CH01 and 02 PDF

Basic Circuit Example
All Circuits Require:

1. Voltage Source
2. A Load (or it would be a short circuit)
3. A Conductive Path
(Load)
Thomas L. Floyd
Copyright 2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Electronics Fundamentals, 6e
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
Electric Circuit Fundamentals, 6e
All rights reserved.
Basic Circuit Schematic
All Circuits Require:

1. Voltage Source
2. A Load (or it would be a short circuit)
3. A Conductive Path
(Load)
Thomas L. Floyd
Metric Prefixes
Metric prefixes are symbols that represent the
powers of ten used in Engineering notation
Electrical Units
Voltage and Current Flow in a Circuit
No Voltage Applied
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Electrons flow from negative to positive when a voltage is applied across a conductive material.
Voltage Applied
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Illustration of 1 A of current (1C/s) in a material
Resulting Electron Current Flow (1 Ampere)
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American Wire Gage (AWG):
Gage Number Up -> Wire Size Down
A (CM) = d2
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Wire Gage Measurement
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House Wiring and Amperage
Wire Use Rated Ampacity Wire Gauge
Low-voltage Lighting and 10 Amps 18 Gauge

Lamp Cords
Extension Cords 13 Amps 16 Gauge
Light Fixtures, Lamps, 15 Amps 14 Gauge

Lighting Runs
Receptacles, 110-volt Air 20 Amps 12 Gauge

Conditioners, Sump
Pumps, Kitchen
Appliances
Electric Clothes Dryers, 30 Amps 10 Gauge

220-volt Window
Air Conditioners,
Built-in Ovens,
Electric Water
Heaters
Cook Tops 45 Amps 8 Gauge
Electric Furnaces, Large 60 Amps 6 Gauge

Electric Heaters
Electric Furnaces, Large 80 Amps 4 Gauge

Electric Water
Heaters, Sub Panels
Service Panels, Sub 100 Amps 2 Gauge

Panels
Service Entrance 150 Amps 1/0 Gauge
Service Entrance 200 Amps 2/0 Gauge

Printed Circuit Board (PCB)Foil Traces as
Conductors
Empty Board Showing Traces
and Connection Pads Populated Board Showing
Traces and Soldered
Connections
Components are mounted on Opposite Side

Ground is not Always Earth Ground
Earth Common
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Ground is Always a Common 0 Volt Reference
A simple circuit with ground connections
(Electron Flow)
Ground is a common path for current to return to the Voltage

Supply is considered to have 0V potential
Thomas L. Floyd Most Voltage Measurements are made Referenced to Ground
Sizes of common batteries
Battery Voltage Sources
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Battery Voltage Sources
Voltages Add or Subtract Depending Upon Polarity Voltage Stays the Same, but Increased Current Capability
Creates Voltage From Chemical Reaction

No Voltage Source has Unlimited Current Capability
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AC Power Supply Voltage Source
Creates DC Voltage From Raw AC Outlet Voltage
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Generator/Alternator Voltage Source
Creates Voltage From Rotating Magnetic Fields

Requiring a Great Amount of Force/Torque
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Solar Cell Voltage Source
Creates Voltage From Exposure to Light
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Fuel Cell Voltage Source
Electronic power supplies. (Copyright Tektronix, Inc. Reproduced by permission.)
Workbench Voltage/Current Power Supplies
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Example of a voltmeter connection to measure voltage in a simple circuit
Measuring Voltage
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Example of an ammeter connection to measure current in a simple circuit
Measuring Current
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Resistance/resistor symbol
Resistors
Basic Resistor Symbol
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Two common types of individual fixed resistors with axial leads
Low Watt Axial Lead Resistors

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Chip resistor and resistor networks
Low Watt Resistors

Size of Resistor is Based Upon Wattage Rating
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Two types of fixed resistors (not to scale)
Low Watt Resistor Construction
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The power rating of a resistor is directly related to its surface area and its material
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Relative sizes of metal-film resistors with standard power ratings of 1/8 W, 1/4 W, 1/2 W, and 1W
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Typical resistors with high power ratings.
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Typical wirewound power resistors
Higher Watt Resistors
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Common types of power resistors
Higher Watt Resistors
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Construction views of typical film resistors
High Watt LowWatt
Resistor Construction
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Resistor Color Codes
12K Ohms
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Resistor color codes
Answers on Next Slide
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27K Ohms 100 Ohms 5.6M Ohms
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Example of three-digit labeling for a resistor
Other Labeling Method
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Example of using an ohmmeter to measure resistance
Measuring Resistance
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Potentiometer and rheostat symbols and basic construction of one type of potentiometer
Variable Resistors/Potentiometers/POT
Have Moveable Wiper to Vary Resistance

Can be used as Voltage or Current Dividers
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Examples of (a) linear and (b) tapered potentiometers
More Change at Low Volume

Less Change at High Volume
Most Common Type Type Used in Volume Controls
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Typical potentiometers and two construction views
Potentiometer Examples
Smaller POTS are called Trimmers
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Symbols for resistive devices with sensitivities to temperature and light
Special Purpose Resistors

Both Usually have Negative Coefficients
Temperature Up Light Level Up

Resistance Down Resistance Down
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Common Thermistor Use
Modern Thermostats use them to Sense Room Temperature

Special Purpose Resistors
Strain Gage
Attached to a surface
Resistance changes when stretched or bent
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Illustration of closed and open circuits using an SPST switch for control
Switches
Simple On/Off Switch

Open or Closes the Circuit
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An example of an SPDT switch controlling two lamps
Switches
Switching Between two Circuits
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Switch symbols
Types of Common Switches
Single Pole Single Pole Double Pole Double Pole Normally-Open Normally-Closed
Single Throw Double Throw Single Throw Double Throw Push Button Push Button
Doorbell Multi-Function
Basic On/Off Switch Switch Between On/Off One Source, Car Open-Door
Control Switch
Two Circuits Two Circuits Two Circuits Beeper
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SPDT Controlling Two Circuits
Single Pole
Double Throw
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Single Pole Double Pole
Rotary Single Throw
Single Pole
Single Pole
Double Throw
Double Throw
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Rotary Switch Controlling Four Circuits
Single Pole
Rotary
Multi-Function
Control Switch
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Good Rotary Switch Application
Multi-Function
Control Switch
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Typical mechanical switches
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Construction view of a typical toggle switch
SPDT
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Why we Have Circuit Protection
Typical fuses and circuit breakers and their symbols
Circuit Protection
Chemical Slow Blow Wire Fast Blow
Wire
WireFast
FastBlow
Blow
Industrial Fuses
Automotive
Household Circuit Breaker
Once a fuse is blown, It cannot be reused

Once a Circuit Breaker is Tripped, It can be Reset
Household Circuit Breakers
220V Line Voltage Neutral
Set
Tripped
Earth Ground at Bottom of Panel
Breaker Panel
The more current, the more the electromagnet becomes magnetized
At the specified breaker current, there is enough magnetic force to pull the breaker contact open
Breaker is Reset by pushing the switch to Off and then back to On
Household Breaker Panels
220V Line Voltage Neutral
Heat from Overloaded Circuits Interleaved Bus Bars

Bad Connections and Arc Hazard
GFCI receptacle
Trips Much Faster Than Circuit
Breaker or Fuse
Neutral
Hot
Compares
current
between Hot Ground
and Neutral
and if not
equal, Trips
(Opens) the
circuit
FIGURE 2-53 Shock hazard in terms of three basic current path groups.
Shock Hazard
Current Kills:
You dont want it to pass through your heart
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-First and Last Example
Review of Symbols
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Common Electronic Test Equipment
Function Generator
DC Power Supply
Digital Multimeter - DMM Oscilloscope OScope
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Basic Circuit Example

All Circuits Require:

All Circuits Require:

Resulting Electron Current Flow (1 Ampere)

Low-voltage Lighting and 10 Amps 18 Gauge

Extension Cords 13 Amps 16 Gauge

Light Fixtures, Lamps, 15 Amps 14 Gauge

Receptacles, 110-volt Air 20 Amps 12 Gauge

Electric Clothes Dryers, 30 Amps 10 Gauge

Cook Tops 45 Amps 8 Gauge

Electric Furnaces, Large 60 Amps 6 Gauge

Electric Furnaces, Large 80 Amps 4 Gauge

Service Panels, Sub 100 Amps 2 Gauge

Service Entrance 150 Amps 1/0 Gauge

Service Entrance 200 Amps 2/0 Gauge

Components are mounted on Opposite Side

Ground is a common path for current to return to the Voltage

Battery Voltage Sources

Creates Voltage From Chemical Reaction

Creates DC Voltage From Raw AC Outlet Voltage

Creates Voltage From Rotating Magnetic Fields

Creates Voltage From Exposure to Light

Workbench Voltage/Current Power Supplies

Basic Resistor Symbol

Low Watt Axial Lead Resistors

Low Watt Resistors

Low Watt Resistor Construction

Higher Watt Resistors

Higher Watt Resistors

High Watt LowWatt

Other Labeling Method

Have Moveable Wiper to Vary Resistance

More Change at Low Volume

Most Common Type Type Used in Volume Controls

Special Purpose Resistors

Temperature Up Light Level Up

Modern Thermostats use them to Sense Room Temperature

Simple On/Off Switch

Switching Between two Circuits

Types of Common Switches

Household Circuit Breaker

Once a fuse is blown, It cannot be reused

Earth Ground at Bottom of Panel

Heat from Overloaded Circuits Interleaved Bus Bars

Digital Multimeter - DMM Oscilloscope OScope

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