly express er ropa stats whichis fat eaptned hy desertion ie der els, dof tbe Helsing ee Ipudgrcs Fiochgar’s queen, and lio ices, gracious sovereign. In this epee esse sth eal Gucen and her des pesares, words and movements ee Mord wo underline her stately presence and archetype status Jt 25 ‘Sosy the sao Frchgu’'dsegats,av extension of his authority: She sits by fie, Supreme his thoughts (I. 608,627) and is identified as his queen. Most tigi eis wise her words, wifest end, and caf of noble sag, see empl this she isk the distinguished chictin Walp, Hrodhears rnet ae knawn to may” for his wind and who ws lp described "nowing the wage of = eaur” (358) when he advanced tte high-seat and stood wating to formaly announce Beowall.Wealhtheow's movements are eed i the sme formality. As Crepin points out, he passage ited above ‘ess unty tos ntrnal consistency based on repetition. The repetition of {he erect and grate erpasns the various tages inthe stately progres of the gue, She appus (fr | 6120) alls among the warirs mi. 208, nd aly goes and sits down beside her lod™* to Sexy Cl, “Wathen rings Deni (Vein) es on SEES Sottero Wecheon ne npr pon Seca se RETSEL aacin ais Win Ob Te Calne be Tagg Roa Otay Hemme mac ofthe ence fe eo, a tee eee hea el acon he We 1a SUBS Nhe Ose pe He eu ow at hom of {te pe ne rg eat a tpl Alsou eps Wee "NS eee lec py pt owt a he le cr ote I eid en er Bachar ae NE STet cep rater Zge Sora ach iiren Worse SEES SE errand nen” a tga “Weber Ong ia gp on ir te Corman Wood 1 “The quecn'smovements solemn in ature They ar prescribed acs which pera to her stats and role inthe hal Beyond this 1 would suggest that ‘enchen's progres a east her fering ofthe cp the ing, spr of <0 aha iol of lsh which she st act ou when he oceasionmaran The {Shalof Beowulf and companions evident constiutessuchan ocasion and {hur Weaththeor quickly mores to ase er lon’ superior dignity inthe ‘Gmpny of strangers fom across the ss. Formate, me need not rely on ‘Seow lve to establish ths patra for mother Old English work, the gnomic pocm Mains, provides exemplary confirmation of the radon ceremonial ature of he ie ‘The noblemen must hve fighting spit, his courage mast grow, and his wie tes aacoo ied by her people, sb must be eerul ep sees, be [eneous with horses and precious things at mead dining she ws tal ines ilplane epproch the tector of inc fs frnte te companions, psy uae fine to hr lors had and knew what adic to give him 3 joint fester and mises ofthe house logethe:™ “Ths nes mak it ater cern that Wealhheow's cup offerings simply 2 specif istanc ofa general shaver prescription which appli to all able ‘Men's wives Asie fom the poet statement, the genre in which his appens ‘Magen the same conelsion. Mavin belongs totat ype of Old English ers trsch sealed "wisdom erature” Such, in Biomfel’s word is "devoted, Tone way or another, to tule for conductor contol of the envroament oF {tvormatonsbout nature nd wan and designed to sugestascheme of Bi, ‘gf kom ss 6 Sethian Spey, Po Wad and eri. ny th Med Cop fo ensure ts continuance... contol fe by some kindof orc” Weal- ‘icon ation fl within tis delinison fr se clearly imposing an order the al and Mass mls cera hat she must perform inthis way “Thre se two oer revsons for holding tat Wealhiteow' movement re pat of specie tual whic others cannot perform in these wap—the [rsthving to do with formal delraion of Froth tie andthe second with ‘etirmalactnowledgement, When Weiiteo offered the cup to rota she ‘ide Him be haps in partaking of he feast and amiable othe people. Butt it [nortan wo nots that this ie poctiesumuary of what shes and not her erat ‘Mans The poet sno compulsion abe preise ati point fortheritul which Menecd to ctamine inde sor him, wenow kno, a stor common nce and borin to his ain parpose which was the sting of « seene and {pe densicion of «fast ‘There te ix such descriptions in Berm and, 28 (Ceépin roma allusions o banquets “reinserted into the marraons in the Sranner of Chine bones banquet a Inglds courts ferret by Bowl {C2041 while narrang the one at Hrohga'(203g, whilehe himself a that ‘Goren bing entered at hs uncle's banque The length ofthese arr Tour ares grey and depends onthe poet's desire to develop thelr constituent ‘loments The ques’ offering of dink only oe such clement which, in poetry fhtnorin fac can be omitted or elaborated a need although the basic itl as Shown by Matin, wl says etn the same. When Beal later describes {he queen's cut of the al for his ul, for example, he ses diferent terms To docribe her and speaks of her offering gilts and greetings but not drink (2017-2010), ‘Athooh the exact word whch Weallhcow spoke when ofering the eup are tos dou soem poste, esng lines 6x6-618 a the poem a partial conta to reconstruct some specie apets f What under the crcumstanees, she must oven Since wel tht Wealicoow was cael of noble sage” snd "wise Inher words and since wealsoknow tase ws required to greet the king wile presenting the mead cu, sem highly probable ha her adres woud not ‘iy very much fom one il oscasion o another Afterall the esenc of ital Inrepaiion anda public greeting before the high-seat mist aly be a solemn fe Line 163-117, interpernd with commentary record a second cupof- fering, The coca words are these: va Manan Bem Unde OM ag oy 7, Te eing wre ere pee Bas Nett Maree eon ter, Gp Si SSL dana Tee, tet Stl rata fecha hers oH) 15 Coin Sieh Og ial non end ray ithe Gras Mabank * ‘Then came Wealtheor forth, walking under golden dadem co where ‘he wo good cousins st ‘Spate thea the Seyings” dame: sccepe this cup my beloved ord, Aispener of ensure! Be thou apy, told-rend of men, andthe Gets peak wth Kind words, on should dot ‘Be cheer ovards the Gets mind of ifs near and fa” In dhe Stine sention is clled again tothe queen's olden adem and in ‘etn ler to er noble stata dy ofthe Scydings. This epitomizes er [Guenly caracer wen she profes the up and gees the king Her words are Slow quoted exactly andi ost significance that she immediately prolims Hive slerd and king, adres, and metaphorical exphasizes the pint ty pretiming his bestome of treasure, sis rts, goldmine gumens~ Sande {nd before the high-seat and delivering an address which pertains tober duty sahueen,thisoration can only be construed sa formal statement of Hrothar's ‘Satu ay rule Tclosely parallels the poe’ language inthe lines immediately iefore the fist appearance of Wealitheow (I. 607-6) when rote is (Saacerced s bestows of teste sites bya, pines ofthe BrghtDane rege Berk Deva, and the e's shepherd, fer inde, At he preise moment 9 Toenition epee Tage Bel itr Wiha ett Ring a nein, erp a ons wtccrtening — fohegiaee, Eman Jebprnwbirenapekee ‘plot ae, Sey for eh Jp Teepe Soidee pe hfe md, fatgietme jal elehemapmert Sa age ploom —Syraria Sie ‘Of femme, Rintgae! Reese ‘le i Cae Sst Ga pak seem Nevmferat Jama > fats oi Baten a cfc ne Nl Ges Sse Pe ON Ae sR Batee Cetin “elf Lome Meier a 24-8 as Aare lyn endo pon im r SEG Ginna Seat once a” aby ite Mead Cop offering he is called Fast-Danes king, the guardian oftheir lan, st-Dena ob ‘toca, flly victorious bing er Fying Wealtheow hen ges on ‘teat ofngty qales ben se refers omar zrdum an efi gemyndi ‘Bhs pac uming of the rl is extremely sigan and quite apart fom ‘Rlegees to the men eg inthe work of skdore of evil, the Irish Toe ‘fer and the Franch Real Amal ic was a etre of royal inauguratons ‘trong the North Germans, Olvcrona demonstrated that it was the esscnce of ‘He dn, adgeoent” of te king bythe lan-speaker ofthe Svea and thatthe ‘hsoqucnt ging ofthe royal ameby each assembly along theout ofthe kin's ‘Sha ar contrat dc election ite” Hoffmann believes thatthe Norwepians ‘Shi Danes ha similar practice” Ta the Anglo-Saxon offering ite of cours {bs clement of primacy and precedence stands ont most les. Wealhtheow ‘Reed the Kng Bat and the gnomic pou shows her ministration to be a ‘Cudional nd nevesery cst. Te followers then acknowledge and ast to ‘feral precdence by each accepting drink of liquor frm the band ofthe [Goomate tbe fst offering Aewillbeshownblow heiracrpranceof the guar Tidtegal and selgoussiicancs Iti quit certain, therefore that he queen's ‘eres wes nt, as might otherwise be supposed" just communal bonding rite ‘Ghch nade te emt bund of brother, although edi tha oot primary ‘Durpowe wast estab he lordship ofthe indivi st ered and named id thc aubordinae status OF thowe served afterwards, This novel nding sis ‘Tumba of mportanimpleatons which can nw be dscsed andanayeed in ‘ddl forthe ign ittheowson the etrtre ofthe wasband and the role ofthe ‘en within “The Germanic inal feast, the gmbel, of which the Wealtheow episode often tan avs partly good example, bas ben descibed a sisaion i ‘Thich the partpants “significa” st down.” As Dauschatreeenty empha TE sii down docs no occur ar asignicant action very often in Germanic Thactaraa when fds the oss sped one. When leaders sie down, 1 Hasan, Psp Harari dr Karp 8p ela eevee Sues Katie al i roe (9735 Ao Beecham ime "(yh Me on ma Tre eS Ti Oxf ee ae nig Ria 0 2 Elles, Du Wrens Kinski Rk (3. 53 He ocean nt tine De ne eet Te yn wich ial ar bier been iret Cin sme Iroetiene trea 15 Pb Th ea ua Feat 52 Se enn myer te a he Spore nde der’) en, Hae Tae lakes Mir csarlnste Sa" (8H Oat (Geni Tar SSE ETR Cl Syntl sdMeapor nO Ens Lisa") ia pci airy te Gini Wad » for example retainers often remain standing and tha is an appropriate sgn of REOtherwne men si to et or dink and a goet is invited to it* But he ‘iinet and pce of siting is epeily noteworthy fori suggests certain carr ced over win group an abo sugzss an apportioning of postions aerating orm This typeof srangement sens demonstrable in Beowulf ets Tope co spose tata serving ritual which must begin withthe ‘Sissi of presence wil contau nthe ame way that i ecording 0 ‘Febery nad manifest y the sesting order Unforcnstely te eactcating iednpement around te high-satthe ple of gretest honor, ac irpossible to “Teil fom ths poem ice Nevertheless, crtun remark by the poe do seem Geta tt plas were asiped acording to rank. We know that amar ‘Bvsiom cited in the al tenn he hg, veterans and gent yous” Each certs an bonomble one and reflected, aide fom age and experienc, the ‘pura ofthe fighter and the rulers knowlege of his forcast the ler ‘Wo directa cach individual t is place. Thus, hen Beowulf atv a Heat we fdcuiied Kinet ta son of Hota’ fend who bad came to fight ‘Glande, Hrothpar signed hm a set of honor betneen his two sons who st ‘Song de youhe (119, 2013) This eannot have been a sty diective—om ‘He cary ema tat had ge ber sa prelude to ts reaization—for it Ree the tut mater ofa gues stata prochims the lord's pres level ‘Eos for his qualities The importance ofthe act ogee with hint of Perce pent for disruption, rindiatedby the scondstrophe of Hand Halo he give! a gust has. come; ‘Where sal the stranger si?” “Later, when Beowul a vnguised Grendel and had returned his own Jan af proving fis mete Hing Hygela, his fae’ robes, gave ht ase his side (. 1077). Slgicady, this coresponds exci the place held by Fitna dng Egars nephe, at loro 2017, 1164). Neames tool ‘Ui the key criterion of rank and the Kg’s nephew afer being appropriately ‘Wao warson, probly alway a beside is uncle AC this poi, Hygsie's 6 Thomo cn ws is Lol Ht Cf ud Gate de Garner Tae teonysent sy rte noe wen orc mT ay Wola te daa aro Te A of Sno Mina atin ae Teer abs pina, Epon le ig Bs, Te Serf ‘Chik! Fae to Ot Hat fs sae Ste, ler xd ow nd weeny Bogs Ste le denn (a), een Gos Engin “On Be eee Geant nga Ame soy eof sine Bray. Se peat Aah Nomi Conpodrnd sn sain eo eat Tem on Aces Te a Bae 28. ay ih Mad Cp quan is isn described ax serving Liquor oer hustand and his flowers. As ‘Beowulf st nex toi te met have served him second ince she woul badly Ive sipped «place nly t serve someone ele 2d reur to Beowul. Almost ‘etl then, the queen's order of sevice proceeded acording tothe grades of Fankand bono within the omits “Other evidence conn this exceptionally signicant pase. nthe yar 58, afer his betrotal to the ster ofthe Frankish hing Chdeber It el hough, {he recely cect ting Auta of the Lombards sought the daughter ofthe ‘Baran lr Gavia or is wife. Te try af howe won er conse {in Pal the Deacon's trie Langoardorue (ome during the st decade ‘tthe igh cenary and thus perhaps roughly contemporary with Bel) ‘tick contsinsa number of otf comparale to thse wehave been discussing” Paul lates that Atari fie sen enoys co Garba to ask for bis daughter's nd. They were given favorable reply and, upon thei rerun, the king oneived the ea of visting Bavaria inorder to asses fo hie the beauty of ‘Theudalnda Disguised a an ambasador he asked Garbald for permission v0 interview his daughter so that he mig accurately report his maser on her “Gartld seceded tn the equet and Theudeind med out tbe ‘So plesing tht Author seid wo ime "Sine we se that the person of your daughter i such that we may propetly trish her to Beco our queen, we would ike if i please yoar mghtines, (0 (ake cup of wine frm her band, are mil ofits hrf.” And when {he ing (Garb) had stented to thithat should be done she took the up of mine and goo fit to hin who appeared te the cif. Then she ‘red itt Antari, whom she id not know was ber afanced bridegroom ‘This passage is important because it sbows thatthe queen's serving of er tnusbund ellovers snot pretice confined to the Anglo-Saxons bu extends to other Germanic peoples Te lso demonstrat tat in any group the dink ‘ering wil prose sty accading to rank Although the stings diferent, the vera approach othe same inthe poem called the Walthriarwhose newest 5 Gig Wi, Pl Hie Lense (8, Fo nl se Haoon Fl Salers rege ea yn Be a oe ne rR Ge 7 a) arcade, Keio 35 pe ts Epa oe sae septa ea ‘el na on a ptt pet te Pay ne oe he ‘ioe fcun oo youn sane prep’ Cage ww Bt Ser, ‘ionisation ies ever pop: Dende a Serr et Tak corso ad Tipton a of Wim Dey SEES De ny lol oe) inal oa eb bic he Geico a ‘editor joins those arguing fra ninth century date" During the famous scene ‘Shore Wale, Hagen and Gunther are resting afer bat (1409-1436) Walter ‘Elshis betrothed to mix wine, She to serve Hayen fist beeuse be worthy ‘Shmpion aia bat) ad then Wale. Guther isto be served Iss fo, “ough bei aking, be lo sags nb Tn heal of course, Ghee ‘pont hae been sored Gs but Walter ina lower and assigns him aan nd sere appropriate to ie sowing onthe bated. While the reves of Frecedencs it sppropate boas the King i conard, the explanation forthe esis sequence shows tha i isin conct with the normal requirements of Ferree recogaton, Actual an variation ofthis ype wil bas require ‘Annan fort consttatesageaveinslto dhe person pase over; ny oer procelue would be qu surpiing. Te Icelandic sg, some pat of which ‘fay scholars have thought eo acouatly depict an eal stage in Germanic {lvclopment ae tute clear ha twas a preroativeof kings be gested ‘rseand igo contain ere of reference to serious qoarels bout precedence in the bal whieh are nary invariably rated tothe seating arrangementand hence ito eo the sequence of service (asmlar conf is mentioned in Bevealf {it to8e-togs)” Whether the queen's ering rite continved t exist as such it 31 ei it triad i (hs Tone ma age pari Bisa, usar, Peck Cacia har ‘gdp le cence ‘Gene ats ea fie Sr as arene "iu iho riven qn fcr rie SEN eta rm 1» Seca Hamat ari tt pin Aho ih ae SESESITI orlchee Levan Sn Pes Ges gro to ecient ere, aan Gage ch rg Saas Nese eres endo di en Psi Hae, mee dco pg mrelien Peo Tere os sae Wc heewe Cad Germs dhe te dic tht gut gate Sat ES te seine tip Lay "Cen teat te Fey ee aches enced ams ly ety Greet wel Se, ERI ted uly coe: De Vern eee Et cogs ‘SURUEC'E canes nel ner Orne” (es, Be, “Spleen dn Gitta Gp. Atann l eed SHE eer apne pe Psa eeScaee a nyse vaste ovo Oech ly oOo SeaRCEce ha nici coaetche oenpe-e)aly it ead op leer centuries is ficult say but” ven what we know ofthe Geemanie ‘Barely ofthe eight century teem ite clear thaany sch formal procedure ‘Mould 6 ley bound to te stats racy within the warband, The ose ‘TRhecton which exited between the seat ken andthe authortyorstass which Se might leisy claim ie farther demonstrated by OE ramol word ‘Thich sean orignal or principle delng place butcan betray ransat Tec sue The seventh century laws of eof Wessex refer toon ight {Ss ml” Regalos ofthe ate date of ome ofthe sourees therefore i ‘Sem ery ely thot the hearchiel seating arangement and the asocited. ‘ul ae extremely od Wa, the, have we learned ofthe lord-quee-fllowe elationship through out aaj of Weathers progress? There have ben a namber of nriguing ‘nuts Tit now ela ha the lady of the bal ian instrument of er husband {Sed fo capes his lordsip nd maintain order among his Gyles. This ‘Purpose becomes mare obvious we compare Weslihene for amoment that ‘hice most fiatng gure, Unfrt the Jl" who occupies an ambiguous plc at the King fet and whose hi purpose in the por ito act 5 ito EBeowae Actually he role of both figures complimentary although ol that cof later has Been propery explained. When Beowulf enters the hall he ‘cowed by Hrwigar and invited to tell of his past explo, Une now frees iva sharply bone and aggressive manner (I 49524) he unbound ‘trond nbn eed rnin a temp show that Deowal fol ad = Timplumindedadventre tthe hero ely replies, defends his dees and ‘urns theta by sarcastically recalingUnfert's pas. There oul arly bea ‘hore puting contrast than dat etwenn the obliging and decrousweleome of Thelen andthe singing rebukes of his flower who, however, seems to hal a priilege postion and whose behavior is clearly tolerated, even perhaps ct Peed The tru that was arly ayalted behavior. As Clover has recently ered, Hrotign sence during this epode oe relly puzaling fort ust [oat ponsbship of Unerh” Tiss sown by the mock’ place nthe tl which presumes spel eltonsbip wih theking-Unferthishis extension, ‘Rb opnt nny encounter wich alls for hed questioning or close ssesmen, The ergy foun rote ier end hei pled et cae chloe ey fn en part Mec we ii i ts con om ce nce Some semper HN, ‘Boek Spgensae 4 Se eaten oo ie Wid itis 20 34 FE Alene Th asf te eer Bg is san 35 Nase i sd Sep oli i Me ore "Une tbe djet Bea” Fee seat apne in"To German Comat of he ath Ede” (lo, ia gp csi ed irc he ores Wiad ” ‘Hrothgar can afford t play the gracious host who is above the fy Benue he ows at Unerth willput te alien through te necessary paces" One he ‘ranges character has ben tested, the queen can then enter as Welhtheow ‘Ten and remore harmony by renewing formality bidding the king be amiable in speaking eherfly fo the reir, incung Beowalf whom sbe greets ‘Mute shodly thereat in th she as very much ike Sif the queenly wie Gf Thon who ffs rink to Lakin the coneading stanzas of Lakesema afer he asinsled the pods “Halt the, Lai and take chou here/ The cyt up of ‘ld mend The sme mot slo recurs he saps Inf the, bath Unerth ka Weihtheow ae governmental tols of Hohe, delegates who belp him. ‘Somnus the bal They aren heidlamof police nerrogstorsallove the worl ‘Ne Nie Guy and Me. Tough Guy” who, by alternate bouts of ara and tender ‘Quesdoning, compl the surpect to revel his motes and quai his strengths ind werineses. ici Unfe'scoetstrup sie (and hebas justly been cad sn oily ‘oda igure” then es Welhtheow's to mend relations. The fll depth “ind completo her beavir wil ot became apparent, howeve, tl we ao ndewund something more sbout the oranzation ofthe warband and he role Ut loraly wives its confirmation and continuity. The fais thatthe omits fase ern undalyand unreal eulopzed by scholar who have srgued, {tists ny primal ina elprocd relationship betwen lord and follower In which the former mas ite more than primus ier pre Dut the present Jr un Sm tector Qt idee so ap ate dg Tea tae nee Ka ‘HNL "caine Age, Mbarmgie un Sonne (4, i, "Eber nl Kaen (Gog See Haron al ig {Geared ak a sx The dad fey eh oes in lr wr en mes Pa tecture cee mara omg ye eh et aa opm its ebence soon eps Th lig Fr ee atl yelling snr We She "Fr UGctipsiin er pon domme Vtonnseic” 9h sah, "i Sete dar gernisien spe” yt). Sf, Red Wen, ‘sense l fr Bs Mokat tases (27D HET od SAE Wp Pt ad echt Ben fr ne Shen Bet Sete Ln Sep me von vey, Prax Netare Gbias Seana ne tin Lp 9) REESE Al ert ence Be) Diy eB se sinc Racor aar-ad ggac Bem ore eins ote hn i Ge on ‘cert rie ing tad eo Bile Pome, ‘ee a Se ao res Garg Lr, Cn, crs fo ak ary, Grane gp Sree sath Summer and Hersh wry Toned Semel ne6 Lak ite Maa Cap ‘nal shows tha this interpretation cannot be correct othe tal feast ong ‘alent be the purstexpresion of communal bonding rte, simultaneous tn expresion of lordship, hierarchy and dsprity of rank. One most not forget ‘hati the lord who provides the fest, who ett worth of newcomer, who tps tee to seats—which in ex publi statement of ther tarus—and ‘wo Rally dees ewe eo serve ther ntl which orcs them wo acxpt {he suprionity of every indvidal whois served befor them. These warrior feciees cannot have been ote than deeply staue-conecious forthe eri ‘chan which create thei oberence mutans establishes ubordin= tion Tes not surprising, therefor hac many ofthe problems andconraicsions ‘which plagued this ace) ae reflected in the relationship ofthe mead-al, = "ame which ovaing in tse "evinganlyed the sigicance of the dissibution of drink we may no tissu the mening of its matal consumption fr tha too will help us (0 Spprecate the roe ofthe lords wife i her fundon as delegate. Communal ‘Bosingwa the ootvard sign of mst dedication demanded bythe archaic tind Fundamental tobarbaran sce waste belie that tony man one ould ust was relative aod he only mzh one could rly cll rend” was = {numa Hence, the persons who cllecvely form the kingroup ar refered wo 1 poping or pretest they ean alo Be elle ami" the two cones ‘merck. Like the members of akndred, the retainers of lord are bound thin, no each hee by tis expressed in terms of blod Kinship In Beal they ‘in be called young kin cane, maguegnan insen, maga, andthe group a8 ‘whole ean be called band of Kinamnen, egedry® Ofcourse this is Bicire {Enahip created trough «conv communion a he fasta drinking which fervess substitute for Wood, Asche needed trong religous sanction and Ive get wren of ts naire by the horror it inspired among hapiographers. In ‘is Vite Colaba, wren by Jona of Bobbio the author menionthat the holy mun encountered sproup of heathens with esl of bee in thee mids alle ‘expawhileon his way to Swabia. They were about to make an offering thir fod Wodan, Columban destoyed the sel fr, 5 Jonas i was clear that ‘he devil wa ide in the ak snd ha through ety dik he had propos to capt ce sul of the pariipants* Simian the Vite Peas tld thw the sin and the King wete invite to a feast at which both pagans and (Christians were present. Because of the nixed character ofthe company the Des ay Mail ec Gs Te Tein fin oh 15 Eble arate yay" Wa in Bawa an 4, Br ne Yn Cana Secon na uc, vei ahr itech senna cern etn, tn ae Va en pee tien” G7 inal oa hind irae 0h Gea Wah ” Tiguor had ben placed in separate ese, oc of which was Neonseerated in the aehtmarae The nt deszuped withthe sign ofthe crs. In view f| ‘Hose cramples, communal drinking which had the purpose of eeating eve ‘ship mu ty be viewed shaving some ofthe pecs of» cul act.* Tt ‘ined! creating non-natial bond of lol and liguoe was wed bees Tiyur was dhemedium through which oneachieedestacy thus communion (eit supernatural" For the present ti enough o say that this enncxpion Tee Ri detpread one among lndo-Eutopesn peoples and ses to have been “Teel weated go the eae its of rojl inauguration, In view ofthe eligious Seeioenes of corm inking if only to Ue expected that oaths would eifealy be smade over Liquor atthe comet.” When Weahtheow served ‘Beowulf the lhe drank whatabe poured and then prockimed tha would il the monster Grendel ordering. Words spoke inthis way Bad» pone seuaTsgntncace The poet allie gpsrac and a glide 6o). As Nolan aT bltenfield point out this manner of speaking cannot be construc = “owing” the moder see ofthe word: “The her's spech as itis matched Dyaubseguene deed ppens to serves rial funtion not unlike that of ine ‘aon, basering he sense of is wn aii and forfying his wl all the ‘Sta dtattion of hers by fcing death forthe community’ sake" Such ‘ahgthening wil mas fen needed Hrogar bd already explained that his ‘Moral male vows oer thir caps t sop Grendel but repeatedly fd UL wo-y8y) In later years when Beowall bated the dragon, Wigl aso (rsdn fc retest how often they had sworn thei bravery nd dedication In dhe meal (2632-263). In the Bal of Maldon Aelvine bids is ‘Satur toremncmber the words spoken overmesd andthe more sensi aso (hore mclancaly Wanderer entions wasiors to wat unl they ae sober before ‘Bhinpoatha”In isn casicartel, inarsson ok careful noe of the solema, 45 Dew Kr a Vi Fait (es) 36 On Meng in isi et i Grau Y Hera ig ath dr Neon 63, 6 eS Lelie lenge pm Porth nd Egan he ae erences cy Sse Mt eer a ek ee a eed Swat Mec Cay Ele se inde Pw Serine Le Terumo Gh Sin arom, D8 Engh Bot ‘deg 38 1 RES cma sn Rol Mack, Haber Jakub ae Wn ane emma nah a aan Sai hey a ot enn ae 2 Teal cua eon st” aby ih ed Cop vestments mt end pide tiger mal moigerchh ssa toes Se en Into Teo emea eg Sa uate ee sy comms ere anne tte ete gee Sn saa See a Beynon Ops ig as Seo I aes Septet ete tener See me ee menace sae aerials cettergoragnien Caen tel sais ic hed aga setae ae eee tte ere natant ee Mee tiger ni cset bor simi Fe ast Teng reo ini eae ae gt as tal to ae ee nec in way mn ie a era timelines freon n arite ter aes eats incre rt ap detpepel orbs cornet lc tng Coat ee nee ca ards it eo te oa SE te aris erties er See eta ete ee pel eene Fe recreated a et ee round nano Cee eo ato tinge yc reed fSire Se seetanpuee obec mgt wa Se ee ni feeiiy eos eee oaiianediccem geen Se eet cabtswur en ntiecd en [Sister eet ot nd in th i mr ni Socuetatann oceania me apace tt ee meets tee ie ee Pena Gera tortor Pelee er 4 SEE TET manner ria ure cia cama seacoast inal on hod ey in th Game Wihnd » [Nor indeed, does the omar appear to ave been sappy soit frends whoa itech othe onthe basso quality and brotherhood To the extent ‘utit ase beyond the tigation period at ll—and that in esa debate ‘reposion-e herzontl ognized Geol prdually lot the clement prec aay beswen ord and follows to be replaced by vertical relation, hp tine on serie if actualy st had ever ben otherwise for most peoples” Fegan cae sures fr example, Germanic terms friend” ike ONG creed OE ain can express vera! a well asa horizontal relationship.” So ‘ith the Lan sms which probably iaflunced them and which already nthe JoARta peiod could be ued asa technical term for « particular rank. In ‘Mowingan ines it could be osed to designate an inferior in lores ‘Mionsip?” Even the Tacean cia where the principle of reprociy is Teale bey predominated, definite cement of precedence and subordination Eko, Talesenplicly states thatthe che sretinue contsined diferenrgrades TeSEk determine ati ipsetion rue gui tam je comtatus habe, ii we tks teomne* This dercrminaton of ank probaly edt great deal of ‘dekh my are been a cumative a the drinking bouts were repeitve rast in ay ae have sore threatened and often broken the csv kinship ‘Gnd cosbished by communal intoicaton. According to Tacs the inking eR ofthe Garmns equenlyexuped quarrels which were rarely sted by Fart words bt commonly By wounds and kiling: creas titer tlt aon snc ep ode vd ransiant.” leads hat wartios astray took weapons to east ad soma procnt armati” Carved t Temonavate fice beth and sau, no doubt these weapon were abo present HeeiET the arent sly to decide who sbould have fist place withthe chi (geanaet umin scelato grin apd princpem sles” Cond TeSEP ci centry had notimproved. Te Benoa poet says tat one of ‘hho’ outstanding qualities wae hare never killed his drinking companions (eresck which presippases that such emmony occured. * ‘f brotkevbood soften absent so too wes altruism, Many asad story i conte behind he fcae of ocssonl individ! sucess in eri erate sant dine eae ep Ce a pedi sa ced no gran SEES RELA tiie enc, sen 3 Oe fin oan: Arid, Grmais(965 2 aint= ny i Mad Cp fara great desl of watband if consisted of one-upmanship and striving for ices and rank, Ely inhi caer, foe example, Beowulf was despised by his ‘rads The Geats thought him wortles becuse be could not win hislor's {Eo It was only years ater that the hero won compensation fr those insults Hel o by coming back ich and giving al hie noble gifts othe man. who thn once hunted hi, ora eae tlerated bis hunslaton, his uncle, Fy- tela Hyglacthen gevehim a princely counter itof sword ndanddveling ‘ile this ranoction presented in an een posite light its lo cue that Deol thereby grned revenge forthe many shames andthe post es lesure in pointing i oI, 3273-218) fr he sys tat Eegteow’s son had rove himself and thereby “ll he insults were reversod™—just as Bewall nl den to Hrodhg’s pts teense "he dd oe need ofa ashamed before swesoes” (1024-1026) ‘Clery, thea, te gifting nexus is profoundly complex and redolent of ambiguity” The eal emorphee ofthe mena xs opposed ois sanitized ‘Weaizaon often rippled with currents of bisness and jealousy which Eve sc to pole vindtvenet and Uoodshed. A git given to one follower could tea taunt to another apd Teper pif could easly damn wth aint praise. The stro a turn had to be evel oftheir dealings with the primary ities [iter Beowll's victor, for instance, the loudly elebratd his glory an pro- ‘ime tht no one in the mold was wort fo rules warband. The posts ‘guick toad that this was ot intended asa light co Hoth and hat he took. ‘no umbree (I. 856-8). Othe kings might ve. Wealhheow at feast was ‘eeply dismayed She naw began to fear thst Heodgr loved Beowulf o much that he would deca hm hv aucoson What would happen soe ehilen? As trek they were murdered ys Kinsman who sate b Hrothpa's highest ‘Oral gis ood and drink were the most basic Thats why the Anglo-Saxon lord was elled hair, la-guudan, and his flower fects, lofeter, A ‘tain maa is sugested by these tems andthe counter gift of sevice in ‘turn fr food anda share ofthe pander need not always be envisioned 35 ‘onerous, Savage eit can occur inthis pater, however, and prestation bs 3 ‘Secrutvesdenoften explained I could be, andoften was typeof poltch ‘Beeasecvery gift alled for «counter giftof equal value, 2 fllower could be ‘torinsted or an enemy shamed trough bestowal of present which he could 6 May example tein Mach tat and Lang, Geman. 8 Sar ar Ren 65 Soe) Clerk Wand Rew Amo i a Str 9695 ‘Gate Dunbey "Roh ond Cary Nos ne Pri lp Maal ‘Sn Sart: monet) Rina os shod ary nh Gama Wik ” ot match Sch a gift was thf land, craved by every follower frit sustained ‘at and permite matings et, een when ey and generously given i was ‘Guay aheit only or held atthe lords pleasure. As there was oly ited. ‘Woowe or arb land avalible t be diguibuted and since lors bad many {Blowers to rand i waa ie gift wo keep. The poet Deor lamented fis deprivation ofan extagen hi by his lord br then ake bck and given Teanar wh ad renin favor Sie, Wid the oldest poem i any ‘Germanic Lngeag, records the poet iving of valuable arm-ring this ord dis king the Moringa imretura fr receiving backthe same esate which ‘hsfeher ha el." But thisetat wold hav > be psd fr over and over agin for land’ enduring valve was such Satan adequate counterift was almost ‘Rpouiew male. Asa gf thn land ace to permanently subordinate the (eset wh Became lb frunfing felons service—an bition which ‘ld Boome increasingly dbiltating with age The and might lobe lst by {ek of suitable ons to dothelord's bidding Of cours, the ito foodand drink ‘le fra esc etrn. Nevertheless the longer ne acrepted these pits the {Hester the pressure to perfor andthe tensions between lord and flower (end nce consanress whole) would thereby ise proportionate. Parsdoicaly, {tis fr that very raron thatthe dual purpose mead-bond bed to be exalted. {Without powerful eluty upported and pesodicly renewed sncions this ‘heiey would explode (ore one which sles encourages ooished and ‘Weachal he elope to ath and ast notwithstanding Hero poetry was ended besa ew were ely heroic. “Resins this background the ole of the lor’ wife comes into much sharper oc: While many ba feoprized hat sheisaoerele, a peace-neves the thm fen ppl wo women en in matiag in order sere peace (6 Gears Pip Kap an Elie ‘arcmin, ile, Sate bee ca ea ik Doi ede The Be Ba 88 ea ro Bran ares Sein ear ie Chen sean an o eg Trier oe ae ee eect, iar le A a a mt amakieemae- ty it Med Cot mongpeopes A ew others have recognized thatthe term might abo beappied {olor nveslte Wealtheow who gvefwelsto gusts spelen mode ‘I thts Reon as diplomats who “construct bonds of lleinee between the ‘Mids and the Ling and his cout’™ Our Snings above indicate that hi is Salva pil picture of the queen’ significance, che fll depth of which is —aeldcate more profound. Welitheow ea binder, 2 “weaver”, and may 0 apy be ale on oth-arir. In Hrothga's al she ithe instrument which nef is tatu by nari lod y serving him before all others andy ‘icing etch ofthe retainers to drink after hin. By serving the followers strict (Ghler of precedence she ao snctesthe status ofeach warrior in lation this ‘Keanna In ne sease Welitheow makes them lint «band of brothers eet semua struc fr aie goss iis neeseay to ad thar his isalbos perfectly hear family fo he re focal point sth ater” in his ‘Bfisocbre who the liquor ite begine and ends. No doubtthe holders ofthese eae alsa wil change a espiingwarors range trough the npnizason, {nk to generosity ahion thei oaths, jockey for osion and sek to imprest the leader, he queen cannot cool tects although se may well be ble toctertasubde lnlvence. Neverteles her presence semen in he long run trues the binding ite she performs i er parla eivege and duty and {has ex pase from the high sat o bench and back pin is the spatial trace ‘lapel comsitment which the group recognizes racially commitment ‘pitemexience, Her cheering wordsand its belp the unsucofl to accept the Iv ort Side hee tne, from the socal iempent that i ber primary fnedon, to mak harsh ile ul of conf and rivalry more bearable, At the ae te shots welthoned tol of ber usband's dominance fer itis hi ower hat she tyboiaes and she ats eroughout as his representative. No otber tarlok i posible within the Gemaic Mémnerbnd. Tr the queen is sailing in luence on the comitatus during her husband's fem, what happens afte ie deth? This question hasbeen much dicused in recent jars and ic may now be possible, based on our findings above, toad hme iglcant modifetions and additions to previous commentary” Beowulf Bee tina Woe in Ext Eagle iva ao th Ar i” pn rt iia nn sy Lae Sas rar Eh Pn" 6799.0, Bera Cetin cn who be aed Poe Said, The Kinds Wi a SEE Sa aha ina Rens enn trephine ee Pale Sg UP fk rhe Se aes oT rian iw a err Se on ae te tne Wien, re cin sie a ttre tcc ene meio Ko Rept sd ihe fm en hpgeatachen eben Sd 7 ‘RERESESP ty Aecytml en thatofEeSete "Woe an SESE Lea ssn nthe Narmen Cones Co) ia gps on irr ete Gms ad 5 canbe apna convenient starting point. Inthe prelude to Beowulls atv x ‘eorocand dung the speeches whch allow his coming, Hrotgc several ies serait desire to lavishly reward the hero who survives the tsk of defeting the monster (I. 385, 6-661). Thereafter, Hrothgar deepens his purpose and bis itetions brome fr more encompassing than originally intended he now rant to nen Beoal hs accessor" The ol ing eles that he must soon ‘Tcand that his sonsaetao young to suczed him. Beowul'sbhavog, demeanor Sod saperb victory, beyond the ability of any ofthe Dans, ve now convinced theo afd thatthe Geatsh warrior woul e the best proteetorof his people lin he eke to bind him oie along in th loses way posible by adopting iim as his son and by bestuming ite which suggest ature Kingship ofthe ‘Danes Hrothga's orginal placing of Beowal between his sons might indicate that he was thinking slong thes nes rm the beaming and it isclear that the easiners now share his opinion and are eadusacaly wing co accept Be ‘us designation for they have svar hat no warir i mote worthy to rule freemen 86-861) I Hrodgar and hs coma are united in purpose, however, Beowulf and Wealhthea fr diferent reson, ar opposed —Beowall ‘esruse he bound to Hygelac andthe Geats (and pertaps also because e foreses rable with Hrothpr sons), and Wealth beease she hopes that ‘persons can survive thee inorsy under othr nephew Hoth and then orem independent. Were Beowulf to become King he would undoubeely {harry an ve vn fh own to provide for Hrothll om the other hand ight (rt ber lldyen beter beat of hel Kinship and ng acquaintance. Although ‘ealntheow knows ito bea gable, she decides to se her influeneson chal of Hoth And yet whatinfseae dossshe have against her husband? AIlshe (hn do is offer veld plang to Beowulf and mil hint o Froth she i meres to counter the imple ofr of kingship, atleast while her hustand Tres Ail of tls apparent in stark contrast othe power of Hyg, Hygeae's tree her husbands death nba against the Frisians. Upon Beowall’s ‘eta from ts wars ofr him the crone moe special she offers, treasure and Kingdom, sings and high-sea, ford ond ri, bess ond Begs {dL sslp-a370, and does so despite the fat hat eared, her son, wing to ‘become king. According othe poet, she did not tust Flearred to be capable of tefening the land aginst foreign invades Although the remaining Gets tied te promi on Beowal to acept he fe, refused todos ut fly this Jers memory; instead he became Heardred's counclrand gave him hs full ‘Suppor Unfortunate events prved he quer pragmatsr bet founded 1 A caning elspa, fel nl he th Soran, it ‘Saget eC Ger” (es) Sng sel MBean ts Sino ws Ss Hao tk“ aby ed Cop than the hero's fh since Harrods eashness brought death to himself and (dato his people, Deowal hen sceded to the throne which he had earlier rele "The examples ofthe queens olen succession decisions presen the isto- sian with euro contrasting std dubious pttrn—the ports of «consort ‘shi eatiey power wileer husband ves but suddenly sppesrstoinherit “ecive infucoce upon fs deat, Hy staring ability to offer kings 8 ‘Ratner ns plated example ut when cael considered, cords with Wialiheor’s previously described vulnerability and, presumably, with Hypa ‘on impotence daring Higa’ rig. Something i surly amiss for if the Sunger wife ofan older lod could expect to later deride the secession then he should, because ofthis potent also grow in authority and stare in froporon to her husband increasing fetienes. And yet this isnot what ‘inpanat to Wealuhcow whose busbandsimpending and atcipated death eat ero power to appoint successor She oles ich its to Beowal uc thats Ihore it the nate of «bbe than fe alt to reward or to establish Fendsip and resproisy” Clearly, she doesnot want Beowulf 2 lord or protector fr ta it ole to be assumed by Hoth she withes the Gest tbe Said wth his new welch and cepuation, to remain uninvolved in che ‘Becoming tansion ado ether depare or ele elect sty as an honored ‘anerand. cour but nomore than ha 1215-1231). She bes Beal {obeftad her ono bekind oem and even hints at dence when she says that he dranien warriors wll doer will alough that sno mor than worried tothe frie parting sot she eds er spezch The warsorsare pledged to Hrothgwr ao to her and they have already chanted the hero's victory and fproctmel that no tnan wes wocher to rule than this leader of the sats Boma a recently ariel guest, appears unsure what to mate of his, While presumadly fatter by Hrogats impli promis he wants to remain above the ey fr hc has no real desir to became king ofthe Danes tes this own Tord people remain to strong The fat, however, hate cold esl ave ‘Sooen otcrwise and we exanot bape to understand the polis ofthe lord- ‘Gee scune relationships unt theaioale forthe beesogencous appscaches tthe eno women can be explained. Although the Beowulf poem can help further wa this problem, ether ouresdo offer asluion and a bie enayis thse wil als provide aa opportnity w deepen our undertandingofthebasic envendons snd principles acepted by the coma in crcl ties of tans ‘Son They ea help us to reopnie and expan an import technique forthe ‘oben of group cohesion during the interregnm. 7 Sei an Sun 8 Fah te cen eal” duet Hugh eis "Th Bal Pant Tse ium” (thle "The set ol Fag Hed" (89) ist neh et icy ithe Gem: Wiha * Allusion hasbeen made in another cotet to the arsage of Autbar of he ‘Lombards and Theudlinds, daughter of duke Gribsd ofthe Daarsns,in May fg. Aathar ded ells in Sepeber 590, haverer—be was poisoned — hd tcmeing to Poul’ Hlstvrie Langoerdorum, Thexstnds then assumed ny cole In determning the succession” The quen, he sid had so won the eopetof the Lombards (the term “Lombard” does notrefr tothe people st 2 ‘Nhs but to che notes ofthe Kingda and the members of Auth’ retinue) ‘at Sey lle he to remain in he opal dignity, vising her to choose for vet homever she nightwish ral the Lombards” asher husband slong [he mason who could apuly rl the Kingdon” Aer taking nunc wth, ‘he peudent, consis sum pradeias ens” the queen chose Ail the Powerful de of Turin, toe her husband fore was energetic and warlike and Fried both in body and mind forthe governmentof the kingdom: Ert nim ides ‘roar elcome uaa ed eu gobernacal copa.” ‘She then sen word to Agi to meet her atthe town Lumeio where, aftr a ‘Tecan with the de whieh Paul mentions bu doesnt describe, because ‘Tne tobe brought and, taking a dik herself she then offered the cup Aeiulf Tho tok ie ffom her hands and kissed her” Maviage and Kings were then Feral dscused although, rom what we now know ofthe rival cup oferng, {Rise date base ofthe agretment had already been symbolically sealed Sty afterwards, with Theodelinda a hie wife, Agel assumed the rege slg. "This story as an interesting sequel fo, ithe Pranks chronicler Predepas tobe munted, Gundberyn, Theudsinds' daughter, followed ee mothe’ ead {the next generation.” Freda ays that Gunde was good-natured, ge ‘ro and universal loved" She wat bo well disposed oa certain Adal who ‘War ber husband's service but he mistook her admiration fer sorething more elated bertosleep with him, After ecg contemptuous refusal AdsulT ‘Stempred to seve his ow endangered by undermining ber poston with ber 14 Sac, Knap 9 ic, agri Te 8 a ee eine ye ep wT on pret La i er Pe sia are Sen, th Goen ‘eile Emr meget le el I ee Bh 7) Si in ih, Logie Te sn a 2 SESS ene ct Bat ote cha of Pte ms ep. ls Gude ein, com Pc wna eis Sees pe Si, SES ty Fei* Lay th eat Cop Thusband, He hastened to King Charald and reported that Gundberes was ‘Rbeming to pisn him and then to place duke Taso of Tusery onthe throne by ims "The quecn was vena clered ofall charges, When Fredega ‘oxtnenionsGundbergy, however ber husband is ead andallof the Lombards Fvesworn fy ter Gunns ring cq mes Langan iden fide vivant rsernt” Se sent for Ratha, duke of Brescia and com ‘al him to abandon his fen order torary her. With her support she suid, evwould become king. Thea, "becase the Lombard lords were equi by Gundberg hey “id ras Rothar tothe tone” Soon afterward, bower, ‘Roar impisoned her and contented himself with conebines forthe nexve vas “The Gundberg episode les storey cern than that of Theudelinds truth ter exmblanos to Hygdis quite clear" Even the marrage references Te probly noc an exeplon since, alcbough the Anglo-Saton poet does not ‘Rehion dat Beowulf mared Fy when he Dears king itis ite ly hat ‘ich did indeed ocr Ir amore than reasonable assumption since the won ‘Trova widow and throne-claant Bis 2 common traditional Germanic pater: evan for may peoples over along chronological span.” In England, for ‘ample, Bede had rough words for Eadtald, son of Acthcbect of Kent, who ‘fared his deceased fathers second wife a 616 and nthe ae ninth century, ‘Ree the Biographer of King Alfed, was eualyouaged when Aethelbald of ‘Ness, Alles bother, atid bi fers widow This costo, sometimes oveiaed with evrate rea” because of smiar OM Testament praeirs, ‘rs aperly commen i he pan periods that Augustine found tnecesary To quay its Tegcmecy in one of his guts to pope Gregory the Grea” ‘Debbie any tia exemple the church pocaoned the practice to be wean ‘nial a recent work nitains thats el recngition would have imi the 4 mid-Lacom xp lA gen" pi i ue a ‘Meera rantbur Grr weve emeneosin ohen $82 cpatarmts omnes Lanparare it Grodan winatncps 1 ig cere her bee, i ef totes Irma em ma ‘ath eed Coster Langer 89, tg SAEED Wd Te meno al Sn 7, se fa cape end RAD, My Bol esc Hy of te Bh Pee Bean Cp fe Lg "chats eB a ee ot Wee eben Snr of ol Sc”) ty Giese ym i pI hain: Va eva orion Se i rateicaiaps pent enorme Pa cone ina guy nia irr inte Gail ” mer of testamentary bequest othe church" —and ater eles waged ‘Tanai long campaign apne thee incestuous” unions which included {hows eo the surviving epowses Of ear relives" The monkish pot lack of Fefereae to Beal's ups, therefore, in be exlined by his reuctancs to ely hc eepuation of is hero who would have ro Be rearded a econ ‘Gemned sinnerihe actly marred his unl’ widow, ‘Deowal's marrage cnc is kel to have been diated by sound economic and pola hiking (of which the poet provides a number of examples). Asthe ‘Tad of ticking, yg as probably the chest woman in the Kingdom. Her Tsay tad suet contabuted othe uonand Hygela’'sgitstober, particu tin “morning git which might have included lage estates, made er an Tromely afte source of wealth (Gregory of Tours ss that Chip ved i if "ery dearly for head brought age dowry with be"). " To allow this eho leave the tol, to chance the strengthening of possibly haste Diets who might eck out the queen fr the ae oft, could not be allowed by ce Tunr who hoped to matin» wable goverment. Medial sources mae ‘uent allusions ths queen-easre problem and ots pole ramiea- fons” An episode from Gregory’ story ofthe Franks describes common {alton it mariage dino ake place. After the death of the polyzyows king 8 fe Gent Te rtf te oy an arin Br 80 Be et ler mmf marin cn er Fea ase sae Roa ec. Gu te Tas Zn Bee eke hn atl Ts come pte nt iinet ant er cmacnaryneDan Ora ano Bear itary eireren ee Goh asc ennai SLE SPs Satna) Mae! ln hr ae rb a en enn Geb na er Rehr ert ety im ey licen Gen” (980). The et eer nefits ae and Ame Kan" San None te SASS RNG Hat een Sentry En” or Ma aoe cates Ange Soe El (i). Re Lhe BEF Hong Woe ath Gm ra), oe. Bae Ger om Te Fe Eanc p s Detich ul "ier ratte de thi Ti erik Sams, Regma sl Mn, "em Sea* Lab it Mel Cop ‘Churibere,Theudesil, one of his queens, sent messes to he former hus tats brie hing Guntram, ying that she would ito oer im ber hand nmarsnge,Guntram replied that she may come tou and bing Be resure ‘Mahte"= ‘Theudchld was delighted athe news and guhered aber pose>~ Tee She clearly waned to remain a queen But when he met her Guat Seeded isbeter that hs temsre shoul flint hands than that itshould ‘Spain in he contol ofthe woman who wasunmorthy of my brthersbed” He ‘lod her goods efter a ral portion and packed er ff toa nunnery at Arles ‘Ghee the ons and vgs mere not at alls her taste. A former quesn was alas ‘panos presence In fat a he thied Sypod of Sargoss, he Visgothic ‘as dococd tt oad widow must always ene convent.” The putative (round forthe Jeon were protection aginst insult and arm but politi pcr probably played sigfcant role Except inthe cae of«partcalariy seer er or nant (and thee ere rar although Female regence were ss {Sp former opal wives were weal Faced withthe prospects of r-marsag, ‘Bubs imprinment or ell, Let now return 10 Theadeeil, who was Sting if ot persistent, She sought desperatly to espe her fae: "She sent ‘escogeein sce to certain Goth promising hm tht fhe would carry ber ‘reo Spain and marcy be thers, she would esspe Grom the munnery wih wat ‘feat omsined to er and se of wi him without the sightest hesitation. "* Thorup infer atemptatredam bythe suspiiousabbess Theudechid was tance ere and locked in cell where “se remained unl her dying dy, airing great aneush”, Gundbera' ive years palin comparison "house of othe asocations between queen and treasure areaosipnifcant | in caying the quecn-omfatar reins. Recent resesch makes it em Hisy dat women ofthe Thuringins, Anglo-Saxons and Pranks, among others, trea hey or ey object hanging rom thee els s sign of es acid ‘EntaMay ave been found in femal raves. They are unsuitable for etal te, howere, anda probably tobe explained a symbols of the right of the ‘Tovuon ofthe house to eoaral the dor, stoeroom or ces of vaables, Ths, ‘poplin adore of Aethlbcriats laws bus recently been cxplsined ab the ret ‘Medan Sin charge ofthe keys"” This interpretation makes considerable sense 8 Bat es be Lake Das Pri dr Meng Vitro Fa eK Sd, Ds Enc lm en ce Sd SEB eae ose Sar ot 0 BE STE Soe inom Garena Dodi wich Fe a it aien Toni, Avusepree Unaeanngs mc Le SRL Eemete natn deren Spe a tbe” (909, vee ep, anand eran Spa et Tosh 7 7 Seine eA it ep. Serene bore atnile ‘titi tl on cle ina gop si ed iar he Caman Wakad » because ofthe clot link between dress, omumet and rankin Germanic ular [Spoleto the King’s wl enables us to frter clarify her role. Since queens ‘wefegenealy women ofthe house writ age and German les often divided thet Lingdome athe dd tel farm and made ie oro ditneion becween thei wm property and tht of thera Ese" algo seems to fllow thet many {Germans il ve perceived the rigs of the queen inthe nla reso be very Sila othose ofthe fee wife her ome. Hence, they wl have viewed het ‘ose sociation wth treasure the posession ofthe house as something quite ‘tural and proper the same reasoning aplies ther serving itl and wil have ‘eferrd ther n many areas The Mia Balls, written soon after he death {6B or thereabouts shows the queen, the wie of Clovis doing mach the ‘Sones Wealhteow in Berm aber othe young mes” ands isthe lsributorof ih ets of gd and sve.” Even in alter perio, scoring incr’ De oe pla wich incorporates terial dating from the eign of CCharemagne,™ the queen supervises the camera, the ryal treasure, and is ‘Sno responsible for dseibaing yearly is tothe household followers (me also ‘now thatthe pfs were graded ssordng tothe rank ofthe recipients) Alot this ages petal intimacy between queen and coat, In ths positon of ey holder she was ls the gudan ofthe royal insignia nd hus, Hincmar record ater Chars the als death, bis wie, Richi anded over tober son ‘Be opel raiment «sal of gold and jewel and "the sword called the svord of ‘Se eter through which she wast aves im wth che kingdom’. Fall it (Loo are ey nr an Ye tan era tari fp etalon Cee Coan Ser ase ine A ee niu betiame nonce cto hee) 25 Se Siete nie Ppt eGo aire i ls»; ni Om ig ert Race ecer rp ae pasta or Rn cml Mi De" op een ri su eh Rats ng Gomes naam “Der King ud Sean? Tesh ser A poe poe usin ae ued i Fs Di, PEPER T Poe ey Early Serr an Cae Rai 98 96aly ite Med Cop women prophetic powers and 8 supersition gen instength ren acl Tough suborty of Vela was hen ais bight esau she ad Het the succes of the Germans and the destruction of the lesions pero however, was murdered on the rsd” ln Hora, 6 lea asin menioned. Civis and his supporters were he ‘Tiny tte Colonia Agippinensis Koln should be given ove fr plunder aaiee ope The tribe of the Tencer was especialy bitter against the colony. ‘When nations began, the colonists proesime: "garbters between us we il have Civil nd elds; under tei sneons ‘he sysalberaifed." Te Tenet werethusappeaed andambassidors aera wth presents to Civils and Veda, who seed everthing othe ‘Reson ofthe laabitans ofthe Calan. They were not, boweve, allowed ‘SSproech or adres Veleds heal Tn order t amie them with more caaartby were prevented fom seing het She dwelt in lofty tower, nd ‘rarer eatives chosen fr the purpose, conveyed, ie the mesenger of ‘Svinte quertione andthe answers” “There are two further rif references affecting out nterpreaton. On states ‘pec ceapered Roma treme was given agit 0 Weeds and anther thatthe Roma commander Cera en secret emisuis who eld atthe prospect of peace to the Bri and of pardon to Civils, while ificng Vlei ander relatives to change bya welled service to the Romman pape the foranes of wt, which 0 many dinar had shown tobe ‘Ste Fe reminded them tht the Teever ad been beaten, that he Ubi ‘aTtubmiteds da he atv ha had thir country taken fom them, and {hat rom the rend of Cis nahin ele ad ben gained bat woud ‘etearandmourning;an ele and fie, be cou only bea burden those ‘who entertained hm “Thisappened ater the capitlton of Civ ery exine thee tation in an atempt to establish he nture ofthe eaionip between Civils and Veda. Frgmentry a8 they are some new {sige my be atanable with regard co te elements of prophecy end che ‘tev af pophetses Ina tented argued that both Germansand Cl ently cmpeged the apparently neutral device of esting lot to gin support fac an ended secon" Prominently mentioned in Germs, lot-asing could ‘a Runpulted we achieve compramises between factions who could not ther- ‘ioc honors back down and a supernatural fre to eee formulated + Mor Tin Miia Gp 1h hid Se pata Fendi ng Tae Sao. ge-4r and 1 esr acne ad Sis o plang, Thus, ruler might cat los, a cause lots be est fr him, nt hey ‘ededon the predetermined course hich be wanted flloredand which thereby med to heve divine approval Te Seams tome tha warlords might well ave ‘Se sma wse of sty We Know that spacwomen and secrests extn ‘sted among the early Germans and all indicasons ae that tbesmen were ‘deepyiatluenced by their opinions which, asin many tke cltres mit often ‘vemarked poll overtones, Theft tht Vleda foretold victory Frtherevol ‘fas tinoaly an important easy manipulble pelt datum since apie Prediedon would inspire the bes and attract followers to an ant-Roman ‘iGrance wiles negntive one would Bethe opposite eect. Cis of course, [ea wily leader mind of troop morale, washighly tuned wo the alco igs nd omens, cts sys that he “was narra pole to a degree rarely found, “Shonstarbaran and then add that he was vento representing himself 5 ‘long dead ent-Rowan commander Serer nd Hannibal on the tenth Uf amar disigurement of i eountenancs™* For these of his flowers’ ‘otal he, Civils haat take control ofVled and shape her pronouncements ‘Dur he alo tad to act a if ber prognosications were the purest of divine “nlghteaments That waleader ands worked lsly togethers indicted by filth ents ce aswel aby the speci reference to thes “endship". One frst remennby, home hat 2 truly gaan “iendship” in Germanic ‘rele only cae into bing wes bot individuals were of equal tatu and tha ‘there a clement of aubordinatin existed. Whereas Civils was «wale (GF he Brwven royal fay, Vda is described imply aa “inden of the ‘Brute The sat differential vst. Moree, eda was so kepe oat fom otc go tht the colonise were not allowed to approach or adress her ‘emclen Cea sonar sot are 0 he re Messages Wer e810 ther through relive “chosen” for thar purpose. Since her prophecies were Frroate to Chili the question ato who ruled her and who chose the retive ‘Shrdlu one ans. Teh, however il sem theoretically defensible o argue that Vee was independent nough osuppoct Cvs simply beats she wished him well This ‘ose hypothesis founderson to objecdons First teens sugges hat both ‘mans and Germans thought Veeda's prophecies cold be inunced bythe Tigh ind of imely intervention, Two passages mention the pvng ofits and ‘Ceiisadvied he that change inher attade would beaservic tthe Raman ‘people Simply sxe plea llegiance determines prophetic uterance. Thus, ren we ansume Weeds god wil, Cis woud sil have needed to control far since prophecy s nay a dangerous instrument anda willl prophet is ‘lome cmon on any warlord ship. To quote an appropriate prover: “rusts (god, controls better, Finally Veleda’snsmen are mentioned in ovo citations 5 Noor, Tins Hsia TT 3,988& ati Med Cp sin the second the eins commander advises her "ander elatives tose ‘he Roman people He obviously assumes that hr allegance negotiable! So ‘ord he eeved before? Aran unmarried woman, Vee would have been {ner te gutdanship of er ter or bothers who Bad noneeative to pie her [imacage since she brought them both wea and pesige In thi case, since {Cas only to Veeda afte the wsvord’s ee, ieems probable tha be ‘Stmsuming his opponent’ poston s petro ofthe family. The conclsion that fhe war aut fee agent, despite generations of assumption to the conway, ineriable "Nor doce it ook as if Cvs and Ylede were dong anything realy nev. “Aconding to Tacit no people practiced angury and divination by lt more ty tan the German, Omens af al Kinds wee respected, among them thelight of bird andthe neigh oferta hose. This ater means of ging ure knvdedge was patel venerated and iis expicily stated that when {hebores ree ake out they wersccrpanied by priest ng who “bse hair nlgtng and snorting” Ringe a esis ebro” In mony ese then would bee been the sora ruler who interpreted the omens forthe tbe, (Cont ofthe omen itsees, war nothing new kings and it oks asi Civils, ‘who came frm a royal family snd wished to become King, ws simply olloving ‘rein. n principle, t et, thee appears bet dffernce between the nena peforme by Vled and any ober Kind of ral. "athoughrany types of rales Were respected, its alo len cat exes often maintained Women to interpret the supernatural. Cais Dio mentions “ber waroe/propetes pir when e ses that Gann, sucexsor to Veda, ‘ompanied Masjo king ofthe Sermons to Rome where bath were honored ‘ty Domitian before feturing ome, snd Suetonius says that Vtelion kept a Woman of the Chats wham he rusted aan oracle" Another pice of evidence Torah pig hasbeen found in, of al place, the island of Elephantne nest {he uuilem border of Egypt Witten on an stan in second cencury Greck ‘tears th name of Baloboug (rte Waluburg, sib ofthe Semone, who {Sey to hee landed i those cies unless she aecompnied a tand of unary oops oer people. This clus pacticully inrigungsincet suggests ‘hat prophets Hie Veleds, Aun and Gann may sete (fe!) have irae withthe wasn flloners. “Another indiction is provided by Cac is reference to Aviv Ht, su Geran 98, Ses Deion, Man Sy -sRa (Sats at cet pn ho ae. 8 Reker in wingers Cis Din Hi Staion, tt ae can esse we Van, ance See ken Maa een AS ey a Se De Newel Gwe aan tank Ptr nd Orman iy pp St 88 Wi Ae ‘see agree 90,6338 rs cen nd Si 6 slr of the ist centary BG, although in this example several women ae [volved and ot just one. The casei worth considering in grater deal, opera boxset can provide us with amore specif istanceo the manip [lon fhe readers of omens Ina pesage fromthe Gal War deseibing a og {ay imam expected be beeween the legions and the fres of Aso ‘Caeser as this to 4 ofthe mates aie ofthe opposing forces: {eva cantor mong the Germans tht thet matons should declare by ots tu divnations wheter ft yas expedient or not to engage, andthe mstrons ‘ecaed tha heaven forbade the Germans to win itr if they fought an ston before the new moon.” (On the face ofthis passage sem to emphasize the high degre of power (Srordod ceria wise wore since appre they were abet dicate when, ‘revenues were toe fought Such impression misleading Casarrepors {har be ba great fealty in bringing Acoust engage Por “ive days in ‘Reseaion h ordered his troop to form for bate before the Roman camp ‘GreschecaronArirists wold commit ony hs cra to mina encounters ‘Ga te sh ay, petape somewhat te Ariovistus still would not sppronch ‘putinsead ordered sone oth men oarestricted andindecsve encnunter from oom to sunset Twas on dueonng some of the captured foemen 2 0 the amon for these tacts at Caesar ited the answercited above. In fact a5 ‘alin by Aciorst ecto la bate the dvinaionso the marons tree dling tact eves wo gain ime. As Delbrik sn Walser sugested, The legions on this oeesio probaly outnumbered the Germans hough (Caeseimplcs otherwise" This, Arovsts postponed bea longs possible ‘Satu i wa wang for reinfercerent, It monly when Cae advanced 0 iscamp tht “compelled by neces” Ariovsts commited his ullstrength, As lmother eomparbl examples then, thelot-casting an dvinations served the warlords wishes ad interest Although the device may seem a clumsy on, {Ris actly highly sophisticated intremen of propaganda. Unlike the dic lined Roman legions, the Germanic warsar's morale and sadness of Purpose often depended on the warlords personal bravery and reputation fr ‘overess and success, quale pariculary necessary to ear lie Arion ‘thus troops were composed of men fom sx or sten diferent peoples and lel by no common bonds of bal loyalty. Having ed thes to ace-to-ace ‘onfontaon wit the Romans Arovsts could noc retreat even ithe wivesand. ‘Elden of his woops had not been presen. To doso would have destroyed his gy Ede Caer The Gli (a8 0 8 So RNS tt Gin ne a Gn: Sra apie inns er Fangs (90, 35 Sed Gurren,"« ay Med Cop ‘reputation and his followers wouldve departed the omens alone offered an Fonorable way ot. When dviaon works, the, itredounds tothe ereditof the Tender, when aisthe marae can be tamed, Pat such may sometimes have Teppened i pethae, suggested by = passage inthe Gece where Jordans ays ‘ha Lng Fer ofthe Goths drove ot the "witch women, mage male, Halas” “The foregoing anaes sugges that the warlord siby/warband combination nvancent foots in Germanic calure which wrest presenti radon at est te age of the Benoa pet who, howere, only obliquely alludes to their Ccixtence through hs refrences to incitement, the hint tthe queea's recur ‘Poversand dhru is general depiction ofthe woman wh cially presents the ap the leader The rig” Weltheow asociaon as presented inthe pum isan echo ofan ear more eobust and vigorous politico thesogial ception which reqies considerable reconstruction to be understood. The fonts ereptionf parti and some aspects may be deliberately shaded and faire meyer the reason for his senstiviey~and i is dificult co know ‘wheter wo auibe it othe sublet of his ator his Christan conviction ‘ems quite probable that, onthe whol, his portraits rexsonabiy rele He ows where he peas but nyse tha he snows. Perhaps the ms persue luton ofthis the now crn bt never ore emphasized delegtry role ‘Thich scommon o both Wealitheow and Veleda who are farther joined by sta onc, supernturlasacition and close testo the warlord. While some ‘Giernce deal are present, andar ly tobe expected, one would needa igh dre of ft n te lottery of crcurstance to tribute the predominant Cong toan extr-initonal sours The political and regis neds ofthe ‘ens warlord who rules 2 fictional fay of warirs ae undoubtedly tbe ‘Teche varies is or similar teen mote ancient background in ial Urrfare that the Hetarin springs but bere, to, certain modifications of er ‘haracier hae occured, fr wl the duly of her complementary guaites i fot by the Roman histrin—she Iuds courage and disdans conardie, ‘dandy wound but alo esl them—dhe balance already ou of Kite in (Gregory of Tours and the Icelandic sources may have gone further But the ‘Ghat de probly nota ful hee since Tacs orerkind for his own reson “nd he bis may be du to other vara or even be perennial Tea ultimately Tein the diferngpeychology ofthe sexes The association of women with rant {bara perenial, weve, ad we have noted the way in which they could 6 Meee ete GHA 3h XXIV 13 Hare lam, Cade SG Sac hr ae etn Fos Ene or en Saree lek yo De ea bee fe prgean ee ee a te ees wis mong pon, Zaher en Boul TERUG Ge Sr digrne Repgca8 ors eine nk a manipulate the same domestic sts symbols and ute the same eis ‘eqatles flew snd chronology. Asembers of thiscltre and pariipnts it orguninton where consciourness of relive stars ubiguitons, ie would a bosarpiingi women ike Wealitieoy, who were evident expected 0 pay that rl should sombine the quale of eer an iy in varying depress “The sociation of women with magic wil persist also. Magic is constantly saint with women in the ary Middle Ages an the Libr potential soy ‘av theretsatully acon bse frthisin the vllage ua of archaic Europe” ‘Noeibieunasal to ind th same bein the halls ofthe mighty One nec only Ten he repeat charges of witcheraft against Jit, de wife of Lonis the Pious, ofthe death of Geer, sizer of Berard of Septimania, who was ltrowned inthe iver sa witeh Soc express the tinue of hore witness ‘Wn the Germanic somata, howere, another ate can be cerned = hat [STAs with hs maten, Sve with Ved, Mayos wits Gunns, Walub- rg wlth Germanic avian and Hrothgar wth Weallthcow. At this pin tiga be objected tat the chronological ferential sso great a to reduce ‘ray inthe asocntion posted. Thee ara ast two possible rejoinder. Tint the evidence ready presented strongly suggests otherwise. Second, and perhaps even mor sipficant, eo does the natare ofthe insiion tel, One Ban reasonably post continsity over many centuries because the ition eda he weund sel as fr many centuries and wing requires iar {nds of reinforcement, Te sapematural wil neve lack for» weeome inthe truband fo those men who are mo ly toprovide it and sexktoconrol tare Jtaders wh cana ford to neglect the maa of their troops, Even in modern ‘Sones, ar types of prettoners ae sil resent, although they are aow fated chaplains, more ees and poll cmmisas lly one othe sberation maybe added with rear co the fering of rink, Ts instructive to note that Talus says that the ves and mothers of ‘usr acer athe sidelines Gang combat and minster to hse meek by ‘Providing food and exhortation (esque hrtminepugmani geen) while Thecking wounds spoof vl" Presumably theffer of food ote eters ‘Sould a include drink and presumably alo, the wernen would refs 0 5EV¢ Covards or Lagan. 0, Shen we have ere the ingung combination of ‘Sdnicafering mit inclement andthe determination of satus. The inksin this Mes Bc renee acute (9 Pie Pret Se ane ‘aa FA Dena of Seal One 5 Rents dnp ae Hn re 3 3 384 a ain Bere Riche Ls mse Tepe cee” (Fk Hn Gomrmiy prairies ee Core an i ra crag owen eset ee ong Fete emunge de ora ebay ons icel